Index [assets.cambridge.org]...Index a priori morality 1, 4, 9 Abelard, Peter 394 absent-mindedness 63 abstraction 62–64, 101, 268 as negative use of attention 368 On Attention and

Index

a priori morality 1, 4, 9Abelard, Peter 394absent-mindedness 63abstraction 62–64, 101, 268

as negative use of attention 368On Attention and 367–369voluntary and involuntary 368

activity 9, 19, 20, 524affect as the spur to 446, 454desire and 131, 440ease and difficulty of 363–367freedom of choice 136, 361in gratification 23pain as the spur to 426, 430, 500principle of 173, 174sensibility of 468of the soul 34, 51and temperament 182, 297, 300

acuity 84, 87, 387Adam, the fall of 276Addison, Joseph 5Adickes, Erich 2, 4admiration 146, 450adolescence 328

education in 39, 251aesthetics 7, 10, 22–26affect(s) 292, 385, 443–448

agreeable and disagreeable 446disturbance in 416does not endure 273General Observations about the

Passions and 161–171liberation from 454and loss of self-control 444nature versus reason in 164–169On the Agitations of the

Body . . . With the Agitations of theMind, through 150–161

and passions 142–144, 443–448

power in the state of 164predisposition to 446sex differences in 168as spur to activity 446, 454sudden 447, 463surprise from 445wild 144

affectation 54, 351, 480, 518agency see activity; I; self; subjectages

character of different 16, 19, 32, 36,69, 71, 90, 96, 105, 127, 147, 167,179, 197, 273, 328

difference in passions 457difference in sensibility 362different in marriage 245

agreeable, the 425–432, 436agriculture 278Algarotti, Conte Francesco 365altruism 140Amazons 324ambition 140, 142, 166, 248, 461Americans 274, 276, 320, 323, 475

North 406South 303

Amphictyonic League 505analytical philosophy 54, 56, 353anarchy 279, 362Anaxarchus 33Anaximander 363anger 144, 150, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168,

445, 450kinds of 449–450

anima 20, 34, 40, 51animality 73, 162, 165, 168, 276

and affect 446the body as the subject of 53combined with freedom as evil 277,

455

595

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Index

animality (cont.)in conflict with humanity 217–230in desires 133and difference between the sexes 233and freedom 330and intelligens 263mistrust in society 330and rationality 33, 52and sexual inclination 460as source of development of good in

human beings 217as source of ill 20the Stoics on 19and sympathy 157temperament and 52

animalscompared with human beings 19, 33,

50, 51, 141, 233, 239, 274, 294,326, 348, 361, 437, 442, 498–502

and natural laws 277our duties towards 157profile compared with human 208propensity toward freedom 455self-preservation instinct 138

animus 20, 34, 40, 51anthropognosis 515anthropography 515“Anthropological Characteristic” 8,

10“Anthropological Didactic” 8, 10anthropology 1, 16

as a characteristic 517Introduction to 343–509Kant on 1, 41–42, 48Kant’s lectures 2–5major parts of 7, 8methododology in 8, 15–20and moral philosophy 9nature and need for 41–42Part II 171–181and physiology 15–20the purpose of 49relationship with metaphysics 2, 4,

15, 31, 50rules of prudence 48as a science 515sources of 292, 346–347, 516The Utility of 262use of term 292, 344uses 343, 344, 346, 517see also moral anthropology; physical

anthropology; practical

anthropology; pragmaticanthropology; scholastic approach

Anthropology Busolt see BusoltAnthropology Collins see CollinsAnthropology Friedlander see

FriedlanderAnthropology from a Pragmatic Point of

View (Kant) 2, 5, 7and development in lectures 10

Anthropology Mrongovius seeMrongovius

Anthropology Parow see ParowAnthropology Pillau see Pillauapathy 118, 445, 454, 461apes 212, 213

genius-apes 423orangutan 326

aphorisms 267, 389, 395appearances 31, 74

the assessment of 106compared with feeling 23deceptive 53differences in the sexes 249and impression 54mere 19

appetite 432, 433Arabs 456architecture 111, 266, 269Aristippus 270aristocracy 156Aristotle 60, 75, 104, 476armies

mechanism in 422standing 278, 357

arrogance 416, 417, 418, 456, 457art 219–225, 516

appears as nature 173, 266of obscuring 355in women 230, 240, 321, 484

artificiality 16, 32, 54, 352arts 216, 225, 265, 433, 503

development of the species of the277–279

fine and useful 266formative 268, 269of industry and of genius 268taste and feeling 24, 198that produce an object that can charm

us 269with or without spirit (mechanical)

269see also fine arts

596







Index

association 81intensity and long retention in

memory 89law of 385, 394social relations 138

assuming (Praevision) 98astrology 407astronomy 99, 230, 275, 405attention 62–64

distractions of 352, 369, 376, 521I as focus of 517, 518, 522On Attention and Abstraction

367–369positive or negative 367of the senses 374to our name 348

attitudeschanging 63extended 411sublimity of 448

author 53, 56, 349gives cues 357paradoxical 59portrayal of vice 122temperament of 305

authority 456, 457elected 508and law 279, 331, 505, 506

avarice 417, 458examples of 417

Bacon, Francis (of Verulam) 399Bailly, Jean Sylvain 275Baratier, Jean Philippe 424barbarism 275, 321, 331, 455, 504, 506Barthelemy, Jean Jacques 398Basedow, Johann Bernhard 39, 40

institutes 40, 250Methodenbuch 39Philanthropin 252

Battista Porta, Giovanni 473, 475Baumgarten, A.G.

empirical psychology 2, 4, 7, 102,142, 294, 347

Metaphysica 4, 5, 8, 270–271, 294Bayle, Pierre 378beauty

adjudication of 16, 22–26, 432–436of the face 113, 204, 213and the good 434, 436–439in men and women 204, 205, 432,

436

in particularity 438pleases universally 425and proportion 312, 313, 432, 436,

474pure 22of the spirit 265true 198, 473and utility 22, 434

Bergk, Johann Adam (ps. FriedrichChristian Starke) 6, 283

Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne 356Bernd, Adam 349Bestimmungen see vocationBildung 39–40biography 262Black, Joseph 495body

changing position of the 153constitution, complexion and

temperament 171constraint of the 205effects of dreams on the 403figure of the 203healthy 119–120and the I 19, 40magnetic force of the 109motive forces of the 154On the Association of the Soul with

the Body 463–464and outer senses 66proportions of the 204, 313sensations of the 145shape 312and soul 33, 35, 52, 473structure and physiognomy 473as the subject of animality 53temperament of the 467women’s fearfulness of injury 237work and repose alternating 367see also mind–body relationship

Boerhaave, Hermann 464Bohme, Jakob 382, 416Bolingbroke, Henry St John, 1st

Viscount 412Bonnet, Charles 2, 17books

animation by 115printing of 278reading 124, 125, 441weaken memory 89, 396

boredom 425, 427, 440–443as cause of evil 441

597







Index

boredom (cont.)loathing of 123, 376in old age 442

Boswell, James 494Bougainville, Louis Antoine, comte de 5Bourignon, Antoinette de 405Brahma 456brain, and ganglia 463Brenkenhof, Friedrich Balthasar

Schonberg von 408Brinckmann, Johann Peter 167, 463Brindley, James 424Brinvilliers, Marie Madeleine

Marguerite d’Aubray, Marquise de210, 477

Brockes, Barthold Heinrich 400Buffon, George Louis le Clerc, Comte

de 2, 208, 354Buno, Johann 395Busby, Richard 451Busolt (1788–1789) 6, 8, 515–524

Prolegomena 515–517Butler, Samuel 267

Hudibras 86, 391

Calas, Jean 491Campe, Joachim Heinrich 40Canadians 409capacity

and ability 465defined 20, 35ease and difficulty in 363–367for evil 393reason as highest mental 411to learn and natural aptitude 173,

295, 465–467care 407, 447carelessness 107, 170, 407Caribbeans 407, 440caricature 208, 306, 314, 346, 477, 503Cartesius see Descartes, ReneCato the Younger 164, 378, 447causes 100

in nature and human beings 99Celtic nations 275ceremonies 61, 140certainty 447Cervantes, Miguel de 5character 5, 7, 10, 35–36, 465, 517, 522

acquisition of 196, 308, 481, 484assumed and natural 180bad 194, 306

concepts and principles in 192, 197,481, 484

corruption of 483deceptive 209defined 295, 478determination of 35development of 251, 252, 306, 309of the different sexes 321–338evil 181, 192, 194, 196, 305, 306, 308formation in education 229and free power of choice 310, 465,

479, 523in General 305–333the good 192–197, 296, 311, 466, 481good and evil 181good-naturedness from 306, 309has a moral worth 295, 306, 310, 479and higher capacities 26, 35of humanity in general 39inferences from physiognomy 477lack of 305malevolent 209, 210and mien 208moralized 479a noble 307not innate but to be acquired 41, 177,

178not a predisposition to happiness 310Of the Character of the Sexes

321–326Of the Character of the whole

Human Species 326–333Of the Human Species 273–279On the Actual Character of the

Human Being 484–509On the Character of the Human

Species 498–509On the Character of Humanity in

General 212–230On the Character of Nations

488–498On the Character of the Sexes

484–488On Character in the Species 192–197On the Determination of the

Characters of Nations 197–202On Physiognomy or the

Determination of 202–212On the Proper Character of Human

Beings . . . 478–484as power of choice to act re rules and

principles 176–181

598







Index

proper (eigentlichen) and actual(wirklichen) 8

secures freedom 479spoiling factors 307and temperament 39, 41, 52ways of practicing 481and will 26, 175, 196, 306, 310of women 231, 236see also moral character

characteristicanthropology as a 517of the Human Being 295–465Of the Characteristic of the Person

523–524Characterization, On the Faculty of

99–100characters

distinguished from symbols 99from history 93

Charles II, King of England 451Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

430Charles XII, King of Sweden 448,

480charm 436, 437chemistry 495Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope,

4th Earl of 522children

affected behavior 54care more for own children than for

parents 456delicate senses 70development of concept of Self 17, 50different upbringing of the sexes 250discipline of 136, 150, 188, 251education of 39, 250–255, 306, 508education in stages 251good behavior 350idiotic not disturbed 418instincts for nutrition 137lack of sense of smell 67love for parents 162love of practical jokes 451mothering instinct for 138nature of 152, 153paternity of 326precocious (ingenia praecocia) 424ratiocinating 107resemblance to parent 210and shame 450sight in 69

upbringing of 181, 188, 196, 205,228, 233, 245, 252, 441, 467

use of third person for the self 348Chinese, the 103, 198, 204, 273, 275,

276, 315, 409, 475chiromancy 406, 408chivalry 485choice

according to rules and principles176–181

freedom of 60, 62, 310“Hobson’s” 381imagination and power of 83, 88of object of passion 166state of mind and power of 141

choleric person 62, 132, 166, 174, 182,183, 187–190, 296, 367

described 300–303memory in 397in public office 472in religion 472in the sciences 472in social intercourse 472temperament 468, 470–471

Christina Augusta (Alexandra), Queen102, 438

Cicero 382, 399, 504civil condition 504, 506, 508

and the state of nature 219–225, 278,331, 500–509

civil constitution 216–224, 230, 246,276, 278, 330–333

ancient overturned 507and freedom 331, 505harm done by the 502perfection of 507–509

civil order 212, 215, 216–230, 233, 254and standing armies 278as a state or a power 504

civil society 95, 214, 262, 330, 500, 504falsity in 503maturity in 412means for cultivation 506means of improving 507requirements for 331, 505

civilization 267, 328, 329, 506, 507harm done by 502luxury and 433and moralization 439and taste 434through the doctrine of prudence 516versus the state of nature 500–509

599







Index

Clavius, Christoph 424cognition

a priori 10acquisition through hearing 69and aesthetic judgment 24, 26, 358assessment of and mechanical

memorization 89based on reason as systematic 411and difference of sensibility 60–61distinctness 358empirical 10the faculty of 7, 8, 10, 117grounds of 15–20, 110and the head 113–120and imagination 98methodical 289On the Higher Cognitive Faculty

410–414order 358the perfection of a 355practical worth 358pragmatic 261, 344with regard to time 405rules enlarge power of 85, 101scholastic and popular 343, 358, 515and the soul 31speculative 261study held to be easy 261–262truth of 355unity in diversity 359uses 358worldly 515see also sensibility; understanding

cognitionsas archetypes of the thing 95difficult and easy 365emphatic 60hypostatic 60On the Perfection of 355–359On the Variousness of the Perfection

and Imperfection of 58–60paradoxical 59

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 390, 393Collins (1772–1773) 1, 120, 6, 7, 11–26

Conditions of taste 22–26Prolegomena 15–17Treatise 17–22

colordistinguishing 371, 372as a play of sensation 69

comedy 126, 127, 306, 401, 437comfort 425–432, 459

common sense 271commonwealth 331comparison 83, 89, 387compass 278compassion 156complexion 171composing 397–401

On the Faculty of 91–92while sleeping 402

composure 141, 160concepts

abstract 363analysis of 350broadened/extended 319, 411, 521false 361fundamental 521general 413the habit of 361or ideas 268and images 265, 293, 386as incentives 193play of 199and principles 192, 197pure 111sensitivity from 429translation of 57understanding as the faculty of 101,

110, 111–112, 360, 410and words 100, 277, 327

Conflict of the Faculties (Kant) 3conscience 195, 226, 228, 458

freedom of 357consciousness

objective of objects 54, 351, 352–355On Consciousness of Oneself

517–518of self-activity 17, 264subjective 351see also self-consciousness;

unconsciousnessconstitution 171, 331, 507

national character and form ofpolitical 498

see also civil constitutionconstraint

of the body 205civil 40, 216, 225, 226, 228, 329moral 226, 228in society 74, 78, 136, 277in the understanding 104

contemplation 18, 120contempt 149–150, 195

600







Index

contentedness 132contradiction 75contrast 75, 375conversation 346, 390, 403, 461, 522

moral 484obscure representations in 355rules of 462

Cook, James 5, 495cool-headedness 164, 168Copernicus, Nicolas 357cosmology 262cosmopolitanism 333, 381courage 146–148, 448

for dueling 449cowardice 448, 503Creoles 188criminality, and physiognomy 315, 403,

477Critique of the Power of Judgment (Kant)

7, 41Critique of Pure Reason (Kant) 6, 7crying 152, 452cultivation 194, 215, 229, 275, 276, 279,

516by the female sex 485civil society as means of 506, 507

culture 293, 329, 381advantages from 502drive and lifespan 501equanimity through 429evil/harm through 501, 502pleasures of service to our 430and taste 434war as a means to 449, 502, 506

custom 388, 435

Dampier, William D. 213dance 266, 269, 317, 491–492De Luc, Jean Andre 448, 503death 73, 80, 119, 145

due to joy or distress 123, 464fear of 221, 263, 315, 354, 460, 503mien after 475of a spouse 242, 249

debt (owed duties) 175, 429deception 72, 73, 105, 108, 195, 209,

228, 253, 309, 394, 413, 481, 503On Deception and Semblance of the

Senses 379–381self- 516

decorum 380, 434deliberation 164, 165, 480, 481, 499

delirium 416, 423, 448delusion

of foolishness 417of honor 417inclinations of 140, 458of inner sense 382of opinion 254religious 140, 483as a semblance 416

dementia 369, 403, 405, 414, 415democracy 332, 399Democritus 447Demosthenes 382Denina, Carlo Giovanni Maria 488depression 21, 298–300, 447

“Architectonic” 41Descartes, Rene (Cartesius) 19designation 405

On the Faculty of 408–410desire 113, 439

in conflict 132the faculty of 7, 8, 10, 36, 40, 352the faculty of and temperament 467freedom of will 442a habitual sensible 439, 443idle and inciting/active 132, 272, 440as an illness of the soul 136kinds of 443lack of 132lower and upper faculties 439in the mind 141moral 442and needs 132, 221, 442Of desires 271–273On the Faculty of 439–454On the Variability of the Desires

132–135possible and actual 134, 137, 142rational 133, 272, 439satisfaction of 131–132sensible 133, 272, 297, 360as the third faculty of the soul

131–132, 468despair 148, 447despotism 279, 331, 332, 497, 505, 520determinatio 41Diderot, Denis, D’Alembert’s Dream 2dietetics, maxims of 480difficulty 366

internal and external 364of observing others compared with

self-observation 347

601







Index

difficulty (cont.)On 61–64On Ease and 363–367

dignity 254, 264, 355, 457and decorum 380

Dilthey, Wilhelm 1, 4discernment, judgment of 84discipline 52, 60, 136, 155, 170, 188,

194, 196, 212, 215, 219, 315, 362,496, 500, 523

of children 136, 150, 188, 251discovery 91, 115, 264, 316, 353, 398

bring to light 264finding something out 398of metals etc. 327

disgust 149–150, 451physical or ideal 451

displeasure, see pleasure and displeasuredisposition 16, 74, 93, 106, 112, 262,

293, 352of the body 70and character 178, 192, 252distinguished from temperament 174habitual 295, 304, 467inner to society 328natural 327in the public 229and temper 120–132see also mental disposition;

predispositiondistinctness 57–58distractions 102, 148, 352, 521

involuntary 522voluntary 521

divination 98, 108division of labors 278doctrines, three 345, 516domination

difference between the sexes 235,240, 246, 321, 323, 484–487

love of freedom and 458mania for dominance 456, 457, 458in marriage 487natural human desire for 39, 138,

188, 412, 503dreaming 78, 83, 403

On 402–405On the State of Human Beings in

Sleep or 93–96dreams 93–96, 348, 370, 383

of the future 100interpretation of 100, 108, 406

presaging 94uses of 402

dress, fashions in 435drinking 78–79, 148, 149, 167,

377–379, 441, 463drives

basic instincts 138, 442, 461to enter society 139

drugs 79, 124, 167, 367, 377–379dueling 449, 489Dutch see Hollandersduty 254, 307, 325, 429, 482, 508Dyck, William 404

earth sciences 1eccentrics 414, 481, 493ecstasy 78education 39, 290, 333

age-related stages 252and development of character 306,

308, 484and gender differences 40for good behavior 351of humanity see BildungKant on 40and knowledge of the world 261Latin and 319mechanism in instruction 116and morality 228, 273national character and form of 498negative 508On 250–255perfection through 225, 279, 507, 509proportion of cultivation 114public 329reform movement (18th C) 39, 41Rousseau on 223, 251, 253self- 41subjective principles in 262and temperament 472true method of 40use of anthropology to 517of women 236, 237, 250, 304, 485see also instruction

egoism 51, 53, 263, 348–352, 517aesthetic 518conversation 348–352, 462of the disturbed mind 416and hypochondria 351logical 18moral 348, 349, 518physical 518

602







Index

Egyptians 409election of a head 508eloquence 92, 250, 265, 266, 269, 323

compared with poetry 399, 422in a democracy 399

emotion, charm distinguished from 437empathy 52empirical psychology 31–35

Baumgarten’s 2, 4, 5, 7, 347and metaphysics 15, 50

empirical sciences 1, 10, 50, 262, 516endings 376, 430ends 35, 438, 441Engel, Johann Jacob 475English 76, 85, 176, 200, 205, 212, 388,

389, 455, 459, 488affectation in youth 351with broadened concepts 319character 493–495compared with French language 120compared to Germans 58, 122, 191,

477compared to Hollanders 136genius 424jury 409–410land of moods 317, 498newspapers 317, 493parliament 399respect for law 506temper 201

enjoyment 123–132, 149, 152, 373, 425alternation with pain 426–432animating 125in foretaste and aftertaste 126ideal in money 458intellectual 127rational 131sociability of 435and taste 431uses up the vital force 440we should try to increase our 430

Enlightenment 2, 3, 39enlightenment 319, 357, 423, 500, 521entertainment 123–127, 358, 366, 426,

433, 461enthusiasm 94–96, 387, 404, 520envy 158, 166, 429, 431Epicureans 33Epicurus 19, 110, 428equality

between the sexes 241, 484by nature 502

the distance of 53freedom with law and force 505pretension to 158society of 224, 457see also inequality

equanimity 119–120, 428–429, 446through culture 429

equilibrium 118, 132, 273Erasmus, Desiderius 475Erdmann, Benno 2error 59, 60, 84, 356, 379, 412, 521Essay on the Maladies of the Head (Kant) 3ethics 329Euclid 199Euler, Leonhard 384Europeans 357, 379

and America 274compared with Orientals 197–198,

321compared with savages 374

evil 158, 175, 276boredom as cause of 441capacity for 393character 181, 192, 194, 196, 308,

474from misuse of freedom 506from opposition between humanity

and animality 503and good 21, 22, 25, 34, 93, 172, 177,

501good from 225, 227, 330, 503incentive to 223inherent to freedom 231moral and physical 330nature aims at 215On the origin of good from 276–277opposing 482separation of good people from evil

ones 439source of 217, 330through culture 501will 195

evil eye 372exchange 278expectations 77, 97, 376

reversal of 451experience 15, 97, 343, 344, 347, 413,

516confirms sound reason 109–110judgment shaped by 9, 24, 106, 433observation from 238, 291, 516

experiments 516

603







Index

fables 91, 505face 204

beauty of the 113, 204, 213, 436constraint of expressions 295determining character from the 208,

313difference in sexes 313, 475disproportion 206, 474, 503distinctiveness of each 312distinguished or common 210, 476facial features 207, 313–314, 403,

406, 408, 475, 481facial form 207, 475innate defects 476mien 207, 313–314, 475as mirror of the mind 206, 404profile 208, 475

facility, On 61–64faculty

of completing the image formation(facultas perficiendi) 81

defined 20, 35of maxims and principles 193On the Higher Cognitive 410–414On the Productive 397–401of representations 370sensible and intellectual 360see also mental faculties

family formation 138, 487fanaticism 78, 95, 112, 350, 351, 382,

387, 405, 464fantasizing 94–96, 350, 403–404fantasy 264, 384, 386, 403, 405, 461fashion 24, 199, 239, 317, 435, 455, 482,

486, 490wit and 388

fatalism 407fate 108, 126, 160fear 146, 147, 324, 445

of authority 456of death 460, 503degrees of 448–449and flight 150, 445and hope 447see also fright

feeling 444and death 119as a general sense 66, 67–68, 371good-naturedness from 306or heart 51mastery of 429moral 193, 429, 431

On the Feeling of Pleasure orDispleasure 425–439

and sounds 327subjective and objective 148taste distinguished from 23–24in temperament 181–192, 297, 479,

524see also affect; pleasure and

displeasure; touchfeminine sex see womenfemininity 484Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 41Fielding, Henry 5, 76

Tom Jones 122figures of speech 355fine arts 265, 318

of lasting or transitory impression266

material 266spiritual 266and useful arts 266

Finnish 321flight 150Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de 365,

420foolishness 417foreseeing 397, 407

On 96–99, 405–408forgiveness 322fortune 108, 124, 129, 172fortune-telling 99, 407Franklin, Benjamin 264freedom

and agency 136and animality 277, 330barbaric/without laws 279, 455,

504the character of 465of choice and character 310of choice and perfection 60, 62and the civil constitution 331, 505civil under laws 455the concept of 17of conscience 357for cultivation of talents 276evil inherent to 227, 231from respect for the law 212, 252and genius 104, 114, 269guidance in children 251, 252inclination to 135, 455–456law and authority 331, 455and life 118

604







Index

limited by other people 188, 455, 505,507

loss of 136love of and domination 458and marriage 244, 325, 487mind, heart and character as 172,

178misuse of 135, 330, 441, 506moral 3, 9, 19, 442or nature 172, 262as a negative resource 135On the Character of 478–484the opinion of 455of the press 107progress and 329and reason 330the semblance of 381in sight 372of the soul 32in state of nature 220, 502use in accordance with the rules 118of will 442, 478, 523

French 59, 73, 79, 84, 85, 176, 191, 199,212, 273, 358, 388, 391

character 316, 317, 319, 413, 444,488–491

compared with Germans 316fashion 490, 498love of paradox 356parliament 399taste of 424, 433, 488women 316, 490

French language 120, 200, 489, 490Friedlander (1775–1776) (Kant) 5, 6, 7,

37–255contents 45–46

friendship 75, 95, 160, 164, 185, 242,450, 482

perfect 404semblance of 380, 481women’s 486

fright 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 151,449–450

future, theaugury in dreams 94enjoyment in 426foreseeing 96–99, 397, 405possibility of altering 430representation in desires 271sadness and 447sign of 100, 409worry about 221, 384, 447

gallantry 169–170, 242, 316, 323, 325,489

gambling 125, 428, 462game(s) 122, 125, 129, 155, 427, 431,

441life as a 74, 186, 199, 366

garden landscaping 266, 269Garve, Christian 3Gaub (Gaubius), Hieronymus David

463, 464Gauls 275Gellert, Christian Furchtegott 137, 176,

483gender differences see sexesgenius 53, 59, 114–116, 200, 295, 388

and deformity 313, 474derivation 421distinguished from talent 419, 420and freedom from rules 104, 114,

269, 421and imagination 421, 423in the inventor 419as a model for the rule 115Of Genius 267–270On Genius 421–424as originality of talent 269–270, 420,

421, 523Geoffrin, Marie Therese Rodet 391geography 319geology 1geometry, and geodesy 345Georgi, Johann Gottlieb 394Gerard, Alexander 424German language 121, 200, 267, 317,

350, 495Germans 205, 356, 358, 388, 389, 390,

466character 200, 275, 316, 317, 318,

323, 466, 495–496, 498compared to English 58, 122, 191,

477drinking 79genius 212, 424, 495, 496on use of term “woman” 231

Gesinnung see dispositiongesture 203, 205Glossary 564–593God

as creator 254image of 203the kingdom on earth of 226, 229purpose of 215

605







Index

God (cont.)revelation 405threefold representation 275true relation with 254

Goldsmith, Oliver 5The Vicar of Wakefield 87

goodcharacter 192–197, 296, 311, 481the common 216, 218compared with the beautiful 436–439and evil 21, 22, 25, 34, 93, 172, 177,

501and evil character 181from evil 225, 330, 503highest 41idea of a perfect 387incentives for 224, 330mediate or immediate 438nature as the measure of the 231, 321On the origin of good from evil

276–277pleases according to rules of the

understanding 425the public 324separation of good people from evil

ones 439source of the 217, 227universal 333, 438and the value of life 427will 192, 520

good heartedness 21, 34, 51, 93, 105,175, 176, 296, 466, 523

good naturedness 306, 309, 311, 438,481, 482, 523

Goths 409–410government 224, 294, 325, 331, 505

aristocratic, despotic or democratic332

by women 486censorship 107cosmopolitan 381education and 229English compared with French 494hereditary versus elected 414mechanism of 422method of 139, 159, 202national character and form of 498religion and morality 509and the semblance of freedom 381and sovereignty of the people 332

gratification 271as the feeling of promotion of life 271

as the intuition of perfection 270see also pleasure

greed 140, 457, 458Greek 267, 363Greeks 100, 104, 199, 204, 275, 313,

316, 332, 379, 408, 448, 505, 507profile 475, 477

grief 354, 369, 431, 445, 447, 453Grimm, Johann Friedrich Karl 315,

418, 477, 490Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

(Kant) 7, 8, 9Guericke, Otto von 496guilt 34, 130, 172, 315, 325, 432Guthrie, William 494Guyer, Paul 7

habit 171, 367, 440as habitus 420involuntary 116

Halle, Johann Samuel 464Haller, Albrecht von 2, 400Hanseatic cities 365happiness 35, 137, 272, 425–432, 434

animals incapable of 51capability through the I 18character is not a predisposition to

310comparative 428the concept of 274and freedom 135hope for 455and innocence 220negative and positive 500of the other 460reason in pursuit of 4, 461of the sexes 484of society as a whole 224and speculation 368in state of nature 221, 500and unhappiness 129and virtue 41

Harley (Harlay) Achille III de 399hatred 62, 149–150, 161, 450Hay, William 313head

election of a 508The Peculiar Characteristic of Every

113–120health 136, 251, 427

and the civil state compared withnature 219, 221

606







Index

difficulty in defining 415laughter and 452and mind 118and nutrition 375of the soul 518

hearing 66, 68, 69, 371, 433, 437body and soul 119–120and old people 69as an organ of reason 69

Hearne, Samuel 5heart 50, 113, 419

cheerful 428, 447the good 21, 34, 51, 93, 105, 175,

176, 296, 466, 523to take something to 148, 430see also good heartedness

Heidegger, Johann Jacob 205, 436Heinecken, Christian Friedrich (“The

Infant of Lubeck-”) 424Helvetius, Claude Adrien 348Heraclitus 363, 447Herder, J. G. 2Herodotus 477Herz, Marcus 3Hindus 315, 320Hindustan 275Hippocrates 199history 262, 273, 291, 293, 319,

346–347, 438characters from 93from a cosmopolitan point of view

333pragmatic 3, 345, 516

Hogarth, William 209, 313, 314, 477Hollanders 136, 459, 472Home, Henry, Lord Kames 430, 439Homer 423honesty 178, 393, 413, 439honor 136, 137, 165, 195, 198, 220,

226, 325, 433the concept of 111, 216, 448delusion of 417desire for 139, 140, 169–170, 442influence through 456lack of 306love of 254, 457, 458, 482point of (point d’honneur) 169–170,

316, 458, 489women and 178, 236, 248, 250, 307,

308, 323, 325, 485hope 73, 97, 271, 407, 428

and fear 447

for happiness 455hopelessness 171Horace 5, 359, 489household, differences between the

sexes in 234, 246, 325, 412, 456,485

human beingas animal and intelligens 263animality of 165, 212–214, 217–230,

498–502, 523applying knowledge of the 171–181capacity for happiness 461character of the 10, 465, 522civil versus natural state 216–230compared with animals 19, 33, 50, 51,

141, 233, 239, 294, 361, 442,498–502

Concerns the Characteristic of the464–465

in different conditions 32and domestic livestock 277, 327figure 203first skills 327herbivorous or carnivorous 326,

499homines diurnos and nocturnos 499inner worth 479intelligence of 165, 263is the purpose of nature (Zweck der

Natur) 42, 48, 166knowledge of 47, 48, 49, 290–294,

343, 346, 353, 515natural compared with well-bred 219natural predispositions 503, 523On the Actual Character of the

484–509On the Characteristic of the 295–333On the Proper Character of 478–484On the self-centredness of the 50–54perfectibility of 39perfection of the 22–26, 40, 216–230,

274–279as a play of obscure representations

354powers 478predatory 499propensity toward society 499relation to the orangutan 326relations with nature 47science of the see anthropologyspiritual determination 502–509on two feet 213, 275, 326, 498

607







Index

human beings 261causes in 99observation of (anthropography)

515progress in nature 329, 500rights of 195, 226, 254, 331

human natureand appeal of moral laws 9causes of variety 315, 344the concept in general 273–279distinguished from nature 41dual determinations 40, 52innate germs of perfection

227–229knowledge of 16, 41, 47, 48, 264in literature 293love of 262maliciousness of 214–216, 225and metaphysics of morals 9physiological/medical approach 3predispositions to morality 273teleological direction of 41, 327–333vocation of perfection 274–279see also humanity

humaneness 140humanitarians (Menschenfreunde) 40humanities 265humanity 140, 157

the character of 517in children’s upbringing 254in conflict with animality 217–230ease or difficulty of acquaintance with

347final destiny 506, 509On the Character of Humanity in

General 212–230perfection of 223–230, 250, 276, 501see also human nature

Hume, David 2, 5, 308, 391, 432, 453,476, 483, 484, 488

History of England 3, 49humor 76, 86, 389, 429Hutcheson, Francis 142, 383, 483hypochondria 63, 83, 166, 167, 349,

351, 368, 383, 384, 414, 518among scholars 418

hypothesis 265, 416

Icapability for happiness 18as the faculty of representing oneself

264

as focal point but not the center 53as focus of attention 517, 522and memory 18On the Investigation of the 347–352power to transpose the 40, 52as the soul 32–33, 50the thought of the 50–54Tractatio ipsa 263–264as ultimate subject 17–19

ideaconcept of a thing 95, 110Plato on the 111, 268as unity of the manifold in its entirety

268ideal 95, 96, 276

angelic 158of beauty 436enjoyments 117

idealism 65rational 65

identity 263idiocy 94, 113, 415ignorance 59, 356, 412, 501Ilgen, Heinrich Rudiger von 408illusion 72, 74, 379images 198, 408, 409

and concepts 265, 386deceptive 53in dreams 403faculty of forming 80–82, 111of the ideal 95reproductive formation 80, 81in speech 60, 64

imagination 7, 24, 60, 63, 79, 268, 295,370, 383–387

and cognition 98cultivation of power of the 461fear due to 146and genius 421, 423harmful power of 386, 518lack of 423On the 80–82in poetry 265, 266and the power of choice 83, 88, 91of pregnant women 108productive and voluntary 383, 385,

397–401products of the 269recollection, prevision and

designation 405reproductive and involuntary 383,

394, 402

608







Index

and the sexual inclination 460The Intensity of the 82–83and the understanding 391, 399

imitation 108, 116, 181, 190, 269, 385,435

immaturity 103, 179, 188, 218, 309,329, 412, 414

threefold 508impertinence 106, 453impression 54, 64, 71, 73, 76, 117,

519faculty for forming sense 80–82, 133

incentives 292, 517, 523inclination 16, 34, 60, 82, 134–135, 194,

439acquired 461–463as an enduring subjective movement

272, 443by nature 420of delusion 140, 458discipline of 170distinguished from instinct 137distinguished from passion 142, 161dominating 325, 454formal or material 454, 459imagination and 385natural as private and social 138On the Object of 135–141passions grounded on 454–463relation to purpose 140, 247, 295sexual 240, 272for social union 233in temperament 181, 482to drunkenness 377to freedom 455–456to means 455–459unsociable 139

Indians 273, 275, 276, 304, 316, 397,409, 444, 449

indifference 118, 428–429, 457individual, knowledge of the 264inequality 278, 331, 502inference 19, 98, 519

false 113influence 456–459

passions arising from 456through authority 456through honor 456through money 456use of anthropology to 517

ingenuity 115insipid 87, 89

lack of 87, 113and the Power of Judgment 83–88,

101innocence 220, 222, 432, 459, 506Inquisition 464insanity 113, 403, 405, 416insensitivity 118, 442insight 85–88, 101, 111, 186, 393

into principles 179, 520power of judgment and 388and religion 254

inspiration 85–88, 388, 421, 423instincts 60, 137, 175, 232, 315

animality and 330basic drives 138, 162as blind desire 272, 439, 443good-naturedness from 306, 309natural 162, 233for nutrition 137preservation of one’s kind 162preservation of society 162or principles 175, 187for propagation 137for self-preservation 137, 162see also sexual instinct

instruction 115in cognition of good and evil 438as imitationes Ciceronianas 422in language 500mechanism in 116, 422positive 254, 306pragmatic 344of the understanding 251in universities 107

intellect (animus or mens) 40, 50, 360pleasure in the 118

intelligence 20, 52, 53, 165for the world system 500

intelligens 263intuition 19, 22, 66, 95, 111, 199, 386,

521beauty and taste is 23of oneself 264and sensibility 60, 70, 146, 266,

360invention 85, 91, 107, 115, 270, 278,

327, 353, 384, 421as devising 264, 398distinguished from discovery 264,

398natural aptitude for 465and perfection 328

609







Index

invention (cont.)poetical 91of writing 278, 327

irrationality 112Italians 79, 191, 201, 212, 318, 424,

445, 466, 477character 492–493, 498

jealousy 139, 158, 242, 244, 245, 393in marriage 325, 326, 487of nations 331

Jesuits 357Jesus Christ 364Job’s wife 486Johnstone, James 463jokes 77, 86, 120, 142, 295, 354, 461

practical 451joy 78, 143, 144, 166, 428, 445

bitter 431death from 464rational and sensible 159wicked 145

judges 505judgment

a priori 106of beauty 22–26, 432–436of charm 436delight in the object 425–439and development of prudence 345errors in 59, 379independence of 411lack of power of 194, 410, 423in laughter 154memory and power of 114, 394, 395,

520as merit 395in middle age 167objectively valid 415On Ingenuity and the Power of

83–88On Wit and Power of 387–394of others 215, 220, 226, 254, 323,

325, 357, 455paradoxical 356physiognomy and 209, 314power of 101, 102, 180, 410preliminary and determinate 57, 72,

84reason and universal 56and reflection 52semblance as the basis of preliminary

72

and the senses 70, 71, 362, 374shaped by experience 9, 24and the spirit 22and taste 23, 271, 432–436and understanding 411uses of power of 40and wit 419

jurisprudence 357jurists 410, 411justice 156, 160, 216, 224, 331, 332,

505

Kabbalah 416Kaestner, Abraham Gotthelf 389Kant, Immanuel

anthropology lectures 2–5, 345and educational reform 39, 40lectures on pedagogy 39letter to Herz 3letter to Wolke (1778) 40professorship (1770) 2sources 5see also under titles of his works

Kanten, Barbara 23Kant’s Schriften 5Kepler, Johannes 495Kern, J. 2kind heartedness 112, 175–176Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb 5, 401,

437knowledge

cosmological 262empirical 262, 516extent of and application 358of the human being 47, 48, 49,

290–294, 343, 346, 353, 515of human nature 16pragmatic 47, 290, 292presupposes reason 98speculative 291theoretical 47with the world (die Welt kennen) or

having a world (Welt haben) 3see also self-knowledge

knowledge of the world 16, 47–48, 261,289, 343, 344

general or cosmological 262local or empirical 262

Kruger, Johann Gottlob 464

La Fontaine, Jean de 5, 505landscape gardening 266, 269

610







Index

language(s)and concepts 277child’s and masculine 363–367early acquisition of 252gesticulation and speech 312gradual development of speech 327instruction in 500poetic 401use of familiar form of “you” 53, 350use of foreign expressions 57use of plural “we” 263, 349

Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de 1LaRochefoucauld, Francois, Duc de 431Latin 267, 319Latvia 235laughter 151–154, 451–453, 522

gloating 452ideal 451malicious 154, 451

Lavater, Johann Kaspar 208, 209, 312,351, 385, 403, 473, 475, 476, 477

law(s)and authority 279, 331, 505, 506and coercion 216, 505diversity of 411freedom under 455, 505hatred of 506international 332, 507just 332power of judgment applies 411respect for 212, 252, 254, 279rule of 505and security 277the spirit of the 410see also legislation

laziness 61, 134, 138, 170, 224, 330,366, 441, 456, 501, 503, 504

lectures, Kant’s anthropological 2–5as compilations 5popularity of 4, 5transcriptions 5–8note-taking 89

legislation 329, 506, 507Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 18, 99, 420Leonardo da Vinci 420Lessing, Gotthold 413Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph 312,

313, 475lies see deceptionlife

as active or passive 20feeling of animation 117, 182

and freedom 118as a game 74, 186, 199inclination for a long 459love of 137, 163, 459, 461the moral 225–230, 236pain and pleasure in 271, 427, 524source in the mind 155and the spirit 21temperament as the principle of 171,

182unity of 118value consists in the good we have

done 427, 459weariness with 124, 272see also vital force

Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linne)210, 212, 499

literary artsand hard sciences 85sciences of the genius 115

living well 433, 459Livy (Titus Livius) 5loathing 67, 77, 121, 149

of boredom 123, 376Locke, John 33, 39, 253

Some Thoughts Concerning Education39

logic 414longing 132, 142, 152, 161Louden, Robert B. 5love 21, 62, 77, 82, 142, 143, 144, 160,

161, 237, 246, 442, 457archetypes in 354difference between the sexes 238enamoration or 404, 440of human nature 262of life 137, 163matrimonial 487mystical 405and pain 431parental 138, 162–163, 272, 487sexual 460

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) 5, 34lunacy 416

see also insanityluxury 134, 430, 433, 459, 507

madness 94, 113Magliabecchi, Antonio 397magnanimity 152, 254, 429, 431, 452,

456Malebranche, Nicolas 18, 263

611







Index

malice 154, 166, 179, 209, 413, 453,474

Marion-Dufresne, (or Marion duFresne) Marc-Joseph 5, 504

marriage 96, 143, 167, 243–247,325

age at 218-devil 426difference in ages 245and freedom 244, 325good 241jealousy in 325, 326, 487not to be ridiculed 484physiognomy in 314purpose of 245unity and war in 247, 486, 487

masculine sex see menMassillon, Jean-Baptiste, Bishop of

Clermont 400mathematics 104, 115, 116, 199, 270,

411, 421, 521maturity

and character 479and judgment 388natural and civil 328, 500sexual 222, 274see also immaturity

Mauleon, Alexandre Jerome Loiseau de400

maxims 438, 448, 507consistent 520of dietetics 480of the good 425–439of morals 480of social intercourse 480of a true character 307, 311, 431, 478,

480means, inclination to 455–459mechanism 422, 495, 520medicine 154, 415Meiners, Christoph 363, 425melancholia 414melancholic person 62, 121, 122, 174,

182, 183, 296, 366, 367, 369described 298–300memory in 397in public office 472in religion 472in the sciences 472sensibility 468in social intercourse 472temperament 469–470, 481

memorizationingenious 395judicious 395mechanical 88, 395methodical 395

memory 3, 18, 56, 80, 347, 405, 420,519, 520

and age 89, 90benefits 394as good fortune 395and grief 113like an archivarius 394memoria localis 394obscure representations in 353On 88–90, 394and power of judgment 114, 395,

520recall 396recollection 88, 396, 405rhyme helps 401threefold distinction 88in witty persons 394

menadornment 242beauty 204, 205civil maturity 328courtship 239, 325honor 248in marriage 243–247, 487power in relation to women 230, 232,

238, 321, 484–487search for the public good 324tenderness 238, 241, 324, 325, 454

Mendelssohn, Moses 3mens 20, 34, 51Menschenkunde (1781–1782) 6, 8,

281–333dating 286Introduction 289–294publication details 283–287

mental capacities 7, 39, 411mental disposition

firmness of 428habitual 467right 428–429

mental faculties, human 2, 5, 7, 8mental illness, compared with mental

frailty 414mental life, parts of 297mental movements 444, 451, 452mental representations 7, 64–65metaphors 360

612







Index

metaphysics 329, 361, 414and empirical psychology 15, 50of morals 8, 9relationship with anthropology 2, 4,

15, 31, 50method 8, 15–20

Doctrine of 522Michelangelo 421micrology 391middle age 167, 197mien 210, 385, 408, 474, 475Milton, John 249, 400, 401mind 419

abstract 360as animus 20, 34broad or narrow 411, 521censorship of the 65conditions and diseases of the 16, 21,

34in control of itself 79, 362disclosure through the face 206dreams from disposition of the 93faculties as organizing principles 4fearful 146genial 174good 296, 466, 523and health 118as the ‘heart’ 21, 34limited 413longing and vain desires as harmful to

the 272mechanical 422On the Agitations of the 141–150,

153, 155On the Imperfections of the

414–419perfection of powers of the 62preservation of the 168principles of activity 173proportion of the powers of the

113–120in repose when soul is in motion 445seeks completion of image formation

80sensation of free play of powers 117,

297sensible occupations 125sleep and regeneration of the 112soul and spirit 20, 34–35stretching beyond its limits 450superficial 360temperament of the 467

theory of the faculties of the human2, 7, 8

to bear something in 148universal 420weight on one’s 430see also disposition

mind–body relationship 16, 17, 19, 40,113, 208, 463–464

involuntary influences 463, 464On the Agitations of the

Body . . . Harmonize With theAgitations of the Mind . . . throughAffect 150–161

voluntary influences 463see also physiognomy

misanthropy 95, 112, 174, 195, 278,304, 380, 462

misogyny 112, 380misology 112moderation, order of (1400) 430modesty 20, 51, 53, 57, 106, 243–247,

263, 349, 380, 453according to instinct or principles

309Moehsen, Johann Carl Wilhelm 464Mohammed 79, 407, 509Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin) 5Molignon, Antoinette de 405monarch 332money 136, 140, 278, 327

immediate enjoyment in 458influence through 456as a kind of power 459used as a means 458

Montaigne, Michel (Eyquem) de 5, 18,32, 51, 118, 263, 517

Essays 50, 349Montesquieu, Charles-Louis Secondat,

Baron 2, 448, 494mood 76, 317, 325, 382, 428, 467,

480distinguished from humor 429genius and 422good serene 429see also temper

moon, influences of the 108moral anthropology 9, 10, 315moral character 35, 465

of the human species 465, 500of the nations 465proportion in 503of the sexes 465

613







Index

moral judgment 227, 413power to transpose the I 52

moral laws 223, 293access (Eingang) and emphasis

(Nachdruck) 9respect for 226

moral philosophy 16, 483and anthropology 9as metaphysics of morals and practical

anthropology 8moral responsibility 8morality 8, 56, 148, 216, 292

a priori 1, 4, 9character and 195children’s obligation to parents 162and the civil state 224, 225, 506development 255, 507as difficult 61and education 228, 273and fables 91games influence 427habituated 367as the highest science 192and intellectual pleasure 118and jocular portrayal of crime 122luxury and 433male and female 323and practical anthropology 8, 49predispositions to 273and pure concepts 111, 226and religion 79, 228self-improvement 171subjective principles in 262and taste 434use of anthropology to 345, 517wisdom and 345women’s influence on 236

moralization 328, 329, 434, 479and civilization 439, 507harm done by the artificial method in

502through the doctrine of wisdom

516morals

the doctrine of 345, 516empirical 4fantasts in 404maxims of 480purists in 459

Mordaunt, Lord Philip 123, 435More, Thomas 120Moritz, Karl Philipp 464

Moscati, Pietro 33, 213, 499motivation 40, 131, 171, 196, 277

concepts and 193for morals 345

motive force 247mechanical, chemical or mental 154sensibility as the 362

movement, and sensation 297Mrongovius (1784–1785) (Kant) 5, 6, 8,

10, 335–509contents 339–342

Mrongovius, Christoph Coelestin 337Muller, G. P. 2music 26, 55, 68, 92, 125, 133, 266, 268,

269, 371, 433, 437dissonances in 145and poetry 266

mythology 92, 266

Nader Shah 100naıvete 351, 352, 390, 518nations

avarice of 459character of the 10, 58, 59, 71, 76, 79,

176, 197–202, 274, 389, 517, 522cultivated and taste 433differences in physiognomy 212, 314,

475, 477drinking habits 379and homesickness 385inclination to form 138jealousy leading to war 331league of 229, 496learned 488maturity of 103mental abilities 388moral character 465mythology of 92northern 275, 378, 401On the Character of Nations

488–498On the Determination of Characters

of the 197–202progress in perfection 274with prosody or rhyme 92with symbolic language 100temperaments of 191The Character of 315–321threefold representation of the divine

275unrefined compared with developed

232

614







Index

natural aptitude 114, 115, 173, 196,267, 295, 315, 419, 465, 523

and air degagee 366, 518capacity to invent 465capacity to take on forms 465On Natural Aptitude 465–467predispositions to receptivity 523theoretical and practical 466

natural science 41nature 3, 16, 19, 32, 47, 261

appears as art 173, 266or artificiality 16and the civil constitution 218,

219–225, 509as condition and reference point of

the good 231, 276, 321development in children 251distinguished from human nature 41,

48or freedom 172, 261freedom of 205goal for humanity 273as natural aptitude, talent and

temperament 172order in and creator 254prediction of 99progress in human beings 329, 461purpose of agitations of the body

150purpose with human being to

preserve the species 213purpose re two sexes 230, 233, 239,

247purposes of 162, 215, 227, 230, 273science of 1state of 219–225, 278, 331, 500–509

necessity, blind see fateneed, and desire 132, 221, 442negligence see carelessnessNegroes 276, 320, 413, 499

face 204nerves and fibers 150–152, 171nervous system 123, 155, 370Newton, Isaac 41, 103, 365, 369, 404,

420, 421, 495nobility 455, 457, 482Note to Physicians (Kant) 3novels 90, 93, 97, 127, 132, 161, 262,

272, 293, 346–347, 386, 396,426

novelty 76, 269, 376, 388numbers, meaning of 406, 409–410

obedience 252, 254object (s)

difference in sexes’ assessment of249

of feeling and sensation 145, 149–150as good or evil 25in image formation 80natural occupation with different 352objective consciousness of 352–355pleasure in regard to 118, 131–132,

425–439of the productive faculty 397self as object of thoughts 17of temperament 182, 191

objectivity 351, 352–355in intuition 66of senses 66, 68–69in taste 25

observation 15, 17, 54, 90, 291, 344, 515from experience 238, 516of human faces 473–478of others 347, 515speculative 120see also self-observation

obsession 140, 142obtuseness 87, 88, 102Occidentals, compared with Orientals

111, 321, 363–367occupations

and character 308, 483and facial features 211in play 459and repose 441

Offray la Mettrie, Julien, Man aMachine 2

old peopleboredom in 442courage 147and the future 96laughter 153and memory 89prefer comedies 127, 401, 437and senses 69, 71, 442sensibility 362

opium 79, 148, 167, 377oratory 173, 265, 266, 270, 382, 445order 57–58, 422, 495

cognition 358in nature 254

Orientals 71, 99, 100, 197–198, 237,246, 315, 326, 386, 422, 490, 497,507

615







Index

Orientals (cont.)compared with Occidentals 111, 321,

363–367pictography 363plural as a form of address 350poetry 400

pain 20, 21, 51, 72, 78, 117, 124, 128,145

alternation with enjoyment 426–432compared with sadness 432as the feeling of hindrance to life 271,

427and love 431moral 271physical or ideal 271pleasure in 131seems to predominate 425sentient and reflective 146–150as the spur of activity 426, 430, 500Stoics on 263sympathetic and moral 185, 432

painting 266, 268, 269, 409, 423, 433,437, 477

nature 266paradoxes 59, 356, 502parliaments 399Parmenides 363Parow (1772–1773) 6, 7, 31–36

Lectures on Anthropology 31–36Of Character 35–36

Pascal, Blaise 18, 263, 424passions 78, 83, 132, 273

and affects 142–144, 443–448age differences in 167blind 144, 443causes of arousal 167and feeling of pleasure and

displeasure 270General Observations about the

Affects and 161–171languishing 161liberation from 454means and 166nature versus reason in the 164–169,

461On the 454–463roles in the world 168and self-control 446transitory or persisting 161

passivity 19, 20, 34, 51, 174, 295in feeling 23and sensibility 61

past, the 405signs relating to 409see also memory

pathetical state 164pathology 16patience 147, 248, 447patriotism 94, 95, 198, 332, 404, 460Pauw, Cornelius de 412peace, universal 507, 509pedagogy, lectures on 39pedantry 47, 58, 102, 200, 237, 289,

515use of the word 343

penitence 431people, the 332, 399

immaturity of 414sovereignty of 332

perceptionscomplex 381On Complex, Primitive and Adhering

64–65perfection

of the civil constitution 507–509of cognitions 58–60doctrines contributing to 291and free power of choice 60, 361gratification as the intuition of 270of the human being 22–26, 39, 40,

216–230, 274–279of the human race 139, 250, 276,

327–333ideal as model of 95innate germs in human beings

227–229On the Perfection of Cognitions

355–359of powers of the mind 62through education 225, 279, 507, 509

Pernety, Antoine-Joseph 210, 477Persians 275, 315, 333personality 17, 18, 50, 264

double as soul and human being 19,33

and freedom 455and inner sense 65intelligence and animality constitute

52petit maıtre 489Petrarch, Francesco 404pharynx 375Philanthropin 39Philanthropinismus 39Philo of Alexandria 409

616







Index

philosophy 329, 363, 383, 421about natural purposes 163, 238, 251analysis of concepts 350is teaching to cultivate reason 111,

411, 521ordering role of 41, 219, 229, 230requires ingenuity 85in school 90as a science of genius 115, 116, 270speculative 367see also analytical philosophy; moral

philosophy; transcendentalphilosophy

phlegmatic person 62, 132, 166, 182,183, 187–190, 296, 367, 444, 446,449

described 303memory in 394, 397in public office 472religion 472in the sciences 472in social intercourse 472temperament 468, 471–472, 495–496

Phoenicians 199alphabet 398

physical anthropology 1, 315physical geography 1, 16, 47, 262, 327

lectures (1756-) 1, 4physics 31, 41, 42, 50, 411physiognomy

change in 476, 478and criminality 315, 403, 477defined 203Of, or Judgment of the inner Human

Being . . . 312–315On 202–212, 473–478as a science 206–209, 312, 473and structure of the body 473temperament from 473, 477, 481useful in marriage 314

physiology 2, 3, 292and anthropology 15–20

Pico, Giovanni della Mirandola 396pictography 363Pillau (1777–1778) 6, 8, 261–279

Anthropologia Prologomena 261–262Tractatio ipsa 263–264

Pitaval, Francois Gayot de 400plans/designs 111, 390, 398, 515Platner, Ernst 49, 292, 344

Anthropology for Physicians andPhilosophers 3

Plato 33, 111, 390, 396play 266, 391, 429, 462

as alteration in time 26, 68occupations in 459

plays 262, 293, 346–347see also comedy; tragedy

pleasurecultivating 430as gratification 270inclinations of 140, 323intellectual 118as physical and ideal 425sentient and reflective 146–150too much 443

pleasure and displeasure 7, 8, 10, 21,117–120, 123–132, 371, 524

degrees or levels of 444feeling of 270–271kinds of 443mediately or immediately felt 432Of the species of 271On the Feeling of Pleasure or

Displeasure 425–439subjective or objective 425

Plutarch 448poetic faculty (poesis) 264–267poetry 91, 126, 181, 265, 266, 269, 358,

388compared with eloquence

399compared with rhetoric 400Concept of the Poet and the Art of

92–93emotional 437freedom in invention 267and music 266pleasure in 266prosaic 401

poetsgift of prophecy 408inspiration 382, 421poetic license 401, 422without affect 445without character 308, 483

point of view 18, 32, 36difference in sexes 236taking another’s 40, 52thinking from another 520

Poland 235, 486Poles 202, 205, 212, 318, 331, 430, 455,

466, 505character 496–497

617







Index

politenessextremes 490, 495semblance of 380true 463

Politian/Poliziano (Politianus), Angelus397

politics 294Polybius 5polyhistors 358, 397Pontoppidan, Erik 396Pope, Alexander 313, 323, 362,

389Essay on Man 41, 93

portents 100postal services 278posture 203, 205, 207, 312, 351power

active/higher 20, 35of choice see choiceease and difficulty in representations

and 363–367of execution (potestas executoria) 60of judgment see judgmentof ruling (potestas rectoria) 60and talent 173

Practical, theOn the Use of Reason with Regard to

106–113and the principle of activity 174

practical anthropology 4, 8, 291, 344,465

Kant’s use of term 8–10and morality 8, 10Second or Practical Part of

Anthropology 464–465pragmatic anthropology 2–5, 48, 261,

292, 344–347, 516Anthropologia pragmatica 344compared with medical approach to

human nature 3compared with physiological

approach 3compared with scholastic approach 3,

289, 292, 344Kant’s use of term 3, 10as practical anthropology 4, 10, 344as prudential 4, 10, 49, 345utility of 3

praxis, and theory 411, 520predisposition 134, 226, 308, 421

natural in human being 503, 506, 507,523

to affects 446see also natural aptitude

premonition 406present, the 405

signs relating to 409presumptuousness 106, 146, 173, 393,

453, 476prevision

elements of 406see also foreseeing

pride 458princes

cosmopolitan 333good 438in savagery 504

principlesacting according to good 296,

520character and 306–536and concepts 192, 197equanimity from 428honesty out of 413or instincts 175, 187On the Principles of Thinking

520–522practical see maximsreason as the faculty of cognition of

411subjective 262temperament and acquired 472

productive faculty, On the 397–401prognostication 98, 409progress

and freedom 329from evil to good 330in nature via culture 329, 500through the generations 500toward happiness 461

propensity 134, 158, 165, 272, 443to dissemble 329for work 441

property 215, 220, 277, 508prophecies 99, 408propositions 109, 353

paradoxical 356propriety 170, 225–230, 244, 250, 254,

325, 378, 399prose 363, 401

poetic 401prosody 92, 401Protestants 491proverbs 389

618







Index

prudence 98, 167, 168, 291, 292, 344,410, 443

the doctrine of 345, 516, 521as punctiliousness 423ways to arrive at 344, 430

Prussians 366, 408, 494psychology 2, 31, 50, 264, 292

metaphysical 294on the Peculiar Characteristic of

Every 113–120see also empirical psychology

public life, character in private and 309public office

difference in sexes 412, 485and temperament 305, 472

punctiliousness 365, 423pyrotechnics 269Pyrrhonians, ataraxia 454Pythagoras 363

Theorem 264

Quintilian, Marcus Fabius 399

Rabelais, Francois 5, 64, 77, 376, 382races

character of 10, 320–321difference of 327different phyla 320–321four 320white 321

ratiocination 107, 411rationality, and animality 33, 348,

498–502rationalizing 521reason 1, 17, 22, 31, 34, 101, 410

animated through poetry 93architectonic use of 111combined with passions 168, 461cultivation of 39, 295, 331, 411, 414and deliberation 164determines the particular from the

universal 143development in children 251, 252as a faculty of cognition from

concepts 111–112, 410as a faculty of cognition of principles

411and freedom 330hatred of see misologyas human 19as legislator 411liking and disliking 438, 439

limits of its use 111maxims of sound 109–110misuse of 276On the Use with Regard to the

Practical 106–113, 520perpetual 509in pursuit of happiness 4, 461and the senses 21sickness of 112and soul 32speculative rules of 110, 414and speech 213technical use of 111teleological inner order of 41and thinking for oneself 520universal bases and principles of 107and universal judgment 56versus nature in the affects and

passions 164–169and well-being 127–131

reflection 55, 57, 68, 291, 379, 484animals incapable of 51, 428and judgment 52love due to 161on pain 34on representations 101–103sadness from 300on sources of human action 262utility and insight is 23versus sensitivity 146–150

religion 279, 329, 507belief that vices cease on account of

434and character 309, 483in child’s education 254facial features and 314fasting in 365and fear of punishment 308immaturity in 508and insight 254and knowledge of human beings 49and mien 477and morality 79, 228negative 329, 508and passion 144subjective principles in 262and temperament 305, 472use of anthropology to 345, 517women and 249, 485

religionsthreefold concepts in 275tolerance of other 411

619







Index

remembering 88representation(s)

association law of 81body as self 19clear 352, 367, 368, 375–379faculty of 370false 140future in desires 271of the I 348ideal 23intensity of inner 78judgment as power to connect 387laws of 26mere 23obscure 55–57, 352–355, 367,

519–520On 352–355On . . . Contrast, Variety and

Contradiction 75–80On the Means of Making

Representations Clearer or MoreDistinct 375–379

On Obscure Representations519–520

On Principal and AdheringRepresentations 381–387

On the Use of Sensible 363–367in our soul via the poetic faculty

264–267production of new 91reflection on 101–103sensible 360, 363–367, 370variety and contrast 72of the whole 63wit as power to compare 387see also mental representations

reputation 137respect 20, 53, 74, 148, 179, 237, 254,

450, 456, 484for character 480for the law 254self- 484

Review of Moscati’s “On theEssential . . . Human Beings” (Kant) 3

revolution 168, 321rhetoric 400rhyme 92, 126, 267, 401Richardson, Samuel 5, 93, 486Rickmann, Christian 108rights, of human beings 195, 226, 254,

331role playing 74

Romans 275, 319, 332, 363, 391, 408,409

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 18, 212, 414,418, 420, 439, 440, 476, 480, 491,492, 496, 498, 505

Discourse on the Origin of InequalityAmong Men 278

on education 39, 205, 223, 251, 253Emile, Or On Education 39, 40as a misanthrope 95, 462paradoxes 502on the state of nature 219–225, 500

rule of law 505rules

of application of judgment 410coercion of 58of conduct 479empirical and universal of reason 209fundamental 521general 177, 413generation by similarity 85, 97genius and freedom from 114, 200,

269, 421household between the sexes 234, 246

as leading strings for the immature180

for play of human action 292, 361reason’s order of 165, 355–359and the upper faculty of cognition

101, 410Russians 104, 126, 202, 296, 318, 319,

392, 411, 466, 506character 497–498

sadness 121, 142, 148, 151, 161, 164,168, 428, 432, 446, 447

with hope 447Saint-Pierre, Abbe Charles-Irenee

Castel de 496, 505sanguine person 62, 172, 182, 296, 366,

367described 297memory 397in public office 472in religion 472in the sciences 472sensibility 468in social intercourse 472temperament 468–469, 481

Santorio, Santorio (Sanctorius) 403satire 85, 87, 391

620







Index

satisfaction 427of desire 131–132, 442in joy 159

Savery, Thomas 398Scaliger, Julius Caesar 397scholars 333, 361, 369, 393, 412, 414,

483hypochondria among 418

scholastic approachAnthropologia scholastica 344pragmatic anthropology compared

with 3, 289, 292, 343to history 345

Schwarz, Berthold 398sciences 333, 503

with abstraction 368beautiful 399brooding 289as civilizing 430, 507difference in the sexes 236,

237of genius and learning 270hard 85harm done by 502northern origins of 275and objective consciousness 351and perfection of the human being

22–26, 225principles of 419purpose in 420scholastic 289and temperament 305, 472theoretical 516use of anthropology to 345

sculpture 266, 269, 437Selbstheit see self-centerednessSelbstsichtigkeit see self-referentialityself

confidence 453development of concept in children

17identity of 263twofold subject 263see also I; subject

self-aggrandizement 139self-centeredness 50–54self-consciousness 40, 50, 52, 54, 65,

264, 517–518self-control 52, 78, 112, 155, 188, 368,

380affect and loss of 444, 446, 454and passion 446

self-defense 139self-esteem 106, 349self-knowledge 4, 15–20, 41, 48, 294,

346self-love 53, 75, 306, 319, 349, 480, 518self-observation 8, 17–22, 54, 264, 292,

346–347, 515ease of 347unnatural habit 350

self-preservation 137, 138, 459self-referentiality 53, 500semblance

delusion as a 416On 72–75On Deception and Semblance of the

Senses 379–381and well-being 381

Seneca 378sensation 53, 66, 70, 273

delight in the subject 425–439exists before thought 92, 519faculty of and temperament 467intensity of 123–132, 145, 374, 377and movement 297organic (sensus fixos) 370Promotion of and Weakness of the

Senses 71–72sensibility of 468signs of 408vital (sensum vagum) 370

sensationsaccustoming oneself to 367agreeable and sad 20cultivation of 169–171and judgments of taste 25in the mind 141play of 68, 155, 266, 462

sense (sensus) 66senses 19

and animality 52directed at the present 397do not judge 60enjoyments of the 117and feeling 23inner and outer 65, 370Now Some Additional General

Remarks on the 374–375objective 66, 68–69, 370, 373On Deception and Semblance of the

379–381On Difference of the 70–71On the 65–70

621







Index

senses (cont.)On the Senses in Particular 370–374and reason 21sociality of the 66, 68, 374subjective 66, 67–68, 370, 373terms peculiar to them 69Weakness of the 71–72and the will 61

sensibility 101, 359, 465of activity 468degree of 362difference in ages 362difference in the sexes 362fourfold of the soul 468and laws of representation 26On 359–363On the Difference of and Relation to

the Understanding 60–61of sensation 468and understanding 265, 268,

359–363, 399, 437sensitivity 16, 119, 429, 444

from concepts 429and susceptibility 241, 248versus reflection 146–150

sentiment 438sentimentality 429sex drive 73, 126, 143, 162, 219, 222,

238, 240, 245, 274sexes, the

character of 10, 16, 104, 105, 108,147, 151, 158, 168, 178, 321–326

conflict between 238in courtship 239, 486difference 209, 211, 369difference in appearance 249difference in assessment of objects

249difference in beauty 204, 205, 432,

436difference in faces 313, 475, 477difference in household management

234, 246, 325, 412, 456difference in love 238, 241difference in sensibility 362difference in upbringing 250domination 235, 240, 246, 321, 323,

484–487education for 40equality between 241, 484moral character 465Of the Character of 321–326

On the Character of 484–488On the Difference of the Two

230–250parental partiality 243, 487Platonic relations 249social union 233temperament of 191see also men; women

sexual instinct 137, 459, 460sexual relations 244Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper,

Third Earl of 5, 312Shakespeare, William 5, 50, 346, 423shame 150, 253, 450, 453Sharp, Samuel 292, 494Sherlock, Martin 5, 437sight 66, 67, 68, 371, 433, 437

in children 69signs 408

accompanying or representative 408of cognitions or of things 408natural or arbitrary 408relating to time 409

simplemindedness 105, 106, 112, 393,415

skill 291, 344, 410, 438, 462the doctrine of 345, 516, 521early human 327

slavery 135, 188, 252, 320, 412, 441, 455sleep 80

On the State of Human Beings in93–96

and regeneration of the mind 112smell 66, 67, 68, 69, 371, 373, 374, 433Smith, Adam 412smoking tobacco 367, 441sociability 139, 140, 190, 507

of enjoyment 435friendliness 480and the inclination of taste 433, 434and unsociability 330, 499, 504of women 233

social class 156, 293, 331envy over 457and facial features 210, 314

social distance 157social intercourse 290, 294–305, 346

anthropology through 343, 344egoism in 348, 462as entertainment and a game 366limited freedom in 455maxims of 480

622







Index

and the sexes 233and temperament 184, 191, 472wit in 389

societycivilizing role 329constraint in 74, 78, 214, 279desire for resources in 137and destiny of the human species

327–333determination of human being for

224doing without 433empathy lacking in 52enjoyments in 125, 522evil 277ills in 63inclinations for association 138, 247,

459, 461–463, 499perfect state of 233portrayal of vice in 122principles of 139the purpose of 99refined by women 237role playing in 74and taste 24, 433and unity of the sexes 322

Socrates 21, 34, 56, 81, 179, 196, 313,354, 446, 481

wife 486solar system, nebular hypothesis of

origins 1sophistry 86sorrow 445, 447, 449–450soul

as anima 20, 34, 40, 51and the body 19, 33, 35, 52, 208, 473constitution of the 1, 18, 20, 34–35doctrine of the 15, 31–35fourfold sensibility of the 468freedom of the 32healthy 119–120, 351, 518immortality of the 16, 33as a map 353, 519as mens 20, 34, 51mind in repose when soul is in

motion 445On the Association of the Soul with

the Body 463–464On the Different Acts of the 54–55On the Obscure Representations of

the 55–57passive and active sides 19

and reason 32second faculty of the 117–120simplicity of the 32, 50spirit and mind 20, 34–35spontaneity 50substantiality of the 32, 50third faculty of the 131–132

soundthe art of 269feelings and 327, 371

sovereignty of the people 332space, sight divides 66, 68Spalding, Johann Joachim 16, 41Spanish 201, 317, 456

character 491–492, 498Sparrmann, Anders 498species

character of the 10, 273–279, 517,522

destiny of the 327–333, 500and different phyla 320–321duties with regard to 254moral character of the 465Of the Character of the whole

Human 326–539On the Character of the Human

498–509preservation 213, 218, 233, 237, 322,

324, 326, 456, 459, 503propagation 218, 233, 461, 501

Spectator 39, 50, 60, 436speculation 49, 102, 107, 116, 261, 291,

368, 413, 521spirit

beautiful 265or discipline 315distinguished from genius 115, 267flesh contradicts the 35as imagination and understanding

423as mens 20, 34as originality of talent and natural

aptitude 316, 465poesis as products of the 265–267soul and mind 20, 21, 34–35

standpoint see point of viewStarke, Friedrich Christian (pseud) see

Bergk, Johann Adamstars, prophecy from constellation 406,

407states 139, 159, 434

commonwealth as 331

623







Index

states (cont.)destruction of 507heads of 332, 506

steadfastness 147, 170, 447Sterne, Laurence 5, 392, 476stinginess 140, 142, 161, 165, 166, 192,

248Stoics

on animality 19apateia 445, 454, 461on friendship 160, 185on happiness 369on the I 33on pain 263on the sage 21sustine and abstine 428

stoutheartedness 447, 448, 503stubbornness 479, 480stupidity 87, 102, 104, 105–106, 118,

179, 276, 392, 413and silliness 393

subject 9, 51delight in the 425–439I as ultimate 17–19, 32knowledge of the 16

subjectivity 9, 36, 262, 351of feeling 148in sensation 66, 67–68, 270in taste 25

suicide 202, 228, 272, 427, 447, 459Sulzer, Johann Georg 483superstition 57, 98, 100, 107, 108, 409surprise 146, 445, 449–450Swift, Jonathan 5, 87, 380, 388, 389,

391, 392, 414symbol (symbolum) 99, 409symbolic language 100symmetry 26sympathy 112, 130, 156–161, 431

physiological 450system 47, 420

Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius 5Tahitians 477, 504talent 114–116, 134, 478, 523

architectonic 420critical 420cultivated 479development through civil order 216,

224, 225, 507distinguished from genius 419, 420diversity of 419

and facial form 208hardships as incentive for 277has a market price 295, 310historical 420as natural aptitude and spirit 267,

465, 523On Talent 419–420originality of 269–270, 420, 421, 523and power 173, 479proportion in 419, 523in the teacher 419and temperament 190vocation of 295

Tartars 316taste 7, 16, 199, 399

as the ability to choose socially 433acid and alkali 375allows for disputing 25apers of 435civilizing power of 434, 438, 439and the common sense 271conditions of 22–26distinguished from feeling 23–24and enjoyment 431genius and 423good 423, 432–436idealists of 65and imagination in genius 421inclination of 433of the nose 71and the power of judgment 23, 271,

423, 432–436refined 49, 134, 434, 504the sense of 66, 67, 68, 70, 371, 373,

375and society 24, 237, 433universal validity 24, 25, 432women and 237, 248, 324

teleology 41temper

English 201meaning of 122, 174On 120–132

temperament 7, 39, 41, 52, 296, 428,465, 479

of the body 467combining 184compared and talents added 190comparing 187–190composite 297corporeal and psychological 523different 62, 79

624







Index

of different nations 191of different sexes 191, 247disciplined 479and equanimity 119and facial features 208, 313, 477, 481faults of 191has a fancy price 295, 310of minds 467moderating each other 183and natural aptitude 466, 523On Temperament 467–472On Temperament in the Species

181–192in the physical sense 172as the principle of life 171as the proportion of feelings and

desires 181–192, 523and public office 305and religion 305and the sciences 305as the union of natural aptitude and

talent 173tenderness, masculine 238, 241, 324,

325, 454Terence 346Terrasson, Abbot Jean 451Tetens, Johann Nicolas 430theology, use of anthropology to 345theory, and praxis 411, 516, 520theosophy 382theurgy 416thinking 101, 410–414

in agreement with oneself 520consistently 520, 521from another point of view 520morality through ways of 439On the Principles of 520–522for oneself 520, 521in the place of another 520the principles of 413reason provides laws of the way of

411, 412, 520way of 465, 476, 478, 479

thinking up 264, 398or excogitation 398

Thomasius, Christian 3thought(s) 91

conduct of 192control of 62freedom from oneself in 54inventing new 264play of sensations and 92

the principles of 411sensation exists before 92Socrates as midwife of 354

thoughtlessness 170, 350, 352, 365, 368,483

lively or lifeless 103Thracians 275time

agreeable and disagreeable 97, 425,426, 427, 428

boredom and 440–443cognition with regard to 405desires relating to 440divided through hearing 26, 66signs relating to 409

timidity 146, 147, 148, 447, 448, 453Toffana, Lady Giulia 492tolerance 248, 365, 411, 466, 487touch (tactus) 66, 371touchiness 119, 429Tractatio ipsa 263–264tragedy 127, 293, 401, 437transcendental philosophy 3translation, of concepts 57travel 262, 290, 346, 376, 494, 515trust 214, 217, 482

and distrust 139in oneself 306, 311

truth 58, 266, 520, 521cognition of 73, 355criterion in anthropology 357love of 307

Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried Walther von390

Turks 167, 212, 315, 321, 377, 379,405, 406, 407, 448, 498, 505

tyranny 279

ugliness 205, 235, 436, 474unconsciousness 80understanding 101, 113, 410, 520

adroit and correct 101character presupposes 196, 306common and speculative 413and consciousness of one’s condition

445for experience 106the faculty of rules 410feminine and masculine 105, 485freedom subject to the rule of 118governs 325and imagination 386, 391, 399, 461

625







Index

understanding (cont.)instruction of the 251On the Sickness of the 105–106On the Use of the 103–105and power of judgment 411of principles of character 179and sensibility 265, 268, 359–363,

379, 399, 437see also cognition

Universal Natural History and Theory ofthe Heavens (Kant) 1

uprightness 112, 178, 195, 413utility

beauty and 22of cognitions 59

vanity 248, 433, 435, 456, 482, 507Verri, Count Pietro 270, 425vices 142, 220, 223

cease on account of religion 434diabolical 431evoke aversion 451ridiculing of 418, 429

Vico, Giambattista 2Virgil 75, 423virtue 56, 271, 438, 507

capability of 434feminine and masculine 147, 249,

323, 485and vice 142, 220, 223in youth 254, 442

visionaries 387, 404vital force 374, 440, 467, 523vocatio 41vocation 10, 40, 41, 227

of human nature 274–279of reason 111of talent 295women’s main 235

volition see desireVoltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) 2, 5,

87, 130, 173, 365, 401, 428Voss, C. D. 2

Waller, Edmund 400Wallis (Wallisius), John 396war 215, 217, 221, 229, 247, 277, 279,

324, 331, 504as a means to culture 449, 502, 506

ways of living see lifewell-being 118–120, 143, 509

and laughter 452

and reason 127–131and semblance 381and the vital sense 374

whole, theidea of 47, 58representation of 63

will 9, 35, 135and character 26, 175, 196, 306, 310,

478, 479in children 188, 251competition among 506evil 195freedom of 442, 478, 523good 192, 520just 195kind 195of others in approval 442and rational desires 133and the senses 61steadfast 480

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 204,432, 436

wisdom 41, 168, 291, 292, 410, 454, 460the doctrine of 345, 516, 521

wit 186, 190, 265, 268, 355, 382and judgment 387–394, 419On Wit and the Power of Judgment

387–394subtlety in 391in women 430

witches 464witticisms 388, 452Wolff, Christian, Freiherr von 2, 4, 270Wolke, Christian Heinrich 40women 74, 78, 296

adornment 242aristocratic and bourgeois 211art in 230, 240, 321beauty 204, 205character of 231, 236, 466childless 326cultivating of men 485delicate senses 70as domesticated animals 232education of 236, 237, 250, 304, 485eloquence 323French 316, 490hatred of see misogynyand honor 178, 236, 248, 250, 307,

308, 323, 325, 485immaturity and maturity 104, 105,

414

626







Index

influence on morality 236inheritance 248lack wisdom 410in marriage 243–247, 325mothering instinct 138power in relation to men 230, 233,

238, 484–487pregnant 108, 464qualities of 322ratiocinating 107relations with other 73, 486and religion 249, 485sex drive 240sociability of 233, 294society with 430status of 246superstition in 108susceptibility to flattery 169and taste 237, 248, 324, 485temperament 247timidity of 151unmarried 246, 325vices and virtues 247, 249, 324, 447,

485violence of affects 168, 374visionaries 405vocations 235wit 430

word, keeping one’s 481wordplay 87, 389, 391words 408

for cognitions 100work

as antidote to boredom 427arduous 366

difference in the sexes 235displeasure in 441division of labors 278happiness in 428and leisure 61, 367, 376, 426propensity for 441

world 47, 261, 343world system, intelligence for the

500world-cognitions (Welterkenntnisse) 1

see also anthropology; physicalgeography

writingcontrol of the imagination 384and destruction of memory 396fashions in style 435the invention of 278, 327as a kind of hearing 371obscure representations in 355, 357

Young, Edward 85, 130, 389, 445,483

youthaffectation in 351character developing 36, 153, 167,

197, 252, 279, 328, 480daring 147and the future 96, 97love of tragedies 127, 401, 437memory in 89virtues in 254, 442wit in 388

Zimmerman, Johann Georg 463Zoroastrianism, Zend-Avesta 275

627







Documents

Index [assets.cambridge.org]...Index a priori morality 1, 4, 9 Abelard, Peter 394 absent-mindedness 63 abstraction 62–64, 101, 268 as negative use of attention 368 On Attention and