Index From Camille Gutt

Copyright

– 185 –

INDEX

Acheson, Dean, 48, 113, 137g

African Metals Corporation (AMC), 17,

17t1.1, 51, 52

Aghnides, Th anassis, 63, 65, 137g

Albert I, King of the Belgians, 10, 19, 22,

137g

Aldrich, Winthrop, 45, 137g

Alexander, Robert Jacob, Baron Skidelsky, 6,

66, 118–19, 160n43

Alphand, Hervé, 68–9, 90–2, 137

Algiers, 90

Alphand, Hervé, 68, 69, 90–2, 137g

American-Belgian relations, 44–7, 56

Anderson, Sir John, 52–3, 54, 86–7, 137g

Anglo-Belgian relations, 37–44, 55

Anglo-French Coordination Committee, 37

Anglo-French monetary agreements

1939, 68

1943, 91–2

Anglo-French Purchasing Committee, 91

Ansiaux, Hubert, 34, 36, 37, 69, 84, 100,

105, 116, 117, 122, 137g

compensations plan, 126, 128

Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank, 68, 137g

assets, freezing of, 47, 56

Atlantic Charter [1941], 41, 44

atomic bomb, 51, 52

Attlee, Clement, 125, 137g

Balthazar, Herman, 36t2.1

Bancor [currency], 67

Bank for International Settlements, 19–20,

25, 64, 126–7, 130

Bank for Reconstruction and Development,

100–1, 103, 104, 107–8

Bank of England, 37–9, 46, 59, 67, 70, 73,

86–7, 89, 102, 138, 143, 144–6

Bank of France, 88–9, 105, 120

banks

restrictions on activities, 22, 24

role in fi nancial diplomacy, 3

Banque d’Outremer [Belgian overseas bank],

13, 14, 137, 139

Banque Lambert, 129

Baudewijns, Adolphe, 36–7, 42, 105, 137g

Baudhuin, Fernand, 137g

Beatty, Sir Alfred Chester, 17, 19, 38, 51,

137g

beggar-thy-neighbour policy, 60

Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union

[1921], 79

Belgian Central Bank

see National Bank of Belgium

Belgian Economic Mission [London], 36,

37, 147g

Belgian Economic Mission [US], 112

Belgian War Material Purchasing Commis-

sion, 11

Belgium


Anglo-Belgian relations, 37–44, 55, 134

army mobilization 1938, 27

assets in the US, 47–8, 56

Th e following abbreviations have been used: ‘f ’ indicates a fi gure; ‘t’ indicates

a table; ‘g’ indicates an entry in the glossary of names; and ‘n’ indicates a note.

Copyright

186 Camille Gutt and Postwar International Finance

declaration of war on Germany 1939, 27

delegation to Bretton Woods conference,

105–6, 106t5.1

fi nancial crisis 1934, 22–3

fi nancial crisis 1938, 27

fi nancial policy 1919-34, 11–13

foreign policy during Second World

War, 4–5

and France, 88–9

general elections 1925, 13, 14

government-in-exile, 31–7, 36t2.1, 134

Lend-Lease agreements with US, 7, 45,

46, 47, 48–50, 111, 112–15, 114t6.1,

135, 157n73

neutrality, 28

post First World War economy, 4

postwar monetary parity, 101–3

proposed customs union with Nether-

lands, 82–6

relief during German occupation, 45

share of German reparations, 20

sovereignty, 4–5, 7, 21, 77, 78–9, 94,

109, 135–6

stabilization of currency 1926, 13–16

Belgo-Dutch monetary agreement, 71

Bemelmans, Arthur, 12, 137g

Benelux agreements, 2–7, 68, 71, 77, 79–80,

85–6, 88–9, 93–4, 103, 108, 126,

135–6

establishment, 82–5, 93–4

inclusion of Britain, 86–8

inclusion of France, 88–93

Berle, Adolf, 48, 138g

Bernstein, Edward, 100, 124, 126, 138g

Beyen, Johan, 69, 84, 117, 138g

BIS

see Bank for International Settlements

Bissel, Richard, 124, 138g

Blaise, Gaston, 16, 138g

Blum-Picard, L., 90

Boël, René, 36–7, 47–8, 49, 66, 69, 84, 89,

91–2, 99, 100, 105–6, 112, 114, 116,

129, 138g

Bretton Woods conference [1944], 105

end of Lend-Lease agreements, 114

Savannah Conference [1946], 116

Bolton, Sir George, 102, 121, 138g

Bondas, Joseph, 36t2.1

Boris, Georges, 90, 91, 138g

Bradbury, Sir John, 12, 138g

Bretton Woods conference [1944], 2, 7, 62,

94, 95–110

agreements, 47, 54, 62, 86, 111, 115,

116–17, 118, 119, 122, 130, 131, 136

Briand, Aristide, 21, 138g, 147g

Britain

economy, 67

EPU participation, 128

inclusion in Benelux agreements, 86–8

monetary agreement with France 1943,

91–2

sterling devaluation 1949, 124–6, 130

British Metal Corporation, 16–17, 143

Broek, Johannes van den, 71, 80, 81, 82–3, 138g

Bruins, G. W., 117

Budd, Sir Cecil Lindsay, 16, 18, 38, 138g

business

and fi nancial policy, 133–4

relationship with politics, 13, 24, 32, 133

Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 42, 138g

Cadogan Memorandum, 42

Campenhout, André van, 36, 47, 138g

cartel negotiations, 18, 51, 59

Cash and Carry System, 37, 39

Cassel, Gustav, 25, 73, 139g

Cattier, Félicien, 18, 33, 139g

Cauwelaert, Franz van, 78, 139g

Centre d’Etudes et de Documentation

Guerres et Sociétés Contemporaines, 6

CEPAG, 63

CHADE, 44

Chase Manhattan Bank, 104

Chlepner, Boris-Serge, 105–6, 139g

Churchill, Winston, 21, 34, 38, 43–4, 139g

Cie des Métaux d’Overpelt-Lommel, 17t1.1

Clavin, Patricia, 6

Clayton, William, 124, 139g

cobalt, 51

Cold War, 111–12, 118–19, 123, 126, 129,

130, 131, 136

Combined Policy Committee

see CPC

Committee for European Economic Coop-

eration

see OEEC

Copyright

Index 187

Committee for the French Liberation, 88,

90, 91

Committee on Payments Agreements, 126

Compagnie Belge des Mines, Minerais et

Fonderie du Zinc de la Vielle Mon-

tagne, 17t1.1

Compania Hispano-Americana de Electricidad

see CHADE

Congo [Belgian colony], 31–2, 33, 37, 39,

41–2, 90

business representatives, 43, 56

Lend-Lease agreements, 50

uranium, 50–4

copper trade, 17, 18

Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard, 78, 139g

Couve de Murville, Maurice, 90, 139g

CPC, 52–3

credit, 64, 66, 84, 113

Crena de Longh, Daniël, 84, 139g

Creveling, Guy Franklin, 17, 139g

Cripps, Sir Richard Staff ord, 125, 139g

Crosshanks, Captain, 69, 82

Curie, Marie, 52–3, 139g

currency, 34–5, 42, 59, 67, 84

scarcity of, 119–20

see also devaluation of currency;

exchange rates

customs unions, 82–6

Daladier, Edouard, 27, 139g

Darlan, François, 88, 139

Dawes, Charles, G., 12, 19, 45, 140g

Dawes Committee, 19

Degrelle, Léon, 25

Delfosse, Antoine, 36t2.1

devaluation of currency, 13–16, 24, 25, 26,

27, 60, 73, 111, 124–6

Dewey, Th omas, 104, 140g

Dielthem, André, 88, 90, 140g

dollar scarcity, 119–20, 130

Dormael, A. van, 96

Dulles, John Foster, 46, 48, 89, 104, 140g

ECA, 123, 124, 125, 127

economic cooperation

failure of, between world wars, 58–62

postwar reconstruction, 62–5

Economic Cooperation Administration

see ECA

Economic Liaison Group, 87

Economy and Society [Milward], 5

Eden, Anthony, 42, 82, 86, 87, 140g

Eichengreen, Barry, 6, 118

Einstein, Albert, 52, 140g

Einzig, Paul, 3

Electrorail, 17t1.1, 18

Empain, Edouard, 11, 13–14, 16, 140g

EPU, 118, 126–9

ERP, 123–4, 126, 127, 130

European Payment Union

see EPU

European Recovery Programme

see ERP

exchange rates, 66, 69, 71, 89–90

par values, 120–3

Exchange Stabilization Fund, 60

Eximbank, 114

Eyskens, Gaston, 112, 116, 140g

FEA, 112, 113

Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 59

Feis, Herbert, 65, 140g

Ferguson, Niail, 5

First President Act [1941], 47

First World War, 2, 3, 55, 134

eff ect on Belgian economy, 4, 44, 62

German reparations, 4, 12, 13, 14,

19–21, 29, 58

Ford Motor Company [Belgium], 17t1.1,

18, 117, 129

Foreign Economic Administration

see FEA

Forminière

see Société Internationale Forestière et

Minière

Fortune Magazine, 1

France

capitulation to Germans, 33

currency, 15, 60, 69, 120–3

inclusion in Benelux agreements, 88–93

monetary agreement with Britain 1943,

91–2

postwar economic reorganization plans,

68–9

Francq, Louis, 15, 24, 140g

Copyright


Francqui, Emile, 12, 13, 14–15, 30, 80, 140g

German reparations, 19

involvement in non-ferrous metals sector,

16, 17, 18

parliamentary inquiry, 24

Frazer, William, 68, 89

free trade

see trade

Free University of Brussels, 129

French National Committee, 88

Frère, Maurice, 116, 127, 140g

Frick, Claire, 10

see Gutt, Claire

Frick, Henri-Charles, 10, 140g

Friedmann, Irving, 129

Funck, Walther, 66, 140g

Gaulle, Charles de, 37, 68, 88, 90, 91, 92,

141g

General Th eory, Th e [Keynes], 72–3, 74

Geneva International Economic Conference

see International Economic Conference

[Geneva 1927]

Gérard, Max-Léo, 24, 27, 141g

German reparations post First World War, 4,

12, 13, 14, 19–21, 29, 58

Giraud, Henri-Honoré, 89, 141g

Gold Bloc, 80

gold reserves [Belgian], 28–9, 31–2, 36, 37

negotiations for British use of, 39–44,

55–6

transfer to Berlin, 88

gold standard, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 69, 73–4,

75, 80, 133, 135

‘Government of Bankers’, 22–6, 133

Great Depression, 2, 13, 16, 60, 133

Gregory, Th eodore, 73

Groves, Leslie R., 52, 141g

Gruben, Hervé de, 78, 105, 116, 140g

Guindey, Guillaume, 120, 141g

Gutt, Camille

and Benelux agreements, 79–80, 81–2,

84–5, 93

Bretton Woods conference [1944],

103–8, 109–10

and British use of Belgian gold reserves,

39–44, 55–6

business activities, 17t1.1

change of name, 12

comparison with Keynes, 71–4

death, 129

early life and career, 9–11

in exile, 4, 31–2, 33–7, 36t2.1

as fi nance minister 1934–5, 21–6

as fi nance minister 1939–40, 26–9, 133

and fi nancial policy 1919-34, 11–13

and German reparations, 19–21, 29–30

and gold standard, 73, 75

later life, 129

as managing director of IMF, 111–12,

117–18, 129–31, 136

Marshall Plan, 123–4

meeting with Keynes February 1941,

81, 94

negotiations for ending Lend-Lease

agreements, 112–15

negotiations with British, 37–8, 86–8


personal archives, 6

and postwar international economic

cooperation, 62–5, 95, 97–101

postwar monetary parity, 101–3

and private business interests 1926–34,

16–19

and proposals for ICU, 67–71

relationship with de Gaulle, 88

role in Congolese uranium negotiations,

53–5

rumours about, 23

Savannah Conference [1946], 116–18

and stabilization of Belgian currency

1926, 13–16

views on postwar economic reconstruc-

tion, 119

Gutt, Claire, 10, 33, 34, 141g

Gutt, Etienne, 6, 141g, 155n20

Gutt, François, 11, 26, 141g

Gutt, Hélène, 9, 141g, 151n2

Gutt, Jean-Max, 11, 141g

Guttenstein, Max, 9, 141g

Hague conference [1929], 19–20, 25

Halifax, Lord Edward, 41, 42, 141g

Hambro, Carl J., 78, 141g

Harriman, Averell, 124, 141g

Hayek, Friedrich, 74, 75, 142g

Copyright

Index 189

Heinemann, Dannie, 44, 142g

Helmreich, Jonathan E., 50, 157n78

Hemptine, Mgr. de [apostolic vicar], 43

Hitler, Adolf, 27–8, 45, 60

Hoff man, Paul G., 124, 142g

Hoover, Herbert, 44, 45, 104, 142g

Hoover Moratorium, 20

Hopkins, Richard, 38, 41

Horsefi eld, J. K., 96

Hoste, Julius, 36t2.1

How to Pay for the War, 28, 74

Hull, Cordell, 45, 46, 142g

Hymans, Paul, 10, 20, 142g

ICU, 66–71, 84, 97

IMF, 7, 111–12

appointment of Gutt as managing direc-

tor, 117–18

and EPU, 126–9, 130

establishment of, 115–17

and Marshall Plan, 123–4

role in economic reconstruction of West-

ern Europe, 118–23, 130

sterling devaluation 1949, 124–6

Import Duties Act 1931, 79

Inter-Allied Committee on Post-War

Requirements, 68

International Chamber of Commerce, 12,

129

International Clearing Union

see ICU

International Economic and Monetary

Conference [1933], 20, 60, 62

International Economic Conference

[Geneva 1927], 12, 18

international monetary cooperation

failure of between world wars, 58–62

postwar reconstruction, 62–5

International Monetary Fund

see IMF

Istel, André, 91, 142g

James, Harold, 6, 96, 118

Janssen, Albert-Edouard, 14, 27, 142g

Janssen, Georges, 28, 142g

Japan, 46

Jaspar, Henri, 33, 35, 142g

Jaspar, Marcel-Henri, 14, 20, 33, 35, 142g

Joassart, Gustave, 36t2.1

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 52, 142g

Jongh, Crena de, 84

Jonnart, Charles, 12, 142g

J. P. Morgan [bank], 104

Kenen, Piet, 84, 143

Kerstens, Petrus [Piet], 84, 142g

Keynes, John Maynard, 7, 21, 28, 38, 57, 64,

80, 142g, 165–6n9

Bretton Woods conference [1944], 107,

109

comparison with Gutt, 71–4

economic theories, 72–3, 75

and IMF, 115, 117

interest in Benelux agreements, 86

meeting with Gutt February 1941, 81, 94

plan for International Clearing Union,

66–71, 84, 97–8, 136

post-war monetary parity, 102

speech on stabilization fund, 103, 104,

109

views on war fi nance, 74

Keynesian revolution, 6

Kindleberger, C. P., 61, 118, 159n17

Kleff ens, Eelco Nicolaas van, 83, 143g

Knudsen, William S., 45, 143g

Kronaker, Paul, 114, 143g

Langenhove, Fernand van, 18, 40, 46–7, 82,

83, 105

Largentaye, Jean Rioust de

see Rioust de Largentaye, Jean

Le Nord [journal], 9

Le Petit Parisien [French newspaper], 20

League of Nations, 12, 28, 58, 61, 62, 63, 85,

138, 142, 146

Leith-Ross, Frederick, 21, 38, 68, 143g

Lend-Lease agreements, 7, 45, 46, 47,

48–50, 111, 112–15, 114t6.1, 135,

157n73

Leopold II, King of the Belgians, 143g

Leopold III, King of the Belgians, 22, 26–7,

29, 143g, 155n3

capitulates to Germans, 32–3, 34, 35

Leuven School of Economics, 16, 24, 73

Lindberg, Charles S., 45, 143g

Lithiby, John Stewart, 89, 143g

Copyright


Lloyd George, David, 21, 143g

loans, 14, 15, 23, 59

Locarno, Treaty of, 28

London Economic and Monetary Confer-

ence [1933], 18, 96, 104

Loucheur, Louis, 21, 143g

Luxembourg

customs union agreement, 85

inclusion in Benelux agreements, 84

Lye, Trygve, 143g

Lyttleton, Oliver, 1st Viscount Chandos, 16,

18, 38, 143g

Man, Henri de, 24, 27, 143g

Manhattan Project, 51, 52

Mannheimer, Fritz, 23, 143g

MAP, 126

Marshall Plan, 115, 118, 119, 122, 123–4,

126, 130

Marxism, 5

Massigli, René, 88, 90, 91, 143g

Mayer, René, 90, 143g

McFadyean, Sir Andrew, 21, 38, 144g,

155n20

Meade, James, 72, 144g

Melville, Leslie G., 105

‘Memorialists’ [fi nancial experts], 61

Mendelssohn Bank, 23

Mendès France, Pierre, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93,

105, 107, 121, 144g

Metallgesellschaft [German company], 16

Milward, Alan S., 5, 118

Mises, Ludwig, 74, 75, 144g

Mitrany, David, 64, 160n35

Mladek, Jan, 117, 129, 144g

monetary blocs, 60, 80

monetary conferences

1920, 58, 61

1922, 58–9, 61–2

1927, 59, 62

1932, 59

1933, 60, 62, 67, 96, 104

see also Bretton Woods conference

[1944]

monetary parity, 101–3

Monnet, Jean, 11, 37, 88, 90–2, 93, 112,

144g

Morgan, Jean Pierpont, 14, 144g

Morgenthau, Henry, 105, 144g

Mossadegh, Mohammad, 129

Most Favoured Nation Clause, 59

Munich crisis 1938, 27

Murville, Maurice Couve de, 90

Mussolini, Benito, 21

mutual aid agreements, 48–50

Mutual Assistance Programme

see MAP

National Bank of Belgium, 6, 15, 23, 24, 79

losses of gold, 24, 27

National City Bank of New York, 104

National Committee of Liberation, 68

National Peace Council, 78

National Security Council document 68, 126

Nelson, Donald M., 45, 144g

Netherlands

customs union with Belgium, 82–6

government-in-exile, 80

Nicholson, Harold, 66

Niemeyer, Otto, 102, 144g

Nisot, Joseph, 105, 144g

non-ferrous metals sector, 16–18, 17t1.1, 51

Norman, Lord Montagu, 1, 21, 38, 59, 144g

Nothomb, Pierre, 10, 144g

Odell, J. S., 96, 165n4

OEEC, 126, 127

Oliphant, Sir Lancelot, 86, 145g

Organization Committee of the Reparations

see Reparations Commission

Organization for European Economic

Cooperation

see OEEC

Oslo Convention [1932], 79

Ottawa agreements [1932], 39–40, 42, 67, 79

Ouchy convention [1932], 39, 60, 79–80

Overby, Andrew, 124, 127, 129, 145g

par values

see exchange rates

parity

see monetary parity

Perry, Percival Lee Dewhurst, 1st Baron

Perry, 18, 38, 145g

Pierlot, Hubert, 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36t2.1,

43, 145g

Copyright

Index 191

Pisart, Fernand, 16, 18, 29, 51, 145g

Pity of War, Th e [Ferguson], 5

Pleven, René, 69, 90–2, 145g

Poincaré, Raymond, 12, 15, 21, 145g

Poland, invasion of 1939, 27

Pollack, Jacques, 126

Ponthoz, Robert van der Straten

see Straten Ponthoz, Robert van der

private interests, 47–55, 56, 134–5

profi ts, tax on, 28

protectionism, 60, 79–80, 93

Purvis, Arthur, 37, 145g

radium, 52, 158n88

rail transport, 11

Ramadier, Paul, 120, 145g

Raminski, Louis, 105, 117, 145g

Rathenau, Walter, 21, 145g

Reconstruction of Western Europe, Th e [Mil-

ward], 118

Rens, Joseph [also Jeff ], 73, 145g

Reparations Commission, 12

reverse lend-lease

see Lend-Lease agreements

Reynaud, Paul, 68, 145g

Richard, Raoul, 34, 36t2.1, 145g

Rioust de Largentaye, Jean, 73, 121, 145g

Rolin, Henri, 36t2.1

Rolin-Jaquemyns, Guillaume, 116, 146g

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 22, 29, 46, 60,

104, 113, 146g

Ruhr, 12, 14, 72

Saad, Ahmed Zaki, 117

Sachs, Alexander, 52, 146g

Sainte Adresse Declaration, 39, 55

Salter, Sir Arthur, 11, 21, 38, 146g

Savannah conference, 7, 71, 110–12,

115–18, 125, 127, 138g, 146g

Schachtian bilateral clearing system, 66

Schryver, August de, 36t2.1, 83, 146g

Schuman, Robert, 120–1, 146g

Schweizer, Marie-Pauline, 9, 146g

Second World War


Anglo-Belgian relations, 37–44, 55

Belgian government-in-exile, 31–7,

36t2.1

Selliers de Moranville, Ernest de, 37, 105,

117, 128, 129, 146g

Sengier, Edgar, 17, 47, 50–1, 54, 146g

shipping agreements, 37

Shuman, Robert, 146g

Siepmann, Arthur, 38, 41–2, 146g

Silvercruys, Robert, 146g

Skidelsky, Lord

see Alexander, Robert Jacob, Baron

Skidelsky

Smuts, Jan, 87, 146g

Socialist Party [Belgium], 24

Société Financière de Transports et

d’Entreprises Industrielles, 44

Société Générale de Belgique, 12, 13, 15, 16,

18, 33, 47, 50, 51, 65

Société Générale des Minerais [company],

16, 17t1.1

Société Générale Industrielle et Chimique

du Haut Katanga, 17t1.1

Société Générale Métallurgique d’Hoboken,

17t1.1

Société Internationale Forestière et Minière,

17

Société Nationale de Crédit à L’Industrie,

100

Solvay [company], 36, 46, 47–8, 49

Southard, Frank Jr, 125, 146g

Souza, Eduardo da, 105

Spaak, Paul-Henri, 23, 27, 34, 35, 36t2.1, 41,

44–5, 46, 63, 78–9, 92, 98, 101, 123,

146g

and Benelux agreements, 81–2, 83–4,

87, 91

and British-American fi nancial plans,

103–4

end of Lend-Lease agreements, 114

stabilization fund, 69, 97–9, 101, 103, 107,

108t5.2, 109

Stavisky, Alexandre, 23, 147g

Stepanov, Michael, 105

sterling devaluation 1949, 124–6, 130

Stettinius, Edward Jr, 45, 147g

Straeten Ponthoz, Robert van der, 46, 147g

Stresemann, Gustav, 21, 147g

Strong, Benjamin, 59, 147g

Szilárd, Leon, 52, 147g

Copyright


Taft , Robert, 104, 112, 147g

tariff reduction, 61

taxation, 14, 28

Th eunis, Georges, 4, 6, 15, 16, 65, 78, 100,

147g

as ambassador to US, 29, 44–7, 49–50

Bretton Woods conference [1944],

103–8, 109–10

as fi nance minister, 12

fi rst meeting with Gutt, 11


postwar monetary parity, 102

as prime minister, 22

relationship with Francqui, 13

Tizard, Sir Henry Th omas, 52, 147g

Towers, Graham, 117, 147g

trade

liberalization of, 59, 64, 66, 126, 131

values, 59

Trade with the Enemy Act [1940], 47

transnationalism, 3–4

Treasury bonds, 14

Treatise of Money, A [Keynes], 66–7

Tripartite Monetary Agreement, 26

Truman, Harry S., 113, 147g

Union Carbide [company], 51

Union Minière du Haut-Katanga [copper

supplier], 16, 18, 50, 51

United Nations, 64

United Nations Conference of Trade and

Employment, 114

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation

Administration Conference, 91

United States


and Benelux agreements, 86

dollar scarcity, 119–20, 130

economic relations with Britain, 57

freezing of Belgian assets, 47–8

Lend-Lease agreements with Belgium,

7, 45, 46, 47, 48–50, 111, 112–15,

114t6.1, 135, 157n73

Marshall Plan, 123–4

negotiations over Congolese uranium,

50–4

postwar fi nancial plans, 95–101, 103–4

uranium, 50–4, 135

value added tax, 14

van der Straten Ponthoz, Robert

see Straten Ponthoz, Robert van der

Van Zeeland Experience in Belgium, 26

Vandervelde, Emile, 24, 147g

Vanlangenhove, Fernand, 147g

Vasseur, Pierre, 18

Versailles, Treaty of, 12, 151n10

Vinson, Frederick, 114, 117, 148g

Vleeschauwer, Albert de, 33, 34, 35, 36t2.1,

37, 140g

Voghel, Franz de, 116, 147g

Waley, David Sigismund, 38, 41, 71, 86, 89,

92, 102, 116, 147g

‘Wall of Money’, 23

Wall Street Crash [1929], 21, 59

war supplies, 43, 48–9

see also Cash and Carry System

Warburg, James P., 45, 148g

Western European Union, 85

Weyer, Georges, 129

White, Harry Dexter, 7, 48, 66, 69, 95,

99–100, 116, 148g, 165–6n9

and IMF, 115, 117

plans for postwar monetary cooperation,

97–101, 136

Wiesbaden agreement, 88–9

Winand, John, 53

Wood, Sir John Kingsley, 38, 41–2, 74, 148g

World Economic Conference [1927], 59

World War I

see First World War

Young, Owen D., 19, 45, 148g

Zeeland, Marcel van, 26

Zeeland, Paul van, 16, 61, 75, 78, 148g

and Benelux agreements, 84–5

credibility in US, 65

in exile in US, 44–5

postwar monetary parity, 101, 102

as prime minister, 25–6

relationship with Gutt, 24–5, 26, 29, 30,

63, 75, 154n75

report on postwar economic reconstruc-

tion, 61, 63–5

Documents

Index From Camille Gutt