Index

AAbel flash points, 1686

Abel tester, 1686

Abnormal situation management (ASM), 1694

Absolute pressure, 1686

Absorbent, 1686

Absorber, 501–511, 1686

Absorption units, 1465–1470, 1686–1692

Accumulation, 1317, 1318, 1687, 1778

Accumulator, 1687

Acetic acid, 893

Acid gas, 500, 1687

Acid number, 944, 1687

Acid rain, 72

Acid-soluble oil(s) (ASO), 441, 1695

Acid suit, 1687

Activated sludge unit (ASU), 1688, 1696

Actuator, 1031, 1033, 1688

Adiabatic, 1688

Adiabatic plug flow reactor, 461–462

Adsorbent, 583–611, 1367–1368, 1688, 1785

Ad valorem tax, 732, 1688

Advanced process control (APC), 1011, 1688

Aerobic, 1270, 1688

A film-forming foams (AFFF), 1428

Air condensers, 1688

Air coolers, 1558, 1688

description of, 1573

thermal rating, 1573–1579

Air emissions from refinery, 1218–1221

Air flotation, 1270–1271

Air/fuel ratio, 1235, 1688

Air-line respirator, 1688

Air pollution, 71, 1218–1221

Air separation unit (ASU), 1696

Air systems, 1688–1689

Alcohol, 1689

Alcohol blend, 1689

Alcohol-resistant concentrate (ARC), 1428

Algal oil, 952, 1689

Aliphatic hydrocarbon, 1689

Alkylate, 41, 63–64, 1689, 1690

Alkylate product composition, 109, 452

Alkylation, 41, 63–64, 74, 435–456, 1338,

1689–1690

unit feed composition, 109

unit HF, 442–446, 1690

unit H2SO4, 447–452, 1690

Alphabutol™, 475

American National Standards Institute, 1690

American Petroleum Institute (API), 1690

base oil classifications, 849

codes, 1693

gravity, 10, 1694, 1837–1840

oil-water separator, 1265–1267

RP-530, 1598

separator, 694, 1265–1267, 1301

separator design, 1301–1302

Standard 630, 1598

American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM), 1690–1691

distillation, 663, 1696

distillation probability curves, 10, 18, 19

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(ASME), 1695

Amine, 500, 1691

absorber, 508–513, 1692

distribution, 1157

solvents, 501–507, 1354–1356, 1691

units, 500, 1691

Amine-based Claus tail gas process, 1232

Amine gas treating unit design, 500–529

amine hold up, 518

amine solution circulation rate, 514–515

bottom tray conditions, 524

contactor diameter, 516–518

# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

S.A. Treese et al. (eds.), Handbook of Petroleum Processing,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14529-7

1885

Amine gas treating unit design (cont.)design specification, 514

heat balance, 518, 522

heat exchanger design, 518–519

internal reflux, 521–523

Kremser equation, 524–526

material balance of stripper, 519–521

number of trays, 515–516

overhead product and reflux

compositions, 521

overhead vapor composition, 521

preliminary process flow sheet, 528

reboiler duty, 523

reclaimer material balance and heat

duty, 526

stripper design, 519

stripper tower dimensions, 526–529

tower top pressure, 521

Ammonia (NH3), 1154–1155, 1357–1358

Ammonia-burning claus plants, 1230

Ammonium salts, 368–369, 960, 1256

Amortization, 755

Anaerobic, 1270, 1692

Analyzer, 1076, 1692

alarm, 1686

Ancillary equipment, 1692

Anhydrous, 1692

ammonia, 1154–1155, 1357–1358, 1693

hydrofluoric acid, 1377–1382, 1693

Aniline point, 1693

Annular flow, 1630–1631, 1693

Anti-backflow, 1693

Anti-cross-contamination, 1162–1163, 1693

Anti-surge, 1524–1525, 1693

Aqueous, 1694

ammonia, 1154–1155, 1694

waste treatment, 1256–1257

waste water streams, 1251

Arabian American Oil Company

(ARAMCO), 1694

Arbitrage, 1694

Arbor coil, 1694

Arch, 1694

Arithmetic progression, 770–771

Aromatics, 7, 47, 241, 872–875, 1694

feedstocks, 47, 872–875

reforming reactions in gasoline, 41–42, 244

Aromatics production

dealkylation and benzene recovery, 874

feed fractionation, 873

recovery complex, 872–873

xylene splitter and isomerization

process, 873–874

Asphalt, 860–871, 1695

products, 69

Asphalt blowing process, 863–871

effect of oil level, 870

flowsheet of bitumen manufacturing

plant, 870–871

rate of air injected, 864–866

reaction temperature, 866–867

retention and contact time, 867–870

system pressure, 870–871

Asphaltene(s), 7, 944, 1695

Asphalt oxidizing mechanism, 861–862, 864

asphalt factor vs. yield, 862–864asphalt yields, 862–863

Asphalt production, 860–871

asphalt blowing process, 863–871

asphalt oxidizing mechanism, 861–862, 864

effect of oil level, 870

flowsheet of bitumen manufacturing plant,

870–871

paving and liquid asphalt, 860–861

rate of air injected, 864–866

reaction temperature, 866–867

retention and contact time, 867–870

roofing asphalt, 861

system pressure, 870–871

Aspiration, 1695

Assay, 8, 909–910, 1695–1696, 1845–1879

ASTM ON, 1696

Atmospheric

discharge, 1697

overhead distillate, 55

residue, 58, 532

straight run gas oils, 57

Atmospheric crude distillation unit, 33, 94,

127–179, 1696–1697

crude feed preheat exchanger system,

155–158

description, 127–129

design characteristics, 134

example, 158–179

fractionator overhead equipment, 135–139

material balance, 129–135

side streams, 142–150

tower dimensions, 150–155

Atmospheric gas oil (AGO), 1688

Atmospheric storage tanks

cone roof tanks, 1169–1170

floating roof tanks, 1170–1172

nozzle arrangement and location

considerations, 1172–1174

sumps and drain-dry tanks, 1174–1175

tank internals, 1174

1886 Index

Atmospheric tower unit (ATU), 1697. See alsoAtmospheric crude distillation unit

Automotive diesel specification, 76–82, 117,

654–659

Automotive grade gas oil, 656

Auto-thermal reforming (ATR), 618

Auxiliary, 1697. See also Atmospheric crude

distillation unit

Aviation gasoline, 436–437, 653–654, 1697

blending components, 1698

Aviation turbine gasoline (ATG), 654

Axens polynaphtha process, 476

Axial flow, 1514

compressor, 1698

BBachequero pour point, 9

Back mix type catalyst cooler, 549–550

Back pressure, 1698

sizing factor, 1328

BACT box, 1698

Baffle, 1698

Baker

correlations, 1698

parameters, 1633–1634

Balanced safety relief valves, 1317, 1698

Barge, 1187, 1698

Barrel (Bbl), 1698, 1699

Barrel of fuel oil equivalent (BFOE), 1699

Barrel of oil equivalent (BOE), 1700

energy, 885

Base lube oils, 845–846, 1698

Base oils, 845

Base stock group statistics, 859

Base stock properties, 856–858

Basic process control system (BPCS), 1011,

1698, 1701

Batch blending, 1699

Battery limit (station), 1699

Bayonet heater, 1699

5-bed pressure swing adsorption unit,

626, 627

Benfield process, 506–507, 1699

BenSat, 1699

Benzene, 6, 872–875, 1359–1363, 1699

Berl saddle, 1462–1463

Bernoulli principle, 1020, 1702

Bimetal strip temperature measurement,

1044–1045

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 1254,

1699, 1700

reduction, 1205, 1261–1265

Biocide, 1699

Biocrude, 953, 1699

Biodiesel, 952–953, 973–1000, 1699

Bioethanol, 953, 970, 1699

Biofuel, 950–960, 966–1005, 1700

Biological oxygen demand (BOD),

1253–1254

Biomass fluid catalytic cracking (BFCC), 982

Biooil, 1700. See also Biocrude

Biorefining, 969

Bitumen, 930–935, 938, 942–945, 1700

alkaline metals, 944

API gravity, 942

aromatics, 942

asphaltenes, 944

chlorides, 945

coking/cracking propensity, 945

cold production, 934

contaminants, 944

definitions, 930–931

dumbbell distillation, 938, 942

huff and puff, 933

manufacturing plant, 871

metals content, 943–944

mining extraction, 932

nitrogen content, 943

oxidizer sizing, 875–882

production locations, 931–932

properties, 935–937

steam-assisted gravity drainage, 933

sulfur levels, 942–943

total acid number, 944–945

upgrading levels, 934

viscosity, 945

Blank, 1700

Blanket, 1700

Bleach, 1700

Blend component, 1178–1180, 1700

Blind flange, 1700

Blocked discharge, 1700

Blocked-in, 1700

Blowdown, 1700

Boiler feed water (BFW), 1128–1138, 1701

chemical treatment, 1137

condensate recovery and recycle, 1138

contamination prevention, 1138

hot lime process, 1131

impurities, 1128

ion exchange processes, 1131–1133

management, 1128–1131

pretreatment process, 1135

treatment requirements, 593, 1129,

1130, 1136

Index 1887

Boiling point

analyzer, 1076, 1701

boiling range, 126, 1701

Bottom(s), 1701

Bottom sediment and water (BS&W), 1702

Bourdon tube, 1052, 1701

Box cooler, 1558, 1701

BPCD and BPSD, 1701

Brake horsepower efficiency, 1494–1495

Breakeven, 1701

Bridgewall, 1597, 1701

Bright stock, 59, 1701

lubes, 68, 846

British thermal unit (BTU), 1702

Bromine number, 678, 1702

Brown and Souder flood constant, 517

Bubble

cap, 1702

cap trays, 1442–1444

flow, 1630–1631, 1702

point, 13–14, 1702

Bulb thermometer, 1044

Bulk terminal, 1702

Bullet, 1702

Bunker fuel, 1702

Burner, 1604, 1702

control system, 1113

design, 1235–1239

management system, 1702

tip, 1702

Burst pressure, 1702

Butamer™ process, 481

Butane, 5

equilibrium, 486

LPG, 59

CCalifornia Air Resources Board (CARB), 1703

Calorie, 1703

Calorific value, 1703

Capacity factored cost estimation, 723, 766, 1703

Capacity-factored estimate, 721–722, 1703

Capital cost estimation, 720–721

Capital plant cost, 709

CARB diesel, 1703

Carbon dioxide (CO2), 1240

Carbon monoxide (CO), 72, 1239,

1363–1365, 1703

Carbon oxides, 1239

Carbon residue, 676, 1703

Carbonyl sulfide (COS), 1703

Carcinogen, 1703

Car seal, 1703

Cascade alkylation process, 447–448

Cascade control, 1011, 1704

Cash flow analysis, 745, 757–759

Catacarb process, 506–507, 1704

Catalyst, 1704

activity, 329

fines, 1704

octane/activity curves, 491

paraffin isomerization, 488–489

regeneration, 424

selectivity, 330

stability, 330

suppliers, 495

support sintering, 423

Catalytic and non-catalytic NOx reduction,

1236–1238

Catalytic condensation process, 459–461

diesel fuels, 471

for gasoline production

adiabatic plug flow reactor, 461–462

oligomerization reactions, 463

tubular reactor, 461–462

typical polymer gasoline properties,

461, 463

hydrogenated vs. non-hydrogenatedpolymer gasoline, 464–466

selective vs. non-selective gasolineproduction, 466–468

Catalytic cooling vs. reactor yields, 549Catalytic cracking, 460. See also Fluid

catalytic cracking

deep oil fluid, 542–545

back mix type catalyst cooler, 549–550

catalyst cooling vs. reactor yields, 549combustion air requirement vs. CO2/CO

ratio, 548

enthalpy requirements, 548

feed inlet enthalpy, 548

flow through type catalyst cooler,

549–550

heat of combustion vs.CO2/CO ratio, 547

lift gas technology, 550–552

mix temperature control, 550–552

two stage catalyst regeneration, 550–552

Catalytic naphtha reforming process, 35–36,

62, 229–260, 568–570

Catalytic olefin condensation, 458

InAlkTM process, 468

resin-catalyzed condensation, 468–469

SPA-catalyzed condensation, 470–471

Petrochemical operations (seePetrochemical)

1888 Index

Catalytic reformer operation, 106, 108,

229–260

Catalytic reformer unit, 35–36, 229–260

Catalytic reforming process, 62, 229–260

alumina support, 247

aromatic reaction, 244

catalysts

for CCR process units, 248–249

for cyclic units, 248

for semiregenerative units, 247–248

suppliers, 249

caustic scrubber, 257

Chlorsorb system, 257

continuous regeneration type reforming

unit, 242

deactivation mechanism, 249–250

evolution, 232

flow schemes

continuous catalyst regeneration units,

255–256

cyclic reforming units, 254

fixed-bed SR reforming units, 253–254

secondary recovery, 256

unit improvement, 256

history, 231–232

hydrogen-to-hydrocarbon mole ratio, 253

market segment

aromatics, 241–242

motor fuels, 238–240

naphtha feedstocks (see Naphtha)naphthene reactions, 243–244

octane number, 235–237

paraffin reactions, 244–245

platinum, 246–247

pressure, 251–252

rates and equilibrium, 245–246

reaction sites, 243

reformate composition, 235–237

regeneration steps, 250

SR regeneration, 250–251

temperature and space velocity, 252–253

unit capacity, 243

vapor pressure, 237

Catalytic reforming unit, 1704

Caustic soda, 1156, 1255, 1370–1373, 1704

Caustic treating system, 1220

CBOB, 1704

Cellulose, 976

Celsius, 1705

Center for Chemical Process Safety

(CCPS), 1704

Centigrade, 1705

Centipoise, 1705

Centistoke, 1705

Centrifugal compressors, 1705–1706

description, 1515

horsepower, 1515

specification, 1497

surge control, performance curves and

seals, 1524

Centrifugal pump(s), 717, 1706

capacity range for, 1492

description, 1485–1486

operating limits, 1493

seal, 1505

selection of, 1490

specification, 1497

Centrifuge, 1706

Cetane, 1707

index, 1707

number, 78, 1707

C6 fraction equilibrium, 487

CFR diesel testing unit, 1707

Channel, 1707

Characteristic curve, 1490–1494,

1525–1527, 1707

Charge capacity, 1707

Check valve, 1707

Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 1254, 1708

Chemical sewer, 1160–1161, 1707

Chemiluminescence analyzer, 1076,

1078, 1707

Chiksan joint, 1707

Chlorided alumina type catalysts, 489

Chlorsorb system, 257

Civil engineer (CE), 1705

Clarifier, 1708

Class A foams, 1429

Claus process, 1228–1230, 1708

Claus tailgas process, 1231–1233

Clean Air Act (CAA), 73, 1218, 1250

Clean Water Act (CWA), 1250

Clearance pocket, 1538, 1539, 1708

Cloud and pour points, 12, 666–667

Cloud point(s), 79, 666–667, 1708

Cloud point/pour point/ freeze point

analyzer, 1076

Coagulation, 1708

Coal, 1708

gasification, 886

synthesis gas utilization, 889

Coal to liquids (CTL) conversion, 888

Cobalt-molydenum catalysts, 415

Codimers

octane number, 467

properties, 466–467

Index 1889

Cogeneration, 1147–1148, 1708

Coke, 1709

deposition, 422

Coker, 534–538, 1709

Coker naphtha hydrotreating unit, 396, 397

Coking process, 67, 534–535, 1709

Cold filter plugging point (CFPP), 79, 1707

Cold flash separator, 1709

Cold properties, 79, 1709, 1711

Color, 848

Column, 1711

pressure, 1055

Combustion air requirement vs. CO2/CO

ratio, 548

Commingling, 1711

Commissioning, 824–825, 1711

Common carrier, 1711

Complex refinery, 87, 1711

Component balances, 1711

Composition measurement elements, 1076–1077

Compressible flow pressure drop, 1622–1624

Compressors, 802–803, 1513–1557

Comulling, 419

Condensate, 1711

Condensation, 458. See also Condenser

Condenser, 1579–1584, 1711

duty, 214

Conductivity, 1712

Cone-roof tank, 1169–1170, 1712

Configuration, 82–93, 1712

Confined space, 1713

hazards, 1342

management, 1343–1344

Conradson carbon residue (ASTM D189),

676–677, 1713

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation

Act (COBRA), 1708

Construction plan, 818

Contactor, 501, 514–519, 1713

Continuous emissions monitoring (CEM), 1238

Contractors’ bid evaluation, 808

Control element, 1713

Control loop, 1015–1016, 1713

Control system

architecture, 1017, 1713

hierarchy, 1014

Control valve, 1011, 1713

characteristics, 1036, 1713

rangeability, 1088–1089

response, 1713

Convection

section, 1596–1597, 1713

tube, 1713

Conventional crude, 1713

Conventional safety relief valve, 1318, 1321,

1322, 1713

Cooling tower, 1119, 1124, 1714

Cooling water system, 1714

chemistry and treatment, 1124–1126

cooling tower safety, 1127–1128

distribution system, 1119, 1121

flowsheet and equipment, 1119–1124

monitoring, 1126–1127

pump sumps, 1123

troubleshooting, 1105–1107, 1127,

1181–1184

Cool planet process, 983, 984

Coprocessing, 1714

Coproduct, 1714

Correlation coefficient, 1714

Corrosion, 1714

management, 600, 1345

Corrosive fluids, 1561

Corrosivity, 1715

Corrugated plate interceptor, 1257, 1265, 1715

COS removal, 1224–1225

Cost estimating, 720–728, 1715

Cost-plus, 1715

contract, 805

Counterflow cooling tower, 1122, 1124, 1715

Coupon, 1715

Crack, 1715

Cracked product properties, 99

Cracking. See also Hydrocracking and FCC

propensity, 1709

refinery, 84–87, 1715

Cradle, 1716

Crankcase oil, viscosity vs. temperature, 847

Crinkled wire mesh screens (CWMS), 1471

Criteria air pollutants, 71–73, 1218–1220

Crossflow cooling tower, 1124, 1716

Crossover, 1597, 1716

Crude distillation unit (CDU), 94,

125–179, 1716

Crude feed preheat exchanger system, 155–158

Crude oil, 5, 1716

distillation process, 125–179

atmospheric overhead distillate, 55

atmospheric residue, 58

atmospheric straight run gas oils, 57

LPGs, 55

naphthas, 57

refinery gas, 55

straight run kerosene, 57

straight run products, 55

vacuum residue, 58–59

1890 Index

program, 697, 760

viscosity, 12

Crude vacuum distillation unit, 34,

179–194

Cryogenic, 1716

Cryogenic hydrogen recovery process, 623,

634–635

CTL/GTL with CTO/GTO, integration of,

901–902

Cumulative cash flow, 729, 1716–1717

Cumulative present worth, 733–734,

1716–1717

Curing, 1717

Cut(s), 94, 97, 1717

Cut point, 14–15, 1717

Cutter stock, 1717

Cycloparaffin, 1717

DDAF. See Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

Damper, 1596, 1718

Darcy equation, 1619, 1718

Dashboard, 1718

Data historian, 1012, 1014, 1017, 1718

DCF. See Discounted cash flow (DCF)

DCS. See Distributed control system (DCS)

DEA. See Diethanolamine (DEA)

Dead end system, 1503

Dead time, 1012, 1718

Deaeration and degasification, 1135–1137

Deaerator, 1718

Dearomatization process, 81, 1718

Deasphalted oil, 411

Deasphalting, 1718–1719

Debottlenecking, 1719

Debutanized reformate properties, 62–63

Debutanizer, 1719

Decarboxylation, 957, 994–996, 1719

Decarburization, 1719

Decoking, 1244–1245, 1719

Deep catalytic cracking (DCC) process,

264, 301

Deep oil fluid catalytic cracking

back mix type catalyst cooler, 549–550

catalyst cooling vs. reactor yields, 549combustion air requirement vs. CO2/CO

ratio, 548

enthalpy requirements, 548

feed inlet enthalpy, 548

flow through type catalyst cooler, 549–550

heat of combustion vs. CO2/CO ratio, 547

lift gas technology, 550–552

mix temperature control, 550–552

two stage catalyst regeneration,

550–552

Deethanizer, 201, 1719–1720

Definitive cost estimation, 727

Definitive estimate, 1720

Degasifier, 582, 594, 643, 1135–1137, 1720

Degree days, 1720

Degree of conversion, 540

Deisohexanizer, 1724

Deisopentanizer, 1724

Delayed coker, 536

Delayed coking process, 535–536

Deluge system, 1310, 1424–1426, 1720

Demethanizer, 1721

Demethylation, 1721

Demulsibility, 1721

Demurrage, 1721

Denitrogenation, 1721

mechanism, 374–375

Dense bed catalyst coolers, 287

Density, 1721

Deoxygenation, 994–997

Department of Energy, 1721

Department of Transportation, 1721

Depreciation, 711, 736–737

Depropanizer, 201, 1721

Derivative control, 1085–1086, 1721

Desalter, 1721

Design

basis, 1721

pressure, 1721

specifications, fire prevention, 1417

temperature, 1721

Desulfurization, 36, 1722. See alsoHydrotreating, units

Desuperheater, 1096, 1100, 1722

Detonation, 1722

Dewaxing, 849–850, 854–856, 983, 1722

Dew point, 1722

DGA. See Diglycolamine (DGA)

Diaphragm, 1722

control actuator, 1033–1034

pumps, 1487, 1722

Diene(s), 451

reactor, 395

Diesel engines

air introduction into cylinder, 77

aromatic content of fuel, 78

categories, 76

cetane number, 78

cloud point, 79

distillation range, of diesel fuel, 79

Index 1891

Diesel engines (cont.)electronically controlled fuel injection

timing, 77

four stroke design, 76

four valve cylinder heads, 77

fuel density, 78

fuel injection improvements, 77

fuel viscosity, 79

pour point, 79

sulfur in diesel fuel, 78

Diesel feedstocks, 107

Diesel fuels, 79, 82

cold flow properties, 81

hydrogenated polymer product

comparison, 471

increasing cetane value, 80

reducing aromatic content, 81

sulfur content, 81

zeolitic distillate, 471

Diesel hydrotreater, 707

material, 105

Diesel index, 658, 1722

Diesel oil, 76–82, 656–658, 1722–1724

Diesel product, 76–82, 656–658

distillation check, 118

viscosity estimate, 119

Diethanolamine (DEA), 503, 1354, 1724

Differential pressure (dP), 1724

dP cell, 1012, 1728

Diglycolamine (DGA), 505–506,

1354–1356, 1724

Diisopropanol amine (DIPA), 507, 1724

Dilbit, 931, 1724

Dimerization

of ethylene to 1-butene, 475

of ethylene to n-butenes, 475

of propylene and butenes, 475–476

Dimersol catalysts, 477

Dimersol E, 475

Dimersol G, 475

Dimersol™ process, 474

dimerization

of ethylene to 1-butene, 475

of ethylene to n-butenes, 475

of propylene and butenes, 475–476

Dimersol E, 475

Dimersol G, 475

Dimersol X, 475

Dimethyl ether (DME), 898

DIPA. See Diisopropanol amine (DIPA)

Direct contact condenser, 1559, 1724

Discounted cash flow (DCF), 1724

rate of return, 758

Disk and donut stripper, 758

design, 278

tray/stage efficiency, 278

Dispersed flow, 1630–1632, 1724

Dissolved air flotation (DAF),

1248, 1718

Distillate, 1724

cuts, 94, 97

drum, 140–141

hydrocracking, 1724–1725

Distillate hydrotreating

analytical characterization, 381–382

catalyst and reactions, 382–386

diesel desulfurization, 380–381

feedstocks, 388–389

process conditions, 389–391

process configuration, 389

Distillation, 1442–1470, 1725–1727

analyzer, 1076

trays, 1442–1446, 1643–1645

Distributed control system (DCS), 1012,

1718, 1727

controller, 1015

Distribution baffles, 1268

Distributor, 1727

DME. See Dimethyl ether (DME)

Doctor test, 1727

Dodecene, 461

Doppler meter, 1027

Double-pipe heat exchanger,

1557–1558, 1728

Downcomer, 1728

Downstream, 1728

dP. See Differential pressure (dP)Draft, 1055, 1108, 1114, 1608–1609, 1728

Drawoff, 1728

Drilled well, 1048

Drums, 1470–1476, 1728

Dry milling ethanol process, 972

Dumbbell distillation, 938, 942, 1728

EEagle Ford shale crude production,

918, 921

Earned value (EV), 1734

Economic evaluation, 699–741, 1729

Economic life, 730, 1729

Edmister correlations, 19–20, 1729

Edmister method, 20

EDS. See Emergency depressuring system

(EDS)

Eductor, 1729

1892 Index

Effluent, 1729

refrigerated alkylation process, 448–449

water, 1729

water treating facilities, 1202–1204

EFV. See Equilibrium flash vaporization (EFV)

EHO. See Extra-heavy oil (EHO)

EIA. See Energy Information Administration

(EIA)

EII. See Energy Intensity Index (EII)

Ejector, 1730

Electrical and instrument specifications, 1418

Electrical power distribution system, 1146–1147

Electrical resistance corrosion probe, 1733

Electric motor drivers, 1505

Electrolytic process, 1730

Electronic speed controllers, 1038

Electrostatic precipitator, 1730

Element, 1730

Embrittlement, 1731

Emergency depressuring system (EDS),

1335–1337, 1729

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-

Know Act (EPCRA), 1250

Emergency response plan (ERP),

1433–1435, 1733

Emergency response team (ERT),

1433–1435, 1733

Emergency shutdown system (ESD),

1433–1435, 1733

Emission, 1731

Emulsion, 1731

Endothermic reaction, 1732

End points, 15, 1731

Energy Information Administration

(EIA), 1732

Energy Intensity Index (EII), 1732

Energy Policy Act (EPAct), 950

Engineering flow diagrams, 798, 1732

Engler viscosity, 1732

Enquiry document, 807–808

Enterprise control, 1014, 1017, 1732

Enthalpy requirements, fluid catalytic

cracking, 548

Entrainment, 1732

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 71,

484, 951, 1218, 1732

Environmental work practice (EWP), 1734

EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA)

EPAct. See Energy Policy Act (EPAct)

EPCRA. See Emergency Planning and

Community Right-to-Know Act

(EPCRA)

Equilibrium flash calculation, 48–51

Equilibrium flash vaporization (EFV), 1733

Equipment-factored estimate, 722–724, 1733

Erected offsite cost, 748

Erected plant cost, 747

Ergun equation, 1733

ERP. See Emergency response plan (ERP)

Error, 1733

ERT. See Emergency response team (ERT)

ESD. See Emergency shutdown system (ESD)

Ethane, 1733

Ethanol, 1733

Ether, 1734

Etherification, 74, 1734

Ether production, 42–44

Ethylene, 1734

Ethyl mercaptan, 6

Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether, 1734

EuReDatA. See European Reliability Data

Association (EuReDatA)

Euro fuel specifications, 484

Euro I-V gasoline specifications, 484

European Reliability Data Association

(EuReDatA), 1734

European Union (EU), 1734

regulations and directives, 1219,

1252, 1274

EV. See Earned value (EV)

EVP. See Executive vice president (EVP)EWP. See Environmental work

practice (EWP)

Excess air, 1601–1606, 1734

Exchanger reformer, 617–618

Executive vice president (EVP), 1734

Exothermic reaction, 1734

Exploration, 1734

Exports, 1734

Ex situ, 1734

Extra-heavy oil (EHO), 930, 1734. See alsoBitumen

Extrudate, 1734

Exxon Flexicracking IIIR unit, 288

Eyes, sodium hydroxide as hazardous, 1371

Eyewash, 1734

FFA. See Flow alarm (FA)

Facility siting hazards, 1344–1345

Fahrenheit, 1735

Fail open, 1037, 1090, 1740

Fail-safe, 1735

Failure position, 1735

Index 1893

Falldown, 1735

FAME. See Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)

Fatigue, 1735

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 952–953,

973–975, 1735

Fatty acids

deoxygenation, 994–997

hydroprocessing conversion, 986–987

isomerization and cracking reactions,

997–999

in plants and animals, 989

Faujasite zeolite structure, 294

FBP. See Final boiling point (FBP)

FCC. See Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)

process

Feed contaminants and catalyst poisons,

432–433

Feed/effluent exchangers, 367

Feed filters, 366

Feed-forward control, 1012, 1735

Feedstocks, 388–389, 408, 1736

FEL. See Front-end loading (FEL)

Fenceline, 1736

Fenske calculation, 211

Fermentation, 970–973

Filming amine, 594, 1103, 1736

Filtration, 1736

Final boiling point (FBP), 10, 1736

Final control element, 1031, 1736

Fines, 1736

Finished lube oil, 846

Finned air coolers, 1558

Finned tube, 1558, 1736

Firebox, 1737

Fire brick, 1606, 1736

Fired heaters, 1418, 1594, 1737

burners, 1604–1606

codes and standards, 1597–1599

efficiency, 1601–1604

refractories, stacks and stack emissions,

1606–1611

specification, 1611–1617

thermal rating, 1599–1601

types, 1594–1597

Fire extinguisher, 1429–1433, 1736

Firefighting equipment, 1424–1426

Fire foam systems, 1426–1429, 1736

Fire main, 1423–1424, 1736

Fire point, 1736

Fireproofing, 1737

Fire relief, 1323–1325, 1737

Fire water system, 1140, 1737

Fischer assay, 909, 1737

Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, 858, 887,

946–949, 968–983, 1737

Fixed cost, 1737

Fixed equipment, 1737

Fixed fee contract, 805

Flame impingement, 1737

Flameout, 1737

Flame retardant, 1737

Flammability, 1737

limits, 1737

Flare, 1195, 1738

Flare tip, 1195, 1196, 1199, 1738

Flashing, 1738

liquids, 1088, 1331

Flash point, 11, 848, 1076, 1738

test method, 664

Flash zone, 1738

Flexible thermowells, 1046

Flexicoking process™, 1738

flow diagram, 536–537

operating conditions and yields, 537–538

Flight scraper, 1738

Floating-roof tank, 1170–1172, 1738

Flocculation, 1139, 1204–1205, 1738–1739

Flooding, 1465–1466, 1739

Flow alarm (FA), 1735

Flow element, 1019–1028, 1735

Flow measurement and control

controller processing, 1030

flow element installation, 1028–1030

flow signal, 1030

magnetic flow meters, 1025

measurement principle, 1019

orifice meter, 1020–1025

oscillatory flow meters, 1026

output signal, 1030–1031

PD meters, 1026–1027

thermal meters, 1028

turbine meter, 1027

ultrasonic meters, 1027

valves, 1031–1034

variable area meter, 1027

variable speed control, 1037–1038

variable volume control, 1038–1039

Flow meter, 1028–1030, 1739

Flow regime, 1629–1632, 1739

Flow through type catalyst cooler, 549–550

Flue gas SOx scrubbing system, 1226

Flue gas tunnels, 1739

Fluid catalytic cracker, 711

Fluid catalytic cracker unit (FCCU), 1739

material and sulfur balance, 105

naphtha from, 62–63

1894 Index

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process,

261–312, 898, 1735

applications, 272–273

catalysts, 269

characteristics of mechanisms, 272

development, 262, 264

evolution, 263

gas oil, 273–277. (see also Gas oil crackingtechnology)

gasoline

analytical characterization, 406–407

catalysts and reactions, 407–408

composition, 397

desulfurization, 399–400

diolefin saturation, 399

feedstock characteristics, 403

feedstocks, 408

process conditions, 403, 409

process configuration, 400–403,

408–409

process considerations, 399

recombination, 398–399

sulfur compounds, 406

growth, 265

innovations in process, 267

for light olefins and aromatics, 297–305

primary cracking reactions, 272

reactor-regenerator, 264–266

secondary reactions, 272

yields

DCC vs. FCCU, 266typical resid cracking, 264–265

Fluid coking method, 536–538, 661, 1740. Seealso Flexicoking process™

Fluidized-bed catalytic cracking process, 460

Fluoroprotein foam concentrates, 1428

Flushing, 1740

oil, 1153–1154, 1740

system, 1505

Flux, 1740

Foam generator, 1425, 1426, 1740

Foaming, 1740

FOB. See Free on board (FOB)

FOE. See Fuel oil equivalent (FOE)FOEB. See Fuel oil equivalent barrels (FOEB)Force

draft, 1735, 1740

majeure, 1740

Formaldehyde, 893–894

Fossil fuel resources, 884–886

Fouling, 1740

liquids, 1561

FQD. See Fuel quality directive (FQD)

Fracking, 922, 1740–1741

Fraction, 1741

Fractionation, 369, 443–444, 450, 1741

Fractionator overhead equipment, 135–142

Framework order, 1740

Free on board (FOB), 1740

Fresh feed input, 1741

Front-end loading (FEL), 789–796, 1736, 1741

Froth flow, 1629–1632, 1741

FT process. See Fischer-Tropsch (FT)

synthesis

Fuel coke, 661, 1742

Fuel ethanol, 1742

Fuel gas, 1742

cleanup and burner fouling, 1115–1116

system, 1108–1111

tramp nitrogen compounds, 1234–1235

Fuel oil, 1742

pour point blending, 117

products, 67

sulfur control, 1225

system, 1111–1113

Fuel oil equivalent (FOE), 1742

Fuel oil equivalent barrels (FOEB), 1740

Fuel quality directive (FQD), 1219, 1740

Fuel rich, 1114, 1742

Fuel solvent deasphalting, 1742

Fuel system troubleshooting, 1116

Fugitive, 1221–1223, 1227, 1240–1241,

1243–1247, 1742

Full-conversion/complex refinery, 87

Full-conversion refinery, 1742

Full-conversion refinery hydrogen

management approach, 635–636

Fungible, 1742

Furfural, 1374–1377

extraction process, 852–853

Furfuraldehyde, 1742

Furnace oil, 1742

GGallon, 1743

Galvanic corrosion, 1743

Gap control, 1085, 1743

Gaps and overlaps, 1743

Gas blanketed, 1169, 1170, 1744

Gas burners, 1607

Gas chromatograph, 1076, 1743

Gasification, 619–620, 883–909, 948,

983–986, 1744

Gasohol, 1744–1745

Gas oil, 15, 1744

Index 1895

Gas oil cracking technology

data for FCCU monitoring, 291–294

FCC reliability and maintenance, 290–291

FCC zeolite, 294–297

hydrocracking, 317–359

reaction technology

dry gas production, 276

feed injection system, 273–274

impact of vapor quench on FCC

yields, 277

quenching, 276–277

regenerated catalyst/feed contacting

configurations, 274

riser separator strippers, (RSS) 275

regeneration technology, 280–283

resid catalytic cracking (see Resid, catalyticcracking)

stripping technology, 280

disk and donut design, 277

disk and donut stripper, 278

packing designs, 279

stripper packing designs, 279

Gasoline, 651–653

blend component properties, 112

blending components, 1745

blending specifications, 111

demand by region, 483

engine

carbon monoxide, 72

deposits, 71

hazardous air pollutants, 71

lead emission, 72

nitrogen dioxide, 72

octane number, 70

ozone, 73

particulate matter, 72–73

sulfur dioxide, 72

thermal efficiency, 71

volatility, 71

manufacture, 75–76

aromatic reduction, 73

olefin reduction, 73

process, 74

sulfur content, 74

tetra ethyl lead restriction, 73

precursors, 61

production

adiabatic plug flow reactor, 461

oligomerization reactions, 463

selective vs. non-selective, 466–468tubular reactor, 461–462

Gas Processors Suppliers Association

(GPSA), 1745

Gas-refinery fuel, 1108–1111, 1743

Gas-to-liquids (GTL), 44, 888, 901,

947–950, 1744

Gas treating processes, 499–529, 1744

Gas turbine drivers, 1554–1555

Gauge pressure, 1745

Gear pump, 1486

GHG. See Greenhouse gas (GHG)GHV. See Gross heating value (GHV)

Gilliland correlation, 214, 1745

Glitsch Ballast trays, 1444

Gold cup measurement method, 610

GPSA. See Gas Processors SuppliersAssociation (GPSA)

Green coke, 67

Green diesel, 953, 1745

Green gasoline, 953, 1746

Greenhouse gas (GHG), 1745

Green olefins, 953, 1746

Grid, 1746

Gross, 1746

Gross estimation approach 748

Gross heating value (GHV), 1674, 1675, 1745

GTL. See Gas-to-liquids (GTL)Guarantee test run, 828–830

consumption guarantee, 832–833

feedstock, 831

hydraulic guarantee, 832

product quality, 831–832

Gulf Coast spot market, 1746

Gum, 1746

HHalide removal, 379–380

HAPs. See Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)Hazard and operability review (HAZOP),

1312, 1747

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), 71

Hazardous materials, 1354

Hazardous waste, 1275, 1746

HAZOP. See Hazard and operability review

(HAZOP)

HCGO. See Heavy coker gas oil (HCGO)

Header, 1747

Heat of combustion

vs. CO2/CO ratio, 547

gross, 1674–1675, 1747

net, 1674–1675, 1747

Heat exchangers, 1557, 1748

and coolers, 1604–1606, 1747–1748

design considerations, 1559–1561

surface area and pressure drop, 1562–1572

1896 Index

tube data, 1655

types, 1557–1559

Heating oil, 656, 1748

Heat loss and heater surface area, 1205–1209

Heat and material balance, 1747

Heat pump, 1747

Heated storage tanks, 1175–1176

Heater, 1594, 1747

burners, 1604–1606, 1747–1748

coil, 1748

draft, 1055, 1108, 1114, 1608–1609

efficiency, 1601, 1748

noise, 1606

Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), 1750

Heavy coker gas oil (HCGO), 410

Heavy crude, 1748

Heavy fuel oil blending, 116–117

Heavy fuel oil specification, 116

Heavy gas oil (HGO), 1748

Heavy naphtha, 57

Heavy oil cracking (HOC), 1748

Heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO), 94, 97, 103

Height equivalent to a theoretical tray (HETP),

1467, 1748

Heptene vs. olefin conversion, 468

HETP. See Height equivalent to a theoretical

tray (HETP)

HF alkylation, 445, isobutane

acid regeneration, 444

acid strength, 445

acid-to-hydrocarbon volume ratio, 445

feed contaminants, 445–446

feed pretreatment, 442

fractionation, 443–444

KOH regeneration, 444

maintenance, 446

process flow description, 442

reaction, 443

reaction temperature, 445

safety and volatility suppression, 446–447

HGO. See Heavy gas oil (HGO)

Higher heating value (HHV), 1749

High expansion foam concentrates, 1428–1429

High speed diesel engines, 76

High sulfur bunker fuel, 116, 117

HOC. See Heavy oil cracking (HOC)

Homogenizer, 1749

Horton sphere, 1749

Hose reel/station, 1424, 1749

Hot and cold flash separators, 1749

Hot lime process, 1428, 1749

Hot potassium carbonate process, 506–507

Hot soaking, 419–420

Hot work, 1749

HRSG. See Heat recovery steam generator

(HRSG)

Huff and puff, 933, 1750

Human-machine interface (HMI), 1017, 1749

HVGO. See Heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO)

Hydrant, 1424, 1425, 1750

Hydraulic analysis, 1679–1684

of process systems, 1750

Hydraulic fracturing, 922, 1750

Hydraulic guarantee, 832

Hydraulic horsepower, 1501, 1750

Hydrocarbon, 1255

octane values, 485

pressure-temperature curves for,

1648–1650

Hydroclone, 1750–1751

Hydrocodimers, 461, 464

properties, 466–467

Hydrocracker, 1751

Hydrocracking, 431–432, 856

catalyst deactivation

catalyst support sintering, 348

coking, 347

metal agglomeration, 347

non catalyst metals deposition, 348

poisoning, 347

regeneration, 348

catalyst manufacturing

drying and calcination, 342

impregnation, 342–343

feedstock, 319

hydroprocessing reactions, 331–333

once-through hydrocracking unit,

323–324

2013 OPEC world oil outlook, 320

process, 38

process variables

boiling range, 352

cracked feedstocks, 352

fresh feed quality, 351

hydrogen content, 351–352

hydrogen purity, 356

makeup hydrogen, 355–356

nitrogen and methane content, 356

nitrogen and sulfur compounds, 351

permanent catalyst poisons, 352–353

recycle gas rate, 355

reaction

evolution of, 333

heavy polynuclear aromatics

(HPNA), 336

multi-ring aromatics, 335–336

Index 1897

Hydrocracking (cont.)steps involved for paraffins, 334

thermodynamics, 335

separate hydrotreating with two-stage, 327

single stage with recycle, 324–326

suppliers, 357–358

two stage recycle, 326

types of operating units, 323

Hydrodenitrogenation, 374–375, 1751

Hydrodesulfurization, 371–374, 1751

Hydrodewaxing/isomerization, 856

Hydrofinishing, 856

Hydrofluoric acid (HF, AHF), 1377–1383

Hydrogen, 1383–1385, 1751–1752

distribution, 1156

management, 568

purification, 369

Hydrogenated polygasolines

effect of propylene on RON, 464–465

octane numbers, 464

Hydrogenated vs. non-hydrogenated polymer

gasoline, 664–666

Hydrogenation, 1752

Hydrogenolysis, 488

Hydrogen once-through (HOT), 491–492

Hydrogen production

catalytic naphtha reforming process,

567–570

electrolytic process, 621

partial oxidation process, 618–621

steam-methane reforming process, 570–575

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 1226–1228,

1385–1388, 1752

Hydrolysis, 1752

Hydrometer, 1752

Hydroprocessed esters of fatty acids (HEFA),

1000–1001

Hydroprocessing, 317–434, 855, 858, 1752

base stock properties, 856–858

hydrodewaxing/isomerization, 856

hydrofinishing, 856

hydrotreating/hydrocracking, 317–434, 856

technology sources, 858

Hydroskimming refinery, 84, 1752

Hydrothermal liquefaction, 978–979

Hydrotreater, 361–434, 1752

Hydrotreating, 361–434, 856, 1224–1225,

1752–1753

aromatic saturation, 377–378

catalyst activation, 421–422

catalyst deactivation, 422–424

catalyst loading, 420–421

catalyst manufacturers, 433

catalyst performance, 417

cobalt-molydenum catalysts, 415

distillate (see Distillate hydrotreating)FCC gasoline (see Fluid catalytic cracking

(FCC) process, gasoline)

feed/effluent exchangers, 367

feed filters, 366–367

feed quality and rate, 428–429

fractionation section, 369

gas-to-oil ratio, 430

halide removal, 379–380

history, 365–366

hydrocracking, 410–441

hydrogen partial pressure, 429–430

hydrogen purification, 369

liquid hourly space velocity, 430

make-up hydrogen system, 367

metals and non-metals removal, 378–379

naphtha (see Naptha hydrotreating)nickel-molybdenum catalysts, 415

olefin saturation, 376–377

oxygen removal, 376

reactor charge heater, 367

reactor design and construction, 424–426

reactor effluent water wash, 368–369

reactor operation, 427

reactor temperature, 427–428

recycle gas purity, 430–431

recycle gas scrubbing, 368

recycle hydrogen system, 368

residual oil hydrodesulfurization, 411–413

sulfur removal, 371–374

technology suppliers, 433

type I vs. type II catalysts, 416units, 36

vapor/liquid separation, 369

Hysomer™ catalyst, 489

Ii-component, 1753–1754

Ignitability, 1754

Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

(IDLH), 1754

Immediate oxygen demand (IOD), 1254, 1758

Impeller speeds (pumps), 1488, 1490, 1492,

1493, 1754

Impingement, 1754–1755

Imports, 1755

InAlkTM process, catalytic olefin condensation

resin-catalyzed condensation, 468–469

SPA-catalyzed condensation, 470–471

Incident command system (ICS), 1434, 1755

1898 Index

Incompatible, 1755

Incomplete combustion, 1241–1242

Incompressible flow pressure drop, 1617–1622

Incremental cost, 781

Indices, 1755

Induced, draft, 1755

Inert entry, 1340–1344, 1756

Inferred properties, 1756

Inflation, 745

Infrared analyzer, 1076–1077, 1756

Initial boiling point (IBP), 10, 1753, 1756

Inlet diffuser, 1756

Inlet guide vane, 1756

In-line blending, 1178–1180, 1756

In-line vs. batch blending, 1178–1179

Innage, 1756

INPNA, 1756

In situ, 1756

Instantaneous analysis, 741, 745

Instrument air system, 1141–1144, 1756

Instrumentation, 1013, 1756

Insulation, 1757

Intalox saddle, 1757

Integral control, 1086, 1087, 1757

Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC)

system, 887

Integrated oil company, 1757

Intellectual property (IP), 1758

Intercooling, 1538, 1757

Interface, 1757

Intermediate, 1757

law, 1266, 1471, 1757

stock report, 697, 763

Internal combustion engine, 1038

Internal rate of return (IRR), 758–759

Internals (vessels), 1119, 1132, 1174,

1442, 1471, 1484–1485,

1641–1642, 1757

International Energy Agency (IEA), 1757

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

legislation, 1219

Interstate Commerce Commission

(ICC), 1757

Ion exchange, 1131–1133, 1758

Ionic liquid alkylation, 454–456

Ionization, 1758

Ion-specific and pH electrodes, 1077

Iron sulfide (FeS), 1736

Isobutane, 1758

Isobutylene, 1758

Iso-container, 1758

Isohexane, 1758

Isomerate, 483

Isomerization, 74, 441, 997–999

Butamer™ process, 481

catalysts

chlorided alumina, 489

octane/activity curves, 490–491

sulfated metal oxide catalysts, 490

zeolitic type catalysts, 489–490

flow scheme improvements, 482

HF alkylation, 481

history of, 481–482

hydrogen once-through (HOT), 492

isobutylene, 481

light hydrocarbon (C4-C7) streams, 480

light-naphtha, 480

market trends, 482–484

n-butane to isobutane, 481

Oleflex™ process, 481

paraffin, 480

primary reaction pathways, 486–488

process chemistry, 485–486

Par-Isom process flow schemes, 491

Penex™ process, 481

Penex unit process flow scheme, 492

process configurations and octane

values, 482

process economics, 494–495

process requirements for catalysts, 491–492

regenerable catalysts, 482

regulation, 484–485

skeletal isomerization of paraffins, 481

Itemized estimation approach, 748

JJet fuel, 653–654, 1759

Jet mixer, 1173, 1176, 1759

Jetties, 1759–1760

Jetty and dock facilities

equipment, 1186–1187

loading rates, 1187–1188

ship ballast water, 1188

size, access, and location, 1185–1186

slop and spill facilities, 1189

Jetty on shore loading stations, 1422

Jobber, 1760

Job safety analysis (JSA), 1760

Joint venture, 1760

Joule-Thomson effect, 1760

KKellogg resid cracker, 287

Kerogen-oil, 907

Index 1899

Kerogen rock, 908–909

Kero operation, 105–106

Kerosenes, 653, 1760

Kerosene-type jet fuel, 653–654, 1760–1761

Kettle, 1761

reboiler, 1584–1586

Kettle-type waste heat boiler, 1099–1100

Kick off meeting, 810

Kieselguhr, 459–460

Kinematic viscosity, 667–669, 1761

Knock/cetane engine, 1077

Knockout, 11, 681, 1761

drum, 1470–1471, 1761

Kremser equation, 525, 527

LLaboratory information system (LIMS), 1764

Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), 1125, 1762

Larkins, White, and Jeffery method,

1639, 1762

Latent heat, 1762

Layering, 1762

Layers of protection analysis (LOPA),

1312, 1762

Lead, 72

Leaded gasolines, 1762–1763

Leaks, 1246

Legionella bacteria, 1128, 1763

Level alarm (LA), 1762

Level bridles, 1067

Level control range, 1763

Level gauges/sight gauges, 1069

Level measurement and control

elements and characteristics, 1063–1067

level instrument installations, 1067–1069

specific considerations, 1069–1070

Life cycle of petroleum fuels, 967–968

Lift gas technology, 550–553

Lifting, 1763

Light crude, 1763

Light cycle oil, 410

Light ends, 19, 34, 1763

distillation, 1727

condenser duty, 214–215

description, 200–201

material balance, 202–206

operation conditions, 206–210

reboiler duty, 215

tower loadind and sizing, 216–217

tower operation and performance, 225–227

trays in, 211

units, 34–35, 1763

Light gas oil, 1763

Light hydrocarbon (C4-C7) streams, 480

Light naphtha, 57

Light-naphtha isomerization, 480

Light vacuum gas oil (LVGO), 94, 101, 104

Lignin, 976, 977

Ligno-cellulosic conversion, 976–986

Linear programming, 55, 739–741,

774–783, 1764

Liquefied petroleum gas(es) (LPG), 55, 651,

1764–1765

Liquefied refinery gas(es) (LRG), 1765

Liquid alive bacteria (LAB), 1762

Liquid entrainment, 226

Liquid ring, 1170, 1515, 1764

Liquid separation drums, 1471–1473

Liter, 1765

Loader, 1765

Loan repayment, 769–770, 772–773

Lobular pump, 1486

Lockhart-Martinelli modulus, 1631, 1765

Logarithmic mean temperature difference,

1564, 1765

Long ton, 1765

Lower heating value (LHV), 1763

Low-low heater draft, 1114

Low speed diesel engines, 76

Low-sulfur diesel (LSD), 81, 656–659, 1765

Low-sulfur gasoline (LSG), 81, 656–659, 1765

Lube base oil group classifications, 849

Lube base oils, 845

Lube base stock, 845

Lube oil properties, 847–848

color, 848

flash point, 848

oxidation stability, 848

pour point, 848

thermal stability, 848

viscosity, 848

viscosity index, 848

volatility, 848

Lube oil refineries, 44–46, 844–845

asphalt production, 860

asphalt blowing process, 863–864

asphalt oxidizing mechanism, 861–862

paving and liquid asphalt, 860–861

roofing asphalt, 861

base stock group statistics, 859

bright stock lubes, 846

finished lube oil, 846

hydroprocessing, 855–856, 858

base stock properties, 856–858

hydrodewaxing/isomerization, 856

1900 Index

hydrofinishing, 856

hydrotreating/hydrocracking, 856

technology sources, 858

lube base stock, 845

lube slate, 845

naphthenic lube oils, 846

neutral lubes, 846

paraffinic lube oil, 846

refining process options, 850

re-refined base stocks, 846

traditional solvent-based lube production,

850–855

furfural extraction process, 852–853

MEK dewaxing process, 854–855

propane deasphalting process, 850–852

virgin base lube oils, 846

Lube oil re-refining, 960–961

Lube oils, 660, 1766

base stock, 68

neutral lubes, 68

performance specifications, 846–847

properties, 69

quality specifications, 846

slate, 68

Lube slate, 845

Lubricants, 1766

Lubricity, 1766

Lump sum contract, 806

Lurgi MTP process, 898–899

MMagnetic flow meters, 1025

Make-up hydrogen system, 367

Management by objectives (MBO), 1768

Manifold, 1767

Margin, 1767

Marginal crude oils, 689

Marine diesel

fuel, 659

oil, 1767

specification, 116, 659

Market(ing), 1767

department, 687

trends, isomerization, 482–484

MARPOL, 1767

Mass flow meters, 1026

Mass spectrometry, 1077, 1767

Master construction plan, 818

Material balance, 1767

Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 1767–1768

Maxofin FCC, 304–305

Maxwell method, 21

McCabe Thiele-Graphical Method, 508, 510

Mechanical flow diagram, 793–794, 1768

Mechanical flow sheet, 794

conference, 813–816

Mechanical integrity (MI), 1313, 1768, 1769

Mechanical specifications, fire

prevention, 1417

Mechanical speed control, 1038

Medium curing cutbacks, 861

Medium speed diesel engines, 76

MEK dewaxing process, 854–855

Membranes, for hydrogen recovery, 634

Membrane unit, 1768

Merichem, 1768

Merox, 1768

Metal dusting, 599

Metals and non-metals removal, 378–379

Metals deposition, 423

Metals in crude oil, 1768

Metering pumps, 1487, 1769

Methanation, 584–587, 619, 1769

Methanol, 889–892, 1249

derivatives, 893–897

production economies, 891–892

properties and specifications, 892

technology licensors, 891

Methanol to gasoline technology

(MTG), 888

Methanol-to-hydrocarbon, 897

Methanol-to-olefins, 897–898

Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 506,

1354–1356, 1769

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 854–855,

1388–1391, 1769

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), 42–43,

890, 1769

Metric ton, 1769

Micron, 1769

Mid-barrel, 1769

Mid boiling point components, 15–16

Middle distillate, 1769

products, 64–66

schedule, 698

Midstream, 1770

Mid volume percentage point components, 16

Military jet fuel, 654

Million volt-amps (MVA), 1771

Mix temperature control, 550–552

Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT) rule, 484

Molecular sieve, 1770

Molecule, 1770

Mollier diagram, 1770

Monitor, 1770

Index 1901

Monoethanolamine (MEA), 500, 502–503,

1354, 1770

preliminary process flow sheet, 528

removing degradation impurity, 513–514

Mortgage formula, 772–773

Motor fuel alkylation

alkylate properties, 452

complex alkylation reactions, 439–441

HF alkylation (see HF alkylation)

history, 437–438

ionic liquid alkylation, 454–456

isomerization, 441

primary alkylation reactions,

438–439

solid catalyst alkylation, 453–454

sulfuric acid (see Sulfuric acid alkylation)

Motor gasoline, 1770

Motor gasoline blending, 1178–1181, 1770

components, 1180, 1771

Motor octane number, 651, 681, 1771

Multipass tray, 1455, 1771

Multiple single loop controls, 1016

NNaphtha

characterization, 233

composition, 233–234

consolidation and treating process, 106

feed pretreatment, 234–235

from fluid catalytic cracker unit, 62–63

hydrotreater, 235

straight run, 233

stream properties, 63

Naphthalene, 1772

Naphtha-type jet fuel, 653–654, 1772

Naphthene(s), 5, 1772

reactions, 243–244

Naphthenic lube(s), 69

oils, 846

Naphtha hydrotreating

diene reactor, 395

gas-to-oil ratio, 395

liquid hourly space velocity, 395

naphtha disposition, 392

post treat reactor, 395

pressure, 395

process configuration, 389, 390

processing objectives and considerations,

392–394

recombination with cracked stock, 394

straight-run versus cracked naphtha,

391–392

National Council of Examiners for Engineering

and Surveying (NCEES), 1773

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System (NPDES), 1250, 1772

Natural draft, 1772

Natural gas, 1772

Natural gas liquids (NGL), 901, 1772, 1774

Natural gasoline and isopentane, 1773

Natural gas plant liquids, 1773

Near-infrared analyzer, 1076, 1773

Needle coke, 67, 1773

Netback, 1773

Net investment, 731, 1773

Net profit margin, 1773

Neutralization, 1773

number, 1773

Neutralizing amine, 594, 1103, 1774

Neutral lubes, 68, 846

Newton’s law, 1774

New York Mercantile Exchange

(NYMEX), 1774

Nickel carbonyl, 1391–1394, 1774

Nickel-molybdenum catalysts, 415

Nitrogen compounds, 386–387

Nitrogen dioxide, 72, 1222, 1234,

1236–1239, 1611

Nitrogen oxides, 1222, 1234, 1236–1239, 1611

Nitrogen peroxide. See Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen removal, 374–375

Nitrogen system, 1149–1153

utilities, 1149–1150

Noise control, 1280–1286

Noise pollution, 1278–1280

Noise program, 1286–1288

Non-energy product refineries, 1774

Non-energy refineries, 843–882

lube oil properties, 847–848

color, 848

flash point, 848

oxidation stability, 848

pour point, 848

thermal stability, 848

viscosity index, 848

volatility, 848

lube oil refineries, 844–845, 849–850

bright stock lubes, 846

finished lube oil, 846

lube base oil group classifications, 849

lube base stock, 845

lube oil properties, 847–848

lube slate, 845

naphthenic lube oils, 846

neutral lubes, 846

1902 Index

paraffinic lube oil, 846

quality and performance specifications,

846–847

refining process options, 850

re-refined base stocks, 846

traditional solvent-based lube

production, 850–855

virgin base lube oils, 846

lube oil specifications, 846

performance specifications, 846–847

quality specifications, 846

Nonenes, 474

Non-hazardous waste, 1275

NOx emissions monitoring and operations,

1238–1239

Nozzle meters, 1025

OOctane enhancement processes, 41

Octane numbers, 11, 70, 464, 681, 1775

hydrogenated polygasolines, 464–466

Octenes production, 459

Offsite systems, 1167–1213, 1776

Oil burners, 1114, 1604

Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Union

(OCAW), 1775

Oil dropping method, 418

Oil recovery sump, 1267–1268

Oil retention baffles, 1268

Oil sand crude, 930–946, 1776

Oil skim pipes, 1267

Oil-water separation, 1265

Oily water sewer, 1157–1159, 1776

Olefin(s), 1776

condensation, 458. (See also Catalytic

Olefin condensation)

feedstock, 48

Olefin cracking byproduct recovery, 622–623

Olefin cracking process (OCP) integration, 902

Olefinic hydrocarbons, 7

Olefin saturation, 376–377

Oleflex™ process, 481

Oligomerization reactions, 463

Omnibus fee contract, 805

Once-through thermosiphon reboiler,

1586–1587

One-stage thermal cracker, 533

Opacity, 1776

Organic sulfur compounds, 1233–1234

Organometallic catalysts, 459

Orifice meter, 1020–1025, 1028–1030,

1776–1777

Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 1776

Orsat, 1777

Oscillatory meters, 1026

Outage, 1777

Outlet collector, 1777

Overall tower heat balance, 216

Overflash, 1777

Overhead, 1777

Overlap, 1777

Overplus, 1777

Overpressure, 1778

Overspeed, 1038, 1778

Over-the-fence supply, 625, 1155–1156

Oxidation, 1262–1265, 1778

mercaptans, 1262–1264

pond, 1270, 1778

stability, 848

sulfides to thiosulfates, 1261–1262

of sulfide to sulfate, 1264–1265

Oxidizing

agent, 1778

Oxygenate

gasoline, 41–42, 74–76

Oxygen deficient, 1778

Oxygen deficient environments

hazards and potential exposures,

1338–1340

management, 1340–1341

Oxygen enrichment, 1778

supply, 1155–1156

Oxygen removal, 376

Ozonation, 1778

Ozone, 73, 1248, 1778

PPacked tower, 1778–1779

Packing, 1779

Padding, 1779

Pall ring, 1463, 1779

Pantograph, 1174, 1779

Paraffin(s), 5, 1779

isomerization, 480–481

primary reaction pathways, 486–488

process chemistry, 485–486

skeletal isomerization, 481

reactions, 244–245

Paraffinic lube(s), 69

oil, 846

Par-Isom process flow schemes, 491–494

Partial oxidation (POX) process,

619–621, 1779

and autothermal reforming, 618

Index 1903

Partial oxidation (POX) process (cont.)block flow diagram, 619

costs, 621

design and metallurgy, 620–621

gasification, 619–620

product purification and recovery, 620

shift conversion, 620

Partial pressure, 1779

Particulate matter (PM), 72, 1782

Partition wall, 1597, 1779

Paving and liquid asphalt, 860–861

medium curing cutbacks, 861

rapid curing cutbacks, 860

slow curing cutbacks, 861

Peened thermocouple, 1048

Penex™ process, 481

Penex unit process flow scheme, 492

Pensky-Martens (PMCC), 664, 1780

Pentane equilibrium, 486

Performance specifications, lube oil, 846–847

Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 1780

Personal protective equipment (PPE), 1784

Petrochemical(s), 297–307

applications, 472

heptenes, 472–474

nonenes, 474

DCC, 300–302

diagram of process, 300

light olefin yields, 302

with naphtha recycle, 301

vs. FCC, 300yields for atmospheric resid, 302

DCC process, 299

feedstocks, 1780

heavy feed and naphtha propylene

processes, 299

HS-FCC and R2P process, 306

Maxofin process, 304

operations (see Petrochemical,

applications)

PetroFCC, 304

vs. FCC, 304PetroFCC process, 303

refinery, 872–875

aromatics production, 872–874

dealkylation unit, 875

feed fractionation and xylene splitter,

874–875

isomerization unit, 875

selectivity of spent catalyst, 303

Shell Milos and INDMAX processes, 307

PetroFCC, 303

process, 303

Petroleum, 1780

ash content, 1694

coke, 67, 661, 1780

process, 1215–1302

process study approach, 700–703

products, 1781

Petroleum Administration Defense District

(PADD), 1780

pH, 1077, 1781

Phenol, 1255, 1781

Pickling, 826

Pilot, 1781

Pilot-operated pressure relief valve, 1321, 1781

Pinch technique, 1781

Pipe

element, 1782

fitting, 1781

hanger, 1781

layout specifications, 1418

line, 1782

support, 1781

Pitch, 1782

Planning refinery operations, 687–698, 1782

Plant air, 1141, 1782

Plant commissioning, 824–825, 1782

Plant life, 732

PlantroseTM process, 983, 985

Plant water system, 1138–1139, 1782

Play, 1782

Plenum, 1597, 1782

Plot plan development, 817

Plug flow, 1782

Plug valve, 1034–1035

Poison, 1783

Pollution, 1216, 1218, 1250, 1278, 1606, 1783

Pollution prevention design (PPD), 1784

Poly-alpha-olefins (PAOs), 845

production, 858–859

Polyaromatic hydrocarbon, 1783

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1783

Poly gasolin. See Polymer, gasoline

Polymer, 1783

gasoline, 461, 465–466

blending octanes, 465–466

hydrogenated vs. non-hydrogenated,464–466

Polymerization, 1783

Polyvinylchloride (PVC), 460

Porosity, 909, 921–922, 1607, 1635, 1783

Positive displacement (PD)

meters, 1026–1027

pumps, 1111

Post treat reactor, 395

1904 Index

Potable water, 1139–1140, 1783

Pour point, 79, 666, 848, 1783–1784

Power recovery, 1147–1148, 1784

Practical (or Puckorius) Scale Index (PSI),

1126, 1784

Preheat and preheat exchanger train, 1784

Pre-ignition, 70

Premium gasoline grade blend, 111

Pre-refining, 1784

Pre-reformer, 617

Pressure alarm (PA), 1778

Pressure drop, 1631

beds of solids, 1635–1643

coefficients, 1456

compressible flow, 1622–1624

fittings and piping elements, 1625

gas streams, 1677

incompressible flow, 1617–1622

overall, 1631

two-phase, 1629–1634

Pressure measurement and control, 1054

distillation column pressure, 1055

elements and characteristics, 1051

heater draft, 1055

installations, 1051–1054

pressure regulator, 1054

tank blanket gas control, 1054–1055

Pressure regulator, 1014–1015,

1054, 1784

Pressure relief valve (PRV),

1319, 1785

Pressure safety

balanced safety relief valve,

1321, 1323

conventional safety relief valves, 1321

definitions, 1317–1320

orifice area sizing, 1326–1332

pilot-operated safety relief valve, 1321

relief capacity, 1322–1326

relief cases, 1315–1317

resilient-seated safety relief valve, 1321

rupture disk, 1321

Pressure storage tanks, 1175

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA), 1785

adsorption, 628

5-bed PSA unit, 626–627

blowdown, 628

design and metallurgy, 629–630

first equalization valve, 628

hydrogen recovery, 624

monitoring parameters, 631

operating phases, 630

purges, 628

repressurization, 628

troubleshooting, 631–633

Pressure vessels, 1419–1420

Pre-startup safety review (PSSR),

1314–1315, 1785

Pretreatment, 1785

Primary storage, 1785

Prime mover, 1505, 1550, 1785

Process chemistry

paraffin isomerization, 485–486

Process configurations, 1785–1786

Process control, 1009–1092, 1785

Process controllers, 1084–1085

Process economics

analysis, 699–728

isomerization, 494–495

Process flow coefficient, 1087–1088

Process guarantees, 828–833, 1785

Process hazards analysis (PHA), 1312

Processing gain, 1786

Process safety management (PSM),

1311–1315

compliance audits, 1314

emergency planning and response, 1315

employee participation, 1314

foundational needs, 1315

hot work, 1313

incident investigation, 1314

management of change, 1313

mechanical integrity, 1313

operating procedures, 1312–1313

pre-startup safety review, 1314–1315

process safety information,

1311–1312

trade secrets, 1314

training, 1313

Product blending, 1786

facilities, 1178–1181

Product gravity, 23

Production, 1787

capacity, 1787

cost, 746

Product molecular weight, 28–33

Product properties, 1787

Product property prediction, 23–33, 1787

Product quality, 330, 650

Proesa process, 978

Programmable logic controller (PLC), 1013,

1018, 1787

Progressing cavity, 1787

Project duty specification, 796–803, 1787

Project management, 804–809

Project procedure manual, 811–813

Index 1905

Propane, 1787

deasphalting process, 852

product yield and properties, 852

salient operating conditions, 852

LPG, 59

Propant, 1787

Properties, lube oil, 847–848

color, 848

flash point, 848

oxidation stability, 848

pour point, 848

thermal stability, 848

viscosity index, 848

volatility, 848

Proportional band, 1086, 1788

Proportional control, 1086, 1788

Proportioning pump, 1489, 1788

Propylene, 1788

tetramer, 461

Protein foam concentrates, 1428

Pseudo components, 13, 130, 1788

Publically Owned Treatment Works

(POTWs), 1265

Puckorius Scale Index (PSI), 1126

Pulsation, 1494

drums, 1473–1476

Pulsation dampener (PD), 1555–1557, 1788

Pump, 1789

centrifugal, 1486

characteristic curve for, 1487–1489

cooling water requirement, 1513

diaphragm, 1487

drivers and utilities, 1505–1508

metering, 1487

performance evaluation, 1494–1496

reacceleration requirement, 1509

reciprocating, 1493–1494

rotary, 1493

selection of, 1490–1494

turbine, 1486

Pumparound, 1788–1789

Pumping temperature, 1498–1501

Purchase orders, 817

Purifier, 1789

Pyrolysis, 1789

QQuality specifications, 650

asphalts, 661

aviation turbine gasoline, 653

fuel oil products, 659

gas oils, 654

gasolines, 651

jet fuels, 653

kerosene, 653

LPG, 651

lube oils, 660, 846

petroleum coke, 661

sulfur, 661

Quench zone, 368, 1332, 1641–1642, 1789

Quickie method, fractionation design,

1446–1449

RRadiant tube, 1790

Raffinate, 1790

Ramsbottom coke, 1790

Rangeability, 1790

Rapid curing cutbacks, 860

Rapid thermal processing, 980–981

Raschig ring, 1462–1463, 1637, 1790

Raw hydrogen purification

pressure swing adsorption, 583–584

wet chemical/solvent approach,

584–587

Reacceleration, 1509, 1790

Reactivity, 1791

Reactor charge heater, 367

Reactor effluent water wash, 368–369

Reagent, 1791

Reboiler, 1791

duty, 215

Reciprocating compressor, 1514, 1791

control of, 1538–1540

dampening facilities, 1556

description, 1518

horsepower, 1534–1537

inter-cooling, 1538–1540

Reciprocating pumps, 1487, 1791

Recirculating thermosiphon reboiler,

1586–1587

Reclaiming, 513–514, 526, 1791–1792

Recommended exposure limit (REL), 1792

Recovery process, for hydrogen, 568

Recycle, 1792

gas scrubbing, 368

hydrogen system, 368

Reduced crude oil, 1793

Reducing agent, 1793

Redwood viscosity, 1793

Refinery, 1793. See also Non-energy refineries

configuration, 82–93, 704

emissions, 1219–1220

gas, 55

1906 Index

gas recovery

membranes, 623–624

PSA, 624

gas treating process

absorber tray size and design, 511

amine circulation rate calculation,

507–508

description, 500–501

diethanol amine, 503–505

diglycol amine, 505–506

heat transfer area, 511–512

methyl diethanolamine, 506

monoethanol amine, 502–503, 513–514

stripper design and performance,

512–513

theoretical trays, in amine contractor,

508–510

hydrogen

fresh hydrogen header, 636–637

header pressures, 637–638

management, 635–636

overall planning, 638–639

sour hydrogen, 637

users management, 638

input-crude or total, 1793

operating program

content of, 697–698

monitoring, 699

preparation of, 698–699

and schedule, 761

process configuration, 53–124

block flow diagram, 82, 121, 123

comparison, 90–92

cracking refinery, 84–87

example, 93, 121

full-conversion/complex refinery, 87

geographic trends, 87–90

hydroskimming refinery, 84

topping refinery, 83–84

production, 1793

types, 1793

yield, 1793–1794

Refinery-grade butane, 651, 1793

Refining, 1794

department, 688

Reflux, 1794

drum, 1473, 1794

ratio, 1794

Reformate, 1794

catalysts, 246–249

reactions, catalyst, 243–246

Reformulated gasoline, 41–42, 70–76,

651–653, 1794–1795

Refractory, 1606–1608, 1795

Refractory-shielded pads, 1047–1048

Regenerable catalysts, 482

Regeneration technology, 1795

parameters, 281

plug flow vs. backmixed regenerators,

280–281

regenerator designs, 282

Register, 1604, 1795

Regular grade gasoline blend, 115

Regulation, isomerization, 484–485

Regulatory control, 1017, 1795

Reid vapor pressure (RVP), 669, 1795

Reliability, 1795

Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), 1790

Reliability operating limit (ROL), 1797

Relief valves, 1245, 1321–1335, 1795

Relieving conditions, 1326–1331, 1795

Renewable, 950, 966, 1796

Renewable feedstocks

ammonium bicarbonate deposition, 960

catalyst poisoning, 959

cold flow properties, 959

corrosion, 959

definitions, 952–953

economics, 959

ethanol, 951

fatty acid esters, 951

greenhouse gas emission, 950

hydrogen consumption, 959

hydrotreating, 956

plugging, 959

properties, 953, 954

raw material supply, 958

transesterification, 956

Renewable Fuels Standards, 950

Renewable Identification Number, 950

Re-refined base stocks, 846, 960–961

Re-refining, 960–961, 1796

Research octane number (RON), 681, 1796

Reset, 1087, 1796

Resid, 1796

catalytic cracking

additive coke, 283

carbon vs. hydrogen in coke burns,

287, 289

catalyst coolers, 289

Exxon Flexicracking IIIR unit, 288

Kellogg resid cracker, 287

methods for coke making, 285

percentage of Conradson carbon, 284

shell resid crackers, 286

sources of coke production, 283

Index 1907

Resid (cont.)Technip-S&W/Axens R2R, 285

UOP resid designs, 286

cracking, 264–265

Residual fuel oil, 1796

Residual oil hydrodesulfurization

process conditions, 413

process configuration, 413

Residue, 1796

conversion, 1796

Residuum hydrocracking, 553–556

catalysts and reactions, 412–413

heavy metals effect on catalyst, 556

yields, and product properties, 555–556

Resilient seat, 1321, 1796

Resin-catalyzed condensation, 468–469

Resistance temperature detector (RTD), 1041,

1043–1044, 1798

Retort, 908–911, 1796

Return bend, 1597, 1797

Return on investment (ROI), 711, 756

Reverse osmosis, 1133–1135, 1797

Road and rail loading facilities, 1184, 1797

Roofing asphalt, 861

Rotary compressor, 1515, 1797

Rotary pump, 1486, 1797

Rotating equipment, 1797

Runaway reaction, 1335–1338, 1798

Running plans, 688–692

Rupture disk, 1319, 1321, 1798

Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), 1125, 1798

SSAE viscosity, for single-grade motor oil

grades, 69

Safe operating limit (SOL), 1803

Safe park, 1798

Safety integrated system (SIS), 1013, 1798

Safety shower, 1798

Safety systems, 1307–1349, 1798–1799

Sanitary sewage treatment, 1205

Sanitary sewer, 1161, 1799

Saybolt Furol viscosity, 1799

Saybolt Universal viscosity, 1799

Scavenger, 1799

Screw pumps, 1486

Seal, 1800

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 1799–1800

system, 1236–1237

units, 597

Selective non-catalytic reduction

(SNCR), 1800

Semi-definitive cost estimate, 726

Sensing element, 1800

Separator, 1470, 1800

Service factor, 121, 688, 1551, 1800

Setpoint, 1013, 1800

Set pressure, 1320, 1800

Setting, 1597, 1800

Sewer systems, 1157–1161, 1800

Shale crude and gas, 918, 921–929, 1800

aluminum, potassium, and zirconium

compounds, 927

calcium and magnesium, 927

corrosion, 928

crude and product compatibility, 928

definitions, 918

glutaraldehyde, 929

hydroprocessing units, 929

impacts, 923, 927

methods of production, 921–923

naphtha reformers, 929

phosphorous, 924–925

production

chemicals, 926

locations, 918

rates, 918

properties, 923

silicon, 925–926

Shale oil, 907–917, 1800–1801

Shell, 1801

resid crackers, 286

storage capacity, 1801

tube heat exchanger, 1559, 1801

Short-term exposure limit (STEL), 1801

Shot coke, 1801

Side stream, 1801

draw-off temperatures, 188

filtration, 600

stripping, 1801

Sieve tray, 1444, 1802

SimDist, 1802

Sinking funds, 768–769

Sizing drivers, 1550

Skeletal isomerization of paraffins, 481

Skirt, 1802

Slack wax, 1802

Slagging, 1802

Slops, 1802

recovered oil, 1161–1162

Slow curing cutbacks, 861

Sludge, 1802

sumps, 1268

Slug flow, 1629–1632, 1802

Slurry oil, 1802

1908 Index

Smoke point, 673

Soaking volume concept, 538–540

Soaking volume factor (SVF), 540–543, 1803

critical decomposition zone, 544

degree of conversion, 541

product yields, 542–543

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 1370–1374

Solid catalyst alkylation, 453–454

Solid waste, 1273–1274, 1803

Solomon Associates, 1803

Soluble, 1803

Solvent, 1803

dewaxing, 81

Soot blowing, 1804

Sorbent, 1366–1370, 1804

Sour crude, 1804

Sour water stripper (SWS), 1230, 1804, 1810

gas, 1230

SOx sources management, 1225

SPA catalyst, 460, 478

SPA-catalyzed condensation, 470–471

Spalling, 1804

Sparing, 121, 802–803, 943, 1804

Special naphthas, 1804

Specialty oligomerization processes, 476–477

Specification, 1805

Specific gravity, 663, 1804–1805

Specific heat, 1805

Spent caustic oxidation, 1261

Splitter, naphtha, 1805

Sponge coke, 67–68, 661

Spontaneous ignition temperature

(SIT), 1802

Spot price, 1805

Spread, 1805

Stabilize, 1806

Stacks, 1608–1609, 1806

Staged combustion, 1235, 1806

State regulatory decisions, 1219

Static mixer, 1806

Steam and condensate systems, 1098,

1100–1101, 1104–105, 1806–1087

boiler controls, 1102

boiler feed water, 1098

condensate chemical treatment,

1102–1103

contamination prevention, 1102

monitoring, 1104–1105

pressure letdown and desuperheating, 1100

refinery steam system, 1095–1097

steam generation, 1098

steam supply reliability, 1103–1104

steam traps and condensate, 1100–1101

utility steam stations, 1101

waste heat boilers, 1099–1100

Steam-assisted gravity drain (SAGD),

933, 1799

Steam chest, 1807

Steam drum, 1016, 1098–1099, 1472, 1807

Steam-methane reforming (SMR),

570–618, 1807

advantages, 571

block flow diagram, 571–572

burners, 595–596

convection section, 596

description, 570

disadvantages, 571

furnace draft control, 597

LTS converter activity, 610

methanator activity, 611

monitoring parameters, 605

pressure swing adsorption, 600

PSA recovery, 609

radiant tubes, 595

wet chemical/solvent systems, 600

Steam out, 1807

Steam turbine, 1510–1511, 1553,

1555, 1807

efficiencies, 1511, 1553

operation of, 1509

rated horsepower, 1553

Stiff-Davis Index (SDI), 1125, 1807

Still gas, 1807

Stoke’s law, 1471, 1807

Stop-check valve, 1807

Storage bullet, 1702

Storage facilities, 1808

atmospheric storage tanks,

1169–1175

heated storage tanks, 1175–1176

pressure storage tanks, 1175

tank management and design

considerations, 1176–1178

Storm sewer, 1159–1160

Storm surge pond, 1269

Stove oil, 1808

Straight run, 1808

heavy gas oil, 65–66

kerosene, 57

kerosene products, 64–65

light gas oil, 65

naphtha, 233

product streams, 59

Straight thermowells, 1046

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), 1808

Stratification, 1808

Index 1909

Stratified flow, 1630–1632, 1808

Stream day, 1808

Stress relieve, 1808

Stripping steam ratio, 1808

Stripping technology, 277–280

disk and donut

design, 277

stripper, 278

packing designs, 279

stripper packing designs, 279

Stuffing box, 1502–1504, 1808

Sub-octane, 1808

Suction throttling, 1526

Suction valve lifters, 1539

Sulfated metal oxide catalysts, 490

Sulfidation, 1808

Sulfiding, 1808

chemical, 1397–1403, 1808

Sulfinol, 1808–1809

systems, 507

Sulfolane, 507, 1809

Sulfur, 661–662, 1809

content, 12, 23–25, 1809

dioxide, 72, 1220–1226

removal, 1809

Sulfuric acid, 1156–1157, 1403–1405, 1810

Sulfuric acid alkylation, 447–456

cascade alkylation process, 447–448

effluent refrigerated alkylation process,

448–449

effluent treating, 449–450

feed pretreatment, 449

fractionation, 450

H2SO4 consumption and contaminants,

450–451

H2SO4 regeneration, 451

process variables, 450

Sump, 1810

Sump pump, 1268

Superheater, 1098, 1099, 1810

Superimposed back pressure, 1320, 1810

Supervisory control, 1013, 1017, 1810

Surfactant, 1810

Surge drums, 1473

Surge volume, 1013, 1810

Suspended solids, 1562

Sweet crude, 1810

Swing capacity, 693, 1810

Swoopdown, 1810

SynBit, 931, 935–937, 1810

Syncrudes, 946

Synthetic crude, 946, 1810

S Zorb, 1810

TTag-Robinson colorimeter, 1811

Tail gas system, 1233

Tail gas treating, 1231–1233, 1811

Tallow, 952, 954, 1811

Tank(s), 1421–1422

Tank farm, 1421–1422, 1811

stocks, 961–963

Tapered thermowells, 1046

Tar, 1811

sands, 932, 1811

Tariff, 1811

Taxable income, 732

Technip-S&W/Axens R2R, 285

Temperature alarm (TA), 1811

Temperature measurement and control,

1039, 1048

reactor and vessel wall temperatures, 1048

thermocouples, 1039–1043

Temperature mixing distances, 1048–1049

Temperature safety, 1332–1338

acid/base reactions, 1337–1338

alkylation unit acid runaway, 1338

hydroprocessing unit, 1336–1337

methanation, 1338

polymerization reactions, 1337

thermal relief, 1333–1335

Temperature vs. KT/ K800F ratio, 539

Terminal investment item, 733

Tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), 42–43,

74, 953, 968, 1811–1812

Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), 1812

Tertiary storage, 1812

Test run, 830–832, 1812

Tetraethyl lead (TEL), 1812

Thermal conductivity, 1077

Thermal cracker, 706–708, 714, 833–834

heater/reactor sizing, 538–540, 557–564

product streams, 99

Thermal cracking, 533–534, 536,

538–553, 1813

applications, 533–534, 536

coking process, 534–335

one-stage thermal cracker, 533

two-stage thermal cracker, 534

yield comparisons, 537

soaking volume factor, 540–545

critical decomposition zone, 544

degree of conversion, 540

product yields, 540

test run data comparison, 545

temperature vs. KT/ K800F ratio, 539

units, 38–39

1910 Index

Thermal meters, 1028

Thermal rating

air coolers, 1573–1579

fired heaters, 1599–1601

Thermal reforming, 1813

Thermal relief, 1813

Thermal relief valves (TRVs), 1333–1335

Thermal safety valves (TSVs), 1333

Thermal stability, 848

Thermal value, 1813

Thermocouple, 1043, 1813

Thermodynamic equilibria, 486

butane equilibrium, 486

C6 fraction equilibrium, 487

pentane equilibrium, 486

Thermofor, 1813

Thermosiphon, 1813

Thermowell, 1046, 1813

Thiophenes, 7

Three element boiler control, 1016

Threshold limit value (TLV), 1813

Throttle valve, 1526, 1539, 1813

Throttling, 1813

Tight oil, 917, 1814. See also Shale crude

and gas

Toluene, 1814

Topped crude oil, 1814

Topping, 1814

refinery, 83–84

Total acid number (TAN), 1811

Total base number (TBN), 1812

Total existent sediment, 1814

Total vapor condensation processes, 1726

Tower, 1814

flash zone, 134

fractionation, 125–199, 1442–1470, 1814

over head ejector system, 183–186

top pumparound configuration, 138

Toxicity, 1814

Toxic pollutants, 1216–1218, 1220–1223,

1251, 1255–1256, 1275

Trade secret, 1815

Traditional shale oil, 907–917

aromatic content, 911

arsenic, 915

cold properties, 916

contaminants, 913

direct heating, 909

ex-situ retorting, 910–911

fines, 913–915

Fischer Assay, 909

history and production rates, 908

in-situ production, 909–910

iron, 915

nickel, 916

nitrogen, 916

oxygen, 916

pre-refining, 913

production locations, 907

properties, 911

vs. shale crudes, 907toxicity, 917

unsaturated compounds, 913

vanadium, 916

Traditional solvent-based lube production

furfural extraction process, 852–853

MEK dewaxing process, 854–855

propane deasphalting process, 850–852

Tramp air, 1239–1240, 1815

Tramp compound, 1815

Tramp nitrogen compounds, 1234–1235

Transesterification, 1815

Transition metal sulfide (TMS) catalysts,

416–417

Transit time or time of flight meters, 1027

Transmix, 961, 1815

Transportation, 1815

department, 687

Trap, 1097, 1100–1101, 1815

Tray spacing, 221, 1442–1444

Trickle filter, 1256, 1815

Triethanol amine (TEA), 500,

1354–1356, 1815

Triglycerides, 968, 986–1001

deoxygenation, 994–997

hydroprocessing conversion, 986–987

isomerization and cracking reactions,

997–999

oil production, 989–994

structure of, 988

Trip, 1815

True boiling point (TBP), 1815

curve, 10

Tube hanger, 1815

Tube sheet, 1420, 1562–1563, 1585, 1816

Tube skin, 1047, 1419, 1816

Tube trailer, 1816

hydrogen supply, 626

Tube wall, 1816

Tubular reactor, 461–462

Turbine(s), 1038

meters, 1027

pumps, 1486

Turnaround, 1816

Turndown, 1816

Turnout gear, 1816

Index 1911

Two-bed hydrotreating reactor, 425–426

Two-phase, 1629, 1816

Two-phase flow, 1088, 1629

Two stage catalyst regeneration, 546–547

Two-stage thermal cracker, 534

UUbbehohde viscosimeter, 1816

Ullage, 1816

Ultra-large crude or cargo carrier

(ULCC), 1816

Ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD), 76, 654, 1816

Ultralow-sulfur kerosene (ULSK), 1816

Ultrasonic meters, 1027

Ultraviolet spectrometer, 1077

Unbranded, 1816

Uncalcined coke, 68

Unconventional crude, 906, 1817

Underwood equation, 213, 1817

Unfinished oils, 1817

Unit design capacities, 121

Universal Oil Products (UOP), 459

UOP/HYDRO MTO™ process, 897, 899–901

UOP resid designs, 286

Upstream, 1817

Urea dewaxing, 1817

U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act

(EISA), 950

Utility, 1094–1166, 1817

flow sheet, 800

station, 1818

VVacuum crude distillation unit, 179–193

description, 181–182

draw-off temperature, 188

flash zone, 63–64, 187

internal flow and pumparound duties,

189–191

tower loading, 191–193

tower over head ejector system, 183–186

Vacuum crude unit (VDU), 34, 94, 179–193

Vacuum distillation

of atmospheric residue, 58, 179–193

processes, 1727

Vacuum distillation unit (VDU), 1818

Vacuum gas oil (VGO), 410

Vacuum pump, 1819

Vacuum residue, 58–59

Value chain, 1819

Valve flow coefficient, 1089

Valve tray, 1444, 1819

Vanadium inhibitor, 1819

Vane pumps, 1487

Vapor depressuring, 1819

Vapor disengaging drum, 1470, 1819

Vaporizer systems, 1237

Vapor/liquid separation, 369

Vapor piping, 141

Variable

area meter, 1027

cost, 751, 1819

head-capacity pump, 1489, 1819

speed, 1819

Vena contracta, 1020, 1819

Vent stack, 1819

Venturi and butterfly control valves, 1035

Venturi flow meter, 1025, 1819

Vent valves, 1245

Vertical cooling water circulating

pumps, 1122

Very large crude carrier (VLCC), 1819

Vessels and towers, 1448–1449

bubble cap trays, 1442–1444

liquid separation drums, 1471–1473

packed towers and packed tower sizing,

1461–1465

pressure vessel, 1476–1485

pulsation drums, 1473–1476

quickie method, 1446–1449

rigorous method, 1449–1461

sieve trays, 1444

surge drums, 1473

trayed tower sizing, 1442, 1444–1445

valve trays, 1446–1448

vapor disengaging drums, 1470–1471

Vetrocoke, 1820

Virgin base lube oils, 846

Visbreaker process, 534

Viscosimeter, 1820

Viscosity, 1820–1821

prediction, 25–26

vs. temperature, crankcase oil, 847

Viscosity index (VI), 848, 1821

Volatile, 1821

Volatile organic carbon (VOC), 1245

Volatile organic compound, 1245, 1821

Volatility, 848, 1821

Vortex separators (VSS), 275

WWaste disposal facilities, 1822

Waste heat boiler (WHB), 1823

1912 Index

Waste hydrocarbon disposal facilities,

1189–1202

blowdown drums, 1191, 1193

design, 1289–1301

disposal regulations, 1272–1274

elevated flare, 1195–1200

integrated waste disposal system, 1189

multi-jet flare, 1200–1202

non-condensable blow-down drum, 1191

water separation drum, 1194

Waste minimization, 1822

techniques, 1276–1277

Water and oxygenates, 451

Water-gas shift (WGS), 580–582, 592,

597–598, 995, 1822

Water quality guidelines, 1136

Water rate, 1822

Water systems, 1116–1118, 1822

calcium carbonate equivalents, 1117–1118

Watson K, 1817

Wave flow, 1630–1632, 1822

Wax, 1822

Waxy lube stock (WLS), 845, 856, 1822

Weathering test, 671–672

Wedge/V meters, 1025

Weighted average bed inlet temperature

(WABIT), 1821

Weighted average bed temperature

(WABT), 1821

Weir, 1822–1823

Welded and threaded stud, 1048

Welded pads, 1047

West Texas Intermediate (WTI), 92, 1877

Wet chemical/solvent approach, 584–587

Wet gas scrubber (WGS), 1823

Wet milling ethanol process, 972

What-if analysis, 1823

Working capital, 750, 1823

Working storage capacity, 1168, 1823

XX-factor, 494–495

X-ray fluorescence/absorption, 1077

X-ray fluorescence analyzer, 1824

“x”-to-liquids (xTL) feedstocks, 946–950

definitions, 947

methanol synthesis, 946

production rates, 947

properties, 949

refining considerations, 949–950

synthesis process, 947

Xylenes, 1824

YY-grade, 1824

ZZeolite(s), 37

catalysts, 1825–1826

Zeolitic type catalysts, 489–490

Z factor

gas compressibility factor, 1824

pseudo heat transfer coefficient, 1825

Index 1913