Index From Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia

– 231 –

INDEX

Abbasids, 29, 42, 48

Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 76, 77, 81

Abdullah Khan, 47, 64

absolute monarchies, 72, 86

Abu Shaikh, 51

Abyssinians, 60

accommodation, for EIC Indian troops,

95–6

Achaemenid Empire, 12, 16, 17

acharyas (Brahmin teachers), 3, 33, 34–5

active reserve, 103

Adamson, Lorne, 51

Aden, 113, 114

Afghan Wars

Second, 101, 154

Th ird, 111

Afghanistan, British confl ict with Russia in,

103, 107

Afghans

allegiance of chieft ains, 53, 55, 69

jihadis, 135

in PIF, 95

subdued by Akbar, 45

African soldiers

French recruitment of, 111

proposal to bring to India, 99

Agni Purana, 19

agrarian crisis, 46, 64–5, 66, 73

ahadis, 65

Ahirs, 108

Ahmad Shah, 6

Ahmadnagar Sultanate, 60–1

Aibak, Qutub-ud-din, 42, 46, 48

Ain-i-Akbari, 60, 61, 65, 146

Ajatasatru, 11, 12

Ajit Singh, 87

Akali Dal, 134, 135

Akbar, Emperor, 5, 45, 46, 54, 55, 56, 58, 61,

63, 64, 65, 69, 146

Al-Qaeda, 139

Ala-ud-din Khalji, Sultan, 47, 49–50, 62

Alavi, Seema, 2

alcohol abuse, 94, 102

Alexander the Great, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18

Ali, M. Athar, 51

Ali Quli Khan, Ustad, 58, 59

Aligarh School, 51

Alipur Regiment, 18th, 101

All India Training Scheme, 159

Allard, Jean-François, 83, 84, 86

Ambar, Malik, 60, 61

Amery, Leo, 114

Amritsar, 82, 135

Anandpala (Sahi ruler), 40

Anderson, Mr (British Resident), 78

Andhras, 18

Anglo-Maratha War

First, 77, 87–8

Second, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 148, 149

Th ird, 81, 88

Anglo-Nepal War (1914–15), 104

Anik, 30

animals, care of, 144–5, 146–7, 148, 149

anti-Chola league, 32

Antigonus, 14, 15

Antiochus I, 15

Antipater, 15

Antoine, 83

Anup Singh, 56

Anuradhapura, 32

Anzen, Battle of, 42

apothecaries, 152

Copyright

232 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia

Arabs

invasions, 29

of Sind, 29, 33

archers, mounted, 4

Byzantine Army, 42, 43

Gupta Army, 22, 43

Mongol, 52

Mughal Army, 53

Tang Army, 29

Turkish, 5, 38, 39, 42, 43

archers, Rajput infantry, 38, 43

Argaum, Battle of, 80–1

Argos, 13

Armenians, 42

armour and uniform

early modern Europe, 72

Gupta Army, 24

Gurkhas, 104

Indian soldiers in World War I, 109

Khalsa Army, 84–5

Maurya Army, 144

medieval European knights, 39

regimental, 93

Vedic Age, 10

armourers/armament industry, 144, 145,

158, 161, 162

Army in India, 91

in 1879, 101

in 1890s, 105

in 1914, 108

in 1919, 111

in 1922, 112

in 1939, 113

desertions, 117

on eve of 1857 Mutiny, 96–7

non-combatants, 143, 152–3, 156, 157

Army Remount Department, 95

Army Service Corps School of India, 160

Army Supply Corps (ASC), 160–1

arquebuses, 65, 71

Arrian, 14, 18

arrows

Indus Civilization, 9

Vedic Age, 10–11

Arthasastra (Kautilya), 3, 7, 14, 19, 38, 144

artillery

Bengal Army, 98

Bombay Army, 98

EIC, 79, 88, 92

Indian Army, 101

Indian soldiers in, 100, 110, 111

Khalsa Army, 83, 85, 88

Madras Army, 98

Maratha Army, 79

Mughal Army, 59, 60, 65

Artisan Training Scheme, 159

Aryans, 9, 10

Asaf Khan, 146

ashramas, 33

Askan, Virginia, 52

Asoka, 15–16

Assam, 136, 157

Assam Rifl es, 136

Assaye, Battle of, 80, 81

Assyrians, 23

atavibala, 19

Atkinson, Major F. D., 151

Aurangzeb, Emperor, 46, 66, 69

Australian Army, 107, 108, 111, 117

Austro-Hungarian Army, 94

Avitabile, Paolo di, 83, 84, 86

Ayiram, 34

Ayubid Sultanate, 50

Azad Kashmir Force, 122

Aziz Sistani, Ustad, 59

Babbar Khalsa, 135

Babur, Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, Emperor,

3, 5, 45, 50, 51–2, 53, 55, 58, 62–3,

68, 69

Baburnama, 5

Babylonia, 15

Bactrian Greeks, 18, 20

Badami (Karnataka), 27, 31

Badauni, Abdul Kadir, 55–6

baggage waggons, 143

Bahadur, Shamsher, 76

Bahadur Shah I, Emperor, 66

Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujerat, 53, 59

Bahul, Sultan, 62

bairagis, 67

Bairam Khan, 55

Baird, Major David, 99

Baiswara Rajputs, 59–60

Baji Rao, Peshwa, 75

Bak-Bak, Malik, 48

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Index 233

baladhrikata, 28

Balaji Baji Rao, Peshwa, 76

Balban, Ghiyas-ud-din, Sultan, 47, 48, 50,

145

Baldev Singh Committee, 161

ballads, rajput heroic, 37, 145

Ballala II, 145

Baluchistan, 139–40

Baluchistan Liberation Army (BLA), 139

Baluchistan Liberation Front, 139

Balwant Rao Mehendale, 75, 76

Banda Bahadur, 81

Bangladesh, 2, 125

Bangladesh Army, 125, 132

Bangladesh Navy, 125

banias, 157, 161

banjaras, 7, 8, 145–6, 148, 162

Bapu, Sakharam, 76

Baqi Shaghawal, 63

bards, 144, 145

Barkhurdar Khan, 77

Barnard, Major-General Henry, 97

Barni, Zia-ud-din, 48

Barua, Pradeep P., 1

Basowan, Shaikh, 84

battle formations see ORBATs

battles, centrality of, 143

bayonets, 71

bedlars, 7

begari, 7, 8, 50, 147

Bengal, 29

Bengal Army, 2, 84, 91, 94–5, 96, 97, 98,

105, 150, 153–4

change in post-Mutiny composition of,

99

Bengal Artillery, 83, 94

Bengal Cavalry, 154

Bengali Muslims, 124, 139

beparis, 8

Bhangi (chief ), 146

Bharatpur, Siege of, 148

Bhau, Sadashiv Rao, 76

bhiksukis, 144

Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh, 134–5

bhistis (water carriers), 147, 148, 152, 154,

155

Bhonsle clan, 74, 75

bhrata balas, 36

bhrtakas (hired men), 19

Bhutan, 136

Bijapur Sultanate, 60

Bijoy Dev, Raja of Jammu, 41

Bimbisara, 11

Bindusara, 15

Black, Jeremy, 72

Black Sea Tigers, 137

body guards, 34

Boer War (1899–1902), 106

Bolshevik Army, 112–13

Bombay Army, 91–2, 95, 97, 153–4

composition of Marine Battalion 1858,

98–9

post-Mutiny, 100

Bombay Garrison, 91

Bombay Infantry, 101

Bombay Marine Battalion, 98–9

Bombay Presidency, 103, 104, 115

booty see plunder

Bouillon, duc de, 57

bows, composite, 22–3

Boyd (European military entrepreneur), 79

Brahmanabad, Siege of, 29

Brahmins

holding of higher commands by, 34

Indian Army closes ranks to, 112

in Khalsa Army, 84

in Mauryan Army, 19

as mercenaries, 54

status of military service among, 10

support for Rajputs, 37

Branch Recruiting Offi ces (BROs), 131

brihadasvarara, 28

Brihadratha, Emperor, 19

British Army, 91

in 1901, 106–7

Boer War, 106

composition in 18th-and 19th-century,

93–4

post World War II, 117–18

recruitment from lower echelons of

society, 93–4

short service scheme, 102

British Indian Empire, recruitment of Indian

troops, 91, 99–100

Bronze Age, 9

brotherhoods, 37

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Brown, Lieutenant-Colonel, 96

Brown, Major (British Resident), 78

Bucher, General Roy, 122

Buddhism, in Sind, 29

Bugti, Nawab Akbar Khan, 139

bullocks, 146

Bundelas, 6

Burma

policing, 104, 105

World War II, 113, 117, 157

see also Myanmar

Burma Evacuee Labour Camp, 158

Bussy, Charles Joseph Patisser, Marquis de,

76, 77

‘butcher and bolt’ expeditions, 152

Byzantine Army, 42–3

C3 (Command, Control and Communica-

tions), failure of indigenous powers lies

in, 90

Caesar, Julius, 17–18

Cambridge, Prince George, Duke of,

99–100, 105

camels, 29, 39, 43, 76, 147, 149, 154

camp followers, 154–6

campoos, 78, 87, 89

camps, military, 144

Candler, Edmund, 111–12

Cannae, Battle of, 13

caracole tactics, 81–2

Cardwell, Edward, 102, 103

cartridges, prepackaged, 71

caste system, 1, 163

and 1857 Mutiny, 100

and Bombay Army, 98–9

and EIC armies, 95

and Mauryan Army, 19

and Mughal Army, 66, 68

and non-combatants, 8, 148, 162

and private armies, 7

problems of taboos, 96

and recruitment to Indian Army, 114

and regimental composition, 101

rise in Vedic Age, 10

casualties

1857 Mutiny, 98

battle, 2

Golden Temple of Amritsar, 135

India–Pakistan Wars, 125

in Nepal, 140

in Sri Lanka, 138

World War I, 110–11

World War II, 117

catapults, 11

catu-bhata, 28

cavalry

Abbasid, 29

Bengal Army, 95, 98, 154

Bombay Army, 98

British Army, 96

Delhi Sultanate, 28, 46, 47, 50, 53

Ghaznavid, 40, 41

Ghori Army, 41, 42

Gupta Army, 22, 23, 24, 38

Gurjara-Pratiharas, 29

Harsha’s army, 28

Hemu’s army, 54, 55

Hoysala Army, 33

Hun, 24

Indian Army, 96, 101, 105, 111

irregular (siladari), 95, 96, 109

Khalsa Army, 83, 85

Madras Army, 95, 98

Maratha, 74, 75, 76–7, 80, 81, 82

marginalization of, 6

Maurya Army, 18

medieval Western European, 33

Mughal Army, 54, 55, 61, 65, 81

non-combatants with, 148, 150

Ottoman, 54

prestige of, 93

Rajput, 4, 5, 38, 40, 42, 43

Rajput-Afghan, 53

riding masters, 148

Seunas, 33

Sher Shah’s, 54, 62

Sikh, 81, 82

Ceylon, 158

see also Sri Lanka

Chagatai Turks, 45

Chaldiran, Battle of, 58

Chalukya Dynasty, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35

Champa, 12

Chand, Bihari, 59

Chandawar, Battle of, 42

Chandellas/Chandella Army, 40–1

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Index 235

Chandragupta I, 20

Chandragupta II, 21, 22, 23

Chandragupta Maurya, 14–15, 19, 144

Changiz Khan, 60

Chao Kingdom, 24

chariots, 4, 9, 10, 24

manufacture of, 143

Mauryan Army, 18

Paurava’s, 12

scythe, 11, 143

Charles XI, King of Sweden, 92

Charles XII, King of Sweden, 92

Charles Martel, 32

Chatfi eld, Lord, 113

chaturvarga, 10

Chauhan clan, 37, 41

Chausa, Battle of, 54

chelas, 67

Chera Army, 34

Chera Navy, 32

Cheras, 32

Chi, 13

Childers, Hugh, 103

children

enlistment of, 137, 138, 140–1

with regiments, 153

Chillianwala, Battle of, 149

China

armed forces, 127

demograhic resources, 17, 28, 127

nomadic invasions, 24

supply of arms to Pakistan, 127

see also PLA

China–India War (1962), 123–4

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 127

Chingiz Khan, 52

Chingizid princes, 52

chivalry, Rajput, 4, 36, 37–8

Chola Army, 32–3, 35

Chola Dynasty, 32–5

Chola Navy, 32, 33

Christian IV, King of Denmark, 57

Christians, Indian, 100

Chu Army, 12

Chunar, Siege of, 59

class battalions, 84

class company battalions, 84

class company regiments, 101

class regiments, 100–1

Clauswitz, Carl von, 143

clerks, 154

Clive, Lord Robert, 94–5

Clothing Directorate, 160

clothing, manufacture of, 159–60

clubs, regimental, 102

COIN

1947–2012, 133–41

Delhi Sultanate, 46

College of Defence Management (CDM),

125

colours, regimental, 92–3

Combined Defence Services Examination

(CDSE), 130

command systems, 90

common soldiers, in pre-British era, 3, 4

communications, 90, 146

Compagnies des Indies, 6

companions of honour, 34

conscription, 54

in China, 10

for insurgent armies, 136–7, 140, 163

not practised in India, 68, 163, 164

in Sri Lanka, 138

in Western Europe, 102, 164

Constantinople, 112

cooks, 143, 145

coolies, 152–3, 154, 158

corporal punishment, Wellington’s belief

in, 94

counter-insurgency campaigns see COIN

Court, Colonel (later General) Claude-

Auguste, 83, 85, 86

Court of Directors, 92

CPI, 136

criminals, recruitment of, 19, 94

crossbows, 65, 71

Curzon, Lord George, 132

Cynoscephalae, 13

Cyrus I, 12

Dahir, King, 29

Dailamis/Dailamites, 39

Dara Shikoh, Prince, 57

Dardanelles, 110

Darius I, 12

Darius III, 12

Copyright


‘Dark Age’, 27

Das, Bhagwan, 146

Datta, Rajat, 68

Daulat Rao Sindia, 78, 79, 80, 83

De Boigne, Benoit, 77–8, 79

de-urbanization, 31

Deccan, 2, 16–17, 29, 31

Mughal power in, 45

sultanates, 60

decentralization, 32

decolonization, inevitability of, 118

defeated soldiers

inclusion in army, 19

made to wear female clothes, 34

defence public sector undertakings

(DPSUs), 161

Defence Services Command and Staff Col-

lege (Dacca), 125

Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), 122

Deimachus, 15

Delhi, Siege of, 97–8

Delhi Field Force (DFF), 97–8

Delhi garrison, 96, 98

Delhi Sultanate, 5, 28, 30, 46–7, 63

army of, 47–50, 59, 61–2, 68–9

Babur attacks, 52

break up of, 45, 50

Deloche, Jean, 38

Demetrius, 20

demobilization, 118

demonetization, 4, 31

Deng Xiaoping, 127

Deo, Bithal, 76

Deo, Chachar, 46

Deo, Rai Hamir, 47

dervishes, 67

deserters

European in Indian princely armies, 83

from French Army, 94

from Russian Army, 110

India–Pakistan Wars, 124

Indian in World War II, 117

labourers in World War II, 158

rarity of regimental, 93

Sikhs from Indian Army, 129

Devahuti, D., 28

Devapala, 29

devshirme (collection) system, 49

Dhana Nanda, 13–14

Dharmapala, 29

dharmayuddha concept, 5, 28, 41, 68

Dhian Singh, 87

dhobis, 8, 145

Diadochi, War of, 14, 15

Digby, Simon, 67

Dikshitar, V. R. R., 17

Diodorus, 14, 18, 19

discharged troops, danger of, 94

discipline and punishment

EIC armies, 69, 96

Khalsa Army, 85

Mughal Army, 57

of sepoys and sowars, 93

Wellington’s views on, 94

of World War II Indian troops, 117

discrimination, 110

doctors, 152

Dogras, 108, 114

Doran, Captain J., 151

dressers, 149

drill, 72

of irregular regiments, 93

drummers, 92, 100, 143, 144, 148, 154, 157

Dubignon (French offi cer), 83

Dudrenec, 79

Dupleix, Joseph, Marquis de, 76

dustoor, 107

East India Company (EIC), 2, 6

expansion of, 73

fi nancial resources of, 8

French attempts to counterbalance, 77

inevitable victory against indigenous

powers, 90

and Khalsa Kingdom, 83, 87–8, 89

and Maratha Confederacy, 77, 79, 80–1,

89

and non-combatants, 148, 149, 161

private European units, 91

Rajputs serve in, 60

and regimental system, 6, 69, 91–9

rise and fall of, 91–9

size of armies, 95

troops on eve of 1857 Mutiny, 97

Western-style warfare, 89

Copyright

Index 237

see also Bengal Army; Bombay Army;

Madras Army; Punjab Frontier Force

East Pakistan, 124–5

see also Bangladesh

ECIOs see Emergency Commissioned

Indian Offi cers

education

Pakistan Army as agency of, 125–6

of soldiers, 102

Egypt, 112, 113, 117

EIC see East India Company

elephants

care of, 145, 146

Chola Army, 35

Delhi Sultanate, 30, 50, 53

Ghaznavid Army, 41

Gupta Army, 22

Harsha’s army, 28

importance of, 4

Maurya Army, 18, 19–20, 145

Palas, 30

Rajput, 38, 40, 42, 43

Rashtrakutas, 30

and road construction, 145

Sassanids, 23

use in warfare, 12, 13, 14, 15, 29

Embolima, 14

Emergency Commissioned Indian Offi cers

(ECIOs), 116

entrepreneurs, military, 57, 71–90

espionage system, Mughal, 146

esprit de corps, 92, 100

ethnic groups, mixing of, 100, 101, 107

Eudemus, 14

Eumenes, 14

Eurasians

in Maratha armies, 79

as non-combatants, 148

post-Mutiny recruitment of, 100

European military entrepreneurs, 69, 71–90

Euthedemos, 20

factories, 158–60, 161, 162

family ties, and recruitment, 93

famines, 65, 153

farriers, 147, 148

Farrokh, Kaveh, 17

Farrukh Siyar, Emperor, 66

Fateh Khan, 82

Fath Khan Sherwani, 53

Fauj-i-Ain, 84

Fazl, Abul, 52, 53, 61, 63, 67, 147

Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA),

138–9

Feristha, 41–2

Ferozshah, Battle of, 87, 88

feudal warfare, 27–43

feudalism, 4, 27, 31, 32

fi eldcraft , medieval, 30

Filoze (European military entrepreneur), 79

Firuz Khan, 53

Firuz Shah Tughluq, 48, 50

fl intlocks, 71

food

and caste taboos, 96

for EIC Indian troops, 95, 96

in Indian Army, 101, 127–8

logistics of providing, 143

for non-combatants, 151

foot stirrups, 38

forced labour, 7, 145

Ford, Colonel, 86

forest kingdoms, 22

formations, battle see ORBATs

Foulkes, Lieutenant-Colonel, 86

France

armies raised by, 5–6

emergence of regiments in, 92

standing army, 86

struggle against British in south India, 77

World War I, 109

Franco-Prussian War, 102

Frankish Army, 32

French Army

African recruits, 111

Franco-Prussian War, 102

late 18th-century, 94, 95

terms of service, 102

under Louis XIV, 146

French East India Company, 76, 77

Frontier Constabulary, 139

Frontier Corps, 139

Frontier Force Regiment, 128

Fuller, Major-General J. F. C., 13

furusiya exercise, 58

Copyright


Gabienne, Battle of, 14

Gaikwad, Appaji, 76, 80

Ganda Singh, 82

Gandaris (Sophytes), 12, 15

Gandhara, 16

Gandhi, Indira, 134

Gandhi, M. K., 1, 116

Gandhi, Sanjay, 134

Ganga (Kalinga) armies, 34

Ganga River Valley, 11

Gardi, Ibrahim Khan, 76

Garhwalis, 104, 109, 112

garrison duty, boredom of, 94

garrison reserve, 103

gazis, 68

Gergovia, Siege of, 18

German Army, 102

Ghaznavids/Ghaznavid Army, 38, 39, 40,

43, 143

Ghazni, 40

Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmud, Sultan, 62

Ghorids/Ghorid Army, 38, 39, 41, 43, 143

Ghorpares family, 74

ghulams, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54

Ghuzak, Battle of, 40

Girivraja, 11

Goddard, Colonel, 151

Gohad, Rana of, 78, 79

Golden Temple, Amritsar, 135

golundazs (gunners), 91

Gommans, Jos J. L., 51

Gordon, Stewart, 74

Goths, 42

Govind, Gopalrao, 75–6

Govind Rai, 41, 42

Govind Singh, Guru, 81

gramanis, 10

gramikas, 11

Greeks, 12–15, 18, 19, 20

Grewal, J. S., 56

Grey, Jeff rey, 93

Group of Forty, 47

group loyalty, 92

guerrilla campaigns, 133, 140, 146

Guhilas, 36

Gujarat, Mughal conquest of, 53

gunpowder technology, 58, 59, 69, 85

guns

EIC, 79

European entrepreneurs’, 6

evolution of, 71

fi eld guns, 150

Khalsa Army, 85, 88

manufacture of, 158

Maratha, 79

Mughal, 53, 58, 65

Nadir Shah’s, 6

Ottoman, 5

Gupta Army, 21–4

Gupta Empire, 4, 20–5, 38, 165

Gurdwara, 135

Gurjara-Pratiharas, 29, 33, 36

Gurkha Kingdom, 104

Gurkhas, 6, 7, 83, 84, 100, 104, 107

in 1930s, 112

in police, 105

in postcolonial Indian Army, 129

in World War I, 110

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 92

Habib, Irfan, 17

Haidar Ali, 73, 77, 78

Halaku Khan, 47, 48

Han armies/Empire, 17, 24

Hannibal, 13

Hari Singh, 82

Hari Singh, Maharaja, 122

Harness and Saddlery Factory Kanpur, 160

Harshavardhana (Harsha), 27–9

hasham, 61

havildars, 107–8

Hayter, Tony, 94

hazaris, 75

Hemu, General, 54–5, 60

herdsmen, 147

hero stones, 36, 37

Herodotus, 13

Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave Maurice of, 57

Hessing, Colonel John, 79

Hetkaris, 74

high altitude warfare, 123, 124, 126

High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS),

124, 126

High Explosive Factory, Kirkee, 161

Hind, 27, 42

Hinduism

Copyright

Index 239

post-Manu era, 4

used to motivate troops, 7

Hindustanis, 84, 104, 105

Hira Singh, Raja, 85, 87

Hitopadesa, 3

Hizbul Mujahidin, 134

Holkar Dynasty, 76, 79, 80, 96, 148

Honigberger, Martin, 85

horses

care of, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149

in EIC armies, 95

evolution of horse technology, 43

Harsha’s army, 28

horse dealers, 145, 147

Mauryan Empire/Army, 18, 19, 144–5

Mughal branding of, 57

shooting from, 67

Turkish, 38

household troops, Babur’s, 52, 54

Hoysala Army/Kingdom, 31, 33, 145

Hsiung-nu, 24

Huainan Kingdom, 17

Hughes, General R., 155

Humayun, Emperor, 3, 45, 53–4, 55, 59,

63, 64

Huns, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 43

Hunter, W. W., 85

hunting, as military training, 58

huzurat, 75

Hydapses, Battle of, 4, 12, 13, 18

Hyderabad, Nizam of, 79–80

Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan, 52–3

ICOs see Indian Commissioned Offi cers

Ift ikharuddin, Mian, 121

Ikhwans, 136

Iltutmish (Altamash), Sultan, 46, 47, 48

Imperial Cavalry, 83

Imperial Service Force (ISF), 113–14

Imperial Service Troops (IST), 91, 105, 110

India

defence budget, 123–4, 126, 127–8

demographic resources, 17, 61, 68, 105,

114–15, 118, 163

historical sources, 3–4, 46

independence, 1, 121

insurgency and COIN, 133–7

partition, 121

problems of ancient history in, 3

Quit India movement, 116, 118

study of military history in, 1–2

India Offi ce Collection, 4

India–Pakistan Wars

1965 and 1971, 124–6, 127, 138

First (1947–8), 121–2

Indian Air Force (IAF), 123, 124, 126, 128

women in, 129–30

Indian Army, 91

in 1857, 96

in 1865 and 1877, 101

in 1901, 107

in 1914, 108

in 1922, 112

in 1945, 117

in 1947, 118

in 1950s and 1960s, 123

in 1975–9, 126

in 2004, 126

budget, 123–4, 126, 127–8

Gurkha contingent, 104

inter-war years, 112–13

long-service volunteers, 102, 108, 117,

118

offi cer shortages, 131, 164

post-Mutiny, 99–108

postcolonial, 6–7, 121–32, 164

regimental system, 7, 107, 128, 132, 165

regional composition of, 111

reorganization (1859), 99

reserve, 103, 107, 108

social and regional profi le, 128–31

transformation into volunteer national

army, 6–7

voluntary recruitment, 128

World War I, 109–11, 164

World War II, 113–17, 164

Indian Commissioned Offi cers (ICOs), 116

Indian Corps, 109

Indian Expeditionary Force D, 110

Indian Military Academy (IMA), 122, 130

Indian Mutiny see Uprising of 1857

Indian National Congress, 1, 116

Indian Navy, 123, 126, 128

non-combatants in, 161

women in, 130

Indian Ordnance Department, 154

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Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), 137

Indian princes

failure against EIC’s professional armies,

6

troops, 91

Indian soldiers

demobilization, 118

length of service, 103, 108

monetary incentives, 105–6, 118

motivation, 108–9, 118–19, 163

necessary for maintaining British Empire,

91, 99–100

numbers 1859–1900, 105

numbers in 1865, 101

proposed posting in other colonies, 100

service outside India, 153

three times cheaper than British, 99

indigenous manpower, for logistical duties,

143

Indo-Bactrian Greek Kingdom, 20

Indus, Battle of, 18

Indus Civilization, 9–10, 14, 143

infantry

Abbasid, 29

Bengal Army, 94–5, 98

Bombay Army, 98, 101

British Army, 96

Delhi Sultanate, 46


fi rearms-equipped, 6

Ghaznavid Army, 39

Gupta Army, 22

Gurkhas as, 84

Harsha’s army, 28

Hoysala Army, 33

Indian Army, 96, 101, 105, 111, 113, 124

Khalsa Army, 83, 84, 85, 88

Madras Army, 98, 154

Maratha, 61, 74–5, 76, 78, 79, 80

Maurya Army, 17, 18, 28

medieval Western European, 33

Mughal Army, 61, 65

Ottoman, 54

Portuguese, 61

Rajput, 38, 40–1, 42

Seunas, 33

Sher Shah’s, 54

Infantry School, Mhow, 122

infantry-artillery paradigm of war, 89

insurgent armies, 133–41, 152

intelligence agents, 149

Invaliding Board, 103

Ipsus, Battle of, 15, 18

iqtadars, 48–9, 50, 68

Iraq, 113

Irish

in British Army, 93, 106–7, 111, 117

Catholics not wanted in Bombay artil-

lery, 92

in EIC forces, 94

irregular regiments, 93

Irvine, William, 51

Islam

forcible conversions to, 5

fundamentalist, 138–9

Ghorids establish Islamic empire in

India, 41

and motivation of troops, 7

Islamic invasions, 27

jagirs see land grants

Jahan Khan, 77

Jahandar Shah, Emperor, 66

Jahangir, Emperor, 45, 57, 58

Jai Singh, 82, 146

Jaichandra, Raja, 41, 42

Jaina generals, 34

Jaipala (Sahi ruler), 40

Jalal-ud-din, Sultan, 47, 49

Jalandhar, 27

Jammu, 122, 134

Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front

( JKLF), 134

Janissaries, 49, 86

Jankoji Sindia, 76

Jassa Singh, 82

Jaswant Rao Holkar, 79, 80, 96, 148

Jaswant Rao Pawar, 76

Jats, 108, 114, 129

javanmardi concept, 67

Jawahir Singh, Sirdar, 85, 87

jawans (infantry), 91

Jayanaka, 36

Jeff ery, Keith, 117

jemadars, 97, 107

jezails, 6

Copyright

Index 241

Jha, D. N., 31

Jha, Vivekanand, 17

Jhanda Singh, 82

Jhangi (chief ), 146

Jhelum Canal Colony, 108

jihad/jihadis, 7, 68, 134

Jindan, Rani, 88

Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 123

jirgas, 139

Jouher, 54

Junior Commissioned Offi cers ( JCOs), 121,

122, 124, 131

Justinian, Emperor, 42

Kabul, 16, 40, 54

Kabul Field Force, 154, 155

Kadambari, 34

Kaiquabad, Sultan, 47

Kakatiyas, 31

Kalinga/Kalinga Army, 15, 16, 17

Kalsia family, 82

Kamal-ud-Din, Mir, 58

Kamandaka, 3, 29, 30, 145

Kamran, Mirza, 54

Kanauj, 27, 29, 41

Kanauj, Battle of, 54, 59

Kandahar, 54

Kandalur, Battle of, 32

Kanhiyas, 82

Kanishka, 20

Kanvas, 20

Kapur Singh, 82

Karan Rai, ruler of Gujerat, 47

Kardla, Battle of, 79

Kargil Operation, 128

Karnal, Battle of, 5, 6

Karuna, Colonel (Vinayagamurthy Mura-

litharan), 137

Kashmir, 27, 82, 121, 122, 124, 126, 133,

134

Kathasaritsagara, 3

katuka, 28

Kaup, Dr Ignaz, 106

Kaur, Mahtab, 82

Kaur, Rani Chand, 82

Kaur, Sada, 82

Kautilya (Chanakya), 3, 14, 15, 19, 30, 144

KCIOs see King’s Commissioned Indian

Offi cers

Keegan, John, 92–3, 108

Kekaya region, 12

Kennedy, Richard S., 32

khalisa (crown land), 65, 66

Khalistani militants, 134, 141

Khalji Dynasty, 47, 49

Khalsa Army

civil-military relations, 86

as king maker, 86

motivation, 88

size and cost, 85–6

strength in 1845, 85

Khalsa Kingdom, 6, 73, 81–8, 89

Khan, Colonel Akbar, 121

Khan, Liaquat Ali, 123

Khan, Mohammad Ayub, 122

Khan, Sardar M. Ibrahim, 121

Khanwa, Battle of, 53, 58, 68

Kharak Singh, 82, 86, 87

Kharavela, 20

Khusrau Shah, 52

Khwaja, Abdul Hadi, 58

Khwaja, Abdul Haji, 57

Khwaja Abdul Majid, 58

Khwaja Abdullah, 57

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 138

King’s Commissioned Indian Offi cers

(KCIOs), 116, 118, 131

kings (rajan)

and rise of standing armies, 4

transformation of tribal chieft ains into, 4

Kirti Lehar, 117

Kishenji (Mallojula Koteshwar Rao), 136

Kitchener, Field Marshal Horatio Herbert,

132, 154

Kitchener–Curzon dispute, 132

knights, medieval European, 33, 39

Kolff , Dirk, 1–2, 51, 68

Koli chiefs, 60–1

Konkan, 73

Kosala, 11

Krishna III, King, 33

Krora Singh, 82

kshatradharma, 163

Kshatriyas, 10, 14, 19, 21, 24, 36, 37–8, 163

Kudalasangamam, Battle of, 35

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Kumaragupta, Emperor, 21

Kumaun, 112

Kundu, Apurba, 116

Kushanas, 20, 23

Kut, Siege of, 109

labour

forced, 145

local free, 147

military service as, 3

Mughal pool of military, 61, 68

skilled, 158–9

labour companies, 8

Lahore Arsenal, 85

Lake, Lord, 80, 81

Lal Paltan, 95

Lal Singh, 88

land grants, 2, 4, 5, 31, 48, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61,

62, 64–5, 66, 69, 74, 75, 78, 83, 84, 85,

108, 118, 161

land tax, 16, 63

Langmore, Major, 153

lascars, 92, 100, 149, 150

Lashkar-i-Toiba (LET), 134

Lawrence, John, Viceroy, 100

Lech, Battle of, 39, 40

levies

annual Russian, 94

medieval era, 32, 34, 43

Mughal Empire, 59–60

for policing, 104–5

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),

137–8, 140, 141

Licchavis of Vaisali, 11

linguistic problems, 100, 152

linked battalion scheme, 103

Liu An, 17

Liu Bi, 17

Lockhart, General Rob, 114

Lodhi Dynasty, 45, 49, 52, 53, 62

logistics

ancient period, 143–5

British period, 148–60

importance of, 143

medieval period, 145–7

personnel in charge of, 7

postcolonial, 160–1

long service, logic behind, 94

Louis XIV, King of France, 72, 146

Low, Major-General C. B., 100

LTTE see Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Lumsden, Major-General P. S., 101

Lynn, John A., 56, 149

Lysimachus, 15

Macedonians, 13, 15

MacMunn, George, 112

Madhav Rao I, Peshwa, 77

Madras Army, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 150,

153–4

composition of Indian Infantry in 1858,

98, 99

Madras Army Native Infantry, 78

Madras Cavalry, 95, 149

Madras Infantry, 154

Madras Presidency, 103–4

madrasas, 133

Magadha, 11–12, 13, 18, 20

Magnesia, Battle of, 18

Magyars, 39

mahabaladhrikata, 28

Mahabharata, 10

Mahadji Sindia, 77, 78

mahajanapadas, 11–12

Maharashtra, 20

mahasamantas, 28

Mahendra, King, 21

Mahmud of Ghazni, 40, 41

Mahmud Khan, 53

Mahmud, Sultan, 83

mahouts, 4, 145, 146

Malaya, 113, 147

Malhar Rao Holkar, 76

Malwa, Battle of, 46

mamluk system, 5, 45, 46–50, 68

Manekshaw, Field-Marshal S. M., 107, 131

Manipur, 136, 137

mansabdari system, 5, 45, 46, 55–8, 61,

64–5, 66–7, 68, 69

Manusmriti, 10

Manzikert, Battle of, 43

Maobadis, 7

Maoists, 136–7, 140

Maratha Confederacy, 6, 8, 60, 73–81, 86,

89

military personnel, 77

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Index 243

Marathas, 3, 46, 61, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 115,

148, 149

rise of, 74, 75

marching in step, 72

Marine Battalion, Bombay Army, 98, 99

maritime power, Cholas, 32

Marri tribesmen, 140

martial arts, 34

Martial Race theory, 6, 7, 103–4, 112,

114–15, 119

and shaping of postcolonial armies, 119

martyrdom, 67, 68, 163

Marxism/Marxist historians, 1, 51

Massageto-Chorasmian peoples, 23

matchlocks, 71

maula (hereditary troops), 19, 21, 34, 43

Maurice of Orange, Prince, 57

Maurya Army, 4, 17–20, 21, 22, 33, 43,

144–5

Maurya Empire, 4, 14–17, 21, 24, 165

bureaucracy, 16, 18

Mawalis, 74, 75

Mazaga, 14

medical aid, 143, 144, 148–9, 152, 156, 162


evolution to modern warfare, 71

non-combatants, 145–7, 161

Megasthenes, 15, 16, 19, 144

Menander, 20

mercenaries, 4

Abyssinian, 60

Arab, 29, 79

Brahmin, 54

Delhi Sultanate, 48, 49, 50

European, 6, 69, 73

Gupta Army, 21–2

Hindu, 36

Marathas, 74

Mauryan Army, 19

motivation of, 36–7

Mughal Army, 58–9, 69

Ottoman, 52, 58, 69

Pala Army, 34

Paurava’s, 12

Persian, 69

professional, 58–9, 69

Rajput, 53

rebellions among, 35

replacement by regimental soldiering, 71

Rohilla, 79

Seleucid, 17

Sri Lankan, 35

see also mansabdari system

merchants

and supplies on campaign, 144, 145–6

Tamil, 35

Merovingian Dynasty, 32

Mesopotamia, 109, 110, 112

Mihirabhoja, 29

military administration

ancient period, 11

British period, 108

evolution of modern, 72

medieval, 30–1, 35

postcolonial, 126, 160, 162

Military College of Engineering (near

Peshawar), 126

Military College, Jhelum, 126

Military Department, 153, 154

military institutions

17th-century European, 57

British period, 105

early medieval, 33–4, 43

lack of indigenous, 90

postcolonial, 122, 124, 125, 130, 160–1

military labour see labour

military revolution(s)/evolution, 6, 71–2,

89, 164

miners, 100, 105, 111, 112, 113, 144

Mir Qasim, 60, 78

Mirak Husain, 58

misls, 82

missiles, 161

mitrabala, 19

modern warfare, transition to, 71

Mohammad Abdullah, Sheikh, 121

Molesworth, Lieutenant-General G. N.,

114–15

monetization, 5, 6, 64, 69

Mongols

in Babur’s army, 52

domination of Central Asia and Afghani-

stan, 5

invasions, 24, 47, 49

monsoon failure, 65

Moosvi, Shireen, 64

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moral welfare, 94, 102

Morris, Major C. J., 112

mortars, 71

Mountain Division, 8th, 136

Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 123

Mouton, Colonel François Henri, 87–8

Mudki, Battle of, 88

Mughal Army

composition of, 68–9

culture and combat motivation, 66–8

defeat at Karnal, 5

early, 51–5

evolution of, 46

historical works on, 51

mansabdari system, 55–8

non-combatants, 146–7

offi cer corps, 3

regional levies, 59–60

technical skill and foreign mercenaries,

58–9

Mughal Empire

administrative institutions become

dysfunctional, 46

agrarian crisis, 46, 64–5, 66, 73

decline of, 5, 66, 73, 81, 164

Delhi Sultanate replaced by, 45

economy, 46, 51, 63–5, 66

historical sources, 46

and Marathas, 74

Muhammad bin Tughluq, Sultan, 47, 61–2

Muhammad Ghori, Sultan, 41, 42, 46, 48

Muhammad Shah, Sultan, 50

Muin-ud-din, 58

Mukteshwar, Antaji, 76

mullahs, 138

munitions industry, 158–9

Musharraf, Pervez, 122, 134

musicians, 144, 145

muskets, 71

Muslim Conference, 121

Muslim League, 121, 123

Muslim troops

Bombay Army, 98

Madras Army, 95

see also Punjabi Muslims

Mustafa (Ottoman mercenary), 58

mutinies

1857, 6, 96, 97–8, 99, 100

Delhi garrison, 96

Khalsa Army, 85

Naval Mutiny (1946), 158

Sikhs in Indian Army, 129

White Mutiny (1859), 91

Myanmar

Naga insurgency, 136

see also Burma

Mysore, 8, 73, 77

Nadir Shah, 5, 66, 76

nadus, 32

Naga Federal Army (NFA), 136

Naga Federal Government (NGF), 135–6

Nagas of Mathura, 20

Nagas/Nagaland, 135–6

Nagda-Ahar lineage, 36

naiks, 107, 108

najib battalions, 84

Najib Khan, 76

namak halali, 37, 109, 163–4

Nanda Army/Empire, 13–14, 15, 17

Napoleonic army, 83, 95

Nassau brothers, 72

National Archives of India, 4

National Conference, 121

National Defence Academy (NDA), 130

National Defence College (NDC), 125

National Service Labour Tribunals, 159

nationalism, 76, 116, 118

Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland

(NSCN), 136, 137

‘native’ commandants, 93, 107

nattars, 32

Naval Base Labour Camp, 158

Nawaz Sharif, Mian Muhammad, 122

Naxalites, 136

nayakam, 35

Nazar Muhammad, ruler of Balkh, 56

NCOs

in French Army, 94

Indian, 91, 108, 114, 124, 131

pensions, 105–6

in police, 104, 105

Need, Lieutenant-Colonel, 148

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 6, 123, 134, 161

neo-Muslims, 49–50

Nepal, 2, 7, 27

Copyright

Index 245

EIC invasion of, 104

insurgency and COIN, 133, 140

recruitment in, 104, 112, 140

Nepal Peoples Liberation Army (NPLA),

140

Niazi, Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah,

125

Nitiprakasika, 36

Nitisara (Kamandaka), 3, 29, 30, 35, 145

nitisastras, 35

Nizam-ul-Mulk, 79–80

nomadic warfare, 24

nomads

invasion by Central Asian, 4, 24

Rajput expansion at expense of pastoral,

36

non-combatants, 7–8, 143–62

ancient period, 143–5

British period, 148–60


postcolonial militaries, 160–1

recruitment by province 1914–18, 157

Non-Commissioned Offi cers see NCOs

non-martial races, 7, 103–4, 114, 115

non-state armies, 141, 165

see also insurgent armies; private armies

North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), 124

North East India, insurgency and COIN,

135–6

North-West Frontier, 16, 72, 98, 103, 109


nurses, 156

Ochterlony, Major-General David, 104

offi cer cadre

opened to Indians, 115–16, 118

professionalization of, 72, 90

offi cers, British

background of, 97

increase in numbers, 107

in Indian Army, 91, 99, 132

number in 1857, 96

in regular and irregular regiments, 93

and World War I Indian troops, 109–10

offi cers, European

in Bombay Army, 92

desertion of, 89–90

jealousy of, 87

murder of, 86

offi cers, professional Indian

emergence in World War II, 90

postcolonial shortages of, 131, 164

O’Hanlon, R., 67

Olivares, Count-Duke of, 57

Omar Shaikh, 51

Operation Blue Star, 129, 135

Operation Enduring Freedom, 139

Operation Green Hunt, 137

Operation Meghdoot, 126

opium, use of, 98

ORBATs

ancient and early medieval, 30

Paurava’s, 13

ordnance departments, 153–4

ordnance factories, 158–60, 161, 162

ORs

Indian, 93, 131

unbridgeable gap between offi cers and,

94

Ostrogoths, 42

Otto I the Great, 40

Ottoman Army, 49, 58

Ottoman court, 52

Ottonians, 39

pacifi cation duties, 104–5

Pakistan, 2

insurgency and COIN, 133, 134, 135,

138–40

military rule in, 122–3

recruitment in, 7

see also India–Pakistan Wars

Pakistan Army, 121–3, 124–6

COIN campaigns, 139, 140

composition in 2000, 127

and education, 125–6

organization of, 121

and political sphere, 123, 132

regimental system, 128, 132, 165

social and regional profi le, 128–30

Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), 125,

126, 130

Pakistan Navy, 126

Pakistani Rangers, 140

Pala Army/Empire, 29, 30, 34, 145

Palestine, 112

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Pallava Dynasty, 20, 21

Panchantantra, 36–7

panchayats, 93

Pandyas, 32

Panipat

First Battle of (1526), 5, 52–3, 58, 63

Second Battle of (1556), 55

Th ird Battle of (1761), 77, 86, 89

Pant, G. N., 9

parallels, 71

Parthasarathi, Prasannan, 63

Parthians, 20, 22, 23

Partition, 121

Pasand Khan, Shah, 77

Pataliputra (Pataligrama), 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,

17, 21, 27

Pathan Regiment, 128

Pathans, 7, 75, 82, 95, 98, 104, 108, 110,

114, 129, 139

pati, 28

Paurava/Puru (Poros), 12–13, 14

payment

Delhi Sultanate, 61–2

EIC, 69, 95

of European offi cers, 84

Indian Army reserve, 103

of Indian soldiers, 105

Khalsa Army, 84, 85, 86–7

Maratha Army, 75, 78

Maurya Army, 19

of medieval armies, 31

of mercenaries, 35, 50

Mughal Army, 59, 62–6, 69

of non-combatants, 146, 147, 148, 149,

150–1, 152

police, 104–5

of Rajput troops, 62

see also land grants

peasant levies, 32

peasant uprisings, 72

Peel, Lord, 99

Peel Commiittee, 99

Peithon, Satrap of Sind, 14

pensions

for British soldiers, 102

for EIC Indian troops, 96

for Indian soldiers, 103, 105–6

in Pakistan Army, 130


for rebel sepoys, 98

for VCOs and NCOs, 106

for wounded, 105

People’s Liberation Army see PLA

Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA),

136, 137

Peoples War Group (PWG), 136

periyanadus, 32

Perron, Pierre Cullien, 78, 79, 81

Persia, 112

Persian sources, 3

Persians, 46, 54, 58, 66

in Mughal service, 54, 56, 68

Pervez, Prince, 59

Peshawar, 82

Peshawar, Battle of, 40

peshwa, 75

phalanx, 13

Pharsalus, Battle of, 18

Phizo, 135–6

Picq, Ardant du, 92

pikemen, 71

Piluji, 76

Pinch, William, 67

Pioneer companies, 149

Piron, 80

Pithor Rai, 42

PLA (People’s Liberation Army), 127, 132

plunder

Chola state, 32

Ghaznavid, 41

Maratha Army, 75

Maurya Empire, 17

and mercenaries, 54

as motivation for military service, 164

in Mughal service, 59, 63

tribal chiefs and, 52

Poland, 89

police, semi-military, 104–5

polo, 58

Polyperchon, 15

Pompey the Great, 18

Poona Horse, 34th, 109

population

Bangladesh, 125

China, 127

European, 61

German (1871), 102

India, 61, 105, 114–15, 163

Copyright

Index 247

Khalsa Kingdom, 86

Ottoman Empire, 61

Pakistan, 124, 127

South Asia youth bulge, 133

Portuguese, 61, 91, 92

post-Gupta period, 27–9, 145

postal relay stations, 146

postcolonial militaries, 121–32

non-combatants, 160–1

postmodernism, 1

Prabhakaran, Vellupillai, 137, 138

Prasenjit, 11

Pratap, Raja of Ujjain, 57

prati bhata, 28

Pritchard, C.B., 101

Prithviraj Chauhan, 41, 42

Prithvirajvijayamahakavya ( Jayanaka), 36,

37

private armies, 7, 133

of large landed proprietors, 27, 31

non-Islamic, 7

in Roman West Europe, 34

see also insurgent armies

professionalization, 72

promotions, EIC armies, 97

prostitutes, 144, 155–6

proto-Austroloid people, 11

Prussian Army, 86

regimental system, 92

short service system, 102

Pulakesin II, 27

Punic War, Second, 15

punishment see discipline and punishment

Punjab, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22,

24, 28, 39, 49, 54, 63, 81, 82, 86, 115,

129, 139

Sikh insurgency, 134–5

Punjab Frontier Force/Punjab Irregular

Force (PFF/PIF), 91, 95, 96

Punjab Infantry Regiment, 19th, 150–1

Punjabi Muslims, 7, 84, 98, 104, 105, 108,

110, 112, 114, 129

Purbiyas, 6, 84, 95, 118

Purugupta, 21

Pushyabatis, 27

Pushyamitra Sunga, 18

pyrotechny, 59

Qasim, Muhammad Bin, 29, 39

Quit India movement, 116

Qutlugh Khwaja, 47

racial inferiority theory, 51

Raghuji Bhonsle, 80

Raghunath Rao, 76

Raghuvamsam, 22

Rai Pithaura, 41

Rajadhiraja, King, 33

Rajagriha, 11

rajanyas, 10

rajaputras, 4, 36, 37

Rajaraja I, 32, 33

Rajasthan, 29, 33, 36

Rajendra I, King, 32

Rajendra II, King, 35

Rajputana, 35

Rajputs

coalition, 40, 42

companies in Bombay Army, 91

culture and combat, 35–8, 66–7, 68

and Delhi Sultanate, 49

in Indian Army, 109, 110, 114

in Khalsa Army, 84

land grants to, 4

and Maratha Confederacy, 60

and Mughals, 53, 54, 56, 59–60, 66–7,

68

non-combatants, 145

origin of term, 36, 37

payment of troops, 62

recruitment to EIC armies, 60, 95

rise of, 27, 31, 35–6, 74

subdued by Akbar, 45

versus Turks, 38–43

Ramal, Chief of, 29

Ramanyana, 68

Ramnagar, Battle of, 88

Rana Sangha Singh, 53

ranabhandargaradhikarana, 143

Randaulah Khan, General, 74

Ranjit Singh, Maharaja, 82–3, 84, 85, 86, 88

Rashtrakutas, 29, 30, 31, 33

Ravi Varman Tiruvadi, King, 32

Rawar, Battle of, 29

Raymond (European military entrepreneur),

79

recruiting parties, 93

Copyright


recruitment

Delhi Sultanate, 48–50, 59

early modern European, 92

Harsha’s army, 28

mamluk system, 45, 46–50, 68

mansabdari system, 5, 45, 46, 55–8, 61,

64–5, 66–7, 68, 69

Maratha Army, 78

Mauryan Empire, 19

medieval era, 34

mini-systems, 60–1

Mughal Empire, 59–60, 61

of non-combatants, 2, 7–8

Ottoman, 49

patterns of, 2

policy, 1

post-Roman Western Europe, 32

postcolonial Indian Army, 131

regimental system of, 91–119

World War I, 110

World War II, 113–16

see also levies; mercenaries

Red Army, 113, 117

regimental system, 90, 91–119, 163

in EIC era (1700–1859), 6, 69, 91–9

naming and numbering, 92

in post-1857 Mutiny era, 99–108

in postcolonial era, 7, 121, 128, 132

traditions, 7, 92–3

in World War I and II eras, 108–18

regional armies, amalgamation of, 105

regional levies, Mughal Empire, 59–60

reserve

Indian, 103, 107

Western Europe, 102

Revolutionary Government of Nagaland

(RGN), 136

Revolutionary People’s Front of Manipur,

137

Richards, John F., 51, 62, 63

road construction, 7, 145, 147, 157

Roberts, Field-Marshal Lord Frederick, 7,

102, 103–4

Rohillas, 6, 75, 76, 79

Roman Army, 17–18, 19, 72

legionary system, 92

Roman Catholics, Irish, 92

Romans, 13, 15, 16, 23, 31–2

Rose, General Hugh, 100

Rosen, Stephen Peter, 1, 51, 131

royal armies, medieval era, 34–5, 43

Royal Artillery, 92, 106

Royal Bhutan Army, 136

Royal Indian Air Force, 118, 159

Royal Indian Army Service Corps, 117

Royal Indian Navy (RIN), 117, 118, 159

Royal Nepal Army (RNA), 140

Rudrasimha III, 21

Rufus, Curtius, 14, 18

Rumi Khan, 59

Rumi, M. K., 59

Rumi, Muhammad bin Hasan, 59

rural recruits, preference for, 106, 113, 115,

164

Russia, and North-West Frontier, 103, 107

Russian Army, 86

19th-century recruitment, 94

World War I, 110

Rusta-Hazara tribe, 52

sabbatthaka, 11

Sadho Singh, 82

Safavid Dynasty, 54, 57, 58, 63

Saff arid Dynasty, 40

Safi , Shah, 58

Sahi Army/Kingdom, 39–40

sahids, 68

Saivaites, 67

Sakas, 20, 21, 22, 35

Salabat Khan, 56

salais, 34

samanta system, 27, 28, 31, 36

Sambre (Reinhardt, Walther), 78–9

Samnite Wars, 16

Samru, Begum, 78, 79, 83

Samudragupta, 20–1, 24, 27

Sangala, 14

Sangam Age, 144

Sapper and Miner School, Bangalore, 105

sappers, 100, 105, 111, 112, 113, 144

Sar-i-Pul, Battle of, 51–2

saranjams, 64

sarnobats, 75

Sasanka, King of Gauda, 27

Sassanid Empire, 21, 22, 23, 39

Sastri, A. Nilakanta, 18

Satakarni, Gautampitra, 20

Satavahana Empire, 20

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Index 249

Saudi Arabia, 127

savers (cavers) units, 34

Saxe-Weimar, Bernhard of, 71

Scheduled Tribes, 135

Scipio, 13

scorched earth policy, 146

scutage, 32

scythe chariots, 11, 143

Scythians, 20, 22

Sea Tigers, 137

secretariats, military, 72

Seleucid Empire, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24

Seleucos Nicator, 14–15, 18, 41

Seljuqs, 39, 42, 50

sena nayaka mahamattas, 11

sepoys (infantry), 91, 107

pensions, 105

promotions, 97

recruitment, 93, 95

salaries and conditions, 95–6

servants, 143, 151, 154

service

compulsory, 113, 119

terms of, 2, 102, 103

Seunas, 33, 34

Shah Jahan, Emperor, 45, 56, 57, 58, 65, 69,

146

Shahjehanpur Clothing Factory, 159, 160

Shahji Bhonsle, 74

Shaibani Khan, 52

Shang Dynasty/armies, 10, 12–13

Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan), 45, 53–4, 59,

60, 62, 67, 69, 75

Sher Singh, Maharaja, 85, 86–7, 88

Shivadev, Vithal, 76

Shivaji Bhonsle, 61, 75

shock troops, 34

short service scheme, 94, 102

Showers, General, 152

Shuja, Awadh, 76

shutarnals (camel swivel guns), 6

Siachen Glacier, 126

siege warfare, 59, 71

signal service, 111, 113

Sikander Lodhi, 62, 146

Sikander Suri, 54

Sikhs, 3, 6, 7, 75, 81, 84, 95, 98, 100, 104,

105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 118

insurgency in Punjab, 134–5


see also Khalsa Kingdom

silk route, 4

Sind, 12, 18, 22, 28, 49, 50, 59, 114, 129,

154

Arabs in, 29, 33, 40

Sind Campaign, Second, 50

Singapore, 113

Singh, Baghel, 82

Singh, Major-General Shahbeg, 135

Sinhala Only Act, 137

sirdars, 73, 75, 76, 82, 85, 87, 89

infi ghting between, 6, 76

Sirhind, Fort of, 41

Sirhindi, Yahiya Bin Ahmad Bin Abdullah,

42, 61–2

Sirmoor Battalion, 104

Skandagupta, 21, 24

slave soldiers, 60

see also mamluk system

slavery, Maurya Empire, 16

Smith, Major-General Harry, 88

Smith, Mr (magistrate), 152–3

Sobraon, Battle of, 87

Somme, Battle of the, 109

Sophytes, 15

sovereignty, parcellization of, 31

Soviet Army, 117, 118

sowars (cavalry), 5, 91, 95, 96, 99, 105, 107,

148

Special Commissioned Offi cers (SPOs), 131

SPOs see Special Commissioned Offi cers

Sravasti, 11

srenibala, 19

srenis, 4, 21, 165

Sri Ghatotkachagupta, 20

Sri Lanka, 2, 32–3, 35


see also Ceylon

Sri Lanka Army (SLA), 138

Sri Lanka Navy (SLN), 138

Sri Lanka’s Armed Force (SLAF), 138

Srivastava, A. K., 17

standing armies

Abbasid, 29

Delhi Sultanate, 48

French, 86

Ghaznavid, 39

Gupta Empire, 165

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Maratha, 75

Mauryan Empire, 19, 33, 165

Mughal Empire, 61, 165

Prussian, 86

rise of, 4

Russian, 86

Seleucid, 17

Western European, 72

state building, 1, 4

state sovereignty, breakdown of, 4, 27

Stein, Burton, 2

Stevenson, Colonel, 80

stirrups, 38, 43

Strachan, Hew, 107

stretcher bearers, 144, 149, 154, 155

Streusand, Douglas, 51, 56, 64, 65

Stuart, General, 80

subadar-majors, 93, 104

subadars, 56, 96, 97, 104, 107

Sufi s, 67, 68

Sui Army, 28, 145

suicide bombers, 134

suicide squads, 34

suicides, Indian Army, 133

Sukranitisara, 3, 7, 30–1, 36, 37

SULFA, 136

Sumerians, 13

Sunga Empire, 18, 20

Supervisor Training Scheme, 159

Supplementary Committee, 99

Supply and Transport Corps School, 160

Surasena, 11

surgeons, 152

Suri Dynasty, 54

Swedish Army

18th-century, 89

regimental system, 92

sweepers, 145, 147, 148, 154

swords


Rajput, 5, 38

Sikh tulwars, 85

syces, 8

Tajiks, 52

Takkolam, Battle of, 33

Taliban, 139

Tamil New Tigers, 137

Tamils, 35, 98, 112, 137–8

tandas, 146

Tang Dynasty/Army, 28–9

tanzims, 133

Tarain

Battles of, 5

Second Battle of, 42

Targhi, 47

taulqama charge, 5, 52

taxation, 4


Maurya Empire, 16

Mughal Empire, 56, 63

Nanda Empire, 14

of neo-Muslims, 50

scutage, 32

Taxila, 14

Technical Recruiting Organization, 159

technology of warfare, 2

Mughal Army, 58–9

Ottoman, 59

training, 159

Tej Singh, 88

Telingas/Telugas, 98, 112

tercio, 92

terrorism, 133, 140

thakurs, 4, 98, 145

Th aneshwar, 27

Th apliyal, U. P., 10, 27

Th irty Years’ War, 71

timariots (sipahi), 49

Timur, Amir, 5, 45, 50, 51, 53

Timurids, 45

tin men, 151

tindals, 150, 155

Tipu Sultan, 73

topasses, 91, 92, 161

Toramana, 24

total war, 15

trade and commerce

Delhi Sultanate, 62

discouraged by post-Manu Hinduism, 4

Gupta Empire, 21

Maurya Empire, 16

Mughal Empire, 63

post-Gupta decline in, 27

training

17th-century European armies, 57

average period for recruits, 107

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Index 251

by European entrepreneurs for Indian

rulers, 73



failure of indigenous powers to set up

academies, 90

Maoists, 137

Maurya Army, 19–20, 33

medieval era, 33–4

Mughal Army, 57, 58

postcolonial era, 122, 125–6, 130

for sappers and miners, 105

technical, 159

treasure, carrying of, 30

tribal chieft ains, 4, 32, 62, 68

tribal confederacies, 4

tribal disorders, 72

tribal militias, 2, 4, 10, 52, 53

tribute

Chola state, 32

Mughal Empire, 53

tripolar struggle, 29–32

Trivedi, C. M., 114

tropical diseases, 117

trumpeters, 145, 148

Tsin, 13

Tulaki, Zia-ud-din, 41

tulwars, 85

Turanis, 55, 56, 67, 68

Turks

ascendancy of, 42

Rajputs versus, 38–43

see also Delhi Sultanate; Ottoman

Empire; Seljuqs

Tweedale, Marquis of, 99

udankuttam, 34

Udayin, 12

Ugrasena, 13

Uighur tribesmen, 28

Ulugh Khan, 47

umedwars, 93

Unarpur Fort, Siege of, 59

uniform see armour and uniform

United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA),

136

United Public Service Commission (UPSC)

of India, 130

United States

post-World War II, 117

sponsor jihad against USSR, 139

Vietnam, 128

World War I, 108

uparikas, 28

Uprising of 1857, 6, 96, 97–8, 99, 100

urban populace

negative attitude to recruitment of, 95,

106, 113, 163

as recruits in World War I, 110

Uzbeks, 54, 55

Vajji, 11

valanadus, 32

Vankoji, 74

vardhaki, 144

varnas, 1

vassals, 31, 32

Vasudeva, 20

VCOs

importance of role, 107

Indian, 91, 93, 97, 107, 108, 114

pensions, 105–6

in police, 104, 105

promotion to commissioned ranks, 116

Vedas, 3

Vedic Age, 10–11, 33, 143

Vegetius, 19

venereal disease, 155, 156

Venetian Republic, 57

Ventura, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87

veterinary surgeons, 144–5, 148

Viceroy’s Commissioned Offi cers see VCOs

Victoria Cross, 109

Videhas, 11

Vietnam War, 128

Vijayabahu, 33, 35

village ties, and recruitment, 92, 93

vishti, 145

Vishwas Rao, 76

volley fi ring technique, 72

volunteer national army, 6–7

vulluvams, 35

vyuhas, 30

Waihind, Battle of, 40

Wali (brother of Khusrau Shah), 52

Wali Khan, Shah, 77

Wallenstein, Count Albrecht von, 57, 71, 78

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ward orderlies, 156, 157

warlords, biographies of medieval, 46

Warring Kingdoms, 24

warrior communities, social construction

of, 2

warrior ethos

Hindu, 36

Marathas, 74

Rajput, 36, 74

wastage, among British troops, 94

water carriers see bhistis

water supply

and caste taboos, 96

destruction of, 146

Wavell, Field Marshal Archibald, 116

Waziristan, North and South, 139

weapons

early modern, 71

Gupta Army, 23

Gurkha, 104

Huns, 22–3


Khalsa Army, 85

Magadha, 11–12

manufacture and supply, 144, 145

Maratha, 74, 79

Maurya Army, 19

medieval European knights, 39

Mughal, 53, 58, 65, 69

no arms gap between indigenous powers

and EIC, 89

Rajput, 5, 38

Scythian, 22

Turks, 5, 38

Vedic Age, 10–11

Western European, 71

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 80,

94, 102

Western Chou, 10

Western Europe

higher level of militarization in, 86, 89,

164

post-Roman, 31–2

short service mass conscript forces, 102

Western Ghats, 73

White, General George S., 104, 105, 107,

155, 156

White Huns (Hephalites), 21, 23

White Mutiny (1859), 91

Whittaker, Dick, 31

Wilson, Lieutenant-Colonel W. J., 150

Wink, Andre, 35, 38, 51

wives, with regiment, 153

Wolseley, Garnet, 102

women

camp followers, 155–6

in Indian armed forces, 129–30, 132, 165

in private/insurgent armies, 7, 136–7,

140

World War I, 6, 108–11

non-combatants, 157, 158

World War II, 6, 113–17

emergence of professional commissioned

Indian offi cer corps, 90

non-combatants, 157–60, 162

recruitment of Indian gunners, 100

written operational command, 72

Wu Army/Kingdom, 12, 17

Wu Ling, 24

Xerxes, 12

Xiong-nu, 24

Yadava, B. N. S., 31

Yadava (Seuna) Army, 34

Yadava Bhillama, 33

Yadava family, 11, 33

Yaqub (Saff arid ruler), 39–40

Yar Muhammad Khan, Ustad, 59

Yaudheyas, 20, 21

Yavanas, 22

Young, Lieutenant Frederick, 104

Younger Paurava, 12, 13

youth bulge, 133

Ypres, First Battle of, 109

Yuan Chwang, 28

yuddhacharya (teachers of military science),

10

Yueh-chi, 20

Yunus Khan, 52

Zafar Khan, 47

Zama, Battle of, 13

zamindars, 56, 61, 68

Zia-ul-Haq, General, 7, 129, 134, 135

zig-zag trenches, 71

Copyright

Documents

Index From Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia