Index

Note: Italicized page numbers indicate material in charts and illustrations.

Abraham, Carl, on libidinal stages, 29-!10. See also Libidinal stage diagnosis

Acting-Out Impulsive Index, 63 66n Actual neuroses, in Freud's scheme, 28-29

anxiety, 28-29 hypochondria, 29 neurasthenia, 28, 31

Adjustment disorders, and psychosocial etiology, 7

Adolase, 45-46 activity of, 45-46 and motorneuron abnormality, 45-46

Aetiology and pathogenesis, 156 schedule of, 93

Affective disorders, and DSM-III, 12. See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

description of, 17 and field testing, 19 and multiaxial approach, 14 sequence in, 7 and shared phenomenology, 6

Alcohol addiction, and drug dependence, 27. See also Drug use disorders

Alcohol amnestic disorder, as organic men­tal disorder, 5

Alcoholism, and multiaxial approach in DSM-111, 12

Alexander, F. G., & 5elesnick, S. T., on history of psychiatry, 79, 82n

Alzheimer's disease, and emotional adjust­ment, 60

American Heart Association, and multi-axial approach, 203, 206n

Amitriptyline, as antidepressant, 163 Amphetamines, 163, 171 Amphetamine schizophreniform syndrome,

and distinctive etiology, 5 Angst, J., on genetic methods, 132, 134,

134, 150n. See also Genetic patterns Anorexia nervosa, and neurosis, 7 Antidepressants, prescriptive use of, x, 157 Antisocial personality, and dyssocial be-

havior, 40 Antisocial personality disorder, in DSM-

111, 4 Antisocial reaction, and dyssocial reac­

tion, 40 Anxiety disorders, in DSM-III

and field testing, 19 sequence of, 7 shared phenomenology of, 6

Anxiety Index, 63, 68n Anxiety neurosis, and outstanding symp-

tom, 27 Anxiolytics, prescriptive use of, x Aphasia, 54, 65, 67n, 68n Aretaeus, on diabetes, 89 Ashberg, M., et al., on 5-HIAA concentra-

tion, 167, 173, 174, 183n As-if characters, 216 Asperger's syndrome, 95 Autism, in childhood, 89, 107n

Bahn, A. K., et al., on referral, 101, 106n Baker, J. R., on ethnic differences, 86-87,

106n Beckmann, H., & Goodwin, F. K., on

MHPG, 161, 183n

229

2.30 Psychiatric Diagnosis

Bence-Jones protein, in myeloma, 128 Bernard, Claude, on proximal cause, 192 Bertalanffy, L., von, on commonality of

study, 79, 82n Bilateral cerebral angiograms, of case

W.P., 52 Biogenic amines, as workers, xiii. See also

Depression, biological factors Bipolar affective disorder, in DSM-III, 18

and multiaxial approach, 12 Blaschko, H., et al., on DOPS, 161, 183n Bleuler, Manfred

on acute schizophrenia, 209 on schizophrenia, general, llO-ll

Borderline syndrome, 77, 82n function of, 214-15, 220 and schizophrenia, 112ff, 124-26 and spectrum, 208ff "use of term, 209

Bowers, M. B., Jr., on 5-HIAA responses, 169, 183n

Bowman, on alcoholics, 223 Brenner, C. See also Freud, Sigmund

on Freud's classification, 27, 41n on Freud's diagnoses, 31, 41n

Briquet's disorder, 219 Brodie, H. K. H., on noradrenaline in­

hibition, 161, 183n Brodie, H. K. H., et al., on 5-HTP, 173,

183n Brown, G. W., et al.

on global agreement, 101, 106n on schizophrenia, 99, 106n. See also

schizophrenia on social factors, 99, 1 06n

Butcher, L. L., et al., on dopa, 161, 183n

Cabot, Richard, and clinicopathic confer­ences, 203

Cadoret, Remi, study of depression, 213 Carlsson, A., et al.

on noradrenaline reuptake, 162-163, 184n

on nortriptyline, 173, 184n on nortrytpline

Carroll, B. J., et al., on !-tryptophan, 172, 184n

Carstairs, Morris, on primitives, 85, 106n Catatonia, and changing manifestations, 70 Catatonic schizophrenia, 73 CA TEGO program

class 0, 95 class P, 95

class S, 94, 95 and minor neuroses, 100 principles of, 92, 93

Category test, of Halstead, 49, 49-51 Catterson, A., et al., on peripheral arousal,

99, 106n Cerebrospinal fluid, as marker, xiii Charcot, on disease, 192 Child and adolescent disorders, field test­

ing for DSM-III, 19 Clements, F. E., on primitive treatment,

85 Clinicians, communication of, 88, 108n Clinicopathologic conferences, in New

England journal of Medicine, 203 Clomipramine

compared to nomifensine, 166 as inhibitor, 173

Cognitive Slippage Index, 63n, 67n Cohen, E. S., et a!., on diagnosis

purpose of, 74, 82n quality of, 80, 82n

Constitutional psychopathic inferior, as sexual deviation, 39

Constructural dyspraxia, 55, 56, 58 Conversion hysteria, 29, 70 Cooper, J. E., on English/American diag­

noses, 79, 82n Cooper, J. E., et al., on US-UK Diagnostic

Project, 94, 98-99, 106n Copeland, J ., et a!., on frame of reference,

102-3 106n Coppen, A., et al., on !-tryptophan, 172,

184n Creatine phosphokinase, and motorneuron

abnormality, 45-46 Crowe, Raymond, on antisocial personal­

ity, 213 Cycloid psychosis, 223, 224

Darwin, Charles, and etiology, 196 Deleon-Jones, F., et al.

on MHPG concentration, 179, 184n on motor retardation, 160, 184n

Delirium, and multiaxial approach, 12 Depression, biological factors, 153ff

abbreviations, 153 disorders, 5-HT metabolism, 167ff

5-HIAA responses, 167, 168, 169 5-HTP effects, 169, 171, 171 pharmacological research, 169 postmortem studies, 169, 170

dopamine metabolism, 164-65 central turnover, 164

Index 231

conversions, 164 decreased HVA concentration, 164 experimentation with, 166-67 and L-dopa, 166,166 motor retardation, 164, 165

four-dimensional diagnosis, 180-81 imperfections of diagnosis, 15!lff

classification, 153 heredity, 155 one-dimensional diagnosis, 154-55 one-word diagnoses, 156 personal depression, 155 two-dimensional diagnosis, 154 vital depression, 155

monoamine metabolism, 156-59, 177-78 behavioral effects of, 157 conclusions, 177-78 limitations of, 158 metabolite determination, 157 monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 157 mostmortem examination, 157 probenecid technique, 157-58 tricyclic antidepressants, 157

noradrenaline metabolism, 159ff amitriptyline response, 162, 16!1 catecholamines, 16!1 conclusions, 163 MHPG concentration, 159, 159 MHPG excretion, 160-6!1,162 noradrenaline uptake, 163 pharmacological research, 160-61

chemical inhibitors, 161 noradrenaline depletion, 161

and probenecid technique, 160 VMA concentration, 159, 159, 160

pathogenesis, 156-57. See also Patho-genesis

specific chemorprophylaxis, 179-80, 180, 181

summary of, 182-8!1 treatment and 5-HT metabolism

conclusions, 176 CSF 5-HIAA, 173-75, 174-78 hypotheses, 171 5-HTP, 172-73 precursor studies, 171

Depressive disorder and multiaxial approach in DSM-111, 12 and recurrent psychosis, 17, 18 and ICD-9, 17, 18

Desipramine, transformed to imipramine, 163

Deutsch, Helene, on as-if characters, 216

Developmental theoretical approach, 76 behavioral, 76 epigenetic, 76 learning, 76 psychosexual, 76

Diagnosis, overview, 25-26, 189ff classification types, 194-96

diagnosis, 194 inference, 196 mechanisms, 196 taxonomy, 194

diagnostic formulations, 202ff axes of, 202 denominational diagnoses, 204 etiologic value of, 204 external validation of, 205 multidimensional, 202 with multiple axes, 204 operational criteria of, 204 problems of, 204 scales of, 204 traditional, 203

etiological difficulties, 198-99 biochemical research, 198-99 genetic research, 198-99 proof, 198

evidence, interpretation of, 199-202 and artifactual evidence, 200 interpretive dimensions, 200

attribution, 201 consequences, 201 combination, 201 statistics, 201-2

observation, 200 subjectivity, 199

meaning of term, 25-26 etiology, 26 syndrome, 26 underlying dynamics, 26 validity, 26

medical model, evolution of, 190ff, 191 lCD categories, 192 logic of, 193 nosology of, 190, 191

normal health, 189 validation methods, 197-98

external, 197 inference, 197 non-definitive system, 197

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual I and II, 14·15

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III (DSM-III), x, xi, xiii, Iff, 194, 205

advisory committees for, 2

232 Psychiatric Diagnosis

and AP A task force, 1 goal of, 1 timetable of, 1

conclusion, 19 conferences for, 2 description of disorders, 17 inclusiveness, 3 and ICD-9 digit codes, 17-18 levels of comprehension of, 4-5

isolated sign, 4, 5 specific etiology, 5 syndrome, 4, 5

medical model, 5-6 mental disorder and deviant behavior,

3-4 antisocial personality disorder, 4 conditions of disorders, 4 principles concerning, 3-4

merits of, 205 multiaxial approach, 7, 12

axis IV codes, 13 axis V codes, 14

multipurpose classification, 2-3 communication, 2 etiology, 3 treatment, 2

new formulations of, xiii operational criteria of, 14-15, 16 and operational identifications, 194 principles of organization, 6-7

classes, 7 etiology, 6 known psychosocial etiology, 7 neuroses, 7 shared phenomenology, 6

prior field testing, 18-19 purpose of, xi reliability and validity, 15, 17

Diagnostic labels, ix clinical usage of, ix problems with, ix research uses, ix and technology, ix

Dikmen, S. on aphasia and MMPI, 64-65, 66, 66n on cerebral lesions, 63, 64, 66n

Disorders of impulse control, 6, 7 not classified elsewhere, 7 and shared phenomenology, 6

Disorders usually arising in childhood and adolescence, sequence in DSM-111, 7

Dissociative disorders, 6, 7 sequence in DSM-111, 7 and shared phenomenology, 6

Dopamine metabolism. See also Depres­sion, biological factors

and depression, 164-65 degradation in, 158

Dropsy, incidence of, 190 Drugs, and severe conditions, x. See also

Drug use disorders Drug use disorders, in DSM-111

and etiology, 6 field testing of, 19' sequences of, 7

Dubos, R., on primitives, 85, 106n Dunner, D. L., & Goodwin, F. K., on 5-HT

precursors, 171-72, 184n Dunner, D. C., et al., genetic studies of,

137, 150n. See also Genetic pat­terns

Dysphoric mood, in DSM-111, 16 Dyspnea, and pneumonia, 192-93 Dyspraxia, of case W. P., 52 Dysstereognosis, of case W. P., 52

EEG. See also Electroshock therapy of case W. P.,52

and schizophrenia, 44, 45, 68n Electroshock therapy, 112. See also EEG Elevated T-4, in thyrotoxicosis, 128 Ellenberger, H. F., on sorcery, 85, 106n Endicott, Jean

on DSM-111 principles, Iff work of, 212

Endicott, Jean, & Spitzer, Robert, on schizophrenia, 124

Engelman, K., et al., on pcpa, 169, 184n Eron, L. D., on behaviors and diagnosis,

78, 82n Existential hypertension, and disease-en­

tity status, 6 Expressive-Repressive Index, 63, 68n

Family studies, of psychopathology, 114, 127n

Fawcett, J., et al., on MHPG excretion, 161, 184n

Feigner, J. P., et al. on family incidence, 3, 23n on Feighner criteria, 15, 24n on primary depression, 159, 184n on PSE

Feighner criteria, 15, 102, 213 Feinstein, A. R.

on bias, 199, 206n on borderline schizophrenia, 214 on borderline syndromes, xii

Index 233

on diagnosis, xiii on lCD criteria, 192, 206n, 226, 227 overview of, 189ff on paraclinical data, 191, 206n on rubric shifts, 92, 206n on term illness, 5, 24n

Fetishism, and outstanding sign, 27. See also Sexual disorders

Fieve, R., et al. on color blindness and manic-depres­

sion, 135, 136-37, 136, 137, 150n on methysergide, 169, 184n

Flor-Henry, P., on cerebral lesions, 611, 64,66n

Foulds, G. A., & Bedford, A., on hier­archy, 92, 107n

Four-dimensional diagnosis, and depres­sion, 180-81

Fowler, D. R., & Langsbaugh, R. J., on etiology, 81, 82n

Frangos, et al., on unipolar depressives, 146, 150n

Freeman, W., & Watts, J. W., on emo­tions and frontal thalamic tracts, 64, 67n

Fremming, K., on male manic-depressives, 140, 15ln

Fteud, Anna, on etiology, 75-76, 82n Freud, Sigmund. See also Libidinal stage

diagnosis on diagnosis, 25, 30 on psychoanalytic diagnosis, 27ff

Friedman, S. H., on cerebral lesions, 63, 67n

Fuller, R. W., et al., on 5-HT, 171, 184n Functional disorders, possible disappear­

ance of, xiii Functional psychoses

and narcissistic neurosis, 29 and standardization, 94-95

Garelis, E., et al. on 5-HIAA, 167, 184n on MHPG, 178, 184n

Genetic patterns, and diagnosis, 128ff conclusions, 150 of familial backgrounds, 131, 131-32,

132 family patterns, 128-29 genetic studies, 132-33, 133 manic repressivejdepressive diseases,

133,134,134 and pathogenic signs, 128 polarity of affective disorders, 132ff

practical problems of, 129-30 acute schizophrenia, 130 affective disorders, 129, 152n schizophrenia, family risk, 129, 129 recovery, l30, 152n

unipolar depression, division of, 142ff age of onset, 145, 145, 146 alcoholism risks, 144, 144, 145 depression risks, 143, 143 depression spectrum disease, 146ff pure depressive disease, 146ff

X-linkage data, 138ff British first admissions, 141, 141 illness duration, 141 international figures, 140 sex ratios

bipolars and manics, 142 bipolar series, 139 first admission, 140

Geschwind, N., on neuropsychology, 43, 67n

Goetz!, U., et al., genetic study of, 136, 137, 15ln

Goldberg, D., on system check-list, 101, I07n

Goldman, R., on term (diagnosis), 26, 4In Goodwin, F. K., et al.

on dopamine metabolism, 164, 165, 185n on 5-HT stimulation, 169, 185n on study of alcoholism, 213

Gordon, E. K., et al., on probenecid tech­nique. See also Probenecid tech­nique

Grieff, H. von, et al., genetic study of, 137 Grinker, Sr., R.

on acute schizophrenia, 221 on borderline syndromes, xii, 99, 107n,

212-13 criticism from, xiii on diagnosis, 203, 206n on dichotomies, 77, 93n on disease categories, 73, 82n on hospital records, 73, tl2n on matching clinical evidence, xii on markers, 208-10 on nosology, 192, 206n on operational definitions, 75, 82n on psychotic character, 215-16 on schizophrenia spectrum, 70, 82n on schizophrenia variability, 72, 82n on similarities of theories, 76, 82n on syndromes, xii on unitary approaches, 77, 83n

Grinker, Sr., R., et al., on borderline syn-

234 Psychiatric Diagnosis

drome, 77, 82n Guze, et al., on alcoholics, 223, 224

Halstead, W. C. on brain lesions, 48-49, 67n Category Test, 49, 49-51 original work of, xii on tests

of brain functions, 48 of case W. P., 56-57, 60-61

Halstead-Leitan Battery, 65 Halstead's tests, and case W. P., 56-57,

60-61 Hamberger, B., & Tuck, J. R., on nor­

adrenaline uptake, 163, 185n Haslam, J., on childhood autism, 89, 107n Hassenpfeffer's syndrome, suggestion for

term, 215 Haug, J. 0., on pneumoencephalographic

studies, 44-45, 67n Hebephrenia, and changing manifesta-

tions, 70 Hebephrenic schizophrenia, 73 Hecaen, H., and brain tumors, 64, 67n Helgason, T., on ma1ejfemale breakdown,

bipolarsjmanics, 142 Helzer, S., & Winokur, G., genetic study

of, 137, 15ln Hempel, C. G., on classification, 92, I07n Herrington, R. N., et al., on !-tryptophan,

172, 185n Hillbom, E.

on cerebral lesions, 63, 67n on head injuries, 64, 67n

Hoch, P., & Polatin, P., on schizophrenia, ll2, 124, 127n, 209, 211

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, and disinfecting, 195

Homodysphilia, meaning of, 207 Homosexuality, hallucinations of, 32 Hypethesia, 54, 57 Hypochondria, 29

ICD-8, and operational criteria, 15 ICD-9

and DSM-111, 12, 219 new formulations in, xiii operational criteria of, 9 sequence in, 7

Illness, and DSM-111, 5 Imipramine

therapeutic effects of, 157, 169 transformed to desipramine, 163

Inadequacies, contemporary diagnosis, 69ff clinical methods, 72 combat fatigue, 74 component psychiatric sciences, 79 computer, uses of, 72 consensus, need for, 77-78 data techniques, 77 diagnosis, positive, 80 dichotomies, 77 dictionary definition: diagnosis, 71 etiological orientation, 81 follow-up, 78-79 life histories, 70 myth of mental illness, 74 normality and strain, 76 operational definitions, 75 purpose of diagnosis, 73-74 records, accuracy of, 73 reliability, 73 restitutive functions, 81 schirophrenia, 69

massive literature on, 70-71 spectrum of, 70

scientific attitude, 79 validity, 73 word meanings, 75

Internalization Ratio, 63, 68n International Classification of Diseases

categories in, 192 draft of, 225-26 instability of, 192, 194 modification of, I

Iowa 500, genetic study, xii ltard, J. M. G., on childhood autism, 89,

107n

Jackson, Hughlings, on schirophrenic breakdown, 81

Jimerson, D. C., et al., on noradrenaline metabolism, 159, 185n

Kallman, F. J., on schizoidia, 113, 127n Kanner, L., on autism, 89, 107n Kaplan, A., on diagnosis, 81, 83n Karoum, F., et al., on extraneuronal nor-

adrenaline, 160, 185n Katz, M., on extraneous data, 72, 83n Kayser-Fleicher ring, 128 Kendall, R. E., on diagnosis, 72-73, 83n Kendell, R. W., on diagnostic categories

as entities, 6, 24n Kemberg, 0., on words as causes, 75, 83n Klein, D. R., et al., on treatment response,

3, 24n

Index 235

Klinefelter's-XXY-syndrome, liS Knight, R., et al., and borderline term,

209 Kohut, H., on narcissistic neurosis, 73, Slln Korf, J., et al., on probenecid technique,

160, 185n Kraepelin

on dementia praecox, 111 on schizophrenia, 110-11

Kretschmer, E., on schizothymes, 113, 127n Kringlen, E., on bipolar illness, 142, l!iln

Langfield, on schizophrenia, 210 LaPlanche, J., 8c Pontalis, J.-B.

on Freud's actual neuroses, 28-29, 41n on Freud's psychoneuroses, 29, 41n

Lesions, cerebral and behavioral impairment, 48 in case W. P., 510: and research, 62-63 reversability of deficits, 43 role in mental illness, 47 and symptoms, 64, 67n types of, 63-64

Levi-Strauss, on savagery, 84-85 Levitt, M., et al., on tryosine, 161, 185n Libidinal stage diagnosis, Freud on. See

also Psychoanalytic diagnosis anal phase, 30

compulsion neurosis, liO paranoia, liO

oral stage, !10 maniajmelancholia, 80 schizophrenia, !10

phallic phase, liO hysteria, !10 mental health, liO

Linnaeus, phyla of, 196 Lipowski, Z. J., on organic factors, 47,

67n categories of, 59, 67n and deviant behavior, 47 on dementia, 47 on brain syndromes, 47 on reactive syndromes, 47, 65·

Lishman, W. A. on cerebral lesions, 63, 67n on head injuries, 64, 67n

Lister, and disinfecting, 195 Lithium, prescriptive use of, x Lithium carbonate, use of, 12

Maas, J. W., on noradrenaline deficiency, 178, 186n

Maas, J. W., et al.

on excretion of MHPG, 161, 162, 186n on nortriptyline concentration, 16!1, 186n

Mahler's concept, of symbiotic psychosis, 220

Mania, and changing manifestations, 70 Manic-depressive psychoses

and cerebral lesions, 63, 67n rarity of, 7ll

Marital maladjustment, no ruling con­cept, 27

Materia medica, range of, x Matussek, N., on dopamine metabolism,

165, 186n McCabe, M., 8c Stromgren, on acute schiz­

ophrenia, 118, 127n McCabe, M., et al., on schizophrenia risk,

129, 151n McKusick, V., on X chromosome, 129, 140,

151n Meehl, P. E., on nosology, 79, S!ln Meltzer, H. Y., et al., on motomeuron ab­

normalities, 45-46, 66, 67n, 68n Mendels, J., et al., on !-tryptophan, 172,

186n Mendlewicz, J., 8c Fleiss, J.

on color blindness and manic-depres­sion, 135, 15ln

on unipolarity and X-linkage, lll5-ll6, 151n

Mendlewicz, J., 8c Rainer, J., genetic study of,1J6

Menninger, K., et al., on systems of diag­nosis, 69, S!ln

Methysergide and 5-HT, 169 as inhibitor, 169

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inven­tory, and brain lesions, 63-66, 66n, 67n, 68n

Mitsky, A. F., on EEG and schizophrenia, 44, 68n

Monoamine metabolism, and depression, 156-59, 177-78

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 157 Moore, M. S., on myths of mental illness,

74, Slln Moses, S. G., 8c Robins, E., on dopamine

metabolism, 165, 186n Motomeuron abnormalities, 45-46, 66n,

67n, 68n Multiaxial approach, 99

in DSM-III, 7, 12, 24n and schizophrenia, 12, 14

Multiple personality, and neurosis, 7

236 Psychiatric Diagnosis

Murphy, H. B. M., & Raman, A. C., on schizophrenia, 99, 107n

Nagatsu, T., et al., on fusaric acid, 161, 186n

Narcissistic neuroses as distortion, 73, 83n and functional psychoses, 29

Neurasthenia, 28, 31 Neuropsychological concepts, 42ff

biological factors, 44ff CPK levels, 46 EEG, 44,45 electroencephalography, 46 motorneuron abnormalities, 45-46 pneumoencephalogram, 45

case study, 60ff emotional status, 61 Halstead's tests, 60-61 IQ results, 60 tactile stimuli, 61

case W. P., 5lff aphasia test results of, 54 auditory-verbal dysgnosia, 59 brain lesions, 51-52 confusion, 58 constructural dyspraxia, 55, 56, 58 dyscalculia, 59 and Halstead's tests, 56-57

Category Test, 56 IQ, 56-57 Tactual Performance Test, 57 Trial Making Test, 57

left hypesthesia, 54, 57 results of neuropsychological exam,

53 simple drawings of, 55, 56 tests of, 52 tumor of, 52 Wechsler-Bellevue Scale of, 56

cognitive impairment, 62ff neurological sciences, 42-43 neurological study, psychiatric deficits,

47ff brain lesions, and tests, 48 Category Test, 49, 49-51 dementia, 47 organic factors, 47

neuropsychology, 43 research approaches

aphasic patients, 65, 67n, 68n MMPI, 63-64 types of lesions, 63, 64

standards of evidence, 43-44

Neuroses, loosely defined, x New England journal of Medicine, and

Clinicopathologic Conferences, 203 Nomifensine, compared to clomipramine,

166 Noradrenaline metabolism, and depres­

sion, 98, 103, 159ff. See also De­pression

Nortriptyline as antidepressant, 173, 175 as inhibitor, 173

Nosology, 26, 79, 83, 191-92, 206n

Obsessional neurosis, 29 Organic mental disorders

at disease level, 5 in DSM-111, 7 and etiology, 6 and field testing in DSM-111, 19 sequence in DSM-111, 7 and term, disease, 5

Orley, J., on regional disease, 102 Osmidrosis axillae, as disease, 87 Ostensive definition, 124

Panel discu11sion, 207ff diagnosis and disorder, 207-8 genetic linkage, 216ff spectrum and borderline concepts, 208ff

Paranoid disorders field testing in DSM-111, 19 sequence in DSM-111, 7 and shared phenomology, 6

Pathogenesis, in medicine and psychiatry, x, 156, 186n. See also Depression

Pathonomic signs, 128. See also Genetic patterns

P-chlorophenylalanine, as inhibitor, 169 Peripheral arousal, 97, 106n Perris, C.

on cycloid psychosis, 224 on genetic methods, 132, 134, 134, 136,

137, 150n Personality disorders

field testing of in DSM-III, 19 and multiaxial approach, 12 sequence in DSM-111, 7 and shared phenomenology, 6

Phenothiazines, prescriptive use of, x, 112 Pledge, H. T., on pseudoscience, 86, 107n Pneumoccal pneumonia, and distinctive

etiology, 5 Pneumoencephalographic studies, 44-45,

67n Pneumonia, and multiaxial approach, 12

Index 237

Polemic, and diagnosis, xii Post, R. M., et al., on noradrenaline me·

tabolism, 159, l86n Post traumatic disorders, and multiaxial

approach, 12 Praag, H. M. van

on axes and etiology, 202, 206n on biological research, 198, 206n on biological factors, 153ff on dopamine metabolism, 165, l87n on 5-HIAA, 224 on laboratory data, xiii on markers, xiii on monoamine metabolism, 158, 187n on one-word diagnoses, 156, l87n on pathogenesis, 156, 186n on personal depression, 155, l87n on psychogenic psychosis, 212, 222 on schizophreniform psychosis, 222 on vital depression, 155, l86n

Praag, H. M. van, & Korf, J. on chloramphetamines, 171, l87n on heterogeneous symptomatology, 169 on 5-HIAA responders, 172, l87n on 5-HIAA responses, 167, 168, l86n on homovanillic acid response, 179 on 5-HT metabolism, 172, l86n on 5-HT precursors, 171-72, l87n on HVA concentration, 164, l86n on probenecid test, 180, l87n

Praag, H. M. van, & Leijnse, B., on patho· genesis, 156, l86n

Praag, H. M. van, et al. on 5-HIAA accumulation, 169, 187n on 5-HT stimulation, 169, l87n on l-5-HTP, 172, 172, 186n on motor retardation, 165, 165, 187n on vital depression, 155, l86n

Present state examination, xi definitions, 89-92, 108n and minor neuroses, 100 symptoms, 92

Primary depression, 159, l84n Probenecid technique. See also Depression

and monoamine metabolism, 157-58, 160 and noradrenaline metabolism, 160,

185n Proxmial cause, of disease, 192 Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia, 112, 127n Psychiatry, history of, 29, 82n Psychoanalytic diagnosis, 25ff

problems with psychodynamics, 25ff flaws in analytic system, 130-32

causal errors, 31·32

nonempirical nature, 31 untestable theory, 31

introduction, 25-27 diagnosis, meaning of, 26 lack of organization, 26-27

psychoanalytic diagnoses, 27ff categories of mental condition, 28-29 Freud's neurosis types, 28-29 libidinal stage diagnosis, 30. See

also Libidinal stage diagnosis unconscious processes, 28

psychodynamics, role of, 32ff conclusions, 41 meaning and behavior, 32ff

cause, 33 effect, 33-34 motivation, 32-33

sexual aberrations, 39-40 perversion, 40 variant, 40

transvestism, 35ff casual cross-dressing, 38 fetishistic cross-dressing, 36 hermaphroditic identity, 37-38 intersexuality, 37 psychosis, 38 transsexualism, 37 true transsexualism, 37

Psychogenic psychosis, 112, 212, 222 Psychological stressors, classification and

glossary in DSM-111, l9ff Psychoneuroses, in Freud's scheme, 29

narcissistic neurosis, 29 manic-depressive continuum, 29 paranoia, 29 schizophrenia, 29

transference neurosis, 29 anxiety hysteria, 29 conversion hysteria, 29 obsessional neurosis, 29

Psychopathic personality, and sexual devi­ation, 39

Psychophysiological skin disorder, and body-organ pathology, 27

Psychotic Index, 63, 67n

Randrup, A., & Munkvad, 1., on ampheta­mines, 163, l87n

Reaction, use of term, 5 Reactive disorders not classified elsewhere

and psychosocial etiology, 7 sequence in DSM-111, 7

Redmond, E. E., Jr., et al., on noradrena· line inhibition, 161, 187n

238 Psychiatric Diagnosis

Reich, T., et al., on mania and depres­sion, 132, 136, 151n

Reitan, R. M. on basic functions, 200, 206n on Category Test, 51, 68n on dementia, 47-48, 68n on Halstead's measurements, 48, 68n on lesion types, 64, 68n on organicity tests, 225 on neuropsychological concepts, xii, 42ff

Reliability, 15, 17, 75 Renal insufficiency, and multiaxial ap­

proach, 12 Rosenthal, D.

on adoptee studies, 119ff, 127n on biological concepts, 121, 127n

Roth, et al., on spectrum narrowness, 210 Rowland, L. P., on CPK levels, 46, 68n Royce, J. R., on clinical research, 80, 83n Rutter, M., on urban children, 102, I07n

Sack, R. L., & Goodwin, F. K., on fusaric acid, 161, I87n

Sano, 1., on 5-HTP, 172, 187n Sartorius, N., et al., on IPSS follow-up,

99, 107n Scharfetter, C., et al., on syndrome (AH),

91, I07n Schizoaffective disorder, 130 Schizoidia, 113, 127n Schizoid personality, and way of life, 27 Schizophrenia. See also Schizophrenic

spectrum acute, 77, 82n, 118, 127n, 222-23 ambulatory, 112 adoptee studies of, II9ff borderline, 112, 124-26 and breakdowns, 81 broad versus narrow definition, 94 case study of, 95ff and cerebral lesions, 63, 67n and childhood, 98, 107n chronic, 194, 210 definitions of, 26, 98, 11 Off diagnosis of, 209-10 difficulties diagnosing, 69-70 in DSM-111

depressive disorder, 16, 17 residual subtype, 16

and EEG, 44, 68n English/ American diagnoses, 79, 82n family studies of, 114ff genetic studies of, 129-30 hebephrenic and catatonic, 7ll

and institutions, 98, 108n international study of, 93, 96ff, 107n Kraepelin on, 156 labeling of, 202 and multiaxial system, 99 and (NS) and (AH) syndromes, 91, 94-

95, 107n one-word diagnosis of, 156 and pneumoencephalograms, 45 pseudoneurotic, 112, 127n psychoanalytic concepts of, 29 reactive, Ill risk of, 129, 15ln spectrum of. See Schizophrenic spectrum

Schizophrenic and affective disorders, as syndromes, 5

Schizophrenic disorder. See also Schiz-ophrenia

diagnosis of in DSM-111, 15 sequence in DSM-111, 7 and multiaxial approach, 12, 14 and shared phenomenology, 6

Schizophrenic spectrum. See also Schizo­phrenia

adoptee studies of, 119ff biological co-parent, 121, 121 schizoid psychopathology, 120, 120

adoptive parents study, 122-23, 122, 12J borderline schizophrenia, 112ff borderline state, 124-26 chronic schizophrenia, 111 definitions, 110 family studies of, 114ff

acute schizophrenia, 118 incidence, 117, 117 scope and validity, I15, 116

and genetic relationships, ll3ff reactive schizophrenia, 112 schizoid states, 113, 123 summary of, 126-27 validity, 109ff

Schizophrenic symptoms, and hierarchy, 93, 94

Schizophreniform psychosis, ll2, 222 Schizothymes, 113, 127n Schneider, Kurt, on syndromes (NS) and

(AH), 91, 107n Schulsinger, H. A., on classifications, 94,

107 Schutte, H. H., on 5-HT metabolism, 167.

188n Semmelweiss, and disinfecting, 195 Sexual deviation. See also Psychoanalytic

diagnosis

Index 239

and psychoanalysis, 39 and psychopathic inferior, 39

Sexual disorders, sequence in DSM-11, 7. See also Psychoanalytic diagnosis

iexual dysfunctions as isolated symptoms, 5 and neurosis, 7

Shagass, C., on electroencephalography, 45, 68n

Sheehy, Michael, on DSM-111 guiding principles, Iff

Shepherd, M., et al., on psychiatric need, 101, 107n

Shields, J., on heredity, 155, 188n Shopsin, B., et al.

on noradrenaline metabolism, 159, 188n on pcpa, 169, 188n

Simple bereavement, and depressive dis­orders, 16

Sjostrom, R., &: Roos, B.-E., on disturbed dopamine turnover, 164, 188n

Slater, E., &: Glithero, E., on hysteria and organic disease, 46, 68n

Sleep disorders, sequence in DSM-111, 7 Sociopathic personality, and sexual devia­

tion, 39. See also Psychoanalytic diagnosis

Somatoform disorders sequence in DSM-111, 7 and shared phenomenology, 6

Sorcery, and treatment, 85, 106n Specific developmental disorders, and mul­

tiaxial approach, 12 Spicer, C., et al., on British first admis­

sions for mania, 140, 15ln Spitzer, R.

on borderline, 214-15, 220 on classification, 202, 206 on conferences, 203-4 on cycloid psychosis, 223 on DSM-1 and II, 15, 24n on DSM-111, x, xi, Iff, 219 on Feighner criteria, 15, 24n on Hassenpfeffer's syndrome, 215 on genetic linkage, 216 on lCD, 15, 18, 19, 24n, 225-227 on IPSS, 225, 226 on personality traits, 220 on results, 3, 24n on schizophrenic personality, 220 on sexual arousal disorders, 207-8 on subacute, subchronic states, 221 on symbiotic psychosis, 220

Srole, L., on undiagnosed cases, 101, I07n

Standardization, limits of, 84ff classification into disorders, 92-94

aetiology schedule, 93 hierarchy, 92-93 an ideal, 92 information, 92 international study of schizophrenia,

93 reactivity of syndromes, 93 concepts of disease, 84ff definitions, 89-90 disease theories, 87-89

explanation, 88 syndrome, 88, 89

folk beliefs 86 functional psychoses, 94-95

case history, 95ff and CA TEGO classes, 94-95 (NS) and (AH) syndromes, 94

minor neuroses, lOOff comparability, 101 specialist referral, 101 symptom check-list, 101 thresholds, 101

present state examination, 89-92, 108n interviews, 90 ratings, 91 syndrome check-list, 91

(AH), 91 (NS), 91

primitives, 84-85 summary, 105-6 theories of problems and disease, 103-4

Stoller, R. on diagnostic categories, xi on motivation and diagnosis, xi on psychoanalytic diagnosis, 25ff on psychoanalysts, xi on psychodynamics and axes, 202, 206n on sexual arousal disorders, 207 on variants and perversions, 40, 4ln

Strauss, J., and multiaxial approach, 7, 12, 24n

Stuttering, as isolated symptom, 5 Sydenham, Thomas

nosology of, 191, 206n on syndromes, 88-89

Sydenham's criteria, and syndromes, 92 Symbiotic psychosis, 220 Symposium

basis for book, x hierarchy of concerns, x summa of knowledge, x

Syndromes, check list of, 91, 92

240 Psychiatric Diagnosis

Takahashi, S., et al., on 5-HTP, 172, 188n Tanna, V., et al., on depression, 147, 151n Tic, and simple symptoms, 27 Transsexuality, and diagnosis, xi Transvestism, xi, 35ff Traumatic neuroses, in Freud's scheme,

28. See also Libidinal stage diag· no sis

Trigeminal neuralgia, as isolated symp· tom, 5

Trimble, M., et al., on 1-5-HTP, 173, 188n !-tryptophan, as antidepressant, 172 Tuck, J. R., &: Punell, G., on noradrena·

line up-take, 153, 188n

Unipolar depression, rejection of term in DSM-III, 18, 142, 144, 150n, 151n

Validity, 15, 17, 73 Vaughn, C. E., &: Leff, J. P., on social

factors, 99, 107n Venables, P., &: Wing, J. K., on perpheral

arousal, 97, 107n Verbal and performance IQ, 56-57, 60

Walinder, J., et al., on noradrenaline in­hibition, 173, 188n

Watt, N. F., &: Lubensk, A. W., on child-hood and schizophrenia, 98, 107n

Wechsler, on measures of intellect, 48 Wechs1er-Bellevue, and case W. P., 56 Weiss, P., on homeostasis, 75, 83n Wender, Paul

on adoptee parents, 122, 127n on borderline concepts, 220 on genetic studies, xii, 198, 199, 206n on markers, 209 on schizophrenia, 109ff, 209-10, 213

Wender, P. H., et al, on adoptee studies, II9ff, 127n on schizophrenia, 220

Wilk, S. on cerebrospinal fluid, 167, 188n on dopamine, 164, 188n on HVA concentration, 164, 188n

Williams, H. L., on MMPI and cerebral lesions, 63, 68n

Wing, J. K. on axes, 202, 206n on diagnostic categories, x on disablement, 98, 108n on DSM-111, 227-28 on explanatory theories, 88, 108n on lCD, 227 on international variations, xi on interpretation, 201, 206n

on interviews, 200, 206n on palitical pressures, xi on present state examination, xi

Wing, J. K., &: Brown, G. W. on behavior scales, 97, 108n on peripheral arousal, 97, 108n on social factors, 99, 108n

Wing, J. K., &: Nixon, J., on syndrome (AH), 91, 108n

Wing, J. K., et al. and classification, 94, 108n on hierarchy, 92, 108n on institutions and schizophrenia, 98,

108n on present state examination, 91, 108n on special referral, 101, 108n on syndrome (AH), 91, 108n on syndrome check, 91, 108n

Winokur, G. on alcoholism, 145, 15ln, 222 on anxiety, 214 on depression spectrum, 217 on Feighner criteria, 213 on genetic studies, xii on genetic research, xiii, 198, 199, 128n,

206n on lithium, 222-23 on search for markers, xiii on unipolar depression, 144, 151n on X-linkage, 218

Winokur, G., &: Clayton, P. on affective disorders, 129, 152n and genetic methods, 132·33, J:H, 152n

Winokur, G., &: Tanna, V., on X-linkage, 135, 136, 152n

Winokur, G., &: Tsuang, M., on schizo­phrcmia recovery, 130, 152n

Winokur, G., et al. on female admission, 141, 152n on mania, 135, 152n on schizophrenic risk, 129, 152n on unipolar depression, 142, 152n

World Health Organization diagnostic codes of, x and hierarchy, 92, 107n and international variations, xi and present state examination, 91, 92,

107n and schizophrenia, 93, 98-99, 107n on total score, 104

X-linkage, 135, 136, 138ff, 217-18. See also Genetic patterns

Zubin, J., on diagnosis, 69, 8lln