Index

S-Adenosylmethionine. 337 a-Amanitin. effects on Xenopus embryo. 221 a-Amylase. 380-384 a-Amylase genes. expression of. 381-384 abdominal A. 157. 171. 177 abdominal B, 157. 171, 177 Abscisic acid

effects on a-amylase. 381-384 effects on seed germination. 394-397

Abscisic acid deficiency, in Arabidopsis tha1iana, 359

Accessory cells, in oogenesis: see Follicle cells

Acetylcholinesterase expression after cytoplasmic transfer,

15-16 requirement for transcription, 47-48

Actin, see also Microfilaments in eggs, 210 functions of, 189-190 isoforms in sea urchin, 190-191 as a marker of mesoderm induction, 92, 95,

113,114,117-119 synthesis in sea urchin embryos, 190-191

Actin genes in sea urchin embryos, 189-208

gene conversion, 198 introns, 197 linkage, 197 sequences, 197 types of, 195-198 untranslated mRNA sequences, 195-197

in Xenopus, 117-119 Actin mRNA: see Messenger RNA, actin Actinomycin D

effects on cell determinant function, 48 effects on expression of synthesis of cell­

specific proteins, 47 Additional sex combs mutation, 154

Adenovirus E2a gene methylation and ex­pression, 339

agamous mutation, 358 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 391. 417-418

in plant transformation, 364 albin a mutation, 358 Alcohol dehydrogenase. 362

deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. 359 Alcohol dehydrogenase gene, 362 Alkaline phosphatase

in ascidian endoderm cells, 10 maternal control. 47-48

Allopurinol, 268-269 Alternative RNA processing, 317-329 Ammonia, in Xenopus eggs, 216 Ammonium saits, effects on transcription,

215-216 Amphibian egg, see also Discog10ssus egg;

Rana egg; Xenopus 1aevis egg, mRNA localization in

cytoplasmic localization in, 7-8, 12-13 Amphibian embryo, 79-125, 127-149, 209-

223 Amphibian oocyte, 210-211 Amphibians: see entries under Bombinator;

Cynops pyrrhogaster embryo; Newt em­bryo; Rana; Triturus embryo; Xenopus

Andromerogons, 46-47 Angiosperm embryo, description of develop-

ment, 384-388 Angiosperm seed development, 367-398 angustifolia mutation, 358 Animal-vegetal axis, 31, 80-81, 91-94

mRNA distribution along, 32-33 protein distribution along, 31

Annelid embryos: see Sabellaria Antennapedia complex, 157, 169-176 Anterior-posterior axis: see Axis

determination

427

428

Anthocyanin, synthesis of, 373, 380 Antibody

to actin, 161 as cell-specific markers, 92 to CGRP, 320, 323 to germinal vesicle proteins, 32 to leghemoglobin, 413 to nodulin, 415-417 to P granules, 69-71 to tubulin, 161-162 to vegetal granules, 27-28 to vitellogenin, 247-248 to xanthine dehydrogenase, 269-271, 297-

300, 302-304 Antisense mRNA, 174 Anucleolate mutant, 232, 235-236 Apetala mutations, 358 Aphidicolin, activation of transcription with,

217-218 Apical tuft

in Cerebratulus, 28, 30-31,45 in Dentalium, 48 in Sabellaria, 48

Arabidopsis thaliana: see index entries for individual Arabidopsis mutations

ABA-deficient mutants in, 396 ABA-insensitive mutants in, 396 mutations affecting seeds, 374, 386,

388 cloning genes of, 361-364 distribution of, 356 features of,

for classical genetics, 353, 357-360 for molecular genetics, 353, 360-364

fertilization of, 355, 356, 358, 359 flowers of, 354-355, 358 genetic map of, 360, 364 genome of, 360-361, 364 growth of, 356-357 life cycles of, 355-356 mutations of, 358-360 seeds of, 355-359, 362 size of, 354-355 taxonomy of, 356 Ti-plasmid transformation of, 364

Arbacia punctulata, 194 Archenteron, 83-84 Archis hypogea, nodulation by Rhizobium,

411 Armadillo mutation, 157 Ascaris embryo

centrifugation of, 14-15 chromatin diminution, 14 cleavage in, 6-7 germ cell determination in, 14

Index

Ascidian embryos, see also entries under Halocynthia; Styela

cleavage arrested, 47-48 cytoplasmic determinants in, 46-47, 79

Assimilatory induction, 130 Asters, role in segregating cytoplasmic deter­

minants, 44-45 Asymmetry, embryonic, 79 Auxin resistance, in Arabidopsis thaliana,

359 Avian embryo, inductive interactions in, 79,

119, 120 Axis determination

in amphibians, 13-15, 29-31, 36, 46, 91-95, 100-105, 107, 120

in ascidians, 27 in Drosophila, 17, 23-25,46 in mouse, 79

Axolotl maternal proteins, 31 ova deficient mutant, 19, 210

Axolotl embryo exogastrulation of, 141-144 in studies on specification and induction,

90, 92, 100, 104 5-Aza-deoxycytidine, 342 5-Azacytidine

and differentiation, 340-342, 345 DNA methylation inhibition by, 340-341 gene activation by, 341 and malignant phenotypes, 345 selectivity of, 341 structure of. 336 and X chromosome inactivation, 341

Barley aleurone, 375-376, 380-384 Bautzmann, Hermann, 141 bicaudal mutation, 153, 174 Bird embryo, inductive interactions in, 79,

119, 120 bithorax complex, 169-177 bithoraxoid mutation, 174-176 Bithynia embryo

centrifugation of, 19 formation, 5-6 polar lobe of, 25-26

removal, 19 vegetal body in, 5, 20

Blastocoel, 81-84 Blastopore, 83-84 Blood cells: see Red blood cells Blood islands, 85 Bolton-Hunter reagent, 88-89 Bombinator embryo, tissue transfer experi­

ments in, 144-145

Index

Boveri, Theodor, 127 Bradyrhizobium, 405, 407 Brain, rat, 324 Brassica napus, 392, 397

12S seed storage protein gene, 362-363

Caenorhaditis elegans advantages of, 57 embryonic lethal mutations, 73-75

Caenorhabditis elegans egg cytoplasmic determinants of, 38 cytoskeleton of, 41-43 microbeam irradiation of, 38 vegetal granules in, 27-28

Caenorhabditis elegans embryo cell lineages, 6-7, 64-66 cleavage-arrest experiments, 10, 48 description of development, 58-67 P granules in, 6, 69-71, 75

Calcitonin gene-related peptide, 322-324 gene for, 319-322, 324-326 messenger RNA for, 319-323

Calcitonin, 322 gene for, 320-322, 324-326 messenger R0:A for, 319-323

Cancer and DNA methylation, 344 and gene expression, 344

Carotenoids, 395-396 Caucus carota, 387 caudal mutation, 36 eDNA

bovine brain mRNA, 328-329 calcitonin RNA, 319-320 CGRP RNA, 319-320 estrogen receptor RNA, 255-256 late embryogeny RNA, 395 ribosomal protein RNA, 228-229 rosy RNA, 279-281 of somatic embryo (plant) RNA, 388 soybean mRNA, 415 vitellogenin mRNA, 247 zein mRNA, 376-378

Cell culture, to study vitellogenesis, 248-260 Cell cycle, 212-223 Cell dissociation, in analysis of induction,

113,114 Cell lineage, see also Bolton-Hunter reagent;

Fluorescein-dextran-amine; Horseradish peroxidase; Neutral red; Nile blue chlo­ride; Nile blue sulphate; Rhodamine­dextran-amine

labels, 87-90, 97, 108, 112 in sea urchin embryos, 189, 202-206

Cell movement, at MBT, 212

Cell-cell interactions, see also Induction in gene activation, 220-221

Centrifugation

429

to displace cytoplasmic determinants, 14, 15,19,29-30,37-38,40-41

to inhibit cleavage in Xenopus, 221 Cerebratulus

apical tuft determination, 28, 30-31, 45 gut determination, 28, 45

CG dinucleotides clustering of, 336 methylation of, 335-336 underrepresentation of, in eukaryotes, 335-

336 Chaetopterus egg

cortex of, 43-44 cytoskeletal domains in, 43-44 mRNA localization in, 43-44

Chicken vitellogenin, 243-244 chlorina mutation, 358 Chloroplast mutator mutation, 358 Choline kinase, 415 Chorda-mesoderm district, 129 Chromatin

conformation and DNA methylation, 340 diminution, 7

effect of UV irradiation on, 21 patterns of 5-methylcytosine in, 336

Chromosome elimination, 6, 12 effect of UV irradiation on, 21 in Wachtliella, 12

Chromosome walks, 169, 171-177, 276 Chromosome(s), lampbrush, 210 cis-acting regulatory sequences, 166, 174-177,

216, 254-255, 257, 292-294, 300-310, 329-331

Citrus, 387-388 Cleavage, of amphibian embryo, 209-223 Cleavage arrest experiments

ascidian embryos, 47-48 C. elegans, 48

Clocks, developmental, 117-119 Colcemid, 69 Colchicine, in cleavage arrest experiments, 68 Collagen gene methylation and expression,

339 Collagen mRNA, in Caenorhabditis, 67 compacta mutation, 358 Competence, 100, 112 !3-Conglycinin, 396 Contrabithorax mutation, 175-176 Corn, ABA-deficient mutants in, 396 Cortex, 38

cortical complex, 43-44 in Ilyanassa eggs, 40-41

430

Cortex (cont.) in Xenopus eggs, 39-40

Cotton embryo, gene expression in, 389, 391-393, 395

Cotyledons, 385, 387, 389-390, 392, 393 Crepidula embryo, polar lobe of, 39 crm, 269-271, 297-300, 302-304 cubitus interruptus mutation, 157 Culture shock, 249-250 Curling, of root hair celis, 405-408 Cy I, actin gene, 194-205 Cy lIa, actin gene, 196-203 Cy lIb, actin gene, 196-203 Cy IlIa, actin gene, 194-203 Cy I1Ib, actin gene, 194-203 Cycloheximide

activation of transcription with, 217-218 effects on viteliogenin gene transcription,

255 Cynops pyrrhogaster embryo, partial embryos

of, 220 Cytochalasin

effects on cytoskeletal domain, 41-43 inhibition of cleavage, 10-11, 67-68, 221-

222 inhibition of polar lobe formation, 13-14

Cytokeratin, as an ectodermal marker, 92, 113

Cytokinins, 373 Cytoplasmic clock, 212 Cytoplasmic determinants, 3-50, 57-76, 79,

93, 100, 114, 159 Cytoplasmic oscillator, 212 Cytoskeleton, 38; see also Microfilaments

and cytoplasmic determinants, 41, 159-162 domains, 41 and mRNA localization, 43 plasma membrane lamina, 41

DAPI stain, 70, 160-161 Datura stramonium, 373 defective endosperm mutation, 377 defective kernal mutation, 374 Deformed mutation, 158, 177 Demethylation

in differentiation, 342-343 from maintenance methyltransferase inhibi­

tion,343 Dentalium

apical tuft, 48 post trochal bristle, 48

Dentalium embryo cytoplasmic transplantation in, 16 membrane ion channels, 39 polar lobe of, 6, 12, 26-27, 38

Index

Dessication, effects on embryo maturation, 397

Determinant model, 76 Determinants: see Cytoplasmic determinants. Determination, characteristics of, 90-91 DG genes, 220-221

embryonic transcription of, 213-214 dicephalic mutation, 153 Differentiation

5-azacytidine effects on, 342 demethylation in, 343 and DNA methylation, 335, 342-343 and gene expression, 335

Discoglossus egg, cytoplasmic localization in, 8

distorted trichomes mutation, 358 DNA

amplification of, 375 replication of, 212, 337

DNA-binding proteins, 174, 178-179,259, 344; see also trans-acting regulatory elements

DNA methylation and cancer, 344-345 and chromatin, 336, 340 de novo, see also Methyltransferases, DNA

in differentiation, 343 in methylation pattern formation, 337

and differentiation, 335, 342-343 in embryos, 343 in gene inactivation, 335, 338-342 inhibition of,

by 5-azacytidine, 340-341 by carcinogens, 344 in E. coli K12, 340 mechanism of, 341

maintenance, 337; see also Meth­yltransferases, DNA

patterns, determination of, 338 heritability of, 337 tissue-specificity of, 335, 343 in tumor celis, 345

in sperm, 343 states of, 337 in transformed celis, 345 and X chromosome inactivation, 336, 341

DNA-RNA hybridization: see in situ hybridization; Northern blotting

DNase I sensitivity, of genes, 253, 340 Dorsal marginal zone, 104, 105, 107-111 dorsal mutation, 153, 163 Dosage compensation, 302, 336, 341 Double abdomens, 21-22 Driesch, Hans, 132

Index

Drosophila: see index entries for individual Drosophila mutants

embryonic transcription. 46 heat shock genes. 363 homeobox. 36 maternal effect mutants. 19. 23-25. 30 polar plasm. 5-6 pole cells. 46 ry locus in. 267-313 system for developmental study. 353, 364

Drosophila egg. RNA in polar granules, 20-21 Drosophila embryo

cytoplasmic determinants in. 16-17, 19 description of develapment. 158-161 mRNA localization in. 36. 93 pattern determination. 17.23-25.151-180 polar plasm and pole cell formation. 5-6.

16-17.19.23 Drosophila oocyte

polar granules. 25 mRNA localization in. 36

Dysgenesis. 306-309

easter mutation. 24, 153 Echinarachnius parma. 194 Ectoderm. see also Mesoderm induction; Neu­

ral induction of amphibian embryo. 84-85

Ectoplasm of ascidian egg. 4-5 cytoskeletal domain of. 41. 43 mRNA localization in. 35-36

Electrophoresis. rocket. 269-271. 297-300. 302-304

Embryo culture. plant. 391-394 Embryonic transcription

in amphibians. 46. 209-223 in Caenorhabditis. 67 in Drosophila. 46. 217 in mammals. 209 in sea urchins. 209

Endoderm. see also Mesoderm induction of amphibian embryo. 84-85. 91. 95. 113.

116 Endoplasm. of asci dian eggs. 4-5 Endosperm. development of. 372-384 Endosperm balance number. 372-373 engrailed mutation. 156. 167-168, 174. 177-

178 Enhancer. 330-331 Epiblast, of chick embryo. 119 Epiboly. 82. 83. 89. 106 Epidermis. of amphibian embryo. 85-86. 88.

91.92.95.97-99.106,108.110-111 erecta mutation. 358

Erythrocytes, 98. 100; see also Red blood cells.

Escherichia coli

431

and 5-azacytidine-induced inhibition of DNA methylation. 340

genome size. 360 Esterase, as cell marker. 67-68 Estrogen. regulation of vitellogenin synthesis

by. 242. 247-262 Estrogen receptor. 255-261 Ethyl carbamate. to inhibit aster formation. 45 Ethyl methanesulfonate. 357 even-skipped mutation. 156. 163. 165. 168 Exogastrulation. 106. 110, 141-144 extra sex combs mutation. 154. 171 exuperantia mutation. 154

Fat bodies. XDH expression in. 285-287. 291-297. 306-308

Fate maps of Drosophila embryo, 159-161 of Xenopus embryo. 87-90. 95. 98. 103. 106

FDA: see Fluorescein-dextran-amine Fertilization. in angiosperms. 368-370 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF). 116 Fibronectin, synthesis of. 218 Fine-structure genetic analyses. 267-313 fix genes. 406-407 Fix- Rhizobium. 414. 419 floury-2 mutation. 377 Flower development. in Arabidopsis thaliana.

354-355 Fluorescein-dextran-amine. 89. 97. 98. 101.

102. 104. 105. 108 Fluridone. 395-396 Follicle cells. 241. 243 Founder cells

derivation and progeny. 62-64. 66-67 determination of. 67-72

Frog embryo; see Amphibian embryo. fS(lJh mutation, 154 fS(lJNasrat211 mutation. 154 fused mutation. 157 fushi tarazu mutation. 155, 163-168. 171-

174.177-179 Fusion gene. 326-327 Fusion proteins. 165. 173, 178

Gl and G2 phases of mitosis. 212. 219 f3-Galactosidase fusion proteins. 165. 173. 178 Gap genes, 167-168 gastrulation defective mutation, 153 Geinitz. B .. 140-141 Gel electrophoresis

of actin isoforms. 191-192

432

Gel electrophoresis (cont.) of sea urchin proteins, 33-35 of somatic embryo (plant) proteins, 387-388 of xanthine dehydrogenase, 269, 271-273,

291-293, 300-302 of Xenopus proteins, 211 of yellow crescent proteins, 32 of zeins, 377

Gene(s) actin, 13 alcohol dehydrogenase, 362 a-amylase, 381-384 calcitonin-CGRP, 320-322, 324-326 collagen, 339 fix, 406-407 J3-globin, 339 a-globin, 339 growth hormone, 330-331 heat shock protein, 166, 362-363 hsn, 407 lectins, 389, 392 LHCP, 362 nif, 406-407 nod, 407-409, 414, 417 nodulin, 419-420 prolactin, 330-331 proteinase inhibitors, 389 ribosomal protein, 228-230 seed storage protein, 362-363, 389-390 substance P, 327-329 vitellogenin, 241-262 zein, 376-380

Gene expression in cancer, 344 determination of, 6, 16-17, 19 in differentiation, 335, 342 post-transcriptional regulation of, 317-329

Germ cells: see Pole cells Germ plasm, 71; see also Pole cells

Drosophila polar plasm, 5-6, 16-17, 19 Germinal vesicle

mRNA of, 35 proteins of, 32

Germination, seed, 371, 375, 381-383, 388-398

Germination-associated enzymes, 392-393 giant mutation, 155 Gibberellic acid, effects on a-amylase, 381-

384 Gibberellin deficiency, in Arabidopsis

thaliana, 359 glabra mutation, 358 Globin gene methylation and expression, 339-

340 Glutamine synthetase, 417

Index

Glyoxylate cycle enzymes, 393 Golgi apparatus, 46 gooseberry mutation, 156 Gradient models, 76, 79, 112, 116 Gradients, in regulation of gene expression,

160 grandchildless mutation, 19 Gray crescent, 8, 82, 94, 100, cortical trans­

plantations of, 39-40 Growth hormone gene, transcriptional regula­

tion of, 330-331

hairy mutation, 156, 163, 165 Halocynthia embryo

acetylcholinesterase expression, 15-16 cytoplasmic transfer in, 15-16

Head induction, 144-146 Heat shock gene promoter, 166 Heat shock protein genes, 362-363 Heat shock proteins, 249 hedgehog mutation, 157 Hemimethylated DNA, 337 Hemoglobin genes: see Gene(s), globin Hensen's node, 120 Heparin, 116 Hepatocytes, 248-260 Heterochromatic position effects, 302-304 Histone

in eggs, 210 synthesis at oocyte maturation, 211

Histone Hl, synthesis of, 218 Histone mRNA: see also Messenger RNA,

histone in eggs, 211-212

Homeobox, 36, 177-179 Homeodomain, 177-179 Homeogenetic induction, 110-112 Homeotic genes

in Arabidopsis thaliana, 358, 363-364 in Drosophila, 152-158, 168-180

Hormonal regulation of gene expression, 242-244, 247-262

Horseradish peroxidase, 88, 89, 99, 104, 106-109

Housekeeping genes, and CG clusters, 336 Hpa II, 338-339 hsn genes, 407 hunchback mutation, 155 Hybrid embryos of sea urchins, actin gene

expression in, 194-195 Hygromycin resistance, 364 Hypoblast, of chick embryo, 120 Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltrans-

ferase gene activation by 5-azacytidine, 341

Index

iab 2 (abd A) mutation, 157, 171, 177 iab 7 (abd B) mutation, 157, 171, 177 Ilyanassa egg

centrifugation of, 40-41 cortex of, 40-41

Ilyanassa embryo, see also Nassarius egg centrifugation of, 37-38 polar lobe of, 37-38

removal of, 9-10, 12 Immunoblotting, nodulin proteins, 415-417 Immunoglobulin, 318-319 Immunoglobulin messenger RNA, 318-319 Immunolocalization of proteins, 117, 163-

165. 169-173, 176, 320, 326, 413 Immunoprecipitation, of nodulins, 415-416 immutans mutation, 358 Indium trichloride, RNA localization by. 20-

21 Induction, embryonic, 79-125, 127-149, 160-

161; see also Assimilatory induction; Homeogenetic induction; Mesoderm in­duction; Neural induction

Infection thread, 406, 409-411, 414 Insect vitellogenin, 243-244 Insects: see entries under Drosophila; Miastor;

Smittia; Wachtliella in situ hybridization

in Drosophila, 36, 163, 169, 176 in sea urchin egs, 37 in sea urchin embryos, 202-206 in Stye1a, 35 in Xenopus, 37

Interspersion of single copy and repetitive sequences in oogenic transcipts, 210, 231

in vitro protein synthesis, 35, 191-192, 211, 252, 382, 389-390.415

Isocitrate lyase, 393, 395 Isoschizomers, 338-339; see also Restriction

endonucleases Isozymes, of a-amylase, 380-381

Keratan sulphate, 85 knirps mutation, 155, 164, 167 Kriippe1 mutation, 155, 167, 174, 177, 179

11 gene, 228-230, 237 L14 gene, 228-230, 237 Lactotrophs, 330-331 Lamins

in eggs, 210 synthesis of, 218

Lampbrush chromosomes, 210 Laser beam microsurgery, in Caenorhabditis,

68,71-72

Lateral plate mesoderm, 85, 98, 116, 120 Lathyrus, nodulation by Rhizobium, 406 Lectin genes, 389, 392

433

Lectins: see Wheat germ agglutinin Leghemoglobin, 412-413, 419 Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis: see Rhizobium-

legume symbiosis Lemma gibba, light-harvesting chlorophyll

gene, 362 Lens, nodulation by Rhizobium, 406 1et-2 mutation, 74 LHCP genes, 362 Lineages, in sea urchin embryos, 189, 202-

206 Lipovitellin, 242-243 Liver, vitellogenin gene expression in, 241-

262 Lytechinus pictus, 194-195

Lytechinus variegatus, 194

M, actin gene, 194-196, 198-201 Maize: see index entries for individual maize

mutants alcohol dehydrogenase genes, 362 embryo-lethal mutations of, 388 endosperm of, 373-380 heat shock genes, 363

Malate synthase, 393, 395 Malpighian tubule, XDH expression in, 285-

289, 291-297, 306-308 Mammalian embryo

induction in, 119, 120 X chromosome inactivation, 336, 341

Mangold, Hilde, 129-134, 138-140 Mangold, Otto, 139-140 Maternal effect mutants, 19, 23-25,46, 73-75,

153-155, 162, 174, 370 Maternal mRNA, 32-37, 93, 209-212, 234-

235 Maturation, of oocyte, 210-211, 219, 233 Maturation promotion factor, 219 MBT, 46, 80, 209-223 Meli10tus, nodulation by Rhizobium. 406 Mendicago, nodulation by Rhizobium, 406 Mesenchyme, 100, 103, 104 Mesoderm, 13, 84, 85, 95, 97-105, 113-120 Mesoderm inducing factors, 114-117; see also

Fibroblast growth factor; Vegetalizing factor; XTC mesoderm-inducing factor

Mesoderm induction, 46, 95-104, 113-119 Mesodermal mantle, 83 Mesothelium, 98, 100, 103, 104 Messenger RNA

actin in C. e1egans, 67

434

Messenger RNA (cont.) actin (cont.)

in sea urchin embryos, 191-195, 198-206 antisense, 174 association with cytoskeleton, 43, 162 calcitonin, 319-323 calcitonin gene-related peptide, 319-323 fibronectin, 218 histone

in sea urchin egg, 37 in Styela egg, 35 in Xenopus, 318

lamin, 218 late embryogeny, 395 maternal, 93, 209-212, 234-235

localization of, 32-37 nodulin, 417-418 recruitment onto polysomes, 218 rescue of maternal effect mutations with,

24-25 ribosomal protein

cDNAs for, 228-229 conserved 3' untranslated regions of, 229 deadenylation of, 233 synthesis during embryogenesis, 232-233 synthesis during oogenesis, 229-230 translational control of, 230-231, 234-

236 turnover of, 233, 235-236

rosy, 227-283, 293-294 in sea urchin embryos, 191-195, 198-206 sn RNP, 218 variable splicing of, 175, 317-329 vitellogenin

absolute rate of synthesis, 250-253, 255-256

stability of, 250-253 zein, 376-379

Metallothionein promoter, 326-327 5-Methylcytosine

deamination of, 336 distribution of

in CG dinucleotides, 335-336 in chromatin, 336 in eukaryotic DNA, 336

frequency of, 335 structure of, 336 in transformed cells, 345

Methyltransferases, DNA 5-azacytidine inhibition of, 341 de novo, 337, 343 efficiencies of, 338 maintenance

and inheritance of methylation patterns, 337

inhibition of, in differentiation, 343

Methyltransferases, DNA (cont.) purification of, 337-338 sequence specificities, 338

Index

Miastor embryo, cytoplasmic localization in, 7 Microfilaments

in determinant localization, 69-71 in egg cytoskeleton, 43

Micromeres, mRNA of, 33-35 Mid-blastula transition, 46, 80, 209-223 miniature mutation, 358 Mitochondria, in myoplasm, 18 Mitochondrial ATPase, mRNA localization, 33 Mitotic factor, in Xenopus, 219-220 Mnemiopsus

comb plate cells, 28-29, 31 photocytes, 28-29, 31

Molluscs: see entries under Bithynia; Den­talium; Ilyanassa; Nassarius; Crepidula

Morphogenic determinants: see Cytoplasmic determinants

Mouse egg, injection of fusion genes into, 326-327

Mouse embryo, axis determination in, 79 Mouse kidney, as inductor, 147-148 MPF,219 mRNA: see Messenger RNA MSP I, 338-339 mucronate mutation, 377 Muscle, 85, 86, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98,100,101,

103-105,113-119,342 Muscle determination: see Myoplasm Mutagenesis

of Arabidopsis, 357 of C. elegans, 72

Myoplasm of ascidian egg, 4, 13-16, 18, 31-32 cytoskeletal domain of, 41-44 enrichment for actin mRNA, 35-36 proteins in, 31-32

N-CAM 110 Nassarius egg, see also entries under

Ilyanassa membrane domains in, 39 polar lobe, 39

Nematode embryo: see Ascaris embryo; Caenorhabditis elegans

Neural crest, 85 Neural induction, 100, 105-112, 120, 127-

149 Neural plate, 84, 85, 110, 112 Neural tube, 85, 86, 105, 110 Neural-cell adhesion molecule, 110 Neuroendocrine system, 317-331 Neurulation, 84, 85 Neutral red, 87

Index

Newt: see Cynops pyrrhogaster. Triturus embryo

Newt embryo. neural specification in. 106 nif genes, 406-407 Nile blue chloride. 94 Nile blue sulphate, 87 Nitrate reductase deficiency, in Arabidopsis

tha1iana. 359 Nitrogen fixation. 405-422 t\ocodazole. effects on embr~'onic transcrip-

tion, 218 nod genes, 407-409. 414. 417 Nodulation, root. 405-422 Nodulin cD?\A. 412-413 ?\odulin genes, 419-420

expression of, 419 structure of. 419-420

Nodulin mR?\A. 413 Nodulins.412-422 ?\orthern blotting, 191-195. 249-250 Notochord. 85. 86, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 110.

114-116,120 Nuclear run-off transcription, 200-201. 253.

258-260, 326 Nuclear run-on transcription. 376-377. 381-

382 Nuclear transplantation, 129 Nucleocytoplasmic volume ratio, in mid­

blastula transition. 216-220 t\ucleoplasmin, in eggs, 210 nude1 mutation, 153

ogene, 19, 32, 210 odd-paired mutation, 156 odd-skipped mutation, 156 Ononis sicu1a, 371 Oocyte maturation, 210-211. 219, 233 Oogenesis, ribosomal protein gene expression

during, 229-232 Oogenic messenger RNA: see Messenger RNA,

maternal Ooplasmic segregation. see also Stye1a entries

in ascidians, 4. 27-28 Oosome

in Drosophila, 16-17, 25 elimination by UV irradiation, 12 inheritance by germ cells, 6 polar granules in, 6 in Smittia, 22

opaque mutations, 377-380 Organizer, 104-112, 127-149, non-living,

146-148 oskar mutation, 154 ova deficient, maternal effect mutant in ax­

olotl, 19, 32, 210

435

Oviduct, Xenopus, effects of S-100 on, 258-259

P granules, in C. e1egans, 6, 69-71. 75 P-cell cleavages, 62-63 P-element mediated transformation, 165. 267,

276, 297-306 Pair-rule genes, 163, 166-168 paired mutation. 156. 163. 165 Parasponia. nodulation by Rhizobium. 407 patched mutation, 156 Pattern formation. in Drosophila. 151- HlO

pBR322, 215. 344 Pea, see also Pisum

seed coat of, 371 single-copy sequence content in genome.

361 Pea nodulin mRNA, 417-418 pelle mutation, 24, 153 Peri bacteroid membrane, 414-416 Phaseo1us, 386, 391, 397 Phenocopy, 268-269 Phosvitin, 242-243 Photoreactivation, of double abdomens. 21-22 Photorespiration pathway enzymes in Ara-

bidopsis thaliana. mutations. 359 pipe mutation, 153 pistillata mutation, 358 Pisum, see also Pea

nodulation by Rhizobium, 406, 417 Pituitary, 330-331 Plasma membrane domains, 38-39 Plasma membrane ion channels, 39 Plasma membrane lamina, 41-42 Polar granules, 5-6,16-17,19,25,71

RNA in, 20-21 Polar lobe

absence in AB cell, 5 in Bithynia eggs, 5-6 in Denta1ium eggs, 6, 38 determinants, 40-41 entry into CD cell, 5 in Ilyanassa, 37-38 inhibition by cytochalasin, 13-14 inhibition by sodium dodecyl sulfate, 13-14 membrane domains in, 39 pre localization of determinants in, 26-27 removal of, 19, 48-49 RNA in, 20 separation from embryo, 9-10, 12 transplantation of, 16 ultrastructure in Bithynia, 26 vegetal body in, 5

Polarity, embryonic, 79, 91-95 Pole cells, 6, 16-17, 19, 22-23,46

436

Poly (A)+ RNA, 230-231 synthesis during oogenesis, 210 embryonic transcription of, 213-214

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: see Gel electrophoresis.

Polyadenylation, of histone transcripts, 211 Polycomb mutation, 154, 171 Polycomblike 1(4)29 mutation, 154 polyhomeotic mutation, 155 Polymerases, in eggs, 210 Polysomal RNA: see Messenger RNA Polysome(s)

changes at fertilization, 211 in early Xenopus development, 218

Post-transcriptional regulation of gene ex­pression: see Maternal mRNA; Transla­tional regulation

Post-trochal bristle in Dentalium, 48 in Sabellaria, 48

Posterior sex combs mutation, 154 Potato lectin, 94 pregastrulation movements, 81, 82 Preprotachykinin, 328-329 Primer extension analysis, 324-325 Primitive streak, 119 proboscipedia mutation, 158 Progressive differentiation, 215 Prokaryotic genome, organization of, 273 Prolactin gene, transcriptional regulation of,

330-331 Promorphological scaffold, 37 Pronephros, 85, 98, 100 Pronucleus, histone mRNA in, 37 Proteinase inhibitor genes, 389 Proteins, maternal, spatial distribution of, 31-

32 Protoplasts, 381 Pseudocleavage, 59, 162 Purine sensitivity, of rosy lethals, 268 Pyrimidine dimers, 22

R locus, 373, 380 Rona egg, gray crescent formation in, 94 Rona fusca, centrifugation of eggs, 15 RDA: see Rhodamine-dextran-amine Red blood cells, 100, 103, 104, 114, 116, 119 Regional markers, 91, 92, 97, 108, 112 Regulator of postbithorux mutation, 155 Repetitive and single copy sequences in-

terspersed in oogeniC transcripts, 210, 231

Restriction endonucleases to detect DNA methylation, 336, 338-339

Index

Restriction endonucleases (cont.) inhibition of, by cytosine methylation, 338 isoschizomers, 338 in methylation pattern determination, 338

Restriction site maps of actin genes, 195-196 of calcitonin and CGRP genes, 320 of the rosy locus, 276-277, 293-296 of zein clones, 378-379

Rhabditin granules, in nematode gut cells, 10 Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, 405-422

effects on host, 408-420 host specificity, 406-408

Rhodamine-dextran-amine, 89, 108 Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

messenger: see Messenger RNA microinjection of, 23 polysomal: see Messenger RNA ribosomal: see Ribosomal RNA transfer: see Transfer RNA

Ribosomal protein genes Ll, 228-230, 237 L14, 228-230, 237

Ribosomal protein mRNAs cDNAs for, 228-229 conserved 3' untranslated regions of, 229 deadenylation of, 233 synthesis during embryogenesis, 232-233 synthesis during oogenesis, 229-230 translation control of,

during embryogenesis, 234-236 during oogenesis, 230-231

turnover of, 233, 235-236 Ribosomal proteins

autogenous control of translation, 232 post-translational control of, 236-237 subunit assembly of, 231-232 synthesis of early proteins, 233-234

Ribosomal RNA anucleolate mutant, 235-236 synthesis during embryogenesis, 213, 215-

217, 233-234 synthesis during oogenesis, 210, 230-232

5S Ribosomal RNA synthesis during embryogenesis, 213, 233 synthesis during oogenesis, 210, 230-231 synthesis in anucleolate mutants, 236

Ribosomes, see also Polysomes maternal pool, 232

Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, 392 RNA, see also Messenger RNA; Ribosomal

RNA; Transfer RNA interspersed repetitive elements in, 210, 231

RNA-DNA hybridization: see in situ hybridization; Northern blotting

Index

Rocket electrophoresis, 269-271, 297-300, 302-304

Root nodule, development of. 405-422 rosy locus, 267-313

fine structure of. 274, 295-297 nucleotide sequence of, 309-313 restriction maps of, 276-277

Roux, Wilhelm, 132 rRNA: see Ribosomal RNA Run-off transcription, 200-201, 253, 258-260,

326 runt mutation, 156, 166

S-100 extract, from Xenopus lh'er. 258-260 SI protection analysis, 13, 279-282, 324-325 Sabellaria

activator determinants, 48-49 apical tuft, 48-49 polar lobe, 48-49 post-trochal bristle, 48-49 suppressor determinants, 48-49

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genome size, 360 Sea urchin: see also Arbacia punctulata: en­

tries under Lytechinus; Strongylo­centrotus entries

Sea urchin embryo localized proteins in, 32 mRNA localization in, 33-:35, 37

Secondary mesenchyme of sea urchin embryos

adhesive properties of, 217, 219 contraction of. 217-219

Seed coat. 370-372 Seed development, 367-398 Seed germination, 371, 375, 381-383, 388-

398 Seed storage protein gene, 362-363, ex-

pression of. 389-390, 392-393 seg mutations, 370 Segment polarity genes, 167-168 Segmentation genes, 152-158, 162-168, 170,

172-173 SEP, 80, 94, 95 serrate mutation, 358 Sesbania rostrata, nodulation by Rhizobium,

411 Sex comb on midleg mutation, 155 Sex combs reduced mutation, 157, 177 Sida spinosa, 371 Single copy and repetitive sequences in­

terspersed in oogenic transcripts, 210, 231

sloppy-paired mutation, 156 Smittia egg

germ cell determinants in, 22

Smittia egg (cant.) microinjection of enzymes, 23 oosome of, 22

437

Smittia embryo, double abdomen formation, 21

sn RNA genes, embryonic transcription of, 213-215

sn RNP, synthesis of, 218 snail mutation, 155 snake mutation, 24, 153 Solanum acaule, 373 Somatic embryogenesis, 387-388 Somatotrophs, 330-331 Somites, 85, 98, 110, 116, 120 South African clawed frog: see Xenopus laevis Southern blot analysis of methylation pat-

terns, 338 Soybean, 392, 396, nodulation of. 406-414,

415-420 Soybean embryo, gene expression in, 389 spiitzle mutation, 24, 153 Specification, 87, 90, 95, 103, 106 Spemann, Hans, 127-149, 221-222 Sperm entry point, 80, 94, 95 Sperm nuclei, injection into Xenopus eggs,

215 Splicing, R0JA

variable, 175 staufen mutation, 153 Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, 194 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, actin gene ex-

pression in, 189-208 Styela egg

centrifugation of. 38, 41 cytoskeletal domains of. 41, 43

Styela embryo acetylcholinesterase expression in, 13 cytoplasmic localization in, 13-14, 31-32 mRNA localization in, 35-36 reorganization of egg cytoplasm at fertiliza-

tion, 4, 13-14 Styela oocyte, mRNA localization in, 35 Substance K, 328 Substance P gene, 327-329 sulfurata mutation, 358 super sex combs mutation, 154 Surface contraction waves, in Xenopus egg

cortex, 212 Suspensor, 384-386 Symbiosis, plant-bacterial, 405-422 Symbiosis plasmids, 407-408, 414, 417

Tachykinin family, 327-329 tailless mutation, 155

438

Temperature sensitive mutations in Arabidopsis, 360 in C, elegans, 72-74

Tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate, 89, 91 TF IlIA, 179 Thiamine-requiring mutations in Arabidopsis,

360 Thymidine kinase gene activation by 5-

azacytidine, 341 Ti plasmids, 364 Timing phenomena, 117-119 Tobacco, 391 Tobacco genome

size of, 360 single-copy sequence content of, 361

Toll mutation, 17, 30, 153 torso mutation, 153 trans-acting mutations, 377-380 trans-acting regulatory elements, 174,218,

329-331, 344, 419 Transcription: see Nuclear run-off transcrip­

tion; Nuclear run-on transcription Transfer RNA, synthesis during oogenesis, 210 Transformation, see also P-element mediated

transformation of mouse L cells, 339

Transgenic mice, 326-327 Transgenic plants, 391 Translational regulation

during embryogenesis maternal mRNAs, 211-212, 234-235 ribosomal protein mRNAs, 234-236

during oogenesis interspersed repeated mRNAs, 231 masking proteins, 230-231 ribosomal protein mRNAs, 234-236

Trifolium, nodulation by Rhizobium, 406 Trigonella, nodulation by Rhizobium, 406 TRITe: see Tetramethyl rhodamine

isothiocyanate trithorax mutation, 154 Triturus embryo

constriction experiments, 127-129 neural induction in, 110, 129-141, 144-148

tRNA embryonic transcription of, 213 yeast, injection into Xenopus eggs, 215

trunk mutation, 154 Trunk-tail induction, 144-145 Tryptophan catabolites, as cell marker, 67-68

tube mutation, 24, 153 tudor mutation, 19, 153 twist mutation, 155 Tyrosinase, expression in ascidians, 10, 47

Ultrabithorax mutation, 157, 170-171 Uricase, 413, 417

Index

UV irradiation, 12, 21-23, 95, 100, 102-103

valois mutation, 153 vasa mutation, 153 Vegetal body

centrifugation of, 19 RNA in, 20

Vegetal granules, 41-43; see also P granules in Ascaris, 6, 14 in Caenorhabditis elegans, 6

displacement by centrifugation, 14 ooplasmic segregation of, 27-28 segregation to germ line, 6

V egetalizing factor, 114, 116 Ventral marginal zone, 104, 108, 110 Vieia, 392, nodulation by Rhizobium, 406 Vitellogenin, 242-262 Vitellogenin genes, expression of, 241-262 VMZ: see Ventral marginal zone vpl mutation, 397

Waehtliella egg centrifugation of, 14-15 oosome, 14-15

Waehtliella embryo chromosome elimination in, 12 oosome, 12

Water, effects on seed germination, 394-395, 397-398

Weismann, August, 127 Wheat genome

size of, 360 single-copy sequence content of, 361

Wheat germ agglutinin, 394 wingless mutation, 157

X chromosome inactivation, and DNA meth­ylation, 336, 341

Xanthine dehydrogenase, 267-313 developmental expression of, 283-289,

303-309 as a nodulin, 419 strain-specific differences in activity, 287-

293 Xenopus borealis, 245 Xenopus laevis

anucleolate mutant of, 235-236 in DNA methylation studies, 339 induction in, 79-125 partial embryos of, 221-222 ribosomal protein gene expression in, 227-

238

Index

Xenopus locvis (conI.) 1'1' IlIA, 179 vitellogenin gene expression in, 241-262

Xenopus l(wvis egg, mRNA localization in, 32-:13

Xenopus locvis embryo animal-vegetal axis, :11-33

cytoplasmic localization in, 12-13

description of devdopment, 80-90 dorsal-ventral axis of. 13, 15, 29-30 germ cell determination in, 13

gray crescent cortex of, 3~J-40 induction in, 79-125 membrane domains in, 39 mesoderm formation, 13

mid-blastula transition in, 210-223 mRNA localization in, 32-33

musc!(! actin genes, 1:1

Xenopus loevis oocyte, 210-211 mRNA localization in, 37 microinjection of genes into, 339

Xenopus tropicolis, 245

439

XTC mesoderm-inducing factor, 114-116

Yeast tRNA, injection into Xenopus eggs, 215

Yellow crescent, see also Myoplasm mRNA localization, 35-36 of Styelo embryo, 4-5, 13-14

Yolk proteins, 92, 93

Zeo mays: see Maize Zein, synthesis of. 376-380 Zein genes, expression of. 376-380 zerkniillt mutation, 155 Zinc finger motif. 179