689© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 E. Cohen, B. Moussian (eds.), Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40740-1

A ABC transporters . See ATP-binding cassette

(ABC) transporters Acari , 626–628 Acarus siro , 372 Accessory glands , 418–423 , 431–432 Acheta domesticus , 70 , 349 , 351 Acid fuchsin staining , 529 Acid phosphatase , 659 , 664 Aciniform spidroin 1 (AcSp1) , 451 , 459 ACP . See Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) Actias selene , 524 , 532 , 534 , 539 Aculeate insects , 542 Acyl-CoA reductases , 228–230 Acyrthosiphon pisum , 38 , 39 , 166 , 182 , 194 ,

348 Adalia bipunctata , 333 Adhesion , 565 , 573 Adipocytes , 631 Adomerus triguttulus , 334 Adrenomedullin , 649 Aedes

A. aegypti , 37 , 39 , 54 , 77 , 178 , 180 , 278 , 280 , 291 , 300 , 382 , 392 , 633 , 638 , 639 , 659

15-a1 , 339 15a2 , 339 15a3 , 339 AAEL0017501 , 339 AAEL006670 , 339 AAEL017471 , 339

A. albopictus , 342 A. triseriatus , 647

Aegyptin , 636 , 638–640 , 659 Aeromonas dhkanesis 3K1C15 , 392 Aeropyles , 332–335

crown , 334 Affi nity chromatography , 473 , 476 Aggregate spider glue 2 (AgSG2) , 456 , 457 Aggregation pheromones , 242 Aglaspidida , 149 Alanine , 493 , 498–500 Aldehyde decarbonylases , 230–231 Aldehydes , 225 , 228–232 , 241 Alder fl ies , 626 Aldrichina grahami , 240 5,9-Alkadiene , 228 Allelochemicals , 290 Allenic hydrocarbons , 222 Allium sativum agglutinin (ASAL) , 302 Allosamidin , 393 α2-antiplasmin , 643 α-helix , 516 , 532 , 534 Alpha-2 macroglobulin (A2M) , 457 , 643 Alternate exons in Chs-1 , 38 Alternative splicing , 530 , 531 , 534 Amblyomma

A. americanum , 637 , 644 , 651 , 657 A. hebraeum , 70 , 632

AmelF , 543 , 545 American cockroach , 224 , 226 , 228 Aminolevulinate synthase , 78 Amnion , 327 , 328 , 344 , 348 Amnioserosa , 348 Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC)

as dietary supplement , 155

Index

690

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) ( cont. ) isotropic structure , 145 phosphate incorporation , 146 phosphoproteins , 150 solubility , 145 , 146 , 151 stabilization , 146 , 151 , 154 , 156

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) , 145 , 146 , 148 , 150 , 151 , 155–156

bone grafts, bone cement, bone fi llers , 155 phosphate/calcium ratio , 140 , 146 , 151 ,

156 solid solution , 146 , 156

Amorphous domains , 520 Amorphous region , 495–498 Ampulla , 448 , 464 , 465 Anagasta kuehniella , 520 Anaphe moloneyi , 518 Anaphylatoxin , 648 Angiogenesis , 631 , 634 , 650 , 655 Annexin , 272 Annulipalpia , 540 , 541 Anomala cuprea , 298 Anopheles spp. , 604

A. albimanus , 646 A. albitarsis , 342 A. gambiae , 3–4 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 39 , 45 , 49 , 52 ,

54 , 70 , 178 , 180 , 186 , 188 , 196 , 231 , 262 , 275 , 278–280 , 292 , 300 , 638 , 647 , 660

AGAP002134-RA , 339 AGAP008696-RA , 339

A. shannoni , 333 A. stephensi , 633 , 638 , 646 , 660 A. tesselatus , 295

Anopheline antiplatelet protein (AAPP) , 636 Anophensin , 646 , 649 Anoplophora malasiaca , 233 Anoplura , 629 Antennapedia , 536 , 537 Anterior silk glands (ASG) , 517 , 537 Antheraea

A. assama , 524 , 532 , 533 , 539 A. mylitta , 518 A. pernyi , 517 , 520 , 523 , 524 , 527 , 529 ,

533 , 539 A. polyphemus , 327 , 328 , 334 A. yamamai , 517 , 520 , 523 , 524 , 527 , 529 ,

533 , 539 , 542 , 544 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated

cytotoxicity (ADCC) , 547 Anticarsia gemmatalis , 294 , 303 Antigen 5 , 638 , 640 , 648 , 650 , 660 , 664 Antimicrobial peptides , 273 , 284 , 412 , 415 ,

420 , 424 , 426 , 431

Apatite , 145 , 148–151 , 156 Aphaenogaster cockerelli , 238 Aphid saliva , 605 Aphis

A . fabae , 239 A . glycines , 38

Apical undulae , 73 Apis mellifera , 12 , 13 , 77 , 190 , 193 , 196 , 238 ,

302 , 543 , 610 Aplysia , 337 Apocrine secretion , 268 , 271 , 288 , 562 ,

576–590 Apocrita , 542 Apoidea , 516 Apolygus lucorum , 606 Apolysis , 370 , 382 , 385 Aposome , 579 , 581 Apyrase , 637 , 638 , 640 , 642 Aquaporins (AQPs) , 433 , 434 Arabidopsis thaliana , 304 , 614 Arachidonic acid , 636 , 640 , 653 Arachnida , 602 , 611 , 626 Arachnids , 446 Aragonite , 145 Araneus

A . diadematus , 495 A . gemmoides , 460 A . ventricosus , 458 , 547

Arboviral vectors , 293 Archaeognatha , 344 , 347 ,

348 , 605 Architecture , 68 , 71 , 73 , 77 , 82 Arctiidae , 241 Argadin , 393 Argasids , 630 Argifi n , 393 Arginine methyltransferase , 10 Argiope

A . aurantia , 460 A . bruennichi , 460 A . trifasciata , 457 , 459 , 497

Arms race , 415 , 416 , 421 Arrowhead (Awh) , 537 Arthropoda , 625 Artifi cial silk fi bers , 474–475 Assassin bugs , 629 , 633 , 640 , 641 , 643 ,

662–664 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters , 376 ,

379 , 381 Attachment discs , 449 , 451 , 461 , 462 Attacini , 524 Australian bulldog ant , 543 , 545 Autofl uorescence , 91–93 , 102 , 103 , 106–110 ,

122–125

Index

691

Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) , 392

Autoimmunity , 648 Avians , 628 Azinphosmethyl , 21

B Bacillus

B. subtilis , 295 B. thuringiensis , 291 , 295 , 296

Bactericerca cockerelli , 392 Bactrocera oleae , 342 Baculentulus densus , 347 Baculoviruses , 293 , 296 , 297 Bark lice , 626 Barnacles , 138 , 149 Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) , 456 Basic tail secretory protein (BTSP) , 658 ,

661 , 663 Basophils , 631 , 641 , 652 , 655 Beauveria bassiana , 372–374 , 393 Bed bugs , 629 , 633 , 640 , 643 , 649 , 659 ,

662 , 664 Bemisia tabaci , 390 Benzoylhydrazine

chromafenozide , 384 halofenozide , 383 KU-106 , 384 methoxyfenozide , 383 , 384 RH-5849 , 383 tebufenozide , 383–386

Benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) difl ubenzuron , 375 , 376 , 379–381 lufenuron , 378 novaluron , 378 trifl umuron , 387

β-1,3-Glucanases , 373 β-sheet , 516 , 531–534 , 542 , 544–546 , 548 β-tryptase , 655 Bilin-binding protein (BBP) , 201 Biofactories , 446 Biogenic amine binding proteins , 641 Bio-inspired materials , 154 Biological muscles , 497 , 504 Biomaterial , 446 , 461 , 479 , 480 Biomimetics , 496 , 505

application , 153–156 rec1-resilin , 94 , 97 , 99 , 104 , 124–127 Rec1/RSF , 127 resilin-elastin-collagen (REC) , 127 resilin-like polypeptides (RLP) , 124–128

Biomineralization

dual mineral system , 151 mechanical advantages , 146 metabolic cost , 140 , 141 , 150 , 151

Biominerals , 502–504 Biopolymers , 504 Biting midges , 629 , 633 , 634 , 640 , 643 , 649 ,

654 , 659 , 664 Black bean aphid , 239 Black fl ies , 629 , 633 , 639 , 643 , 659 , 664 BLAST searches , 532 Blastoderm , 326 , 344–347 Blastodermal cuticle , 344–347 , 355 Blattella germanica , 7 , 8 , 184 , 380

brownie , 339 , 340 citrus , 339 , 340

Block repeats , 451 , 454 , 458–462 , 467–473 , 479

Blood clotting cascade , 631 Blood-feeding , 625–688 BmCpr2 , 81 BmCPT1 , 77 Bmsage , 535 , 537 Body armor , 466 , 478 , 480 Bombycidae , 517 , 539 Bombycoidea , 517 , 533 , 539 , 540 Bombyx

B. mandarina , 520 , 538 , 539 B. mori , 4–8 , 11–13 , 15–18 , 20 , 21 , 40 ,

45–50 , 54 , 55 , 72 , 77 , 80 , 167 , 171–176 , 180–182 , 185–192 , 195 , 196 , 203 , 285 , 291 , 298 , 303 , 384 , 391 , 393 , 446 , 516–518 , 520 , 521 , 523 , 525–527 , 529–530 , 532 , 534–536 , 538–540 , 542 , 544 , 546 , 548 , 608

BmEP80 , 338 BmVM30 , 338 BmVMP30 , 338 BmVMP90 , 338 ErA , 338 ErB , 338 HcA , 338 HcB , 338

Botrytis cinerea , 613 Brachiopods , 154 Brachycera , 626 Brachyura , 144 Bradoriida , 149 Bradykinin , 648 , 652 Breaking strain , 477 , 499 , 503 Breaking stress , 457 , 466 , 473–474 , 477 Breeding strategy , 145 Broad-horned fl our beetle , 241 Brugia pahangi , 293

Index

692

Buprofezin , 390 Burgess Shale , 149 Bursicon , 200 , 202 , 203 Butterfl ies , 626

C C/EBPs , 340 Cabrio , 37 Caddisfl ies , 516 , 540 Caenorhabditis elegans , 9 , 38 , 49 Calcifi cation , 138 , 141 , 145 , 150 , 153 Calcite , 145 , 146 , 148 , 151 Calcium carbonate , 140 , 146 , 147 , 149–151 ,

153 , 154 , 156 Calcium chloride , 545 Calcium phosphate , 140 , 146–151 , 153–156

mandibular teeth , 149 Calcofl uor white , 291 , 297 , 299 , 300 Callinectes sapidus , 168 Callophorid fl y , 240 Callosobruchus maculatus , 614 Calmodulin , 272 Calpodes ethlius , 68 , 71 , 72 , 81 Calyptra , 626 Cambrium explosion

fossil records , 149 shift from calcium phosphate to calcium

carbonate , 150 Campodea fragilis , 347 Cancer pagurus , 142 Captan , 390 Cara mitad , 10 Carbohydrate esterase , 44 Carbonic anhydrase , 452 Carboxylic ester hydrolase (CEH) , 457 Carboxymethyl-cellulose , 607 Carboxypeptidase B , 643 , 648 Cardia , 264 , 269–273 Carica papaya , 304 CARM1 , 10 Carpophilus , 242 Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

model , 648 Catecholamines , 70 , 78 Catechol oxidase , 649 Cat fl ea , 633 , 654 Cathepsin G , 637 , 639 , 655 , 666 Cathepsin L , 648 Cathepsin S , 648 Cathepsins , 297 Cecidomyiidae , 609 Cement , 566 , 573 , 630 , 634

Centipedes , 626 Central nervous system (CNS) , 170 , 177 ,

199 , 202 Cephalothorax , 456 Cerambycid beetles , 235 Ceratopogonidae , 629 Cerceris fumipennis , 241 Chagas fever , 68 CHCs . See Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) Chelicerae , 629 Chelicerata , 344–346 , 626 Chelicerates , 71 Chemical mimicry , 232 , 238–239 Chemoreception , 234–236 Chephalocharida , 610 Cherax quadricarinatus , 139 , 148 , 149 ,

151–153 molar teeth , 149

Chilopoda , 602 , 611 Chilopods , 346 Chimeric fusion proteins , 502 , 504 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) , 547 Chiral , 223 , 235–236 , 238 , 241 , 242 Chitin , 4–6 , 68 , 69 , 71–78 , 80–82

α-chitin , 261 β-chitin , 261 binding domains , 343 binding motifs , 353 binding proteins (CBPs) , 339 , 343 biocompatibility , 154 biosynthetic pathway , 47 Bouligand structure , 34 chitin-binding domain , 152 chitin-binding proteins , 152 cross-ply laminae , 34 deacetylation , 44 degradation , 47 , 53 , 56 γ-chitin , 261 higher-order structure , 33 , 34 , 36 molecular weight , 33–34 nanofi bers , 34 precursors , 36–40 protection , 56

Chitinase , 343 , 370 , 371 , 373 , 375 , 392–394 , 626 , 632 , 634

conserved motifs , 38 , 40 , 50 crystal structure , 51 domain organization , 48–51 , 53 gene family , 48 , 52 specialization in functions , 38 , 52 , 53 tissue specifi city , 38 , 48 , 52

Chitin-binding , 70 , 74–76 , 80 , 82 Chitin-binding domain , 393

Index

693

Chitin binding domain 2 (ChtBD2) , 76 chitin-binding pocket , 263 consensus sequence , 263 conserved cysteine residues , 263 intermolecular disulfi de bridges , 262 , 283

Chitin deacetylase , 75 , 80 , 263 , 288 , 306 domain organization , 45 gene family , 45 in vitro activity , 47 loss of laminar organization , 46 , 52 role in cuticle assembly , 44 tracheal cuticle development , 40

Chitin nanofi bers , 260 , 261 , 268 , 270 , 271 , 276 , 277 , 279 , 307

Chitin synthase , 260 , 270 , 271 , 276 , 379 , 381 , 386 , 387 , 390–392

oligomeric complex , 260 Chitin synthase 1

Chitin synthase A , 352 Chs1 , 352 , 354 Chs1a , 352 Chs1b , 352

Chitin synthase A alternate exons , 38 , 39 cuticular defects , 37 loss of chitin , 36 , 37 , 39 loss of laminae , 46 , 52 modeling , 41 , 42 mode of action , 40 , 41 molting defects , 36 , 37 , 40 , 55 , 56 oligomeric complex , 38 plasma membrane plaques , 43 , 47 promoter , 40 , 44 , 48 proteolytic activation , 38

Chitin synthase B alternative splicing , 40 loss of PM integrity , 39 promoter , 40 , 44

Chitosan , 154 Chondroitin sulphate , 653 Choriogenesis , 327 , 329 , 331 , 337–340 , 342 Chorion , 169 Chorionic layers , 326–355 Choristoneura fumiferana , 385–387 Chromatin-remodeling , 9–11 , 13 Chromosome 22 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 Chrysomya nigripes , 335 Chrysops viduatus , 633 Chrysoptin , 639 , 642 Chymase , 651 , 655 , 666 Cicadas , 67 Cimex lectularius , 76 , 638 , 646 , 649 , 659 Cimicidae , 626 , 629 , 662

Circadian rhythms , 181 , 182 Cis -vaccenyl acetate , 231 Clofentazine , 389 Clonostachys sp. FO-7314 , 393 Clotting cascade , 642–648 Coagulation baths , 476 , 478 Cob-weavers , 447 , 449 , 451 , 456 , 458 ,

461–464 , 467 Cocoon , 516–548 Coffea arabica , 615 Coiled coil proteins , 543–545 Coleoptera , 347 , 348 , 516 Collagen , 154 , 631 , 632 , 635–641 , 643 , 656 Collembola , 344 , 346 , 605 Colopterus , 242 Columnar cells , 260 , 268 , 270 , 271 , 559 , 560 Comb wax , 237 Complement cascade

alternative pathway , 653 C1 , 653 C5 , 653 C3a , 653 C4a , 653 C5a , 653 C3b , 653 C5b-9 , 653 C3 convertase , 653 classical pathway , 653 C1q , 653 platelet receptor cC1qR , 653 properdin , 653 P selectin , 653

Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) , 451 , 454 , 458–462 , 467–471 , 480

Concanavalin A (ConA) , 300 Congo red , 299 Connective tissue-activating peptide-III

(CTAP-III) , 655 Conophthorus , 233 Consensus sequence , 456 , 464 Contact activation pathway , 643

dextran , 648 extrinsic pathway , 643 factor V/Va (fVa) , 636 , 642 factor VII/VIIa (fVIIa) , 643 factor VIII/VIIIa (fVIIIa) , 643 factor IX/IXa (fIXa) , 642 , 643 factor X/Xa (fXa) , 642–644 , 646 , 655 , 666 factor XI/XIa (fXIa) , 643 , 666 factor XII/XIIa (fXIIa) , 643 , 666 fi brin , 634 , 643 , 645 heparin , 643 , 648 , 655 intrinsic pathway , 643

Index

694

Contact activation pathway ( cont. ) phosphatidyl serine , 653 polyphosphate , 643 , 646 , 648 prothrombinase complex , 643 tenase complex , 643 TF-fVIIa complex , 642 thrombin , 642 , 643 , 647 , 653 tissue-factor (TF) , 642 tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) , 643

Contact chemoreception , 234–236 Contact phase pathway , 648 Contact pheromones , 233–236 , 240 Convergent evolution , 531 Convergent lady beetle , 242 Copepoda , 626 Copepods , 91–93 , 118–120 , 626 , 662 Corpuscular cells , 560 , 561 , 585 Cosmophasis bitaeniata , 239 Countercurrent fl ow , 289 Cowpea trypsin inhibitor , 301 CPs . See Cuticular proteins (CPs) Crabs , 626 Crayfi sh , 147 , 149 , 151–154 , 156 , 626 CREB-binding , 10 Cretaceous , 628 Crosslinking , 330–332 , 336 , 338–342

dityrosine , 90 , 91 , 94 , 98 , 102 , 105 , 126 hydrogen peroxidase , 98 peroxidase , 98 trityrosine , 90 , 91 , 94 , 98 , 102 , 105

Crustacea , 138 , 140–143 , 145 , 146 , 344–346 , 602 , 610 , 626

Crustaceans , 91–93 , 117 , 118 Cry-δ-endotoxins , 291 , 296 , 300 , 302–305 Cryptolestes ferrugineus , 374 Crystallization

degree of , 140 inhibitors , 150

csp genes , 611 Ctenocephalides felis , 331 , 334 , 633 , 638 , 659 C-terminal , 524 , 527 , 529 , 542 , 546

domain , 451 , 454 , 458–461 Cues in herbivory

damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) , 612

disulfooxy fatty acids , 607 herbivore-associated molecular patterns

(HAMPs) , 612 microbe-associated molecular patterns

(MAMPs) , 612 oligogalacturonides (OGAs) , 613 pathogen-associated molecular patterns

(PAMPs) , 612

Culex C. pipiens , 342 C. quinquefasciatus , 298 , 633 , 639

Culicidae , 629 Culicoides

C. kibunensis , 633 C. nubeculosus , 295 C. sonorensis , 659 C. variipennis , 646 , 647

Culicomorpha , 640 , 664 Culiseta longiareolata , 241 Curly , 79 Cuticle protein

CP30 , 80 CPR , 70 , 76 , 80

Cuticular egg envelope , 326 , 344 , 346 , 353 Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) , 222–224 ,

232–242 , 374 Cuticular plug , 346–348 Cuticular proteins (CPs)

ACP , 11 , 17 BmSIGRP , 21 BR-C , 7 , 9–12 , 14–16 , 19–21 CPAP , 70 CPF , 70 CPF1 , 4 CPF3 , 4 CPFL , 4 , 5 , 13 CPG , 4 , 5 , 17 CPG11 , 5 CPG12 , 5 CPG24 , 5 CPH , 4 , 5 , 13 CPH1 , 5 CPH33 , 5 CPLCA , 4 CPLCG , 4 CPLCP , 4 CPLCW , 4 cpr72Ec , 74 , 76 Cpr76Bd , 79 Cpr97Eb , 79 CPT , 4 , 5 genes

ACP65A , 17 , 20 agcp2a , 13 agcp2b , 13 agcp2c , 13 agLCP12.3 , 18 BhC4-1 , 9 BMCCP4 , 11 Bmor CPR46 , 18 Bmor CPR53 , 15 , 20

Index

695

Bmor CPR96 , 15 , 20 BmorCPR125 , 15 BmorCPR21 , 9 , 16 , 20 , 21 BmorCPR92 , 9 , 16 , 19 BmorCPR99 , 9 , 16 BMWCP1 , 11 BMWCP2 , 11 , 16 BMWCP3 , 11 BMWCP5 , 11 , 16 BR-C , 7 , 9–12 , 14–16 , 19–21 DDC , 9 DEG78 , 15 DGE84 , 15 EDG78E , 9 , 20 EDG84A , 9 GCP1 , 6 LCP14 , 6 , 17 LCP16/17 , 6 , 18 LdGRP1 , 21 LdGRP2 , 21 LdGRP3 , 21 TcCPR27 , 5 , 6 TcCPR4 , 5 , 6

LCP , 11 PCP , 11 RR-1 , 4–6 , 13 , 17 , 18 RR-2 , 4–6 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 18 RR-3 , 4 , 13 TcCpr4 , 5 , 6 , 80 TcCpr18 , 5 , 6 , 80 TcCpr27 , 5 , 6 , 80 TcCP30 , 5 Tweedle , 6 , 13

Cuticular proteins analogous to peritrophins (CPAPs) , 56

Cuticulin , 4 , 70 , 371 , 372 CutProtFam-Pred , 4 Cycloa ginnaga , 495 Cyclosa mulmeinensis , 495 , 501 Cynipids , 617 CYP4G1 , 224 , 231 CYP4G2 , 231 CYP4G2-CPR fusion protein , 231 CYP4G16 , 231 CYP4G55 , 231 Cystatins , 648 Cysteine , 452 , 453 , 458 , 468 Cysteine protease inhibitor E , 304 Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) , 451 , 457 Cysteinyl leukotriene , 641 , 665 Cystic , 37 Cytochrome P450 , 373 , 390 Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) , 230 , 231

Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant , 655

Cytokines , 642 , 655

D Dacus oleae , 327 Dahlica triquetrella , 293 Damselfl ies , 91 , 106 , 113 Danaus plexippus , 298 , 304 Daphnia magna , 343 DDC . See Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) De Filippi’s glands , 604 Decapods , 144 , 152 , 153 Decarbonylation , 225 , 230 , 231 Deer fl ies , 642 , 649 Defective chorion-1 ( Dec-1 ) , 337 , 341 , 343 Dendritic cells , 642 , 648 , 654 Dendroctonus , 233

D. ponderosae , 231 Dendrolimus spectabilis , 522 Denticle , 75 , 80 Dermanyssid mites , 626 Dermanyssina , 628 Dermanyssus gallinae , 374 Dermaptera , 347 , 348 , 605 Dermestes maculatus , 256 , 271 , 284 Dermis , 629–632 , 634 , 642 desat2 , 228 Desaturase 1 ( desat1 ) , 228 Desiccating conditions , 353 , 354 Desiccation , 221 , 232 , 236 Desiccation resistance , 354 Dextran , 648 D. frontalis , 233 Di- and tri-tyrosine

bonds , 331 , 332 covalent bonds , 340 crosslinking , 330–332 , 336 , 340–342

Diabrotica virgifera virgifera , 305 Diapsids , 628 Diatomaceous earths (DE) , 372 Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) , 545 Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT) , 291 Dicondylia , 345 Digitoxins , 290 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase (FMO3) , 457 Dimethyldisulfi de , 224 (3R, 11S)-dimethylnonacosane , 222 Dipetalodipin , 638 , 641 , 654 Dipetalogaster maxima , 638 , 640 Dipetalopidin , 650 Diplopoda , 602 , 610

Index

696

Diplopods , 345 Diplura , 344 , 346 , 605 Dipoles , 478 Diptera , 333 , 347 , 517 , 626 Dipteran , 75 , 76 Disagregin , 637 , 641 Disulfi de bonds , 521 , 523 , 529 , 545 Disulfi de bridges , 330 , 331 , 336 , 340 Dityrosine , 78 , 79, 94, 98, 331, 342 Dopa , 342 , 351 Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) , 342 , 343 ,

352 , 384 Dopachrome , 78 , 81 , 342 Dopachrome conversion enzymes , 339 , 343 Dopamine , 342 , 343 , 351 Dopaminechrome , 342 Dopamine-decarboxylase (Ddc) , 78 Dopamine-monooxygenase (DOMON) , 74 Dopaminequinone , 342 Dopaquinone , 342 Dope , 447 , 448 , 457 , 465 , 474–478 , 480 Dorso-ventral patterning , 343 Dragline silk(s) , 489 , 490 , 492–494 , 503 , 504 Dragonfl ies , 90 , 99 , 101 , 103 , 104 , 108 , 110 ,

111 , 113 Draw rate , 475 Drosocrystallin , 262 , 278 , 283 , 291 , 292 Drosophila

D. ananassae , 574 D. atripex , 574 D. erecta , 574 , 575 D. grimshawi , 335 D. hydei , 564 D. mauritiana , 574 D. melanogaster , 224 , 558–590 D. mojavensis , 574 , 575 D. parabipectinata , 574 D. persimilis , 574 , 575 D. pseudoobscura , 564 , 574 D. sechelia , 574 , 575 D. simulans , 574 , 575 D. virilis , 186 , 331 , 332 , 342 , 574 D. willistoni , 574 , 575 D. yakuba , 574 , 575

Drosophila melanogaster , 6–13 , 15 , 17 , 20 , 39 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 54–56 , 68 , 69 , 72–81 , 167 , 170–175 , 177 , 178 , 180–185 , 188 , 190–192 , 194–196 , 199 , 202 , 203 , 224 , 225 , 227–229 , 231 , 233 , 240 , 242 , 262 , 278 , 291 , 292 , 305 , 380 , 395–397 , 412 , 435 , 546 , 604

c106 , 337 Cad99C , 329 , 330

Closca , 336 Crumbs , 329 fc125 , 337 fc177 , 332 , 337 femcoat , 337 myosin VIIA (Myo7A) , 329–330 nasrat (fs(1)N) , 336 nudel , 343 palisade , 336 , 343 peroxinectin-like (pxt) , 337 pipe , 343 polehole (fs(1)ph) , 336 s15 , 337 s16 , 337 s18 , 337 s19 , 337 s36 , 336 , 337 s38 , 336 , 337 stardust , 329 sV17 , 336 , 338 , 343 sV23 , 336 , 338 , 343 sVM23 , 336 VM26.A.1 , 336 VM26A.2 , 336 VM32E , 332 , 336 , 337 , 343 VM34C , 336 , 337

dsRNA , 81 , 297 , 305–307 dsRNAse , 305 Dual oxidase (Duox) , 79 , 341

E Ecdysial droplets , 71 Ecdysis , 5–7 , 11 , 15 , 17 , 21 , 146 Ecdysone , 5–13 , 15–18 , 20 , 77 , 153 , 352 , 560 ,

561 , 564 Ecdysone oxidase genes , 539 Ecdysone receptor (EcR) , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 ,

20 , 201 , 384 , 387 Ecdysone signaling cascade (proteins, genes)

ACP20 , 17 BR-C , 7 , 9–12 , 14–16 , 19–21 crq , 12 DHR3 , 7 , 8 , 14 dronc , 8 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 15 E74 , 7–9 , 14 E74A , 7–9 , 14 , 18 , 20 E74B , 7 , 8 E75 , 7–9 , 14 E75A , 7–10 , 12 , 14 , 20 E78B , 7 E93 , 7 ECR , 7 hid , 12

Index

697

HR3 , 7–9 , 14 HR4 , 7 , 9 , 14 , 18 Rpr , 8 , 12 Sgs4 , 12 Sox14 , 10 USP , 7 , 14 , 16

Ecdysone-inducible elements , 44 Ecdysone-responsive transcription factors

(ERTFs) BmBR-C , 12 Ddc , 13 , 15 Eip28/28 , 13 Fbp1 , 13 hsp 22 , 13 L71-1 , 9 L71-6 , 8 , 9 ßFTZ-F1 , 7–9 , 14–20

Ecdysteroid(s) , 199–202 , 340 , 351 , 352 Echinoderms , 152 Eclosion , 68 Eclosion cascade

bursicon , 396 corazonin , 396 crustacean cardioactive peptide

(CCAP) , 396 ecdysis , 371 , 387 , 393 , 395 , 396 ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) , 396 eclosion hormone (EH) , 396 postecdysis , 395 preecdysis , 395 preecdysis triggering hormone

(PETH) , 396 Ectoparasites , 630 Ectoperitrophic space , 257 , 263 , 265 , 270 ,

273 , 284 , 286 , 288–291 , 293 , 294 Edema , 630 , 641 , 648 , 650 Egg case protein-1 (ECP-1) , 451 , 455 ,

456 , 460 Egg case protein-2 (ECP-2) , 451 , 460 Egg sacs , 449 , 450 , 459 , 460 , 462 Egg water permeability , 353 Egg-laying , 435 Eggs , 413 , 415 , 417 , 418 , 420–425 , 427–430 ,

432 , 434 Eggshell

formation , 326 , 328 , 329 , 331 , 335 , 337 , 340 , 355

maternal layers , 344 post-zygotic layers , 326 radial organization , 327 , 328 structure , 326 , 327 , 342 wax , 331

Ejaculatory bulb (EB) , 418 , 423–424

Ejaculatory duct , 417–419 , 424–425 Elastase , 651 , 652 , 655 , 656 Elastase inhibitors , 655 Elastic energy storage , 111–114 , 128 Elastic modulus , 144 , 457 , 479 Elastic recoil , 93 , 94 , 96–98 , 112 , 114 Elasticity , 91 , 93 , 96 , 97 , 99 , 100 , 104 , 105 ,

118 , 121 , 127 , 128 Elastin , 464 , 466 , 631 Elastomeric proteins , 90 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 98 ,

105 , 128 Electric fi elds , 477 Electrifi ed fl uid jet , 477 Electron microscopy , 394

SEM , 579 TEM , 578 , 579

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) , 16 , 456

Electrostatic interactions , 262 , 265 , 274 , 288 Ellychnia corrusca , 233 eloF , 229 Elongases , 228–229 Elongation , 224–226 , 228–229 Elongation factor 1-alpha , 456 Elongational fl ow , 465 , 478 Elovl , 352 Elytral cuticle , 79 Embiidina , 605 Embioptera , 347 , 516 Embryo , 72 , 79–81 , 412 , 427 , 430 , 434 , 435 Embryogenesis , 326 , 328 , 338 , 344 , 346 , 349 ,

352 , 353 Embryonic cuticle , 349 Enamel (like) , 149 Encapsulation , 169 ENCODE , 9 Endochorion

inner part (fl oor) , 332 outer part (roof) , 332 pillars , 329 , 332 , 337 , 339

Endocuticle , 5 , 18 , 69 , 71 , 79 , 138 , 139 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 156 , 348–354 , 374 , 375 , 394

Endocytosis , 577 , 578 , 584 Endonuclease , 654 , 661 , 664 Endoparasites , 625 Endoperitrophic space , 265 , 266 , 273 , 284 ,

286–288 , 290 Endoplasmic reticulum , 78 , 579 Endopterygota , 603 , 607–610 Endosomal traffi ck , 562 , 577 , 584–585 Endosulfan , 76 Endothelial cell proliferation , 634 , 650

Index

698

Enhancins , 278 , 296 , 297 , 304 , 305 Entognatha , 344–346 Entomopathogenic bacteria , 291 , 292 Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) , 372–374 Entomopathogenic viruses , 296 , 304 Entomopoxviruses (EPVs) , 298 Envelope , 68 , 69 , 71–73 , 79 , 81 , 82 Environmental factors

aging , 498 ambient temperature , 496–497 humidity , 497 solar radiation , 495 , 504 ultraviolet radiation , 498 wind , 495–496

Enzyme recycling , 289 Eosinophil chemotactic factor , 655 Eosinophils , 654 Epembryonic membrane , 349 , 351 , 354 Ephemeroptera , 347 Ephestia kuehniella , 301 Epicuticle , 68–73 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 138 , 139 , 152 ,

348–351 , 353–355 , 371–372 , 374 Epicuticular wax , 221 Epidermis , 629 , 630 , 650 Epinephrine , 641 , 642 , 653 Equivalent Chain Length , 223 Erigone atra , 496 Eriophyoid mites , 611 , 617 Erythema , 650 Escherichia coli , 468–470 ESI-MS/MS , 581 Etoxazole , 41 , 387–389 Eukaryotes , 589 Eurytoma amygdali , 333 , 342 Eusimilium latipes , 633 Evolution

of blood-feeding , 626 , 627 , 640 , 649 , 661 , 662

of Drosophila salivary glue secretions (Sgs) , 574–576

Exochorion , 326 , 328 , 329 , 332 , 333 , 337 , 339 Exocuticle , 5 , 18 , 69–71 , 79 , 138 , 139 , 143 ,

144 , 146 , 156 , 371 , 394–395 Exocytosis , 560 , 562 , 563 , 565 , 566 , 572 , 573 ,

576–578 , 583 , 586 , 589 , 590 Exoskeleton , 68 , 370 , 372 , 374 , 375 , 378 ,

392–393 , 396 Expansion (Exp) , 75 Expectoration , 566 , 573 , 577 , 590 Extensibility , 495 , 497–500 Extracellular composite matrix (ECM) , 78 , 82 Extracellular matrix , 68 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 626 Extracellular space , 72 , 73 , 75–78 , 80 Extradinticle (Exd) , 536

Extraembryonic cells , 328 region , 344 , 346

Extrinsic pathway , 643

F Fasciclin , 456 Fascin , 73 FASTA , 574 , 575 Fatty acid synthase (FAS) , 224–228 , 231 Fatty acyl-CoA reductases , 228 , 230 Feeding strategy

chewing , 602 piercing , 603

Feline interferon (FeIFN) , 547 Female accessory glands , 417 , 418 , 431–432 Fertilization , 412 , 414 , 417 , 425 , 427–429 ,

432 , 434 , 435 Fibers , 446 , 447 , 449–452 , 454–457 , 459–467 ,

473–481 Fibrilization

at spinneret , 529 , 533 Fibrillin , 631 Fibrin , 643 , 645 Fibrin(ogen)lytic enzyme , 633 , 648 Fibrinogen , 634 , 636 , 641–643 , 647 Fibrinolysis

α2-antiplasmin , 643 α2-macroglobulin , 643 carboxypeptidase B , 643 , 648 fi brin(ogen)lytic , 633 fXIa , 643 fXIIa , 643 kallikrein , 643 , 648 plasmin , 643 , 648 tissue plasminogen activator , 643 urokinase , 643

Fibroblasts , 631 , 642 Fibrohexamerin , 520–522 , 537 Fibroin , 446 , 447 , 459 , 460 , 465 , 467 , 471 , 474

heavy chain (H-fi broin) , 520 light chain (L-fi broin) , 520–523 modulator-binding protein-1 (FMBP-1) ,

537 , 539 Fibronectin , 631 , 634 , 650 Fibronectin-derived cell-adhesive

sequence , 547 Ficus virgata , 304 Flagelliform , 447 , 449–451 , 459 , 462–463 ,

466 Fleas , 626 , 629 , 640 , 659 , 662 , 664 Flexibility , 91 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 100 , 104 , 113 ,

115 , 118 , 128

Index

699

Fluorapatite , 147–149 Fluorescein isothiocyanate

(FITC)-dextrans , 265 Follicular epithelium cells , 329 Forensic entomology , 232 , 240 Forfi cula auricularia , 270 Forkhead (Fkh) , 536 , 537 Formic acid , 475 Formica exsecta , 237 Frankliniella occidentalis , 606 Frog biting midges , 633 , 634 , 654 , 659 , 664 Fructose-6-phosphate , 260 , 306 FS1 antigen , 664 Fused lobes , 55 Fushi tarazu transcription factor1 (FTZ-F1) ,

384 , 386

G Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) , 300 , 301 Galleria mellonella , 520 , 521 , 526 , 529 ,

532 , 534 GAL4/UAS , 547 Gametes , 412 , 414 , 415 , 418 , 425 , 433–435 Garnystan (Gny) , 77 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

(GC-MS) , 222 , 234 Gas exchange , 326 , 332–334 Gasp , 74 , 76 Gastric ceaca , 270 Gastroliths , 145 , 152–154 GATAβ , 340 GC-MS . See Gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry (GC-MS) Gelsolin , 272 Gene amplifi cation , 335 , 337 Gene Ontology (GO) , 456 Gene silencing , 327 , 349 , 351 , 355 Genital imaginal disc , 416 Genome editing , 547 , 548 Geometridae , 241 German cockroach , 222 , 224 , 227 , 236 Germline , 10 Germline transformation , 546 , 547 GFP . See Green fl uorescent protein (GFP) GGG family , 14 Gilson’s glands , 517 GlcNAc , 75 Gliocladium sp. FTD-0668 , 393 Glossina spp. , 240

G. fuscipes , 633 G. morsitans morsitans , 646 , 661

Glossinia morsitans morsitans , 265 , 278 , 300 Glossinidae , 629 Glucocorticoid , 10

Glucosamine-6-phosphate N -acetyltransferase , 37

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase , 37 Glue , 560 , 562 , 563 , 565–567 , 573 ,

575–577 , 590 Glutamine , 495 , 500 Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate , 37 Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate

aminotransferase (GFAT) , 37 Glycine , 493 , 495 , 498–500 Glycocalyx , 256 , 286 , 293 , 300 Glycomoieties

N -glycosylation , 570 O -glycosylation , 570

Glycoprotein , 496 , 497 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) , 265 O -glycosylation , 263 , 264 , 266 , 283 Glycosyltransferase , 74 , 75 , 82 Glycosyltransferase-2 (GT-2) , 40 Gnatocerus cornutus , 241 Granular phenoloxidase (GPO) , 187 , 202 Granule(s)

densifi cation , 572 maturation , 564 secretory , 559–561 , 563–567 , 573 , 575 , 586

Granuloviruses , 303 Green fl uorescent protein (GFP) , 474 , 566 ,

581 , 582 , 587 Growth-blocking peptide (GBP) , 202 Grylloblattodea , 347 Gryllus bimaculatus , 333 Guanidinium isothiocyanate (GdmSCN) , 475 Gumfoot lines , 447 , 449 , 451 , 462 , 463

H Haem , 78 Haemaphysalis longicornis , 37 , 633 , 637 , 644 ,

645 , 657 Hemolymph , 71 , 77 Hamadarin , 646 , 649 Hanseniella agilis , 345 Harvestmen , 626 Hatching lines , 335 Heavy chain promoter , 474 HeLa cells , 480 Heliconius melpomene , 609 Helicoverpa

H. armigera , 383 , 394 , 604 , 608 H. zea , 40 , 276 , 304

Heliothis virescens , 269 , 293 , 301 , 303 , 340 , 382 , 392

Hematoma , 629–634 , 639 , 650 Hematophagy , 625 , 639 , 656 , 661 , 663 , 664 Heme protein , 341

Index

700

Hemiptera , 347 , 626 Hemipteroid assemblage , 605–607 Hemolymph proteins

apolipophorins , 607 , 617 arylphorins , 607 methionine-rich storage proteins , 607

Hemozoin , 258 , 292 n -heneicosane , 241 9-Hentriacontene , 238 Heparin , 642 , 643 , 648 , 655 Hepialoidea , 541 7,11-Heptacosadiene , 233 ( Z, Z )-6,9-Heptacosadiene , 224 ( Z )-9-Heptacosene , 235 Heteroptera , 663 Hexafl uoroisopropyl alcohol , 545 Hexafl uoro-2-propanol (HFIP) , 474 , 475 ,

477 , 478 Hexapoda , 138 , 141 , 344 , 602 , 603 , 605–611 ,

626 , 627 Hexokinase , 37 Hexythiazox , 389 High-molecular weight kininogen , 643 Hippoboscidae , 629 Histamine , 641 , 651 , 653 , 655 , 665 Histolysis , 561 , 562 , 583 Histone methyltransferase , 10 HlSC-1 , 648 Holometabolous insects , 11 Homalodisca vitripennis , 606 Homarus americanus , 142 , 144 , 168 Homologous recombination , 471 Homothorax (Hth) , 536 Hooded tick spiders , 626 Hormone receptor 3 (HR3) , 384 , 386 Hornets , 516 , 540 , 543–546 Horse fl ies , 629 , 633 , 640 , 649 , 654 Horseshoe crabs , 626 Host defense responses , 650 Host dermis , 630 , 632 HR3/IE1 , 547 Human louse , 633 Hyaluronic acid , 631 , 632 Hyaluronidase , 626 , 632–634 Hybomitra bimaculata , 647 , 649 Hydrogen bonds , 493 , 496 , 503 Hydrogen peroxide , 332 , 341 Hydrolytic enzymes , 258 , 273 , 283 , 304 , 306 Hydrophobicity , 525 Hydropsyche angustipennis , 526 , 541 Hydrostatic interactions , 267 Hydroxyapatite , 155 m -Hydroxybenzylhydrazine (HBHZ) , 177 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) , 340 , 381 , 384 ,

386 , 395 , 396

15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid , 650 Hymenoptera , 516 , 517 , 542 , 544 Hyperemia , 650 Hypodermis , 630 Hypostome , 629 , 630 Hypotheneumus hampei , 615

I Iblidae , 149 Imaginal disc growth factors , 50 Immobilized metal ion affi nity

chromatography , 473 Immune response , 412 , 419 , 427 , 429 Inachis io , 202 Inclusion bodies , 471 Infestins , 663 Infl ammatory inhibitors

Ixodes ricinus immunosuppressant , 655 Ixodes ricinus leukotriene binding protein

(Ir-LBP) , 651 , 654 Ornithodoros moubata complement

inhibitor (OMCI) , 666 TdPI , 656 tryptogalinin , 656

Infl ammatory phase , 631 , 648 Infl ammatory responses

autoimmunity , 648 basophils , 655 β-tryptase , 655 carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

model , 648 connective tissue-activating peptide-III

(CTAP-III) , 655 cysteinyl leukotriene , 641 , 665 cytokine-induced neutrophil

chemoattractant , 655 cytokines , 655 dendritic cells , 654 edema , 630 , 648 endonuclease , 654 , 664 eosinophil chemotactic factor , 655 eosinophils , 654 erythema , 650 histamine , 641 , 655 , 665 insulin-like growth factor 1 , 636 interferon-ϒ , 655 interleukin-1 , 636 interleukin-6 , 655 interleukin-8 , 655 itching , 630 leukotriene A4 , 641 leukotriene B4 , 649 , 654 leukotriene C4 (LTC4) , 641 leukotriene E4 (LTE4) , 641

Index

701

macrophage infl ammatory protein (MIP-1α) , 636

macrophage infl ammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) , 655

macrophages , 654 , 655 mast cells , 654 , 655 monocytes , 654 , 655 neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) , 654 neutrophils , 654 , 655 platelet factor 4 , 636 platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , 636 prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) , 655 RANTES , 636 swelling , 630 T-cell proliferation , 648

Infrastructural elements , 564 Inner epicuticle , 69 Innermost chorionic layer , 328 , 329 Inorganic–organic composite , 140 Inositol polyphosphate 5 phosphatase , 664 Insect cuticle

apical plasma membrane protrusions , 167 , 197

chitin , 166 , 167 , 196 , 204 elytron , 167 , 183 , 196 , 197 , 204 endocuticular layers , 166 , 167 envelope , 166 , 167 epicuticle , 166 , 167 exocuticular layer , 166 , 167 exoskeleton , 166 , 168 , 197 , 200 , 204 pore canal fi bers , 167 , 168 , 197 procuticle , 166 , 167 , 187 , 197 sclerotization , 166–205 tanning , 168–197 , 200–204 trabeculae , 183 , 204

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) , 375 , 395 Insecta , 344 , 348 , 602 , 626 insulin-like growth factor 1 , 636 Integripalpia , 540 , 541 Integument , 370 , 374 , 384 Intermolt stage , 15 , 18 Internal factors

glandular proteins , 494 , 495 phase conversion , 495 reeling speed , 493 , 494 , 504 spinning dope , 494 , 501 spinning duct , 494 , 499 , 501 , 502

Intraperitrophic space , 286 , 288 Ions , 501–502 Ips lecontei , 234 Iris , 651 , 655 IRS2 , 655 IRS-2 , 637 , 651 , 666

Isac , 651 , 653 Isaria fumosorosea , 373 Isoleucine (Ile) , 225 , 226 , 543 Isopoda , 611 Isopods , 626 , 662 Isopropyl-β -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside , 471 Isoptera , 347 Itching , 630 Ixodegrin , 637 , 642 Ixodes , 630

I. ricinus , 637 , 644 , 651 , 655 , 657 I. scapularis , 611 , 634 , 637 , 644 , 648 , 651 ,

652 , 657 Ixodida , 626

J Jalysus spinosus , 355 Japanese spider crab , 138 JH . See Juvenile hormone (JH) Junonia orithya , 199 Jurrassic , 628 Juvenile hormone (JH) , 8 , 11 , 12 , 198–202 ,

340 , 414 , 415 , 420 , 422 Juvenile hormone esterase , 539

K Kairomones , 232 , 241 Kallikrein , 643 , 645 , 648 Kazal , 639 , 647 , 649 , 660 , 663 Kininogen , 643 Kininogenase , 648 Kissing bug , 68 , 70 , 633 Knickkopf (Knk) , 74 , 75 Knickkopf (KNK) , 56 , 276 , 352 Kosmotropic salts , 479 Kovats index , 223 Kratagonists

biogenic amine binding proteins , 641 D7L1 , 654 D7 proteins , 641 , 664 , 665 D7r1 , 646 , 666 dipetalopidin , 650 nitrophorin , 641 , 649 , 653 nitrophorin 2 , 665 tablysin-15 , 639 , 641 , 666 TSGP2 , 637 , 654 TSGP3 , 641 , 654

Krill , 626 Krotzkopf verkehrt (Kkv) , 74 Kunitz/BPTI , 655 , 663 Kyte and Doolittle hydropathy profi le , 458

Index

702

L Labramin , 301 Lacanobia oleracea , 301–303 Laccase , 339 , 343 Laccase2 (Lac2) , 80 , 342 , 352 , 354 Lacewings , 542 , 545 , 626 Lacinae , 629 LacZ , 579 , 582 , 587 Lamella , 349 Laminae , 69 , 73 Laminins , 631 Laodelphax striatellus , 390 Lariophagus distinguendus , 235 Larval hatching , 333 , 335 Lasius niger , 239 Latrodectus hesperus , 446 Leafroller , 68 Lectins , 258 , 284 , 290 , 292 , 299–302 , 456 Leishmania parasite , 295 Lepidocampa weberi , 347 Lepidoptera , 333 , 347 , 348 , 445 , 516 , 517 ,

522 , 528 , 529 , 532 , 533 , 540 , 541 , 602 , 603 , 607 , 610 , 626

Lepidopteran , 71 , 72 Lepisma saccharina , 347 Leptestheria dahalacensis , 270 Leptinotarsa decemlineata , 21 , 37 , 38 , 302 Leptothorax nylanderi , 237 L-fi broin , 520–523 , 525 , 529 , 537 , 539 , 541 ,

542 , 546 , 547 Lice , 626 , 628 , 629 , 662 LIM domain-binding protein (Ldb) , 537 Limb(s) , 464 , 465 Limnephilus decipiens , 541 Lineage specifi c expansion , 656 , 661 , 663 Linepithema humile , 237 Lipid , 68–71 , 78 , 82 , 331 Lipocalins , 640 , 641 , 653 , 654 , 661–664 , 666 Lipophorin , 224 15-lipoxygenase pathway , 650 Lithium bromide (LiBr) , 474 , 477 , 545

locomotion , 474 Lobsters , 626 Locusta migratoria , 37 , 38 , 54 , 82 , 182 , 199 ,

268 , 351 , 607 Longhorned beetles , 233 , 234 , 236 Louse fl ies , 629 Lucilia cuprina , 261 , 262 , 264 , 269 , 272 , 278 ,

284 , 335 , 376 , 393 Lumen , 464 , 558 , 559 , 561 , 563 , 565–567 ,

573 , 577–581 , 583 , 585 , 586 Lutzomyia

L. longipalpis , 633 , 660 L. migonei , 653

Lygus L. hesperus , 604 , 606 , 613 L. lineloaris , 331

Lymantria dispar , 297 Lymantriidae , 241

M Macrophage infl ammatory protein-2 , 655 Macrophages , 631 , 641 , 652 , 654 , 655 Maculinea rebeli , 239 Magicicada , 67 , 68 Major ampullate silk proteins

MaSp1 , 498–503 MaSp2 , 498–500

Major ampullate spidroin (MaSp) major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) , 451 ,

452 , 454–456 , 458–460 , 465 , 468–471 , 474 , 480

major ampullate spidroin 2 (MaSp2) , 451 , 452 , 454–456 , 458–460 , 468 , 469

Major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) , 471 , 473 Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) , 190 , 193 Malacostraca , 149 , 626 Malaria parasite , 294 , 295 MALDI-TOF/TOF , 581 Male accessory glands

main cells , 417 , 419 , 420 , 422 secondary cells , 417 , 419 , 422

Malphigian layer , 630 Mamestra

M. brassicae , 391 M. confi gurata , 45 , 46 , 266 , 269 , 279 , 288 ,

297 , 298 Mammals , 626 , 628 , 635 Mandibles , 142 , 143 , 149 , 151 , 156 , 629 Mandibulata , 344 Manduca quinquemaculata , 199 Manduca sexta , 6–8 , 12 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 72 , 171 ,

176 , 186–188 , 199 , 201 , 202 , 260 , 269 , 271 , 272 , 298 , 301 , 327 , 334 , 348 , 354 , 382 , 384 , 386 , 395 , 615

Mantis shrimp , 149 , 151 Mantises , 542 , 545 Mantodea , 542 MARCOIL , 544 MaSp . See Major ampullate spidroin (MaSp) Mass extinction , 656 Mass spectrometry , 70 Massively parallel signature sequencing

(MPSS) , 456 Mast cells , 641 , 643 , 654–656 Mate recognition signals , 232 Mating plug , 417 , 419 , 422 , 423 , 425

Index

703

Mats , 478 Maxadilan , 647 , 649 Maxillae , 629 Maximal draw ratio , 546 Maximal tensile strength , 546 Mayetiola destructor , 603 , 612 Mechanical properties , 446 , 447 , 457 , 460 ,

466 , 473 , 474 , 476–478 , 480 , 489–505

Meconium , 293 Mecoptera , 609 Megacyllene

M. caryae , 233 , 234 M. robinae , 233

Melanisation N -acetyldopamine (NADA) , 394 N -β-alanyldopamine (NBAD) , 394 , 395

Melanization , 340–343 , 348 , 351 , 352 Melanization and reddish coloration hormone

(MRCH) , 202 Melanoplus differentialis , 351 Melatonin , 181 , 182 Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides , 610 Mesobuthus tamulus , 302 Mesostigmata , 626 , 628 Messor barbarus , 237 Metallo dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase , 648 , 652 Metalloprotease , 626 , 631–633 , 645 , 648 , 657 ,

658 , 663 Metarhizium anisopliae , 373 , 393 Methanol , 476 Methionine , 226 Methoxymercuration-demercuration , 224 2-Methylalkanes , 223–225 , 227 Methyl-branched alkanes , 222 , 233 7-Methylheptacosane , 233 ( S )-11-Methylheptacosane , 235 Methylmalonyl-CoA , 226 , 227 3-Methylpentacosane , 225 , 226 , 228 (8Z,21S)-21-methyl-8-pentatriacontene , 236 Micelles , 465 Microapocrine secretion , 268 , 270–272 Microfi bril , 73 , 76 Microfi brillar textures , 267 Microfl uidic devices , 474 , 475 , 477–478 Micropylar canal , 333 Micropyles , 332–335 Microsurgery , 480 Microvillar membrane

α-mannosidase , 258 β-glycosidase , 258

Microvilli , 71 , 73 , 329 , 330 Microwhip scorpions , 626 Middle silk gland secretory epithelium (MSG) ,

517 , 547

Midgut , 12 , 76 Millipedes , 626 Mineral – organic composites , 138 Mineralization , 139–145 , 147 , 149–154

degree of , 140 , 142–145 Mineralized exoskeletons , 138–156 Minor ampullate spidroin (MiSp) , 451 , 455 ,

458 , 473 Miocene , 628 Mir-1 protein , 304 MiSp1 , 458 Mites , 626 , 628 , 662 MMTV promoter , 10 Molecular orientation , 494 , 497 Mollusca , 148 Molting , 138 , 145 , 153 Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , 547 Monocytes , 631 , 655 Monogrins , 637 , 641 Monooxygenase , 456 , 457 Mosquitoes , 629 , 633 , 634 , 636 , 639–641 ,

643 , 645 , 659 , 664 Moths , 626 , 628 , 662 Moubatin , 637 , 640 , 651 , 654 Moulting , 68 , 70–72 , 80 , 81 Mucin , 264–266 , 280 , 283 , 285 , 286 , 296 ,

297 , 304 , 305 , 575 , 576 Mucin domains , 33 , 49 , 264 , 266 , 277–279 ,

281 , 299 Mucus , 256 , 264 Multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus , 297 , 303 Mummy , 37 Musca domestica , 180 , 203 , 231 , 234 , 294 Mustard leaf beetle , 240 Myeloperoxidase , 649 Myosin 7a , 272 Myriapoda , 138 , 344–346 , 626 Myriophyllum spicatum , 617 Myristic , 228 Myristoleic , 228 Myrmecophilous salticid spider , 239 Myrmica schencki , 239 Mythimna separata , 389 , 391 , 393 Myzus persicae , 387 , 393

N N-acetyldopamine (NADA) , 77 , 342 , 351 N -acetylglucosamine , 32 , 37 , 38 , 41 , 51 , 53 ,

55 , 71 , 260 , 265 , 300 , 374 , 378 , 379 N -acetylglucosaminidases , 295

crystal structure , 53 expression , 55 gene family , 53 , 56

Nanocomposites , 140 , 146 , 152 , 156

Index

704

Nanocrystals , 466 , 477 Nanofi bers , 477 , 478 Nanoparticles , 459 , 479 Nanospring , 462 Nasonia jewel wasps , 233 Nasonia vitripennis , 180 , 190 , 194 , 298 Natural fi ber , 489 N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD) , 77 , 342 Necrophagous fl ies , 240 Nematocera , 626 , 664 Nemophora albiantennella , 353 Neocaridina denticulate , 153 Neoclytus a. acuminatus , 233 , 236 Neoptera , 604 , 605 Nephila

N. antipodiana , 473 N. clavata , 498 N. clavipes , 454 , 458–460 , 463 , 464 N. edulis , 496 N. inaurata , 457 , 497 N. pilipes , 493 , 500 N. senegalensis , 461

Nephotettix N. cincticeps , 606 N. virescens , 390

Nestmate recognition , 232 , 237 , 240 Neuromodulators , 414 , 432 , 433 Neuroptera , 516 , 542 Neutrophil , 631 , 641 , 643 , 650 , 651 , 654 , 655 Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) ,

643 , 654 Nezara viridula , 241 N -glycosylation , 298 , 547 Nicotiana attenuata , 304 Nikkomycin Z , 391 Nilaparvata lugens , 38 , 46 , 53 , 54 , 390 , 606 Nitidulidae , 242 Nitric oxide , 641 , 649 Nitrophorins , 641 , 649 , 653 , 664 Noctuidae , 241 NodC , 41 , 43 ( Z )-9-Nonacosene , 234 Non-polyalanine block (NPAB) ,

523–525 , 528 Nonsynonymous site/synonymous site , 538 Norepinephrine , 641 , 647 , 649 N-terminal domain (NTD) , 451–453 , 458 ,

460 , 465 , 467 , 468 , 471 , 479 N-terminal sequencing , 532 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , 451 ,

457–459 , 477 Nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) , 10 Nutrient intake , 500–501 Nuttalliellidae , 630 , 663

O Obst-C , 74 , 76 Obstructor , 56 , 152 Obstructor-A (ObstA) , 75 Ocean acidifi cation , 141 Octopamine , 414 , 433 Ocypus olens , 353 Odagmia ornata , 633 Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) , 339 , 641 , 664 Oecophylla smaragdina , 239 Oenocytes , 224 , 225 , 228 , 231 , 372 Oligocene , 628 Oncopeltus fasciatus , 171 , 172 , 174 , 176 , 178 ,

348 , 663 Ontological , 582 , 588 , 590 Oocyte , 412 , 414 , 417 , 418 , 425 , 434 Oogenesis , 328–330 , 341 , 349 , 414 Ootheca , 339 , 355 Operculum , 333 , 335 Orange pupa inducing factor orange pupa

inducing factor (OPIF) , 202 Orb-weavers , 450 , 458 , 460–463 Ordovician , 149 Organellar , 582 , 588 , 589 Organelles , 587 Ornithodoros

O. moubata , 637 , 644 , 645 , 651 , 652 O. savignyi , 632 , 637 , 644 , 645 , 651

Orthezia urticae , 334 Orthologues , 574 , 575 Orthoptera , 347 , 348 , 607 Oryctes nasicornis , 270 Oryzaephilus surinamensis , 374 Osteonectin , 631 Ostrinia

O. furnacalis , 40 , 44 , 49 , 53–55 O. nubilalis , 240 , 269 , 275 , 276 , 290 , 300 ,

301 , 304 , 394 Outer epicuticle , 69 , 71 Ovary , 335 , 337 , 339 , 341 , 355 Oviductal fl uid , 417 , 426 , 434 Oviducts , 414 , 417 , 418 , 420 , 425–428 ,

432–434 Oviposition , 326 , 332 , 341 , 342 Ovulation , 414 , 417 , 418 , 420 , 421 , 430 ,

432–435 Ovulin , 414 , 420–422 , 425 , 433–435 Oxidative decarbonylases , 231 Oxidoreductases , 456

P P. aenescens , 233 Pain , 630 , 648–649

Index

705

Pallidipin , 638 , 641 Panarthropoda , 140 Pancrustacea , 138 , 344 Panoistic ovaries , 335 , 339 , 355 Panonychus citri , 389 Panstrongylus megistus , 653 , 660 Papilio

P. glanucus , 172 , 173 , 177 P. machaon , 177 , 180 , 194 P. polytes , 173 , 177 , 185 , 194 P. xuthus , 171–177 , 180 , 185 , 186 , 190 ,

191 , 193 , 195 , 198 , 200–202 , 522 Paragonia , 418 Parasites , 625 , 662 Parental care , 326 , 344 Parovaria , 417 , 418 , 427 , 430–432 Particles , 476 , 479–480 Pauropoda , 602 , 611 Pauropods , 345 Pauropus silvaticus , 346 PCD . See Programmed cell death (PCD) Pectinophora gossypiella , 302 Pedetontus unimaculatus , 348 Pediculus humanus , 633 P element , 546 Penaeus semisulcatus , 343 Penetration (of sperms) , 333 Pentastomida , 610 , 626 Pentatomorpha , 663 Pentoxifyllin , 393 Peptidases , 456 Perimicrovillar compartment , 71 Perimicrovillar membrane

acidic phosphatase , 258 α-glucosidase , 258 , 288 , 292 in blood-sucking bugs , 257 , 258 in planthoppers , 257 in Rhodnius prolyxus , 258 in Rickettsia prowazeki , 259 in thrips , 258

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) , 560 Periplaneta americana , 182 , 199 , 269 , 274 , 304 Peritrophic envelope , 268 , 270 Peritrophic matrix , 32 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 47

chitin content , 260 , 276 chitin degradation , 294–296 chitin nanofi bers , 260 , 261 , 268 , 270 , 271 ,

276 , 277 , 279 , 307 cross-hatch texture , 275 crosslinking by phenoloxidase , 262 , 274 , 282 crosslinking by transglutaminase , 262 delamination , 267–271 , 283 effects of altered ion concentrations ,

284 , 287 effects of altered pH , 265

exclusion size , 265 , 273 , 276 , 278 , 280 , 283 , 284 , 287–289 , 291 , 293

meconial , 293 permeability , 259 , 263–266 , 272–280 ,

283–288 , 291 , 296–298 , 300 , 301 , 303 , 304 , 306

pore size , 272 , 274 , 275 , 277 , 279 , 283 , 284 , 286 , 292 , 299

protein content , 276 semipermeable , 265 , 277 , 285 structure-function relations , 260 , 273–277 ,

279–285 , 307 thickness , 272 , 273 , 275 , 276 , 280 , 284 ,

287 , 288 , 306 turgor pressure type I , 267–272 , 288 , 293 type II , 267 , 269–272 , 293 water-fi lled channels , 267

Peritrophic matrix associated proteins class I proteins , 261 class II proteins , 261 class III proteins , 262 class IV proteins , 262 loosely associated proteins , 261 , 262 secretion , 256 , 262 , 263 , 268 , 269 , 271–273 tightly associated proteins , 262 , 263 ,

278 , 279 Peritrophic matrix function

barrier against pathogens and parasites , 285

heme detoxifi cation , 258 , 292 immobilization of digestive enzymes , 288 mechanical protection , 285 neutralization of toxins , 285 partitioning of digestion , 285 radical-scavenging antioxidant , 290 regulation of innate immunity , 285 resistance to osmotic swelling , 285 tannin detoxifi cation , 290 , 292

Peritrophic matrix proteins chitin binding domains , 262 , 277 , 300 encoding genes , 262 , 298 invertebrate intestinal mucins (IIMs) , 264 mucin-like proteins , 305 non-mucin-like proteins , 263 , 264 number of CBDs , 263 , 275–278 ,

281–283 , 299 Ser/Thr-rich linker domains , 263 , 264 with multiple chitin binding domains , 271 with several chitin binding domains , 282 with single chitin binding domain , 283

Peritrophic membrane (PM) , 391 , 392 , 394 Peritrophin(s) , 56 , 57 , 263 , 264 , 343 , 353 Peritrophin-A domain , 263 Peroxidase , 331 , 332 , 336 , 339 , 341–343 ,

647 , 649

Index

706

Peroxiredoxins , 612 pH , 494 , 498 , 499 , 501–502 , 504 Phaseolus vulgaris , 615 Phasmatodea , 347 Phasmida , 605 Pheadon cochleariae , 240 Phenoloxidase , 332 , 339 , 342 , 343 Pheromones , 423 , 424 , 432 Phlebotomus

P. duboscqi , 633 , 648 , 660 P. halepensis , 633 P. papatasi , 295 , 302 , 633 , 638 , 639 , 647 ,

655 , 660 P. perniciosus , 633 P. sergenti , 633

Phosphatidyl serine , 653 Phosphatocopines , 149 Phosphoamino acids , 154 Phosphogenic events , 149 Phosphoglucosamine mutase , 37 Phospholipase C , 639 , 655 Phosphoproteins , 150 Phosphorylated serine residues , 542 Phosphothreonine , 155 Phthiraptera , 626 , 629 Phyllotreta fl ea beetles , 241 Phylogenetic , 590 Phylogenetic tree and phylogenetic analysis ,

45 , 49 , 54 , 179 , 191 , 395 Phylogeny , 345 Phymatopus californicus , 520 , 541 Phyre2 server , 639 Pichia pastoris , 468 , 470 piggyBac transposon , 546 Pigment

ABC transporters , 166 antraquinones , 166 aphins , 166 carotenoids , 166 fl avonoids/anthocyanins , 166 3-hydroxykynurenine , 166 melanins , 166 , 169 , 173 , 177 , 178 , 181 ,

186 , 187 , 190 , 191 , 195 , 199–202 melanogenesis , 166 , 199 ommochromes , 166 papiliochromes , 166 , 185 pterins , 166 , 170 tertapyrroles , 166

Plant inhibitors α-amylase inhibitors , 614 polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins

(PGIPs) , 613 , 614 Plaque , 71 , 72 Plasmin , 637 , 643 , 648 , 656 , 666 Plasminogen , 633 , 643 , 645 , 648

Plasmodium P. falciparum , 294 , 295 P. gallinaceum , 294 , 295 P. vivax , 295

Plasticization , 70 Plastron , 334 , 335 Platelet activating factor (PAF) , 655 Platelet activation , 635 , 636 , 650 , 653 , 654 Platelet aggregation , 631 , 635–643 , 649 , 650 ,

653–655 Platelet factor 4 , 636 Platelet receptor cC1qR , 653 Platelet-derived growth factor , 636 Plecoptera , 347 Plodia interpunctella , 520 , 526 Plutella xylostella , 295 , 387 P. maculicollis , 233 Pogonomyrmex barbatus , 238 Polistes

P. dominulus , 239 P. semenowi , 239

Pollinators , 625 Polyadenylation , 456 Polyalanine block (PAB) , 523–525 Polyene hydrocarbons , 241 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) , 476 Polymerization , 502 Polymers , 470 Polyoxins , 390 , 391 Polyphagotarsonemus latus , 389 Polyphosphate , 643 , 646 , 648 Polyploid , 517 Polysaccharide , 68 Polytene chromosome , 560 , 584 Polytrophic meroistic ovaries , 335 PONDR , 567 , 572 Pore canals , 138 Posterior silk gland , 517 , 536 , 537 , 546 Post-mating responses , 420 , 422–424 Postpharyngeal glands , 237 Post-spin draw , 476–477 Posttranslational modifi cation , 570 , 587 POU-M1 , 536 , 537 Prawns , 149 Precambrian-Cambrian boundary , 149 Predators , 354 , 625 , 662 Prekallikrein , 643 , 649 Prepupa , 539 , 562 , 573 , 581 Prepupal , 5 , 7 , 10–12 , 17–21 Proboscis , 629 Procambarus clarkii , 153 Procuticle , 4 , 5 , 68 , 69 , 71–74 , 76 , 78–82 ,

348 , 349 Programmed cell death (PCD) , 561 , 562 , 576 ,

583 , 584

Index

707

Proliferative phase , 631 , 634 Properdin , 653 Propionate , 224–226 Pro-resilin , 90 , 94 , 98 , 99 , 101 Prostaglandin , 649 , 655 Proteases , 415 , 421 , 422 , 431 , 456 , 479 , 626 ,

633–634 , 654 , 655 Proteomics , 480 Prothorax , 517 Prothrombinase complex , 642 Protura , 344 , 346 , 347 Proventriculus , 269 , 278 Psacothea hilaris , 236 Psammaplin , 393 P-selectin , 636 , 642 , 653 Pseudaletia

P. separata , 171 , 172 , 176 , 177 , 180 , 202 P. unipuncta , 296

Pseudococcus sp. , 390 Pseudoscorpions , 626 PsiPred , 567 , 571 Psocodea , 347 P. sulcifer , 239 Psychodidae , 629 Psychodomorpha , 664 Pterygota , 345 , 346 Ptinus tectus , 270 Puff(s) , 560 , 563 , 564 , 574

puffi ng pattern , 560 , 584 Pupa , 539 , 548 Pupal cuticle melanizing hormone

(PCMH) , 202 Pupal melanization-reducing factor

(PMRF) , 202 Pycnogonida , 626 Pyralidae , 534 , 539 Pyraloidea , 521 , 534 Pyrethroid , 21 Pyrethroid insecticides , 76 Pyriform , 447 , 449 , 451 , 461–462 Pyrrhalta , 233

Q Quinone

based sclerotization , 340 crosslinking , 332

R Raillietiella sp . , 346 Random coil , 465 , 479 RANTES , 636 Rebers & Riddiford (R&R) , 57 , 76

consensus , 4 , 13 , 152

consensus motif , 196 , 197 R&R-2 consensus domain , 101

Rebuf (Reb) , 75 Receptivity , 416 , 419 , 420 , 422 Reduviidae , 628 , 629 , 662 , 663 Reduviinae , 663 Regulation of chitin synthesis , 43 , 44 Remodeling phase , 631 Reproduction , 412 , 415 , 425 , 434 , 435 Reproductive glands , 416 , 435 Reproductive tract , 412–435 Resilience , 94 , 95 , 98–100 , 104 , 105 , 111 ,

112 , 124 , 127 , 128 Resilin , 57 , 90–128 Resilin amino acids

arginine , 97 aspartic acid , 97 , 125 glutamic acid , 97 , 100 , 125 glycine , 90 , 95–97 , 99 , 100 proline , 95–97 , 99 , 100

Resilin composites chitin , 91 , 105 proteins , 91 , 105 , 106

Resilin conformation α-helix , 95 , 96 β-sheet , 95 , 96 , 100 β-turns , 95 , 96 , 99 , 100 hydrogen bonds , 95 , 96 , 99 poly-l-proline II helix (PPII) , 96 , 99

Resilin occurrence (arthropods) Aeshna sp . , 90 , 103 , 108 Astacus astacus , 91 Calliphora vicina , 106 , 114 Centropages hamatus , 119 , 120 Cercopis vulnerata , 107 , 111 Cimex lectularius , 121 , 122 Coccinella septempunctata , 106 , 109 , 115 Drosophila melanogaster , 94 , 97 , 99 , 101 ,

104 , 124 Eristalis tenax , 106 , 110 , 121 , 123 Forfi cula auricularia , 114 Glossina morsitans , 110 Labia minor , 114 Libellula depressa , 106 , 110 Libellula luctuosa , 112 Locusta migratoria , 92–93 , 116 , 117 Palamnaeus swammerdami , 91 Rhincalanus gigas , 119 , 120 Schistocerca gregaria , 90 , 92–93 , 97 ,

99 , 103 Scolopendra morsitans , 91 Stenus sp. , 118 Tettigonia viridissima , 116 , 117 Timomenus lugens , 114 Tribolium castaneum , 99

Index

708

Resilin occurrence (structures) arthrodial membranes , 106 , 109 , 110 eyes , 101 , 124 legs , 110 mechanoreceptors (sensillae) , 119 ,

121 , 123 mouthparts , 117–119 , 121 , 123 reproductive organs , 119 , 121 , 123 tarsal setae , 105 , 106 , 108 , 109 , 116 wings , 90–93 , 97 , 103 , 105 , 108 , 111–114

Resorption , 145 , 146 , 151 Respiration , 562 Reticulitermes , 238

R. fl avipes , 239 , 393 Retroactive (Rtv) , 74 , 352 Retrograde water fl ux , 289 Rhagionidae , 628 , 629 Rhagoletis cerasi , 327 , 333 Rhipicephalus , 630 , 632

R. appendiculatus , 656 R. bursa , 648

Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin , 274 , 301 Rhodinia

R. fugax , 519 , 524 , 526 , 527 , 529 R. newara , 524 , 532 , 534 , 539

Rhodniin , 663 Rhodnius prolixus , 38 , 39 , 68–70 , 81 , 340 ,

341 , 343 , 349 , 351 , 354 , 633 , 638 , 646 , 653 , 660

Rhus vemicifera , 186 Rhyacophila obliterata , 526 , 541 Rhyzopertha dominica , 334 , 372 , 374 Rickets , 202 Rickettsiella , 166 RNA interference (RNAi) , 8 , 12 , 36 , 39 , 57 ,

222 , 228 , 242 , 297 , 306 , 336 , 338–340 , 352–354 , 391 , 392 , 394 , 396 , 397

RNAi . See RNA interference (RNAi) RNA-sequencing , 535 , 539 , 540

S Saliva , 629 , 632 , 642 , 648 , 653–656 Salivary gland(s) , 517

embryonic salivary gland , 584 fi rst instar , 559 larval salivary gland , 558 , 560 , 561 , 574 ,

576 , 583 , 584 prepupal , 562 , 576–581 , 583–585 third instar , 559 , 562

Salmonella , 468 SALO , 653 , 654 Sambucus nigra agglutinin II , 274 , 301

Samia S. pryeri , 517 S. ricini , 334 , 335 , 517–520 , 524 , 525 ,

527–529 , 534 , 539 , 548 Sand fl ies , 629 , 640 , 642 , 643 , 650 , 653 , 654 ,

660 , 664 Sap beetles , 242 Saponins , 290 Saturnia japonica , 524 , 526 , 527 Saturniidae , 516 , 517 , 520 , 522–525 , 529 ,

533–534 , 539 , 548 Saturniids , 522 , 524 , 525 , 527 , 529 , 539 , 541 Savignygrins , 637 , 641 Sawfl ies , 542 , 544 Scar formation , 631 Scavengers , 625 , 636 , 640–642 , 650 , 655 , 662 Sclerotin , 70 , 78 , 82 Sclerotization , 78 , 81 , 340 , 342 , 343 , 350–354 ,

371 , 394 , 395 , 397 Scorpions , 71 , 626 SDS-PAGE , 529 , 531 , 532 , 542 , 545 Sea spiders , 626 Sealing , 121 , 128 Secondary metabolites , 290 Secondary structure

α-helices , 571 , 573 β-sheets , 571 , 573

Secretion holocrine , 419 merocrine , 419

Secretory cells , 417–420 , 427 , 428 , 430–432 Secretory pathway , 72 , 73 , 77 , 82 Seminal proteins , 417 , 420 , 421 , 423 , 425 ,

431 , 433–435 Seminal receptacle , 417 , 418 , 427–431 , 433 Seminal vesicles , 417 , 418 Sequential gene activation , 560 Ser1A , 530 Ser1B , 530 Ser1C , 530 , 531 Ser1D , 530 , 531 Sericine ( ser )

MG-1 , 534 MG-2 , 534 MG-3 , 534 ser1 , 530 , 531 , 535–537 ser2 , 531 , 535 ser3 , 532 , 535

Sericins , 446 repetitive motif , 531 Ser1 , 531 , 533 , 534 Ser1A , 530 Ser1B , 530 Ser1C , 530

Index

709

Ser1D , 530 Ser2 , 531 , 534 Ser3 , 532 , 534 sericin A , 531 sericin M , 531 sericin P , 531

Sericulture , 516 Serine proteases , 626 , 633 , 654 , 655 Serosa , 328 , 344 , 346–349 , 351–354 Serosal

cells , 344 , 347 , 351 , 352 , 354 , 355 cuticle , 326 , 328 , 343 , 344 , 346–355 endocuticle , 348 , 350–353 epicuticle , 349–351 , 353–355 membrane , 348 , 355

Serotonin , 182 , 183 , 199 , 636 , 637 , 641 , 642 , 651 , 653 , 655 , 666

Serpentine (Serp) , 74 , 75 , 352 Serpin 19 , 666 Serratia marcescens , 51 Sex peptide (SP) , 414 , 420 Sex pheromones , 222 , 228 , 232 , 234–236 Shear force , 490 , 494–496 , 504 Shear rate , 533 Shrimps , 138 , 144 , 149 , 151 , 153 , 626 Sialokinins , 649 Sialome , 628 , 633 , 641 , 656 , 658 , 662–666 Sialostatins , 648 Sialoverse , 656–665 Signal peptides , 152 Silk , 516–548 Silk assembly , 451 , 457 , 465 , 475 Silk fi ber , 490 , 494 , 497–501 , 503 , 504 Silk gland subset factor (SGSF) , 456 Silk Gland Subset Factor (SGSF) , 456 Silk gland(s) , 516 , 517 , 533–541 , 543 , 544 ,

546–548 aciniform aggregate , 490 , 491 ampullate , 490–492 , 495 , 497 , 498 , 500 factor-2 (SGF-2) , 537 fl agelliform , 490 , 491 , 497 piriform , 490 , 491 tubuliform , 490 , 491

Silk gland-specifi c transcripts (SSTs) , 455 , 456

Silk protein α-helical , 499 β- crystallites , 492 , 493 β-sheet-rich structures , 495 β-sheets , 492–495 , 499 , 503 β-spiral , 493 , 499 random coils , 492 , 493 , 503 secondary structures , 491 , 492 , 498

Silkworms , 446 , 465 , 467 , 473 , 474 , 516–518 , 524 , 544–548

genome database , 530 , 532 Simikunin , 646 , 655 Simplagrin , 638 , 639 Simulium

S. nigrimanum , 638 , 659 S. vittatum , 633 , 639 , 646 , 647 , 649 ,

655 , 659 Simulliidae , 629 Siphonaptera , 517 , 542 , 626 , 629 Sitophilus oryzae , 372 Skin , 628–633 , 641 SMAD-like , 78 , 82 Snake fl ies , 626 Snipe fl ies , 629 , 662 Sodium chloride , 476 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) , 452 Sodium phosphate , 476 Sogatella furcifera , 390 Solid phase microextraction (SPME) , 235 South African bont tick , 70 Soya bean cysteine protease inhibitor , 301 Sperm , 412–414 , 416–425 , 427–435

competition , 414 , 416 , 419 , 421 storage , 417–419 , 421 , 422 , 425 , 427–433

Spermathecae , 417 , 418 , 427–432 Spermathecal secretory cells (SSC) , 417 , 418 ,

420 , 427 , 430–432 Spicipalpia , 540 , 541 Spider coating peptide (SCP) , 451 , 462 , 463 Spiders , 626 Spidroins , 447 , 451–456 , 458 , 460 , 461 , 464 ,

465 , 468 , 475 , 476 , 478–480 , 490 , 497–499 , 501 , 502 , 504 , 505

Spigot , 461 , 464 Spinning dope , 447 , 448 , 457 , 465 ,

474–478 , 480 Spinning duct , 448 , 464–466 Spodoptera

S. exigua , 36 , 39 , 171 , 172 , 176 , 180 , 383 , 391

S. frugiperda , 262 , 271 , 272 , 291 , 297 , 304 , 387

S. littoralis , 291 , 295 , 296 , 301 , 376 S. litura , 298 , 304 , 383 , 391

Spreading factors , 632 Stable fl ies , 629 , 633 , 654 , 664 Stearyl-CoA , 228 , 229 Stenophyche marmorata , 542 Stereochemistry , 222 , 223 , 235 , 236 Sternal deposits , 145 Stomaphis yanonis , 239

Index

710

Stomatopoda , 156 Stomoxinae , 629 Stomoxys calcitrans , 633 , 660 Stratum basale , 630 Stratum corneum , 630 Stratum granulosum , 630 Stratum lucidum , 630 Stratum spinosum , 630 Streptomyces sp. , 393

S. cacaoi var. asoensis , 390 S. tendae , 391

Stygotantulus stocki , 138 Subcellular , 582 , 588–590 Sulfonylurea receptors (SUR) , 379–381 Sun spiders , 626 Supercontraction , 497 Sylepta derogate , 539 Symphyla , 345 Symphyta , 542 Synapsids , 628 Syntaxin 1A (Syx1A) , 74 , 77

T Tabanidae , 628 , 629 Tabanus yao , 638 , 639 , 641 , 647 , 649 Tablysin-15 , 639 , 641 , 666 TabRTS , 650 Tachykinins , 649 Taenidia , 80 Tail fl ipping , 138 , 144 Tandem repeats , 567 , 570 , 575 Tanning , 339 , 351 Tannins , 290 , 292 Tantulocarida , 138 Task-specifi c cues , 238 T-cell proliferation , 648 Tenascins , 631 Tenase complex , 643 Tenebrio molitor , 272 , 304 Tensile strength , 495 , 496 , 499 Terrestrial crustaceans , 138 , 141 Testis , 417 , 418 Tetraconata , 138 , 344 Tetragonisca angustula , 334 Tetranychus

T. cinnabarinus , 388 , 389 T. urticae , 387 , 389

Tetrapods , 628 Tetrodontophora bielanensis , 346 Tetropium

T. cinnamopterum , 235 T. fuscum , 235

TF-fVIIa complex , 642

Thrips , 626 Thrombin , 642 , 643 , 650 Thrombin inhibitors , 643 , 663 Thrombospondins , 631 Thrombostasin , 660 , 664 Thromboxane A 2 , 636 , 654 Thysanoptera , 347 Thysanura , 516 Tick adhesion inhibitor (TAI) , 640 Tissue plasminogen activator , 643 Tissue-factor , 642 Tobacco plants , 301 , 303 , 304 Tomocerus ishibashii , 347 Tongue worms , 626 , 662 Toughness , 490 , 495 , 496 , 498 , 499 , 503 Trabecular layer , 329 , 334 Trace elements , 145 , 146 Transcription factor , 340 , 353 Transcriptome , 533 Transgenic , 516 , 536 , 546–548 Transglutaminase , 78 , 79 , 262 , 283 , 339 Transitional cells , 559 , 560 Transmission electron microscopy , 167 , 197 Transparency , 123 , 128 Transposon , 546 , 548 Transsudation , 584 Trapezia spp. , 143 Trehalase , 36 , 37 Trehalose , 36 , 38 Triacylglycerol lipase (PTL) , 457 Triafestin-1 , 646 , 649 Triafestin-2 , 649 Trialeurodes vaporariorum , 390 Triatoma

T. brasiliensis , 653 , 661 T. infestans , 374 , 640 T. pallidipennis , 638 , 646

Triatominae , 663 Triatomines , 626 , 660 , 663 Tribolium

T. castaneum , 5 , 6 , 12 , 37–39 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 52–56 , 68 , 75 , 79–81 , 167 , 170–176 , 178 , 180 , 181 , 183 , 184 , 187 , 188 , 190–192 , 195–197 , 203 , 256 , 257 , 264 , 265 , 273–276 , 279–283 , 285 , 287–290 , 298 , 299 , 301 , 305 , 334 , 349 , 351–354 , 374 , 376 , 380 , 391 , 392 , 394

T. confusum , 372 Trichoplusia ni , 264 , 279 Trichopsenius frosti , 239 Trichoptera , 516 , 517 , 522 , 527 , 540–542 n -tricosane , 241 ( Z )-9-Tricosene , 228 , 234

Index

711

Trioxys anelicae , 239 Triplatin , 638 , 640 , 654 Trissolcus basalis , 241 Trityrosine , 79, 94, 98, 331, 341 Trombiculid mites , 628 Trombidiform mites , 626 Trophallaxis , 237 , 239 Tropomyosin , 543 True bugs , 626 True fl ies , 626 True lice , 626 Trypanosoma

T. brucei rhodesiense , 295 T. cruzi , 68

Trypsin , 666 Tryptase inhibitor (TdPI) , 656 Tryptogalinin , 652 , 656 Tsetse fl ies , 240 , 629 , 633 , 640 , 645 , 654 ,

662 , 664 t-SNARE , 77 Tubby ( Tb ) , 74 , 76 Tubuliform spidroin (TuSp1) , 451 , 455–458 ,

460 , 469 , 473 Tumor necrosis factor–alpha , 655 Tweedle D ( twdlD ) , 76 Tylos europaeus , 168 Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) , 78 , 352 Tyrosine metabolism

arylalkylamine N -acetyltransferase , 169 , 181–183

aspartate 1-decarboxylase (ADC) , 169 , 172 , 178–181 , 183 , 184

β-alanine , 169 , 178 , 181 , 183–185 catechols , 166 , 178 , 204 cuticular structural protein (CP) , 166 , 167 ,

169 , 183 , 196–197 dihydroxyindole (DHI) , 169 , 191 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid

(DHICA) , 169 , 191 dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) , 169 ,

177 , 178 , 188 , 202 dopachrome conversion enzyme (Yellow) ,

169 , 186 , 190–195 DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) , 169 , 172 ,

177–178 , 180 , 199–202 laccase , 186–190 , 204 N -acetyldopamine (NADA) , 169 , 182 ,

183 , 188 NBAD hydrolase (Tan) , 174 , 185–186 NBAD synthase (Ebony) , 169 , 173 , 178 ,

181 , 183–185 N -β-alanyldopamine (NBAD) , 169 , 178 ,

181–186 , 188 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase

(PTS, Purple) , 167

tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) , 167 tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) , 167 , 169–177

U UDP- N -acetylglucosamine , 260 UDP- N -acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase

(UAP) , 37 , 306 Ultrafi ltration , 476 Urea , 476 Urokinase , 643 Uronic acid , 265 Uterus , 414 , 417 , 418 , 421 , 423 , 425–428 ,

430 , 431 , 434

V Vacuole(s)

secretory , 561 , 565 , 577 , 578 vacuolation , 562 , 584 vacuolized vesicle , 577

Valine , 225 , 226 Valvula cardiaca , 269 , 272 Variabilin , 637 , 642 Varroa destructor , 239 Vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) , 547 Vasoconstriction , 631 , 649–650 Vasodilation , 645 , 647 , 650 Vasotab , 647 , 649 Vasotab TY , 639 , 647 , 649 , 666 Vector , 546 , 548 Vector-host interphase , 628–630 Venom , 626 , 632 , 634 Ventriculus , 271 Vermiform (Verm) , 74 , 75 Vesicle(s) , 72 , 74 , 77 , 412 , 414 , 417–419 , 422 Vespa

V. mandarinia japonica , 544 V. simillima , 543

Vespoidea , 516 Vibronectin , 636 Villin , 73 Viral infectivity , 294 , 296 , 297 , 305 Viscoelasticity , 104 , 105 Vitelline membrane

proteins , 328 , 336 , 339 vitelline bodies , 328–330 , 336

Vitellogenesis , 328 , 329 , 338 , 340 Vitellogenin , 9 , 12 Vitronectin , 631 Voltage , 477 von Willebrand’s factor , 635 von Willebrand’s receptor , 635 Vssilk , 543

Index

712

W Wasps , 626 Water

uptake , 331 , 353–354 waterproof , 330 , 331 , 355 waterproofi ng layers , 355

Wax , 328–331 , 350–352 , 354 , 355 layer , 328–331 , 351 , 354 , 355

Wet-spinning protocol , 476 Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) ,

167 , 300 White cuticle , 349 Wild silkmoth , 516 , 520 , 535 , 538–540 Windei , 340 Wing disc , 5 , 12 , 16–18 Wollknäuel (Wol) , 74 , 77 Woodlice , 626 Wound contraction , 631 Wound healing , 631 , 634 , 643 , 650 , 655

X Xanthotoxins , 290 Xenobiotics , 290 Xiphosura , 345 , 626

X-ray analysis , 518 diagrams , 518 scattering , 544

Y Yellow , 77 , 78 , 81 Yellow cuticle , 349 Yellow proteins , 641 Yellow-g , 339 , 340 Yellow-related gene (YRG) , 201 Yield stress , 477 Yolk , 327 , 328 , 346 , 347 Young’s modulus , 104–106 , 109 , 116 , 127 ,

128 , 493 , 499 Yponomeutoidea , 541

Z Zea mays , 297 , 304 Zerknüllt 1 ( Zen1 ) , 353 Zootermopsis nevadensis , 238 Zoraptera , 347 Zygentoma , 345–347

Index