Index (Figures are in italic, tables in bold)

Accion Popular (Belaunde's party) 39, 42, 55-6, 57--61

and labour relations 57-61 Acuerdo Nacional 231 administration, corrupt, Paraguay 69 AFL-CIO (US trade union body) 90,

217 financial aid to CTCH-Ibliiiez 215 influence in Paraguay 91-2 sees Chilean labour movement as

communist-dominated 234 agrarian reform,

Bolivia, restricting food supplies 143--4

Chile 221 Ecuador 102-3; hostility

towards 115; limited 120; Agrarian Reform law (1964) 111

Peru 48-9 agricultural population, Colombia 286 agricultural processing, Paraguay,

decline in employment 88 agriculture,

less important Bolivia 134; boom in exports 149 Chile: rationalisation of 188; boom

in exports 188 Ecuador: agrarian economy 99;

commercialisation of 112 Paraguay: low level of

development 89; peasant producers 89; expansion in East 94

Peru: decline in employment in 37; enganche system 23--4

agro-export sectors, Colombia 268 Peru: attacked Bustamente's

centrism 36-7; dominant 32 agro-export trade, Ecuador 101 agro-extractive sector, continued

dominance in Peru 33 AIFLD 107, 222 Alianza Nacional Popular,

ANAPO 280 Alvaredo, General Juan Velasco,

military coup (Peru) 43 military government, Peru:

introduced new elements of labour law 45--6; strategy for autonomy 45

overthrow of 48 anarchism 7, 14-15, 27, 190

Chile 191-2 Paraguay 68, 70, 73

anarcho-syndicalism 7, 14-15, 27, 61, 199, 200, 214, 266

Chile 190 from Chile and Argentina to

Bolivia 130 major period of influence,

Peru 27-9 Paraguay 72

Andean Pact 221 anti-communism, Paraguay 88 anti-imperialism 29 anti-industrialisation tradition, Peru 33 anti-inflation programme, Chile 216,

220 anti-protectionism, export-oriented 25 Antorcha libertaria 266 aperturistas, reform group,

Paraguay 91, 93 APRA (Aiaianza Popular

Revolucionara Americana), 29, 34, 35, 41-2, 55, 60

accommodation with party in power 39

allowed to become legal again 36 Catacombs period 30--1 clashes with PCP in FENCAP 44 consequences of political and military

defeat 31 dominating the CTP 35 reassertion of power 42

APRA-based unions, repression of 38 arbitration 213

compulsory 215 Argentina, state intervention in

collective bargaining 11 artisan community, Bolivia 130--1 artisan production 6 artisans guild, Ecuador 100

304

Index 305

Asamblea de Alimentaci6n Nacional, Chile 193, 196

Asamblea Popular, Bolivia 157 Asociaci6n Ferroviaria 72 assassinations 185, 274 austerity policies 52 authoritarianism, Bolivia 157-8

balance of payments problems, Chile 204 Ecuador 102 Peru 33

bananas, Ecuador 101-2 Banzerato, the 149, 157-60 bargaining,

fragmented 200--1 political 297 politicised 35-6 sectoral, Chile 208-9 see also collective bargaining

Barrientos government, Bolivia 154-6 Belaunde government, Peru

Acci6n Popular and labour relations 57-61

attempt to modernise Peru's economy and society 42-3

Benavides government, Peru, modernising policies 34

Bermudez government, Peru 53-6 birth rates, high, Ecuador 110-11 'black economy' 2 Bloque Reestructurador, Bolivia, 146-7 Bloque Revolucionario, Bolivia 146 Bogota Riots 274 Bolivia,'

failure of co-option and immediate consequences (1952-64) 140-8

labour movement: introduction 128-9; emergence of and initial state reaction 129-32

military labour policy and union resistance (1964-82) 151-4

military rule (1964-82) 148-68 plant unionism, emergence of, and

domination of the mines (1932-52) 132-5

shift of centres of prosperity 165 unions, politics and industrial

relations beyond 1952 136-40 on verge of economic collapse 167

boom-slump pattern, Ecuadorian economy 101-3

'Bosses Strike', Chile 226

Brazil, abolition of right to strike 15 metalurgicos rallies 7 study of car workers 10-11

Bustamente, rise and fall of (Peru) 36-7

Caja de Empleados Particulares 207-8, 216

capital accumulation 3 evolution of 12

Catholic Trade Union Movement, Paraguay 88-9

Catholic Young Worker's Organisation Juventud Obrera Catolica (JOC) 80, 88

CCP Confederaci6n Campesina del Peru, an alternative to FENCAP 44

CCT Central Cristiana de Trabajadores 88-9

and Federaci6n Cristiana Campesina (FCC) 89-90

CEDOC Confederaci6n Ecuatoriana de Obreros Catolicos 106, 107, 112, 113, 116-17

censorship, Chile 183 Central Democratica de

Trabajadores 233 Christian Democratic support 231 formerly UDT (Union Democratica

de Trabajadores) 186 centrales, Ecuadorean industry 113,

115-16 centrals (Chile) 229-30, 231, 232 centrism, Peru 39 CEOSL Confederaci6n Ecuatoriana de

Organizaciones Sindicales Libres 107, 112

CEPCH (white-collar federation, Chile) 185, 216, 217

Cerro de Pasco Corporation, Peru 25 Cerro, Sanchez, military coup,

Peru 30-1 CGT 284, 290, 296, 297 CGTP Confederaci6n General de

Trabajadores del Peru 30, 48, 54, 60

an organisational focus 49 banned 30-1 challenge from left 49-51 consolidation of power of 57 general strike action 60 newly reconstructed 45

306 Index

Chaco War 132 Che Guevara 155-6 cheap labour 232 Chile 10, 178--239

changing government policies towards labour (state control and laissez-faire) 195-211

class in action: the 1983-84 protest movement 181-7

decline of the proletariat 5 early anarchist, syndicalist and

socialist traditions 24 formation of a movement 187-5 Labour Code, an

accommodation 31-2 small-scale industry 6 struggle for unity 211-33 urban social movement 9

Chilean economy, movement away from

protectionism 210 tertiarisation of 223

Christian Democracy, in Chile 221-3, 225; Reform

Programme 208--9 in Ecuador 116

Church and labour matters, Ecuador 100

Circulo Catolico de Obreros 105 civil war, Paraguay 78--9 civilian democracy, restricted,

Colombia 272, 274, 279-85 class unionism, expansion stemmed in

Colombia 281-2 classes, formation of 14 closed shop 200 CNS Consejo Nacional Sindical

(National Trade Union Council) 296, 298

CNT Comando Nacional de Trabajadores (Chile) 184-5, 213, 230, 233

CNT Confederaci6n Nacional de Trabajadores 60, 74-5, 75

co-operatives 45 Coalici6n Nacional 39 COB (Central Obrera Boliviana) 128,

135, 141 abolished 155 called protest strike 165, 166 collapse of urban workers/miners

alliance 162-3 Comando Politico 156 and Gueiler government 162 legalisation of 163

power on the wane 167-8 refused government ministries 157 reorganisation of 158 suggestions to overcome economic

crisis 165 torn between labour's two roles 161 unification of social forces

around 161 cocaine, Bolivia,

growing illegal trade in 149, 157, 165

kept USA involvement away 163 cocoa boom and collapse,

Ecuador 101 coffee, Colombia 263

rising exports 274 collective agreements legally binding,

Ecuador 118--19 collective bargaining 15, 192, 284

Argentina 11 Chile 189-90; and CUT 217,

218--19; forbidden to state sector 233

Colombia 283 Paraguay, introduction of 92 Peru 21, 36, 38; and Acci6n

Popular 57-8, 59; traditional approach abandoned 48

unpredictability of government intervention 12

collective production, models of, Peru 49

Colombia, decentralised bargaining 11-12 restricted civilian democracy 279-85 rise of the working-class 263-7 small-scale industry 6 trade unionism during the liberal

period 267-73 trade unions in Colombian

society 286--98 the years of violence 273-9

colonisation, Ecuador 111 colonisation programme, Paraguay 89 Colorado Party, Paraguay 78--9

controlling trade union movement 86--7

comandos especiales, MNR 141 COMIBOL (Bolivian state mining

corporation) 137 co-management desired 164-5 foreign aid offered for

modernisation 147 Comite de Coordinaci6n Sindical

Clasista (CCUSC), leftist

Index 307

organisation 51 Comite de Defensa Sindical (CDS) 77 Comite de Reforma y Unificacion

Sindical (CRUS) 43 Comite Reorganisaci6n y Unificaci6n

Sindical de Ia CTP 41, 42, 43 commodity prices, collapse of,

Bolivia 160 communism 29, 199, 200, 266 Communist Party,

Bolivia 141 Chile 178, 186, 198, 213, 222; drive

to recover support 214 Colombia 269, 281; alliance with

Liberal Party 272-3 Ecuador 106 Paraguay 73, 75, 78

Communist Party, Peru 29, 30-1, 33--3, 35, 41-3, 45, 49-51

Comunidad Laboral, Peru 46--7, 53--4 CON Confederaci6n Obrera Nacional

(National Workers' Confederation) 266

concentration camps 181, 215 concertacion (social peace) 10 conciliation committees, Chile 192 conciliation services, Chile 201 Confederaci6n de Empresas Privados de

Bolivia 157 Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de

Cobre 216 Confederaci6n General de

Trabajo 212-13 Confederaci6n Nacional de

Comunidades Industriales (CONACI) 47-8

Confederaci6n Nacional de Servidores Publicos 111

Confederaci6n Republicana de Accion Civica 199

Confederaci6n Sindical de Bolivia (CSTB) 133

Conservative Party, Colombia 263--4, 274, 279

continuistas, in CPT 93--4 control obrero,

in COMIBOL, Bolivia 137, 145 defending workers' social

conditions 142-3 ended 147 new scheme 157

Convivencia Democratica 39 Coordinaci6n Nacional de Bases

Campesinas Cristianas (KOGA) 90

Coordinadora Nacional Sindical, CNS­Colombia, National Trade Union Co-ordinating Committee 296

Coordinadora Nacional Sindical, CNS, Chile 183--4, 185, 229

copper miners, Chile 183--4 militancy subsided 185 slow move to left 232 strike 227-8

copper mining, Chile 188 copper prices 204 'Cordobazo' (Argentina) 7, 11 cordones 226, 228 CORFO (Chilean State Investment

Corporation) 213 CORP Centro Obrero Regional del

Paraguay (formerly Federacion Obrera Paraguaya, FORP) 71, 72-3

corporatism 34 Chile: estanqueros attack on unions

and living standards 219; Mussolini-style 199

and a decentralised bargaining system 11

corruption, in COMIBOL 137 in MNR's style of

administration 143--4 cost of living 35

Ecuador 110 Paraguay, rising 79-80

cotton, Peru 23, 25 fluctuations in employment 33

CPT Confederaci6n Paraguaya de Trabajadores 79

conflict between reform and reaction 92-3

'Group of Nine' 92 internal power struggle 92 and minimum wage demand 81-2 poor international image of 84

criminals, use of 23 CSTC Confederaci6n Sindical de

Trabajadores de CCC 282, 289, 296

CSTC Confederaci6n Sindical de Trabajadores de CCC, effective industrial federation, closely associated with the Communist Party 290-1

CSTUB ( Confederaci6n Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia) 161-2

CTC Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de

308 Index

Chile 206 CfC Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de

Colombia 267, 289, 290, 296-7 condemned gaitanists 276 formation of 271 preferred negotiation 295 showed signs of recovery, moderate

unions retained dominant position 281-2

CfCH ( Confederaci6n de Tabajadores de Chile) 213

split in 213-16 CfCH-Araya 214-15, 216, 217 CfCH-Ibliiiez 214-15, 217 CfE Confederaci6n de Trabajadores del

Ecuador 106-7, 115 domination declined 112 weakened 107-8

CfP Confederaci6n de Trabajadores del Paraguay (formerly Confederaci6n Nacional de Trabajadores, CNT) 76

CTP Confederaci6n de Trabajadores del Peru 35, 60

banned 38 and Convivencia Democratica 39 decline of importance in labour

movement 41 reasons for eclipse of 43 sole force in national union structure,

Peru 40 CTRP 54,60

failure to incorporate labour movement 48

cultural activities, Paraguay 71-2 CUT (Central Unica de Trabajadores,

1953-73) 213 attempts to create sector-wide

unions 225 creation of 216-20 incorporation into National

Development Agency resisted 225

legalisation of 225

de-industrialisation, Chile 182 debt crisis 12 Democratic Party, Chile 190-1 Democratic Socialist Party,

Colombia 273 democratisation,

Paraguay 78 Peru 56-7; and disarticulation of

union demands 57-8

demonstration 118 denationalisation, Chile 209 depression, Argentine, effect of in

Paraguay 68 devaluation,

Bolivia 158, 165, 166 Peru 53-4

development in Latin America, failure of 8-9

development strategies, shifting 12 dictatorships 13

Chile: ruthlessness of 182 military 10, 178 Paraguay: Morinigo

dictatorship 76-9; Stroessner dictatorship, 80-1

dismissal, period of notice 105 distributive reforms, Chile 236

failure of 220-9 diversification,

Colombia 280 lacking in Ecuador 101 Peru 34-5

docks, Chile, general strike 232-3 drivers' federation, Ecuador 113-14 drought 164 dual economy 1, 21

exclusion of peasant agriculture from modern sector 22-3

rejection of 3 dual economy model, organised labour,

limits of 6-7

ECLA industrialisation .model 8 economic boom, Paraguay 91 economic change, and worker

organisation 26-7 economic crises,

Bolivia 162, 163; IMF solution 165 Chile 189, 197, 204-5 Colombia 269-70, 273 Ecuador 102, 105 Peru 41, 42, 43, 50 government intervention and

organised labour reaction 12-13 world 101

economic diversification, limited in Peru 33

economic factors, world, effects of 12 economic liberalism, Colombia 268-9,

274 economic stabilisation programme,

Bolivia 145-6 economic structure, Bolivia, changes

in 148-50

Ecuador, aftermath of independence 101-2 contemporary labour

movement 108--20 industrialisation and labour

moyement formation 104-8 labour and the state under the

colony 99-100 Sierra vs. coast 102-4

Ecuadorean Communist Party (PCE) 106

Ecuadorean Revolutionary Socialist Party 108

Ecuadorean Union of Workers 105 Eight-Hour Day struggle, Peru 28 eight-hour day,

Ecuador 105 Paraguay 70, 73, 74, 75

electoral fraud, Chile 198 electoral manipulation,

Colombia 263-4 'embourgeoisement', thesis of 9

discouraged by militant shop stewards 10

emigration, from Chile 188 emigre workers, Chilean 24 empleado bodies 53, 58 empleados, Chile,

class significance of 255 mass demonstrations 216

employer paternalism 207-8 employer-employee relationships 61 employers, Chile

authority maintained 201 hostility of 191

employment, Bolivia, decline in 145 Chile 183 Colombia, industrial 287 Ecuador 109 Paraguay: decline in number of

jobs 87-8 Peru 56; changes in employment

profile 37; urban-based, rise in 37

security of 281 Employment Programme for Latin

America and the Caribbean see PREALC

encomienda system, Ecuador 99 enganche system 23-4, 25

weakness of 26 estabilidad [aboral 59

guaranteed 45-6 exchange controls, Paraguay,

Index 309

liberalised 80 export revenues, Bolivia, declining 164 export sector production 1-2 exports, Paraguayan, demand for 7(}..1

factory committees 112 family allowance 207 famine 161 fascism 34 Febrerista revolution, Paraguay 73-6 febreristas 77, 78, 84 Federaci6n de Obreros Panaderos

Estrella del Peru 28 Federaci6n Nacional de Campesinos

Peru (FENCAP) 44 Federaci6n Nacional de Ligas Agrarias

Cristianas (FENELAC) 90 Federaci6n Nacional de Organizaciones

Campasinas (FENOC) 112, 117 Federaci6n Naval 72 Federaci6n Obrera del Litoral Atlantica

(Workers' Federation of the Atlantic Coast) 261

Federaci6n Obrera Paraguaya (FORP), anarchist controlled 70

Federaci6n Obrera Regional Peruana, anarchist workers 28

'First-Phase', Peru 47-8 repudiation of 49

FOCEP 54-5 FOCH Federaci6n Obrera de

Chile 191, 193, 198, 199 forced labour 22, 23

Ecuador 99 foreign debt, Bolivia 160, 161

increased 158 foreign enclaves, Colombia 265 foreign investment,

Colombia 280 Ecuador 108 Peru 25, 37

foreign investment boom, Paraguay 91 formation, importance of 13-16 fre'e market policies/theories,

Chile 182, 196, 209 free market strategy, Peru 56-7 Frente Democratico Nacional

(Peru) 36-7 Frente Popular (Chile) 197, 214

and industrialisation (Chile) 213 Frente Sindical Democratico, FSD,

Democratic Trade Union Front 298

Frente Unico de Trabajadores 115 Frente Unido para Ia Reforma

310 Index

Agraria 115 FSTMB Congress 156 FSTMB Federaci6n Sindical de

Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia 130, 134-5, 139-40, 158, 164

ability to survive direct repression 154

became a scapegoat 145 and COMIBOL 164-5 Congress 159 power base demolished 167

FUT Frente Unitario de Trabajadores 115, 185, 229

Gaitan, assassination of (Colombia) 277

gaitanismo 277 conflict with traditional

liberalism 276 gaitanista movement, Colombia 273-4

seen as fascist 276 GDP, Peru (1986-90) 56 general strikes 7

Bolivia 131, 133, 134, 155, 158, 165, 166

Chile 178, 179-81, 187, 189, 196, 199, 206, 214, 216, 218, 223, 232-3, 237; 1956 strike, failure of 220; protest days 184, 185; re-emergence of 230

Colombia 295, 296, 297 Ecuador 105, 115, 117-18 Paraguay 77, 81-3 Peru 54; Lima 35

gold-panning 165 Great Depression 132, 197 gremiales, trade-based unions 270 gremios, Peru 26 growth, export-led (crecimiento hacia

afuera), Paraguay 87-8 guano industry, Peru 21, 23-4 guerrilla activity,

Colombia 285 rural 42

guerrillas 290 urban and rural 9

guilds, Chile, abolished 196 guionista faction, Colorado Party,

Paraguay 78

haciendas, encroachment of 22 HEP, Paraguay export to Brazil 95 holiday (annual) paid, Paraguay 75

housing, improvement of, Bolivia 142 'Hunger Marches', Chile 193, 196 hyperinflation 12, 79, 205

immigrants, Paraguay 91 import boom, Peru 57 import substitution 33

Chile 209 rejected by Paraguay 95

imports, Ecuador, cheap 101 imprisonment without trial,

Paraguay 87 income distribution, Chile 223 incomes, real,

Ecuador: drop in 110 Paraguay 94; decline in 68 see also wages

indentured labour 23 independence, Peru 23 individualism, Peru 59 industrial bourgeoisie, Colombia 268 industrial development, Paraguay,

stagnant 87 industrial disputes, Peru 41 industrial policy (1967-80),

Colombia 278-80 industrial relations,

Chile, attempts to institutionalise 206-7

imported from USA 8 Peru 29, 30-2, 48

industrial relations (IR) system, Chile 194 Peru 21; irrevocably politicised 61

industriales, company-based unions 270

industrialisation, Colombia 280 Ecuador: and labour movement

formation 104-8 Paraguay, low level of 80-1

industry, Chile 204; developing 188-9;

tertiary, growth of 223 Colombia 263, 264 Ecuador: food, drink and

tobacco 104; food processing 108

modern, growth of in Ecuador 108 inflation 12

Bolivia 133, 164, 165 Chile 205, 219, 224 Ecuador 110 Paraguay 68, 91

Index 311

informal sector, coexistence of 6 Colombia 286

instability 16 predictability of 12-13

Instituto de Education Sindicalista Ecutoriann 107

Instituto para el desarrollo del sindicalismo libre (IDSL) 91

International Monetary Fund (IMF), Bolivia: obstacles to adoption of

programme of adjustment 164; conventional solution required 165; strikes against economic programme 161

Chile's dependence on 186 Ecuador 114 Paraguay: stabilisation plan 80;

results of 81 Peru: constraints imposed 58; effects

of restrictive policies 41; a second dose 57

International Petroleum Corporation 25

Internationale Syndicate Rouge 266 interventionism, Chile 200--8

end of 208--11 ltaipu HEP project, Paraguay 91, 94,

95 IWW 190, 191, 192, 198, 199

labour, Bolivia: acute divisions in 163--4;

preserved formal political independence 161

effect of struggle for better living standards 13

part-time and contract, Peru 58--9 relationships with State 12

labour aristocracy thesis 8--13 Chile 236--7, 238 detailed criticisms 10-11

Labour Code, Bolivia 133 Chile (1931) 186, 200--8; effect of

203--4; replaced under Allende 209--11, 230, 232

Ecuador 112-13; changes demanded 115; restrictive reforms 118--19

Paraguay 75, 85 labour federations, Bolivia 133 labour force,

Bolivia 150; structure by sector 129

Chile: distribution of by sector 252, 253, 254; politicisation of ineradicable 210-11; and politics 256; and social structure 251; women in 189, 192, 255

highly-skilled in modern industry 108

marginal 3 outside agriculture 2, 4 Peru, sectoral composition 38

labour legislation, Bolivia 131-2, 133 Chile 197, 211, 215-16 Colombia 273, 291; reduction in

union rights 284; right to strike 265-6

Ecuador, early 105-6 Paraguay 71, 77 Peru 45-6; piecemeal 34;

restructuring of 60 labour militancy,

Paraguay 74, 79--80 upsurge of 159

labour movement, Bolivia: power of 128 Chile: attracts half-truths 233-6;

behaviour of 191-5; crucial years (1880-1920) 189--91; formation of 187-95; fundamental character formed 193--4; massacres 181; multi-sectoral, bargaining power of 238; political groupings 185; struggle for unity 211-33; weak after coup 232; weaknesses and strengths revealed 185--{i

Colombia: fragmented 264 Ecuador: beginnings 105;

coalescence 106--8; contemporary 108--20

Paraguay 69; failure to promote progressive social change 95

Peru 26--9, 49--51; growth and defeat of socialist and populist alternatives 29--30; present day politics 41-3; repressed/restricted under Odria 38

see also trade unionism, unionisation, unions

labour movements 8 decentralisation and State

312 Index

interference 11-12 existing, historic roots of 7 male domination of 7

labour organisation, Chile, need for political dimension 199-200

labour reform, Paraguay, pressure for 76

labour relations 12 Chile 188--9, 204; institutionalisation

of 194-5 Peru: flexibility 60-1; piecemeal

legislation 31 labour shortages, Paraguay 94 labour supply, flexible 188--9 labour supply inelasticities, Peru 23,

25 labour supply and skill profiles,

structure of 6-7 laissez-faire, Chile 196, 209-10, 220,

232, 250 abandoned 193, 196-200

laissez-faire liberalism, Paraguay 69 land tenure,

Paraguay 89 reform of, Colombia 267 traditional patterns 43--4

Latin American working class 16 Law for the Defence of Democracy,

Chile 206, 220 banning Communist Party 215

Law for the Internal Security of State, Chile 206, 220

leftist electoral fronts, Peru 54-5 legal assistance, to sindicatos

industriales, Chile 205 Leguia coup, Peru 1919, response to

crises 28--9 Liberal Party, Bolivia 131 Liberal Party, Colombia,

alliance with Communist Party 272-3

alliance with popular sectors 267-8, 270; reasons for 269

Liberal Party, Paraguay 69-73 liberalism, Colombia 267 liberation theology 5, 90 Liga Nacional Independiente (LNI) 73 Liga Obrera Maritima del Paraguay

(LOMP) 72, 93 Ligas Agrarias Cristianas (LAC),

peasant co-operative movement 89-90

Lima-Callao region, growth of unions 28

primacy of 26 living standards, declining,

Colombia 295 lockouts, Chile 190, 198 Los Artesanos del Paraguay 67 low wages policy,

Argentina 11 Brazil 10-11

manufacturing, Bolivia, fall in output 145 Chile 182; dominated by sindicatos

industriales 203 Ecuador 99-100 not providing future wage jobs Paraguay 95 Peru: development limited 33;

employment fluctuating 37 'marginals' 1, 9

theory of 3 maritime workers, Paraguay 72 Marxism,

Chile 178 Chile and Bolivia 15-16

Marxist influence, Paraguay 78 mass assemblies, in mining

camps 139-40 mass demonstrations 7, 216, 219, 237 mass dismissals, state sector, Chile 199 mass mobilisation 196, 226

pressuring governments 192 mass protests,

Bolivia 159 Chile 181, 193, 210, 232

mass repression 185 mass urban uprising 134 'Massacre of the Valley', Bolivia 158 massacres 163, 265

Bolivia 134 Chile 198--9; nitrate miners 190,

196, 198, 199 'May system' of labour control,

Bolivia 154-5 meat-packing plants, Paraguay, strikes

in 72 medical attention in factories 7 4 migration,

rural, Paraguay to Argentina 89 within Ecuador 101, 103

military rule, stable system 157 militancy, upsurge in Ecuador 118 military, desire to control labour's

ideology 15 military coups, Chile 198

Index 313

military nationalism 148 military rule, Bolivia (1964-82) 148--68 military socialism, Bolivia 132-3, 134,

139 militias, non-union 142 mineral exports, Chile 188, 189 miners,

Bolivia: able to influence the state 137-8; demanded food and equipment replacement 165; geographical isolation of 159

Peru, challenging PCP/CGTP 51 mines, Bolivia 134-5

military occupation of 155 nationalisation of 136-7

minimum wage legislation, Peru 45 mining,

Bolivia, need for investment 164 Peru 25; employment in 33, 37;

expanding 23 MIR (Chile) 186, 220, 222, 225, 226 MIR (Peru) 55 MNR (Movimiento Nacionalista

Republicana) 132, 138 attempt to divide labour, cities vs.

mines 143-8 banned 135 in control 140-4 parliamentary protests, over

massacres 134 popularity with peasants 134

'modern' economy 1 mono-export booms, Ecuador 101-2 monopolies, local 9 Morinigo dictatorship, Paraguay 76-9 Movimento do Cista da Vida 5 Movimiento de Solidaridad Sindical 94 Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal,

MRL 285 Movimiento Sindical Cristiano del Peru

(MOSCIP) 41 Movimiento Sindical Paraguayo

(MSP) 84 training for Paraguayan Catholic

trade unionists 88 Movimiento Sindical Unitaria 185 multinationals 9 mutual aid societies, Paraguay 67 mutual benefit societies, Bolivia 130 mutualism 189, 190

Peru: concern with welfare issues 26-7; eclipse of 27-9

mutualist societies, Chile 197

mutualista societies, preoccupation with legalism 7 roots of Latin America's labour

organisations 14 mutualista tradition, and origin of

Peruvian unions 24

national capital, in Peru 24 National Congress of Ecuadorean

workers 105 National Federation of Coffee Growers

(Colombia) 267, 268 National Front, Colombia 279--80

trade union reconstruction under 280-3

national union body, movement towards, Peru 30

National Wages Council, Ecuador 119 nationalisation 224

Bolivia 142, 156 nationalism 156

Bolivia 132 natural resources, foreign monopoly

of 24-5 'New Left' 41-2

rural guerrilla warfare 42 'new social movements' school 5 Newly Industrialising Countries

(NICs) 7, 10-11 nitrate industry,

Chile 189; employers 190; exports 195, 188; miners organised by POS 192

Peru 21; expansion of 23-4 nitrate territories, annexation of,

Chile 189 nitrates, collapse of world market 197 Northern Peru Mining Company 25

Obrajae, Peru and Bolivia 6 obrero organisations 53 Ochenia (of Odrfa), Peru 38 Odria, coup in Peru 37, 39 oil,

Bolivia, investment financed by inflation 143-4

Ecuador: boom, effects of 108; resource potential 102; revenues 111, 120

oil prices 149 Organisacion Republicana Obrera

(ORO) 78 organised labour,

implications of permanent

314 Index

heterogenicity 5 limits of dual economy model 6--7

ORIT (regional trade organisation) 80, 107, 222

recognised CPT-in-exile 84 withdrawal of CPT 92

Ovando/Tones government, Bolivia 156--7

over-exploitation 149 overtime payments 105

Paraguay, the bleak years 85-8 Catholic trade union

movement 88-9 Febrerista revolution 73--6 the general strike 81-3 liberal era 69--73 Morinigo dictatorship 76--9 movement for reform 91-4 the New Order 84-5 Peasant League movement 89--91 rising labour militancy 79--80 Stroessner dictatorship 80--1 trade union movement, origins

of 67-9 war with Bolivia 73

Partido Communista del Peru (PCP) 29, 41-3

able to grow again 35 central role in union politics 49--51 decline of 30--1 defeated and incoherent 33--4 re-established 45

Partido Communista Paraguayo (PCP) 73

leaders imprisoned 75 legalised 78

Partido Democrato Crisiano 39 Partido Izquierdo Revolucionario

(PIR) 133, 135, 138 Partido Nacionalista Libertador

Peruano 29 Partido Obrero later Partido Socialista

Revolucionario (PSR) 70 Partido Socialista del Peru, PSP 29 Partido Socialista Popular 215 Partido Socialista Revolucionario,

PSR 266--7 peasant agriculture, Bolivia,

commoditisation of 150 Peasant League Movement,

Paraguay 89--91 peasant unrest, Bolivia 150

peasantry, Bolivian, a social force in its own right 161-2

People's Supply Committees (Juntas de Abastecimiento Popular) 226

Peronism, Argentina 15-16 Peru,

conquest to stable independence 22-4

depression, defeat and resurgence (1930--48) 32-7

growth, unionisation and political action (1890--1930) 24-30

industrial relation, turning point in (1930--34) 30--2

integration into world market 37 labour legislation in line with ILO

recommendations 40 labour movement (1968-80) 49-61 return to the wilderness

(1948-68) 37-45 revolution, resurgence and retreat

(1968-80) 45-9 Peruvian economy,

economic basis 22 growth and expansion (effect of

World War II) 34 modernisation and industrialisation

of 45 plant unions,

Bolivia, independent 163 Chile, administering social

benefits 207 plantations, Ecuador 101-2, 103 political crises, Colombia 273--4 political parties,

Bolivia, subordinate to unions 138-9 Chile, basic labour movement

continuity 190--1 Popular Front, Chile 206, 207 Popular Unity, Chile 224-9, 236

overthrow of 222 resistance to 229 tension over management of

nationalised sector 225-6 population, Colombia, economically

active 285-6 populism 29

in Latin America 8 populist initiatives, Chile 197-9 POR (Bolivia) 139, 141, 156 POS (Partido Obrero Socialista) 178,

190--1, 192 commitment to revolutionary

ideals 192-3

Index 315

power struggle, Colorado Party 79 Prado government (Peru), openness to

international investment 39 PREALC 3 PREALC studies, and the survival of

an informal economy 6--7 prices, Chile,

local, decontrolled 209 rising 204, 205, 216

PRIN (Partido Revolucionario de Ia Izquierda Nacional) 147-8

printworkers, Paraguay 67 private enterprise, Bolivia 157 production relations, radical

reconstruction of, Peru 46--8 profit-sharing schemes, Peru 38-9 proletarianisation, Chile 188-9, 237 proletarianism,

British 14 limits of 1-6

Propriedad Social- self-management sector 47

protection controls, inefficient 33 protectionism 197 protests, Chile 183-5, 186

longer-term impact 186--7 public sector employees,

Colombia 289 denied union representation in

Paraguay 95 public sector employment, increased in

Ecuador 111 public subsidies, Paraguay, reduction

in 80 py nandi, peasant militia,

Paraguay 78-9

Radical Liberal Party, Ecuador 101 Radical Presidencies, Chile 214 railway boom, Argentina 69 railway industry, Peru 21 railway workers,

Chile, strikes 206 Colombia 265

rank-and-file attitudes, Ecuador 117 Recabarren (Chilean union leader) and

the 'middle way' 192-3 recession,

Paraguay 94 Peru 56

redundancy 58 repression 162, 198, 209, 292

Bolivia 148 Chile 195; persistence of 205-6

Paraguay 77, 84--5; of peasant movement 90

Republicans, Bolivia 131 'Revolution in Liberty', Chile 223 rice growing, fluctuations in

employment 33 right to strike, legalised, Bolivia 131 riots 7, 118 rosca (mining super-state) 130

compensation for nationalisation of tin mines 142

ruling class fears, Chile 235 rural overcrowding, Ecuador 110-11 rural proletariat, Paraguay,

development of 89 rural sector, Peru 25, 44 rural workers,

Chile 236 Colombia 264

rural-urban migration, Ecuador 109

safety at work 28 savings, forced, Chile 223 seccionales, Paraguayan trade

unions 87 secret police, Bolivia 158 sectarianism, and Peruvian labour

movement 55 sectional fragmentation, Peruvian

unions 58-9 sectoral bargaining, prohibited,

Chile 186 security of employment 202

legislation 46 self-management 45, 46 service sector,

Chile 224, 237 large numbers employed 2, 3

sharecropping 264 abolished in Ecuador 102-3 Peru 25

shipbuilding, Ecuador, decline in 100 shop stewards, militancy of 10 silver,

decline in world market for 129-30 from Bolivia to Spain 129 mining in Chile 188

Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Ia Educacion (SUTE) 225

direct elections 228 Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Ia

Educaci6n (SUTEP) 51, 53, 60 sindicatos industriales, Chile 199, 200,

201, 203, 210, 214

316

ensured survival of political networks 205

unification in copper industry 216 sindicatos profesionales, Chile 201,

202, 210 Sistema Nacional de Apoyo a Ia

Movilisacion Social (SINAMOS), support agency for government (Peru) 47

SITRAPAR problem, Paraguay 94 slavery 99

Peru 23--4 smuggling, Paraguay 88 social conflict,

Colombia 264-5 Ecuador 103 Paraguay 73

'social contract', Peru 60 social insurance legislation,

Paraguay 77 social legislation, Colombia 284 social revolution, early attempts 15 social security,

Bolivia, loss of benefits 155 Chile 201

Peru 34, 38; elementary provisions 28; and welfare benefits 32

social structure, Chile, underlying continuity of 237-8

socialism 266 from Chile and Argentina to

Bolivia 130 nascent 27

socialist alternatives to libertarian-syndicalist tradition, growth of 28

socialist movements, Paraguay, emergence of 72

Socialist Party, Chile 194, 200, 213, 215, 222

split in 215 Socialist Republic, Chile (1932) 198 Socialist Workers' Party see POS Sociedad Artistica e Industrial de

Pinchina, made up from guilds 105

Sociedad Cosmopolitana de Socorros Mutuos 'Verdaderos Artesanos' 67

Sociedad Obrera Cosmopolitata 68 Sociedad Santa Cruz 67 Sociedad Tipograjica del

Paraguay 67-8

Index

Sociedades Agrarias de Interes Social (SAIS) 49

Spanish colonial expansion, and Peru 22

stabilisation policies, fight against 12 stabilisation programme, Bolivia,

collapse of 166-7 Gueiler 162

stability, needed for Peru's modernisation/industrialisation programme 45

State, Ecuador, and unions 118-20 not a large employer in Peru 23 relationship with labour ambiguous,

Chile 235 state apparatus strengthened, Colombia,

traditional parties losing hold on urban and rural masses 284-5

state economic intervention increased, Peru 32-3

state employees, Chile, forbidden to join unions 201 forbidden to strike 215 no bargaining rights 204

state expenditure, Bolivia, cuts in 158, 163, 165

state intervention, Chile: in the economy 195, 197,

209; in labour disputes 193, 196-7

Colombia 268 State Meat Corporation, Paraguay,

winding up of 88 State Railway Company, Paraguay,

decline of 88 state sector, importance growing in

Chile 204 state sector workers, Peru 51 State of Siege, Chile 206, 219 state subsidies, proposal to eliminate,

Bolivia 158 State/labour movement, violent

confrontations, Peru 54 strikes 36, 162, 199

Bolivia 135, 145, 163, 165; mines 134; teachers, suppressed 134; urban workers 159

Chile 204, 224, 230; falling in number 213-14; legal and illegal 201, 202, 208, 209--10; political 208; solidarity 228

Colombia 265-6, 271-2, 280-1,

Index 317

291-7; called by CTC 277; banned in public sector 291-2; low in public sector 294

Ecuador 105, 119 Paraguay 76, 85; declared

illegal 78; railwaymen 71 Peru 54, 57, 59; national 59-60

Stroessner dictatorship, Paraguay 80--1 deterioration in relations with

Catholic Church 90 stronismo, ideological constraints of,

Paraguay 95-6 stronista faction, Colorado Party 84

take-over of CPT 85 structural changes, lacking in

Paraguayan economy 81 structural heterogeneity 9

permanent 8 structuralism 237 subsistence agricultural units, Peru 22 sugar industry, Peru 23, 25;

fluctuations in employment 33; production 49

sympathy strikes, Ecuador, legality of 119

syndicalism 139, 190

taxation 267 teachers,

Colombia 291, 294 Ecuador 114; action against striking

members 119 Peru 51, 53

tertiary sector 9 employment in, Ecuador 109

textile industry, Colombia 263 diversification, Peru 34-5 Ecuador 100, 104, 105, 108

textile workers, Chile 184 Thesis of Pulacayo, Bolivia 135, 138 tied labour 188 tin industry, Bolivia 128

changes in running of mines 167 exhaustion of deposits 167 nationalisation of mines 142 production falling 162 smelting controlled outside

Bolivia 142 tin prices 142, 148-9

collapse of 161, 167 depressed 164

torture, of trade unionists 87 trade union leaders, Paraguay,

action against 83 list of demands 74

trade union reform 91 trade unionism 5, 9

Bolivian: military, final demolition of 163; survival of 154

Chile: driven underground 202; legal, pre- and post-coup 231

Colombia 267-73; contained 277-9; old, destruction of 274

see also labour movement, unions, unionisation

trade unionists, Bolivia, as government ministers 140 political awareness of 136, 137

'traditional' economy 1 transport industry, Colombia 264 transport system, expansion of,

Peru 24 Triangular Plan, Bolivia 147 tribute labour 22, 23

UDP (Peru) 55 UDP Union Democratica y Popular

(Bolivia) 161, 164 and IMF-style solution 165

UDT (Union Democratica de Trabajadores), AFL-CIO-financed 185

underdeveloped countries, to follow same stages as industrialised West 1

underemployment 56 Ecuador 109

underinvestment, Bolivia 149 unemployment,

Chile 181, 182, 185-6, 209; kept militancy in check 233; rise in 224

Colombia, urban 286 Peru 56; increased 33

Union de Asalariados de Chile (USRACH) 198

union differentiation, Peru 58 union federations, Peru 40--1 Union Gremial 70 union leaders, Peru, manipulation

by 39 union militancy,

Paraguay 80; lack of 85-6, 87 Peru 59-60

union recognition policy, Peru 46 union rights,

consolidation of, Bolivia 134

318 Index

restored, Bolivia 156 union-party tradition, Peru 36 unionisation,

Chile 190, 232; blocked in rural areas 214; encouraged by Popular Front 207; formal, spread of 238; increased rate of 221; reaching smaller firms 224

Colombia, rate of 287-8 Ecuador: increase in 111-12; of

public sector workers 111; of campesinos 112; minimum wage system altered 119-20

Peru 24-30, 36; increase in 35; rural, growth of 43-5

unionise, right to 75 unionism,

Colombia, as an opposition political force 285

industrial, Colombia strengthened 284

liberal 279 unions,

adept at managing political alliances 7

Bolivia: Banzer attempt to replace free unions 159; basis of political life 138; behind drive for democracy 162; clandestine 148, 155; increased militancy 165-6

Chile, 196; competition 210; free and legal 212-13; legal 194, 195, 218, 200; legal and illegal 214; plant-based, sindicales industriales 199, 200; post-coup 229-30; post-coup losses 257; regained right to plant bargaining 210; rural 221 , 222

Colombia 267-73; in Colombian society 285-97; co-ordination of action 295; fragmentation 294-5; need for new patterns of re-grouping 296--7; and new industrial policy 283-5; reconstruction under the National Front 280--3; rise of 275-6; unity discussions 296

Ecuador: problem of fragmentation 112-13

Paraguay 67; controlled by Colorado Party 86--7; formation

of 70--3; increase in 75; like mutual societies 68-9; moves for direct incorporation by the state 76, 80--1; new unions, creation of 92; required to register 75

Peru: expansion under Prado 39-40; not truly appropriate for peasant producers 44; plan-based 40; recognition of SO; women in 53; under Acci6n Popular 57-61

unity campaigns, Chilean labour movement 216--17

UNTRACH 229-30 UOP Union Obrera del Paraguay 72-3 urban employment, Peru,

anti-PCP/CGTP activity 51 urban informal sector 2

explanations for growth of 2-3 stability of 3

urban labour force, deproletarianisation of, Chile and

Argentina 2 Peru, militant threat to stable

government 42 urban labour market, growth of in

Ecuador 109 urban migration, Ecuador 104 urban workers, Bolivia 134 urban-rural links patchy, Peru 44-5 urbanisation,

Bolivia 131 Colombia 269

USA, and Bolivia 145, 148, 154;

determined to curb FSTMB's militancy 147

capital investment in Colombia 263 and Chilean politics 231; funding for

Christian Democratic Government 222; pressure 215

UTC Union de Trabajadores de Colombia 275, 278-9, 296, 297

the largest confederation 289-90 preferred negotiation 295 rejection of strikes 278 unions moved into private

industry 279 UTC-CTC, dominance of

explained 282-3

Via Libre (newspaper) 266 La Violencia, Colombia 274

Index 319

wage differentials reduction in, Colombia 284

wage labour, Colombia 286 Ecuador 112; higher percentage on

coast 103 Peru: expansion of, Peru 21-2, 27;

factory-based 33; formation 24, 25; female participation 51-3; substantial gains 58

wage-labour based production, slow to grow in Peru 23

wages 52 Bolivia, collapse of 155; decline in

purchasing power of 158; miners 142, 144; real, dropped 164; vicious cuts 148

Chile: cuts in 181; controlled by government 205; falling 226, 227, 228; formal government control 220; guaranteed minimum 207; real gains 214; reduction in 182, 183

Colombia: real, dropping 284, 268--9, 272; rising 283

Ecuador: frequent increase in minimum 110; increase in minimum demanded 115; trends in 109-11

Paraguay: frozen 80; increased 74; minimum wage 81-2, 85, 86, 77; real, decline in 79, 91

Peru: and conditions 28; declining value of 33, 54

War of the Pacific (1879-84) 24 War of the Triple Alliance

(1865-70) 67 Western revolutionary era 14 white collar workers,

Chile 215-16 Peru: in CTP 35; increase in

women's employment 52 women,

Chile: in the labour force 189, 192, 255; and the vote 214

given the vote in Bolivia 134 in the Peruvian industrial

workforce 51-3 worker control 225 workers,

dismissed, compensation demanded, Paraguay 81-2

a major political force in Peru 35-6 relationships with the community 12

workers' control in state industries, a matter of principle in Bolivia 164

Workers' Council of Paraguay, Consejo Obrero del Paraguay (COP) 77-8

workforces, sectoral, analysis of, Peru 25-6

working class, rapid shift in loyalty, Bolivia 138 rise of in Colombia 263--7 unity of, Chile 178, 181

working-class militias, armed 135, 140 World bank, deflationary policies and

Peru 48