Index (complete) - Pianos Inside Out

527

Index

Numerics105 System 33616th Tone Piano 941867 Exposition in Paris 133M 267, 338

microfinishing film 202409 89

AAbel 66, 71, 72, 340, 383

hammers 72, 384Naturals 71

Abrasive cord 338Abrasives, in buffing compounds

364ABS

Carbon 17, 66Styran 66

Absolute humidity 84Absolute Piano Restoration 236,

288, 292, 313, 314, 394, 459, 466Académie Royale des Sciences 3Accelerated Action 59, 164, 300,

315, 347, 496Accu-Tuner 125Acetone 338, 384Acid, used in making hammer felt

71, 384Acoustic Glue (see “Bolduc,

Acoustic Glue”)

Acousticraft 203Acoustics, of room 209Acrylic 215, 217

as hammer felt hardener 217for key tops 354

AcryliKey 238Action 24, 63

Accelerated in Steinways 59,

315, 347Birdcage design 68bracket 22bracket bolt 140brackets, expanding 142, 149bumping type 3, 5cloth (Sticker cloth) 340

composite parts 375compressed 68diagram 64Double Repetition in verticals 77double-escapement 5, 12dropped 68, 113, 140, 320English 9escapement of jack 76Fandrich 68frame stability in verticals,

inspecting 191geometry 273, 303geometry troubleshooter 304grand, inserting into the piano

137grand, rebuilding 373grand, regulating 166grand, removing 136grand, removing from keyboard

379grand, rough-regulating 394grand, transporting 137grand, types 63Herz-Érard 63, 320how it works 76in relation to damper 77leather 341leverage (see also “Distance

leverage,” “Weight ratio”) 279leverage, altering 312leverage, changing through key

travel 283, 284missing notes 82modifying 378parts with flanges, traveling 168parts, comparing in grands 376parts, repinning and rebushing

244parts, rubbing 153parts, sluggish due to verdigris

246, 374parts, testing the fit in grands 377parts, to rebuild or replace 374parts, traveling, squaring,

aligning 167push type 3rails 66

rails, repairing 240rebuilding, overview 325regulating 166regulating on the bench 141regulation, effects on tuning 129removing 136removing from keyboard 154repairing 240repetition, speed of 77Schwander 77single-escapement 4spread 149, 280, 282, 287, 315tape-check 11troubleshooters 304Tubular Metallic Frame 66, 68vertical 68vertical, development of 15vertical, Double Repetition 77vertical, rebuilding 408vertical, regulating 189vertical, removing 140vertical, rough-regulating 416Viennese 3, 341

Action Geometry Program 273Action rack

checking 152repositioning 315

Action spread 282Acu-Just 56, 424, 427, 428, 429, 430,

432, 433, 434, 436Adhesive tape 337Adhesives (see “Glue”)

Adjustable Leverage Action 315Adrien de la Fage 76Aeolian mode 94Affleck Piano Tuning 419Aftertouch

adjusting in verticals 195checking 153grand, regulating 173insufficient 171recording 344

Agraffe 13, 21, 22, 56broken, extracting 262friction 131reamer 437

Agraffes

facing off 439grooved, effects on tuning 132reducing height of 439replacing 436to rebuild or replace 326

Air

dehumidifying 85humidifying 86

Air conditioner 86, 328Albert Steinway 13, 76Alcohol 144, 145, 147, 155, 156, 158,

161, 179, 182, 191, 213, 217, 221,

237, 238, 264, 265, 337, 338, 352,

353, 356, 437, 439, 449, 478as sizing agent 215, 491as solvent for shellac 480as suspension for blue chalk 449as suspension for chalk 240, 364,

365denatured 144ethyl 144, 222for reflowing finish 481isopropyl 144, 222methyl 144rubbing 89, 90, 136, 144

Alcohol lamp 156, 168, 169, 194,

196, 243Aleene’s 336, 358Alexandre-Françoise Debain 76Alfons Huber 3Alfred Dolge 4, 5, 13, 14Aligning

action parts 167grand damper heads 183

Alignment of hammers, checking in

grands 149Aliquot 36Allen Wright 89, 157, 171, 211, 213,

228, 237, 261, 423, 425, 472Allied Piano/LakeOne USA 263, 265,

483Alpheus Babcock 12, 15Altering action leverage ratio (see

“Action, leverage”)

Aluminum oxide 338Aluminum piano 25Amazing GOOP 336

Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec.

528 Index

American Steel & Wire Company 44Americus Backers 7André Bolduc 259, 472, 473André Oorebeek 157, 208André Stein 8Andrea Coen 2Angle of grain in soundboards 49Angle vise 387Anodized aluminum capstans 314Antique Finishers 335Antique pianos, rebuilding 319Antoine Bord 13Anton Stelzhammer 25, 27Anton Walter 5, 6Apostles, twelve 8Applicators for hammer hardener

218Apron in bass bridges 20, 40Ari Isaac 384Arledge Music Wire 422Ascending intervals 95Assembly 65 (see “Franklin glue”)

Assist spring (see “Wippen

assist spring”)

Attack 43August Kögler 13Aural tuning 118AvantGrand 63

BBabcock, Alpheus 12, 15Bach, Johann Christian 8Bach, Johann Sebastian 2, 9Back (frame in verticals) 24Back rail 22, 58Back stop (see “Catcher”)

Backaction 22, 74, 300, 406, 407weight 302, 309

Backcheck 22, 76felt in verticals 340leather (see “Buckskin”)

wires in grands, replacing or not

369wires, types 371

Backchecking

grand, regulating 174importance 77regulating in verticals 196

Backchecks 62aligning to hammer tails in

grands 170grand, height 368grand, inspecting 153grand, rebuilding 368grand, replacing 369grand, square and align 170installed low, ramifications 368releathering 369rubbing against hammer tails in

grands 175vertical, aligning to back stops

196vertical, inspecting 189

Backers, Americus 7Backscale 49Badura-Skoda, Paul 212Balance holes 237

checking 155in keys, reaming 350loose, repairing 237reaming 351

Balance key bushings 22Balance point of key, moving 315Balance rail 22, 58

bearing 58, 59, 163, 164felt punchings 340glides, adjusting 159glides, lubricating 155pins 76punchings 59

Balance weight 276, 278Balancier 22Baldassin, Rick 103, 128Baldwin 31, 36, 49, 56, 140, 193, 319,

378, 424, 433, 434, 436, 459Ball-peen hammer 214, 215Ballpoint pen spring 189Bamboo skewers 241Band saw 330Bar soap 145Bar, cutoff 46Barclay, R. 320Bartolomeo Cristofori 1, 4, 6Baseboard 76

block or bracket noises 493in verticals 24, 252noises 494strengthening attachment of 494

Bases of jacks in verticals,

inspecting 191Bass bridge 20, 36, 40Bass section, tuning 119Bass strings 34

hexagonal core 36making 34replacing in grands 231swaging (see “Swaging bass

strings”)

twisting 231Beam, lack of, affecting melody

octave 458Beams 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 131Beats 96

false 41, 132in intervals 112

Bechstein 12, 13, 54, 57, 254, 319,

320, 441, 461, 464grand plate cracks 254open-face pinblock 456

Becket 223, 260Bedding a key frame (see “Key

frame, bedding”)

Bees’ wax 340Beethoven Pianos 37Beethoven, Ludwig van 6, 11, 12Behm, Chuck 409, 410, 411, 412,

413, 415, 440Bell, in Steinway grands 21Belly rail 19, 20, 21, 27, 28, 49, 186,

434, 459, 463lack of beam 458

Bellymen felt 22, 340Belt sander 331, 332Bench regulating 141Bending force 101Bentside 8, 46, 50Bevel, on edge of soundboard 50Bill Spurlock 194, 286, 393Billings flange 410, 415Binder clips 308Biofelt Project 384Bird cage action 11Bird, Lonnie 446Bird’s eye 143Birdcage vertical action 68Birkett, Stephen 300Black key tops 22

replacing 365Black keys 94

Blackstone Valley Piano 61, 88, 235,

237, 345, 346, 348, 355, 356, 357,

360, 361, 364, 367, 400Blade, sostenuto (see “Sostenuto,

rod blade”)

Blanchet et Roller 10, 76Blankets 329Bleaching

hammer felt 71soundboard 469white key tops 363

Blending of wool 71Blind dowel marker 454Block, sanding 337Bloom, in sound envelope 44Blow distance 275

regulating in grands 170Blow, half (see “Half-blow”)

Blue chalk 449Blue Point hammers 71, 72Blued tuning pins 421Blushing of lacquers 479Blüthner 34, 43, 63, 319Bob Flexner 479Bobbling 10, 151, 172, 195, 196Boisselot & Sons 76Bolduc 329, 435, 444

Acoustic Glue 336, 454pinblock router bit 442, 444pinblocks 451see also “pianos Bolduc”

Bolduc, André 259, 472, 473Bolduc, Christian 259, 472, 473Bolts 339Bookcase piano 8Bord, Antoine 13Boring specifications for drilling

hammers 386Bösendorfer xiii, 3, 5, 15, 17, 19, 20,

24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40,

44, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 67,

116, 165, 169, 175, 181, 214, 319,

320, 353, 399, 441, 483, 484, 501open-face pinblock 456

Boston piano 28Bottom panel noises 494Bowman, Keith 109Brace, ratchet 333Brackets, expanding (see “Action,

brackets, expanding”)

Brady, Stephen 221, 374, 437Brahms, Johannes 13, 70Braid, stringing 341Brass

bar, for squaring keys 162bristle suede brush 156chopstick voicer 210decal, installing 484weights, improving sustain with

459Breakpoint, dynamic (see

“Dynamic breakpoint”)

Brian Capleton 107Bridge 23

bass 20, 36, 40cap 37cap, replacing 473cracks, repairing 256floating 39joints, repairing 258long 20, 36, 37notching 41, 478offset, bass 40repairs 256root 37

separated, effects on tuning 132setting the downbearing 475shimming to increase crown 467

Bridge pins 21, 23, 40drilling holes for 477friction with 131grooved, effects on tuning 132installing 479loose, effects on tuning 132loose, repairing 256

Bridges 36diagnosing before rebuilding 322graphiting 478inspecting before restringing 419rebuilding 472

Bridle straps 140, 341adjusting 191, 198replacing 411

Broadwood 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 37,

43, 320Broadwood, Thomas 12Brooks, Ltd. 384Broukal, Thomas 67Brown, Christopher 141, 142, 201Bruce Dornfeld 149Brush

cosmetics, for applying powder

lubricant 157for dusting the plate 90for tuning pin holes 421suede 156

Brushing varnishes, on

soundboards 470Bubble gauge string leveler 204Buckskin 241, 341Buffing

compounds 364finish 483sponge 484white key tops 364

Bulbs, infrared, heating 460Bumping action 3Bungee cord 415Burlap, used to apply lacquer filler

482Burnish 145, 147, 156, 350, 473, 478

graphite 145Bushing

cauls or “wedges” 348cloth (felt) 341, 348

Bushings

damper guide rail, replacing 402in action parts, replacing 246in keys 58, 61in plate 326leather 490wooden, in plate, for tuning pins

54Bushmaster 349Butt, of the hammer in verticals 76Butterfly spring 67, 176, 288, 320Button

drop in grand shanks 77let off 68, 76

Buzzes

diagnosing 489effect on tuning 133

CC.F. Theodor Steinway (see

“Steinway, C.F. Theodor”)

CA glue 221, 238, 247, 255, 256, 336,

367treating pinblock with 255


Index 529

Cabinet piano 8Cadenza S 384Calculating leads 297Caliper 247, 274, 344, 351, 417, 422,

446, 448Cam for locking grand legs 28Cantrell, Norman 136Cap

on bridges 37on bridges, replacing 473

Capleton, Brian 107Capo tasto 6, 21, 34, 56

grooved V bar, effects on tuning

132patent 13

Capstan

block (capstan boat) 314let off (see “Let off buttons”)

Capstan screw (see “Key capstans”)

Carbon fiber 25, 54composite shanks 66soundboard 19

Carding felt 71Carl Sauter 94Carpenter’s Wood Glue 335, 391Carrillo, Julian 94Case 20, 23, 28

cast-iron 25Caster 23

socket 28Cast-iron

case 25plate 50

Catalyzed finishes, repairing 265Catcher, aligning backcheck to 196CATIPULT 392Cauls

for key bushings 348for pressing hammer felt 71

CAUT x, 434, 509, 516, 518Cedar balls, as moth repellent 88Ceiling, dynamic (see “Dynamic

ceiling”)

Cembalo 9Cement, contact 336Centennial International Exhibition

14Center pins

friction 77in hammer butts, inspecting 191of shanks, inspecting in grands

153Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention 136Central (de)humidification 86Ceramic magnet 204CEUS, by Bösendorfer 17Chalk 422

blue (see “Blue chalk”)

buffing ivory tops with 240, 365for stringing 224on tuning pins 323

Cheating jack 494Cheek 8

block (see “End block”)

disease 11, 12, 320Chemical

hardeners 216stripper 481

Chen, Hailun and Faye 17Chickering 13, 14, 319Chickering, Jonas 12China 16Chipping to tune new strings 129Chisel 333

for soundboard shimming 466Chopin, Frederic 13Chopstick voicer 210, 213, 214Christian Bolduc 259, 472, 473Christoph Gottlieb Schröter 3, 6Christopher Brown 141, 142, 201Chromatic

electronic tuner 124, 125scale 94

Chrome buffing compound 364Chuck Behm 409, 410, 411, 412, 413,

415, 440Cigarette lighter (see “Lighter”)

Circle of fifths and fourths 117CITES 355Clair Davies xviiClamps 333

spring 311Clanking noise

Clatter 491Claude Debussy 76Claude Montal 75, 76, 275Clavecin 9Clavecin à maillets 3Clavichord xv, 3Clavicytherum 7Cleaning 89, 141Clear Coat laminating resin 336Clementi, Muzio 9Clicking noises 491Climate

control in a shop 328effects on refinishing 479humidity 83

Cloth 341emery 338for key bushings 348

Clothes moths (see “Moths”)

Cobalt drill bit 451Coen, Andrea 2Coincident partials 96, 121Cold-drawing steel wire 34Cold-pressed hammers 71Cole, Michael 2College of William and Mary 7Collodion 217Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

4, 7, 9, 358Combing felt 71Comparing grand action parts 376Composite

action parts 375plate 440

Compound, buffing 364Compressed action 68Compression set 251, 457Compression-crowned

soundboards 49Compressor 331, 479Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

61Conair 214Concert Level 204Concert String Tool 203Condensation of moisture 84Condenser, in air-conditioner 86Conklin, Harold Jr. 45, 46, 56, 459Conn Strobotuner 124Conrad Graf 11, 12Console humidifier 87Consonance 95Consonant intervals 97Contact adhesives (cement) 336Contiguous M3s 117Continuous curved bridge 38

Contraction of plate 54Cord, abrasive 338Core, hexagonal, in bass strings 36Cork grease 145, 268, 270, 493Cornice (see “Stretcher”)

Corrosion 89, 319Cory 89Cottage piano 10Cotton swab, for polishing agraffe

holes 437Council of National Defense 16Countersinking screws 339Couperin, François 6Coved hammer tails 73Cow bone key tops 355Cracks

in pinblock, repairing 256in plate 253in soundboard, shimming 460,

465Craig McDougal 9Crail, Gordon 268Crane 329Crawford, Matthew 318Creaking noise

in grand pedals 493in verticals 490

Creepage of glue 28, 319, 334, 335,

336, 358, 454, 467Crescendo key punchings 59, 340,

347Crescendo Publications 208Crimp of wool fibers 71Cristofori, Bartolomeo 1, 3, 4, 6Critica musica 2Critical recoat time 471Crosby Brown Collection of Musical

Instruments 1, 2Cross bars (see “Struts”)

Cross block (see “Belly rail”)

Cross-stringing (see “Over-

stringing”)

Crowbar 280, 443, 445Crown

in soundboards 20, 48in soundboards, affected by

humidity 84in soundboards, forcing 466in soundboards, increasing 460,

467, 475in soundboards, measuring 461of piano hammer 70, 208

Crystal Soundboard 45Cupola plate 56Cutoff bar 46Cutting

leather and felt 342new pinblock 445

Cyanoacrylate glue (see “CA glue”)

CyberHammer 110CyberTuner 126Cymbal-Clavir 3

DDag 22, 145, 156, 160

stop screw, adjusting 152Dain, Richard 17, 19, 25, 43, 45Dale Erwin 416Damper 77

block 74blocks and strips in verticals 413felt, flat 74felt, noise 490felts 22, 74, 340

felts in grands, replacing 400felts in verticals, replacing 413guide rail 22guide rail bushings 181guide rail bushings, replacing

402head 22, 74heads with wires, replacing 404heads, aligning, in grands 183heads, refinishing 401lever 77levers 192, 197lift rod 192mechanism (see “Backaction”)

noises in grands 181pedal 74pedal lift, regulating 179regulation in grands 182repairs 248spoon, in verticals 77spoons in verticals, adjusting

197springs in verticals, lubricating

192stop rail 77stop rail, adjusting 178system in grands, design flaws

182system in grands, rebuilding 400system, description 74system, rebuilding overview 325system, with threaded wires,

modifying 404underfelt 74underlever 77underlevers, aligning to key end

felts 407underlevers, rebuilding vs.

replacing 405wire 22wire touching a string 183wires, lubricating 181

Damper action 22Damper Bean Bag 185Damper lift 150, 180, 181, 182, 183,

185, 248, 346, 400, 405, 423defined 77delayed 491grand, regulation 183late 130uneven 253with pedal in verticals (see

“Pedal, damper lift”)

Damper lift rod 74, 147, 192, 197,

253, 490, 494Damper stop rail

adjusting 152Dampers 74

grand, rebuilding 400grand, regulating 180low, effects on tuning 130vertical, rebuilding 413vertical, regulating 196

Dampp-Chaser 85, 87, 88, 90Daniel Levitan 103, 109, 111, 114,

130Darije Kos 461, 464Darrell Fandrich 17, 68, 69, 273, 290,

292, 298, 299, 300, 378, 458, 501Dave Roberts 419Davenport Tools 203, 204David G. Hughes 321David Huggins 274David Kirkland 16, 27, 56David Stanwood 144, 214, 273, 283,


530 Index

286, 288, 290, 291, 309, 315, 506David Sutherland 2Davies, Clair xviide la Fage, Adrien 76de Zwolle, Henri Arnaut 1Debain, Alexandre-Françoise 76Debussy, Claude 76Decal

brass letters, installing 484soundboard, applying 472

Decay, of sound 43, 44Dehumidifier 86, 328Dehumidifying air 85

with air conditioner 86Deicing, in dehumidifier 86Del Mela, Domenico 8Delaminated pinblock, repairing

256Delignit 28, 441, 451, 456Deluxe Hammer Boring Jig 387Delwyn Fandrich 17, 459Density

in soundboards 50of hammers 72

Descending intervals 95Design 19DETOA 60Dewey, John 242, 375Diagnosing

piano before rebuilding 321Diagram

action 64grand piano cross section 22

Diaphragmatic soundboard 47Diatonic scale 94Didymic comma 98Disc sander 331Dishwashing detergent 338Disklavier 17Dissonance 95Dissonant intervals 97Distance leverage 279Distance multiplier 295Ditanaklasis 10Ditonic comma 98Dolge, Alfred 4, 5, 13, 14Dolly 268Domenico del Mela 8Domenico Scarlatti 2Don Anthonio da Braganza 2Donhauser, Peter 8Dorian mode 94Dornfeld, Bruce 149Double Cupola plate 56Double Repetition vertical action 77Double strings 224Dowel, pitman 23Dowels

for repairing stripped screw

holes 240supporting the plate 20

Downbearing 21improving by installing thinner

pinblock 449measuring 419of strings 48, 54, 84of strings, diagnosing 322setting with new bridge cap 475

Downweight 276Dremel 331Dresden 2Drill 331Drill bit, laminate-trimming (see

“Laminate-trimming bit”)

Drill press 331

for drilling hammers 387Drilling

bridge pin holes 477hammer heads 386pinblock 451vertical piano hammers 414

Driscoll CF Tuning Lever 110Drop

adjusting in grands 172button in grand shanks 77regulating 172screw 22testing by feel 174

Dropped action 68, 113, 140, 320Dryburgh Adhesive 255Duct tape 337Dulcimer 2, 6Duncan Enterprises 336Duplex 36

bar, friction with 131portion of strings 62resonances 133termination 22

Dvor Trakoscan 11Dynamic breakpoint 300Dynamic ceiling 49, 298Dynamic touchweight 276, 298

EEasing key bushings 352Eastern Europe, as piano market 16Easy String Calc 46, 419Ebony

black key tops 365sealing 367

Echo 490Eclectic Products 336Ecsaine 341Ed Foote 214Edges, touching up 263, 484Edwin Good 13Effects of environment on pianos 83Elastic limit 33

reaching and exceeding 128Elbows 409Electricity in the shop 328Electronic tuning 124

corrections 126Ellis, James F. 46EMC (see “Equilibrium moisture

content”) 49Emerson, George “Frank” 17, 47Emery cloth 338Empfindsamer Stil 9Encore 384End block 22

adjusting 152removing 136

English Action 9English Double Action 10Enharmonic notes 94Envelope, of sound 43, 383Environment, effects on pianos 83Environmental Protection Agency

xviiEpoxy 256, 336

in soundboard cracks 318soaking the soundboard with

459Equal temperament 99Equilibrium moisture content 49,

460Equipment

for spraying finishes 479

in a rebuilding shop 329Érard, Pierre 12, 13, 320Érard, Sébastien 12, 13, 77, 320Eric Johnson 45Erwin, Dale 416Erwin’s & Sons pinblock 451Erwin’s Piano Restoration 48, 281Escapement of jack 76escutcheon 489Estonia 73ETDs 125Ether 217European strings, wire gauges 34Europiano xviEvaporator, in air-conditioner 86Exhibition

Centennial 14in Paris in 1867 13

Expanding action brackets (see

“Action, brackets, expanding”)

Expression pedal 75Extracting broken agraffe 262Eyedropper 218

FFabric softener 215Facing off agraffes 439Faivre 12, 47Falconwood 28, 441Fallboard 22, 28

removing 136Fallboard lock 91False beats 41, 132, 256False bridge 37Fan, effects on tuning (see

“Reflection of sound”)

Fandrich 15vertical back 25vertical piano action 68

Fandrich Vertical Action 69, 77Fandrich, Darrell 17, 68, 69, 273,

290, 292, 298, 299, 300, 378, 458,

501Fandrich, Delwyn 17, 459Fandrich-Rhodes 273, 274, 299Fast Grab 336Fasteners 339Fatigue, of strings 34Faulk Piano Service 109Faust Harrison Pianos 35, 47, 52, 58Faye Chen 17Fazioli 17, 29, 36, 42, 48, 53, 55, 75,

138, 398Feeler gauge 258, 449, 450, 461Felt

affected by humidity 85cutting 342for key bushings 348for timpani 340friction with strings 131gluing 342in hammers 70in hammers, rinsing (see

“Rinsing”)

interwoven with thread 340manufacture of 71on hammers, ironing 214on hammers, resetting during

voicing 211plain 340punchings 59types 340

Felts

in dampers 74

in keyboard 59in verticals, inspecting 191on dampers in verticals,

replacing 413on grand dampers, replacing 400replacing 340replacing, overview 326

Ferdinand Hoffman 6Ferrini, Giovanni 1File 333

Nicholson 237, 382Filler, pore, for lacquer 482Filling surface for finishing 482Filter/separator 479Fine, Larry 17Finish

blushing 479buffing 483refinishing 479repairing 263satinizing 264, 484soundboard, refinishing 468touching up 263types 480

Finishing

hazards 480materials, protecting from water

vapor 84Fish, for increasing sustain in treble

46Fitting new pinblock 448Flagpoling of tuning pins 54, 107Flange of the plate, fitting pinblock

to 441Flanges of hammer shanks 77Flannel buffing wheel 365Flat damper felt 74Flat-head screws 339Flexner, Bob 479Flitz 156, 425, 437Floating

bridge 39pinblock 33, 441soundboard 46

Florence 1Flügel 3, 9Foote, Ed 214Force, bending, in strings 101Forcing soundboard crown 466Fractured key, repairing 234Frame 19, 24

rails, restoring 344Tubular Metallic 66, 68underlever (see “Underlever

tray”)

vertical 24François Couperin 6Frank E. Morton 44Frank Emerson 17, 47Frankfurt Musikmesse xviFranklin glue 335, 336, 454Franz Jacob Späth 9Franz Joseph Haydn 11Franz Liszt 13, 82Fred Sturm 69, 109, 124, 130, 155,

165, 193, 210, 215Frederic Chopin 13Frederick the Great of Prussia 2Frederick Vietor 59Frequency of sound 43Friction 276, 443

changing during key travel 278controlling 306in action center pins 77

Friedrich Marpurg 3


Index 531

Front rail 22, 58key pins 58

Front weight 291, 297, 398calculating 294ceiling 291, 293, 397estimating 296

Fujan Products 109Fuji Silysia Chemical, Ltd. 85Full-fit pinblock 33, 441Functioning of an ideal hammer 208Fundamental pitch 96

GGap, between jack and hammer

butt, adjusting 195Garnet sandpaper 338Gauge numbers, marking on plate

with stencils 440Gauge, bubble 204Geib, John 4, 10Geigenwerk 1Gel, superglue 336Geometry (see “Action geometry”)

George “Frank” Emerson 17, 47Gerald Cousins 392German loop 225, 231German silver 143Gertz, Richard 14, 25Gilding, refinishing piano plate 439Gillis, Ian 4Giovanni Ferrini 1Giraffe 8Giustini, Lodovico 2Glass

sanding block 359soundboard 45

Glazbala Kos 461, 464Glides 22

adjusting 159lubricate 155

Glover’s needles 210Gloves 146, 422

applying powder lubricant with

158inspection 221wearing during regulation 135

Glue 334creepage of (see “Creepage of

glue”)

for installing hammers 391for key bushings 349sizing 237thermoplasticity 335

Gluing felt and leather 342Golfer’s glove 422Good, Edwin 13Gordon Crail 268Gottfried Silbermann 2, 6Goudonnet 76Gouges, repairing 264Gradient, in tone (see “Tonal

gradient”)

Graf, Conrad 11, 12Graham, Gregory 143Grain angle, in soundboards 49Grand

action and keyboard,

transporting 137action diagram 64action rails 66action rebuilding 373action types 63action, regulating 166action, removing 136

action, rough-regulating 394backchecks, rebuilding 368Centennial 14damper system design flaws 182damper system noises 181damper system, rebuilding 400damper system, regulating 180damper underlevers, rebuilding

vs. replacing 405diagram 22hammers, replacing 383jack, split 243keyboard vs. vertical keyboard

343keyboard, inserting 137keyboard, removing 136knuckles, repairing (see

“Knuckles, repairing”)

legs 28legs, removing and installing 268lid 28lid, removing and installing 268lyre, removing and installing 271pedals, noises 493piano restringing 423pinblock types 440pinblock, replacing 440shank rest felt (see “Shank rest

felt”)

wippens, traveling 170Grand Piano Solutions 242, 416Grand Plate Puller 329, 435Grandwork 204, 205Grandwork Regulation Station 141Granite sanding block 359Graphite 145Graphiting bridges 478Gravagne, Nick 273, 393, 468Gravicembalo col piano e forte 1Grease, cork 268, 270, 493Great Depression 15, 16, 321Gregor Heller 232Gregory Graham 143Grid, sanding 338Griffa & Figli 5Grijalva, Robert 458, 459Grinder 331Grossbach, Jan 263Grotrian 24, 25, 31, 35, 37, 38, 159,

186, 225, 319, 339, 366, 501Growing action brackets (see

“Action, brackets, expanding”)

Guide notes 142regulating 166

Guide rail

bushings 181bushings in grand pedals, noises

493bushings, easing 248

Gym chalk 422

HHackbrett 2Hailun Chen 17Hailun Piano Company 17, 47Half pedaling 185Half step 94Half-blow

distance 181, 197pedal 198, 275rail 194, 198

Half-moon punchings 315Half-round dowel (see “Balance rail

bearing”)

Hamburg Steinway 16, 21, 31, 59,

67, 313, 369, 384Hammer 22

ball-peen (see “Ball-peen

hammer”)

boring jig 387crown 70, 208felt 70, 340felt, ironing 214felt, resetting 211felt, rinsing (see “Rinsing”)

felt, sanding 211, 216felt, sanding top layer 393felt, steam-treating 71, 214felt, treated with hardeners 216hardener (see “Hardener”)

head 76heads, drilling 386heads, inspecting 153height, regulating in grands 170ideal, functioning 208mass, changing (see “Strike

weight, changing”)

molding 71molding materials 73properties 70rail 22rebounding 70rest rail, adjusting in grands 178shoulders 70, 208shoulders, needling 211strike point 73, 208, 375strike weight (see “Strike

weight”)

tails, shaping and tapering 388tails, types 73Tapering Jig (also see “Spurlock

Specialty Tools”) 385underfelt 73weight 72, 275, 283

Hammer butt

Billings flange (see “Billings

flange”)

center pins, inspecting 191in verticals 76in verticals, rebuilding 411leathers and felts, inspecting 191Schwander 411spring 77spring, variations in 68springs, inspecting 191

Hammer shank 22, 76, 376center pins, inspecting in grands

153drop button 77flange 22ratio 282rest cloth, on rail 340rest felt 22, 340rest rail, regulating 178split, repairing 243strike weight 286weight ratio 288

Hammer shanks

gluing hammers onto 391grand, comparing 376grand, replacing 380grand, traveling 167heating and twisting 168, 393in verticals, replacing 414made of carbon fiber composite

66old, reusing 385stubs, cutting 393

Hammer Square tool 167

Hammering

overhardened hammers 214tuning pins 230, 254, 417

Hammers 70affecting the tuning 133checking alignment and spacing

in grands 149cold-pressed 71dense, voicing 209drilling and tapering in verticals

414glue for installation of 391gluing onto shanks 391grand, replacing 383grooved, unresilient 133in verticals, replacing 414installing 390manufacture 71marking 387mating to strings 207needling 210new, voicing 394over/under-centering (see

“Over-centering,” “Under-

centering”)

replacement, deciding on weight

of 286reshaping before regulating

action 166selecting 383shaping tails 71soft, voicing up 216squaring 168steam-treating (see “Steam-

treating hammer felt”)

variations 72voicing 73warm-pressed 71, 384

Hand stops 6Hand tools 333Hands Off fallboard lock 91Hans Velo 46, 306, 311, 419Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

136Hard Wax 264Hardener

applying to hammer felt 218for hammers 216voicing overhardened hammers

215Hardening hammer felt 71Hardwood insert, for repairing

action rails 242Harmonic bar 13Harmonic intervals 95Harmonic minor scale 94Harmonic Piano 94Harmonic series 95Harmonics (see also “Partials”) 95Harold Conklin Jr. 45, 46, 56, 459Harpsichord xvHarrison, Michael 94Harshness, tonal, removing 211Hawkins, John Isaac 10Haydn, Franz Joseph 11Haydn, Joseph 8, 9Hazards in finishing and refinishing

480Head

hammer 76hexagonal on bolts 339

Hearing protection xviiHeat gun 194, 196, 243Heating and twisting shanks 168,

393


532 Index

Heating lamps 255, 256, 460, 461Hebenstreit, Pantaleon 2, 3, 6Height of grand backchecks 368Heinrich Neuhaus 76Heli-Coil 243, 262Heller, Gregor 232Hellerbass 232, 422Helmholtz, Hermann von xviii, 97Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal

Syndrome 136Henri Arnaut de Zwolle 1Henri Herz 12, 320Henri Pape 10, 13Herbert A. Shead xviiHermann Kluge 16Hermann Lichtenthal 11, 507Hermann von Helmholtz xviii, 97Herrburger-Schwander 320

wippens 67Hertz (Hz) 97Herz, Henri 12, 320Herz-Érard 63, 320Hex screws 339Hexagonal

core in bass strings 36head on bolts 339

Hexagrip pinblock 28, 32Hickey, Jeffrey 262Hide glue 334, 335High gloss 483

lacquer, repairing 264High Performance Super Glue Gel

336High-build finish 481High-speed

rotary power tool 331steel drill bits 451

History 1Hitch pins 21, 22

Acu-Just (see “Acu-Just”)

Hi-tech finishes 483Hoffman, Ferdinand 6Hoist 329Holes

for screws, repairing 240in keys 237

Hollow mill 437Horn (see “Plate horn”)

Hot hide glue 334Hot Stuff 255Hot-melt glue 337Huber, Alfons 3Huggins, David 274Hughes, David G. 321Humidifier 87, 328Humidifying air 86Humidity 83

effects on tuning 130increasing 86lowering 85relative vs. absolute 84

Hurstwood Farm Piano Studios 19,

43, 45Hydrogen peroxide 363Hygrometer 85Hypo oiler 218

IIaleggio, Jim 242, 416Ian Gillis 4Ibach 319Ignace Pleyel 10Igor Stravinsky 63Igrec, Seni 82

Imadegawa hammers 72, 384Impact tuning lever 110Impedance in soundboards 44Increasing soundboard crown 475Individually-tied strings 224Industrial Revolution 8, 11Industrial scale production 13Inertia 275, 298, 304

benefits 299reducing 309

Inertial Touch Force 273, 299, 300Infrared heating bulbs 460Inharmonicity 41, 101

of intervals (see “Interval

inharmonicity”)

of strings 34variations between scale designs

107Inherent vice 319Insects 88Insert, hardwood, for repairing

action rails 242Inserting grand action and

keyboard 137Interval 94, 95

consonant v. dissonant 97inharmonicity 103, 106

Inventronics 125Ionian mode 94Ironing hammer felt 214Isaac hammers 384Isaac Pianos 422Isaac, Ari 384Isocyanates 483ITF (see “Inertial Touch Force”)

Ivoplast 354Ivorine key tops 354Ivorite key tops 355Ivory

chipped, repairing 238from fossil mammoth 355key tops 355

Ivory soap 145

JJack 22, 76

bases in verticals, inspecting 191binding on knuckle 156center pins, in verticals 191cheating (see “Cheating jack”)

gap, adjusting 195grand, aligning to knuckle 176in grands, split 243realigning to repetition lever

opening 156spring 77springs in verticals, inspecting

189tender 22tender, lubricating 158

Jacks

inspecting in grands 156regulating in pianos with let off

capstans 177James F. Ellis 46James Geiger 15Jan Grossbach 263Janissary effects 8Jansen & Son 268Japan 16Jean Marius 3Jeffrey Hickey 262Jigsaw 332Jim Ialeggio 242, 416

Jim Schmitt 262Johann Andreas Stein 3, 6, 8, 9, 12Johann Christian Bach 8Johann Sebastian Bach 2, 9Johann Socher 3Johannes Brahms 13, 70Johannes Pohlman 9Johannes Zumpe 9, 10John Dewey Enterprises 242, 375John Geib 4, 10John Isaac Hawkins 10John Nelson Woodworking 355John Parham 253John Rhodes 273, 290, 292, 299,

300, 501John Watson 4, 7, 89, 136, 320Johnson, Eric 45Joints, on bridges, repairing 258Jolly, Roger 165Jonas Chickering 12Jones, Scott 283, 311Joseph Haydn 8, 9Jude Reveley 236, 288, 292, 313,

314, 394, 459, 466Julian Carrillo 94

KKawai 17, 66, 197, 319, 375Kehl, Roy 56Keith Bowman 109Keith McGavern 262Kelly 16Kent Webb 16, 85, 146Key 22, 94

balance felt punchings 340balance holes, reaming 351balance point, moving 315block (see “End block”)

damper lift (see “Damper lift”)

fractured, repairing 234front felt punchings 340height, measuring 343leads 22, 62, 397level, observing 149mortise, broken 234pulley (see “Pulley key”)

ratio 280rest felt 340stop rail 22, 159, 166, 343stop rail, removing 153weight ratio 291

Key bed 20, 22, 24, 30, 57, 74, 76,

136, 164, 179attaching lyre to 271bending 160blocking hitch pins in verticals

233bowed 205curvature of 141, 164, 173curvature, measuring 344damaging 268distance to strings, altering 449distance to strings, measuring

344, 423fitting key frame to 159flexing 493glides in 160hammers perpendicular to 204hollowed 141, 160, 205in vertical, action supports on

140in verticals 28key frame, fastened to 136key level adjustment screws,

under 163legs, fitting under 112leveling strings from 205lubricating 145, 147, 155, 179positioning key frame on 208pounding into 112protecting during restringing 427removing in verticals 430sostenuto dowel in 137, 188transmitting noises 62, 96underlever tool on 183using for tuning fork 116

Key bushings 22, 58, 61cauls 348checking 155easing 155, 352leather 490loose, repairing 236replacing 347

Key buttons 22, 60, 61cracked, repairing 234replacing 236

Key capstans 62, 76checking 155lubricating 155repositioning 313

Key dip

checking in grands 149constraints 275measuring 344regulating 164setting inside the piano 161

Key end felts 22, 340replacing 353

Key frame 22, 58“bedding” to key bed 159back rail 22, 58balance rail and pins 58bedding 159checking 154cloths and felts 59cloths and felts, effect on noises

63end block (see “End block”)

flexing 141, 167front pins 58front rail 22, 58gaining access to 140grasping 136holes, stripped, repairing 240immobilized 251inspecting 154lubricating 155, 179preparing for rebushed keys 350rebuilding vs. replacing 326, 343restoring 344return spring, lubricating 156shift, diagnosing 149shifting type 158shimming, to adjust curvature of

175Steinway balance rail bearings

59Key pins 58

checking 154cleaning and lubricating 154friction, checking 149replacing 345

Key punchings, felt 59Key shoe 60, 61

regluing 238Key slip 22, 28

removing 136Key tops 58, 61

black 22


Index 533

black, replacing 365cleaning 89porous white, sanding 363porous, tools and materials 358regluing and replacing 238sealing ebony 367white 22white, bleaching 363white, buffing 364white, loose 491white, replacing 354white, scraping 363

Keyboard 58effects of noises on tone 62felts 59grand, inserting 137grand, removing the action from

379grand, transporting 137how it works 76in grands, removing 136in verticals, regulation 158noises 59rebuilding 342rebuilding vs. replacing 326, 343rebuilding, overview 326regulating 158, 161regulating on the bench 141removing top stack from 154taking measurements 343

Key-Brite 89Key-imbalance weight 295Keys 94

balance pin hole 61balance pin holes, reaming 350checking 153cleaning 154leaded to adjust touchweight 396leading temporarily 161manufacture 61properties 60repairing 234rubbing 153sanding on key frame 357sluggish 234spacing between, regulating 162squaring 162steaming to remove bushings

347weighting 397

Kick board 140Killer octave (see “Melody octave”)

Kirkland, David 16, 27, 56Klaus Wogram 45Klavierhaus 36, 52, 57Kluge 61, 355Kluge, Hermann 16Knabe 14, 319Knee levers 6Knuckle 385

distance 278distance, altering 312jack binding on 156

Knuckles 22grand, inspecting 156lubricating 156repairing 244repositioning 313

Kögler, August 13König 263, 264Korea 16Korg 124, 126Korg chromatic tuners 126Kos, Darije 461, 464Kotibe 384

LLacquer 217

as hammer felt hardener 216blushing 479high-gloss 483pore filler 482sanding sealer 482satin, repairing 264Special Repair (see “Special

Repair Lacquer”) 264thinner 338

Lacquer stick 264Lafargue Pianos 127Laible, Ulrich 4LakeOne USA 482Laminates, plastic, for key tops 354Laminate-trimming bit 236, 358, 361,

400Lamination sheet 201Lamps, heating 255, 256, 460Lanolin 145, 210, 215Laoureux 384Lap of wool 71Larry Fine 17Lavender, as moth repellent 88Lead

corroded 89placement 299weights 295weights, calculating 297weights, in keys 22, 62, 397weights, installing/removing 397wire 308

Lead factor 292, 295Leads

calculating 295loose, repairing 236

Leather 341affected by humidity 85bushings 490cutting 342gluing on wood 342nap of 341replacing 340replacing on grand backchecks

369LED head light 221Leg 23

plates 28Legato xviii, 63, 112, 174, 183, 397,

490Legs 28

removing and installing 268Lens case 222, 287Lentz 76Lessons in tuning 111Let off

adjusting in grands 171adjusting in verticals 194button cloth, brushing and

ironing 158buttons 22, 68, 76buttons in grands, replacing 379buttons in verticals, replacing

411buttons, lubricating 158capstans 68rail 22rail, removing 177screw, extracting 233testing by feel 174

Letraset stencils for gauge numbers

on plate 440Leveler Company 163

Leveling strings 202with ceramic magnets 204

Lever

damper, adjusting 197damper, in verticals 77repetition 76underdamper in grands (see

“Damper, underlever”)

Leverage (see “Action, leverage”)

Levitan Tuning Levers 109Levitan, Daniel 103, 109, 111, 114,

130Lichtenthal, Hermann 11, 507Lid 23

as a surface for regulation 137grand 28grand, removing and installing

268keyboard 28prop 23

Lift, of dampers (see “Damper lift”)

Lifting piano plate 435Light in a rebuilding shop 328Lighter 194, 196, 243Limit, elastic, in strings 33Linesman pliers 333Lip balm 145Liquid hide glue 335Liquid Sandpaper 263Liquid Wrench 434, 437Liszt, Franz 13, 82Lock bar 23Lock washers 339LOCK-N-STITCH 254Locrian mode 94Lodovico Giustini 2Logitudinal mode of vibration 44, 46Long bridge 20, 36Long stick 23Longman & Broderip 358Lonnie Bird 446Louis Renner GmbH 64, 467Low-creep PVA glue 336LPS 1 114Lubricants 145Lubricating

damper levers and springs 192hammer butts 191key frame and key bed in grands

179knuckles 156lid hinge pins 268, 270pedals 493repetition spring and notch 157screws with bees’ wax 340vertical damper springs 192voicing needles 210voicing needles with lanolin 210

Ludwig van Beethoven 6, 11, 12Lumber, quarter-sawn (see

“Quartersawn

lumber”)

Lydian mode 94Lyre 23

detached pedal box 251for pedals in grands 74removing and installing 271repairing 249

MMachine screws 339Machinist oil 145Machinist’s center drill 437Maffei, Scipione 1, 2, 6

Magic line 282, 377, 378Magnesium carbonate 422Magnet, for string leveling 204Magnetic Balanced Action 306, 311Magnetic Friction Reduction 306Magnetically Accelerated Action

311Maintenance 83

periodic 89Major scale 94Maleic resin 499Mammoth ivory 355Mapes 224, 422Maria Barbara, queen or Spain 2Marius, Jean 3Marking hammers 387Marpurg, Friedrich 3Mary Oey 320Masking tape 337Mason & Hamlin 14, 15, 25, 27, 30,

36, 38, 39, 65, 67, 319, 378, 504Mass

in soundboards 44of hammers, reducing 71

Massage, trigger point xviiMaterial Safety Data Sheet 217, 334Materials xvii

compatibility 318for black key tops 365for finishing soundboards 469for pinblocks 441for rebuilding 334for white key tops 354

Mathias Müller 10Mathushek 15, 68, 321Mating hammers to strings 207Mattheson 2Matthew Crawford 318Matthias Stöckle 467McDougal, Craig 9McFerrin, W.V. 142McGavern, Keith 262McLube 1708L 478McLube 444NPB 145Mean-tone temperament 99Measuring

downbearing 419relative humidity 85soundboard crown 461

Mechanical damping 142Mechanism 24, 57

how it works 76modifying 378

MEE (see “Moisture Excluding

Effectiveness”)

Meguiar 90, 264, 265, 471, 483, 484Melodic intervals 95Melodic minor scale 94Melody octave 42, 46, 49, 50, 73,

204, 386Menzerna 265, 483Metal

affected by humidity 85gluing felt on 342soundboard 45

Metrology, of touchweight 273Metropolitan Museum of Art 1, 2Meyne Klaviertechnik 214Mice 88Michael Cole 2Michael Harrison 94Michael Wathen 43Micro powder lubricant 145Microfinishing film 202Micrometer 34, 225, 227, 422


534 Index

Microtonal tunings 94MIDI 17Mike Morvan 61, 88, 235, 237, 345,

346, 348, 355, 356, 357, 360, 361,

364, 367, 400Miles, Poppy 238Millenium III action 17Minor scale 94Mirror Glaze 90, 264, 265, 482, 483,

484Missing notes 82

checking in grand actions 153Notes, missing 494

Mixolydian mode 94Modal analysis 45Modal scale 94Mode of vibration 46Moderator

pedal 76pedal, regulating 198

Modifying

action 378grand dampers with threaded

wires 404pitman dowel 408

Moisture

condensation of 84Moisture (see also “Humidity”) 83Moisture-absorbing agent 85, 87, 91Moisture-excluding effectiveness

84, 319, 469, 470Molding

of hammers 71of hammers, materials 73

Molitor 458Monkey, sostenuto, removing 379Montal, Claude 75, 76, 275Moondog Grand Piano Tilter 268Mortise (see “Key, mortise”)

Morton, Frank E. 44Morvan, Mike 61, 88, 235, 237, 345,

346, 348, 355, 356, 357, 360, 361,

364, 367, 400Moth balls 88Mother Goose 204Moths 88Moto Tool 331Mouse infestation (see “Rodents”)

Mover’s blankets (see “Blankets”)

Moving Grand Piano 267Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 3, 6, 9,

11MSDS (see “Material Safety Data

Sheet”)

Müller, Mathias 10Multi-laminated pinblock 451Multiple chemical sensitivity 479Music desk (see “Music rack”)

Music nomenclature xviiiMusic rack 23

removing 136Music Sorb 85, 87, 91Music typesetting 11Music wire (piano strings) 33Musikmesse Frankfurt xviMuslin buffing wheel 364Mute, tuning 112Mutton tallow 145, 158Muzio Clementi 9Mylar 424

NNails 339, 403NAMM xvi

Nannette Streicher 3, 12Nap of leather 341Natural Felt 384Natural minor scale 94Needles

glover’s 210lubricating 210lubricating with lanolin 210

Needling hammers 210Neuhaus, Heinrich 76New touchweight metrology 273Nicholson file 237, 382Nick Gravagne 273, 393, 468Nickel plating on steel strings 34Nickel-plated tuning pins 421Nippers for cutting wire 333Noises

action parts 490buzzes (see “Buzzes”)

clanking, in pedals (see

“Clanking noise”)

clatter (see “Clatter”)

clicking (see “Clicking noises”)

creaking (see “Creaking noise”)

damper felt (see “Damper, felt

noise”)

effects on tuning 489in grand damper system 181in keyboard 59in pedals 492in vertical pedals 493keyboard, affecting tone 62oinking (see “Oinking noise”)

outside piano, effects on tuning

133rattles (see “Rattles”)

sizzling 489squealing (see “Squealing

noise”)

zings (see “Zing noise”)

Nomenclature, musical xviiiNorman Cantrell 136Nose 27Nose bolts 20, 131

cups or nuts 20, 22Nossaman, Ron 452Notching, bridges 41, 478Notes 94Nuts, used with bolts as fasteners

339

OO.S. Kelly 16Oblong tuning pins 110Observations before rebuilding

grand action 375Octagrip 28Octave 94

melody (see “Melody octave”)

tuning 116Octaves, stretched 119Oey, Mary 320Offset bass bridge 40Ohlendorf, Rick 234Oinking noise

Old Brown Glue 335Oorebeek, André 157, 208Open-face pinblock 33, 440

replacing 456Orange-peel look 470, 483Orbital sander 332Organizing a rebuilding shop 328Outer rim (Case) 23, 28Oval head screws 339

Over-centering of hammers 375,

386, 387Overdamper action (see “Birdcage

action”)

Overdamping 11, 12Overpull 128Overs Pianos 17Overs, Ron 17Over-stringing 13, 20, 36, 37, 56, 73,

227Overtone 95Overview of rebuilding procedures

323Oxidized

key capstans 155key pins 154

PPaint (see also “Finish”) 263Paint thinner 338Painter’s tape 337Panels

in pianos 28in verticals, removing 137of particleboard 28

Pan-head screws 339Pantaleon Hebenstreit 2, 3, 6Pantalon 2Pape, Henri 10, 13Papps mute 111, 112Parham, John 253Paris Conservatory 9Paris exhibition in 1867 13Paris Green 136Parsons, Tremaine 419Partials

coincident 96, 121prominence of 101

Particleboard 28Parts

action, comparing in grands 376action, rebushing 246action, repinning 244

Pattern of tuning pins 131Paul Badura-Skoda 212Paul L. Jansen & Son, Inc 268Paul Revenko-Jones 437Paulello, Stephen 17, 224Pedal 23

damper (sustain) 74damper lift 402damper lift rod 192damper lift, in verticals 196damper, regulating 179half-blow (see “Half-blow,

pedal”)

linkage 74lyre 74moderator 76moderator, regulating 198noises in grands 493practice 76right 74rods 23, 76soft (see “Soft pedal”)

sostenuto 74, 76sostenuto, regulating 186sustain (see “Pedal, damper”)

trapwork in grands (linkage) 76vertical damper lift 190whoosh 183, 491

Pedal box, detached 251Pedal rods

adjusting 180

noises 493Pédale d’expression 75Pedals 6, 8, 74

description 74diagnosing 149loose, repairing 249noisy 492regulating 179repairing 249, 250, 253

Penetrating oil 434Periodic maintenance 89Perma-Grit 202Peroxide, hydrogen, for bleaching

white key tops 363Perspiration, effects on piano

strings 224Peter Donhauser 8Peterson Strobe Tuner 126Petrof 36, 311, 410Petroleum jelly 145

used on plate flange 454Pfeiffer, Walter 273Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition

14Phillips head screws 339Phillips, Ruth 263Phoenix 19, 56Phoenix Piano Company 25, 54Phoenix Pianos 319Phrygian mode 94Piano

diagram 22Harmonic, by Michael Harrison

94prepared 224Sixteenth Tone 94

Piano Forte Supply 59, 202, 208,

340, 347Piano Life Saver System (See

“Dampp-Chaser”)

Piano Scale Design Program 419Piano String Couplers 121Piano Technicians Guild xvi, 124,

126, 419, 458Piano Technicians Guild

Foundation 15Piano Technicians Journal 253, 419,

458Piano Wrangler Equipment Co. 268PianoDisc 149PianoHorse 268Pianos Bolduc 259, 434, 435, 444,

445, 446, 449, 451, 452, 453, 454,

455, 458, 473, 514Pianotech x, 262, 383, 458, 516, 520Pianotek 91, 255, 265, 274, 346, 349,

384, 407, 414, 437, 458Pianoworld.com x, xvi, 383, 516, 520Piccolo piano 10Pierre Érard 12, 13, 320Pinblock 20, 21, 22, 28

as precondition for tuning 131Bolduc router bit (see “Bolduc,

pinblock router bit”)

brushing holes 421drilling 451fitting to the plate 54floating 33, 441full-fit 33, 441, 444Hexagrip 28, 32inspecting before restringing 419installing thinner to improve

downbearing 449materials 441open face 33, 440, 456


490

Index 535

regular-fit 33, 441repairs 254replacing or rebuilding,

overview 326replacing, in grands 440types, in grands 440

Pins

balance rail 58, 76bridge 21bridge, installing 479front, on key frame 58hitch, Acu-Just 56in bridges 40in bridges, repairing loose 256tuning 21tuning, oblong 110tuning, problems with 130

Pitch

lowering 129raising 128

Pitchlock Inc. 121, 311Pitman dowel 23, 408

lubricating 493modernizing 408regulating 179

Plain felts 340Planer, portable power 332Planer/jointer 331Planes 333Plastic

acrylic for key tops 354black key tops 365elbows 409laminates for key tops 354

Plastic cleaner 484Plastic piano 25, 66Plastic polish 484Plate 20, 22, 50

bolt 22bushings 54, 326bushings, applying CA glue to

255changing inner tensions 133composite 440contraction 54cracked 131cracked, repairing 253cupola 56hitch pins 21inspecting before restringing 419internal stress 54lifting out of the piano 435loose 130lowering 449manufacture 54marking gauge numbers on with

stencils 440nose bolts 20, 131rebuilding, overview 326regilding (refinishing) 439reinstalling 436removing 433resonances 133screws, tightening 130stress 54struts 22struts, effects on tuning 133support dowels 20, 22suspension, nonstandard 433three-quarter 33, 440three-quarter, replacing

pinblock 456Plate horn 21, 27, 28, 29, 204, 434,

436Plate Puller 329, 435

Plates in grand legs 28Playability 273, 303, 306

improvement road map 310Plexiglas 215, 384Pleyel 13Pleyel, Ignace 10Pliers 333Plugs, hardwood 241Plunge router 331Pohlman, Johannes 9Polishing 89Polyester finish 28, 265, 481Polyurethane 481Polyvinyl glues (see “PVA glue,”

“PVC-E glue”)

Poppy Miles 238Pore filler 482Porous key tops, tools and materials

358Portable power tools 331Portable upright 10Portugal 1Pounding stick 112Powell, Sam 278Power tools 330Practice pedal 76Precision Dip Force Gauge 164Precision TouchDesign 273, 309

kit 274, 292Prellleiste 3Prellmechanik 3Premium Blue hammers 73, 384Pre-needling hammers 386Prepared piano 224Pressure bars 24, 430Pressure iron 6Pressure plates 339Pressure ridges 49Priming surface for finishing 482Pro Grade by 3M 338Projection of sound, increasing 211Prokofiev, Sergei 63Prolube 192Prolube (see “Protek, Prolube”)

Protecting hearing xviiProtek

CLP 114, 144, 145, 146, 148, 193,

246, 249, 490MPL-1 145Prolube 114, 145, 192

PSCALE 419Psychometer 85PTG (see “Piano Technicians

Guild”)

Pull saw 393, 394Puller, of grand plate 329, 435Pulley key 237, 314Pulling piano to pitch 128Punchings

balance rail 59Crescendo 59, 340, 347front 340half-moon 315

Pure Intonation tuning 94Pure Sound 224, 422Push action 3PVA glue 335, 366

low creep 336PVC-E glue 336, 366, 367Pyramid piano 8Pythagorean

comma 98temperament 99

QQuartersawn

keys 61lumber 50, 61lumber, for bridge caps 474lumber, for pinblocks 443lumber, for soundboards 44, 441

Queen Maria Barbara of Spain 2Quick Dry Tacky Glue 358QuicKey Leveler 163, 164Quicktite 336

RRack for music, removing 136Rail

belly 21half-blow (see “Half-blow, rail”)

Rails

damaged, repairing 240in piano action 66

Railsback curve 102, 104Raised plate flange 21Raising pitch 128Raking buffing wheel 365Range, expanding 12Rasps 333Ratchet brace 333Ratio of action leverage (see

“Action, leverage”)

Rats 88Rattles

diagnosing 489effect on tuning 133in soundboard 261

Ravenscroft 17, 41RC&S (see also “rib-crowned”)

soundboard 49Real-Time Specialties 125, 126Reamalgamation solvent 481Reaming

agraffe holes 437holes in hammers 391key balance holes 350

Rebounding of hammers 70Rebuilding 317

shop requirements 327Recrowning soundboard 460Reducing height of agraffes 439Refinishing 479

grand damper heads 401overview 327piano plate 439soundboard 460, 468

Reflection of energy 6by bridge pins 41by bridges 36by Phoenix rim 54by plate 28, 51by V bar 56helped by pinblock 33in soundboard 44, 49

Reflection of light 264, 484by acrylic key tops 356

Reflection of sound

by fan 112, 133effect on voicing 209

Reflective foil 364Reflowing

finish 481hammer hardener 215old finish 481

Regilding piano plate 439Regluing

fractured key 234key button 234key shoe 238soundboard separations 459soundboard to ribs and rim 463split hammer shank 243

Regular-fit pinblock 33, 441Regulating 135

action 166as periodic maintenance 89blow distance in verticals 195damper spoons 197dampers in verticals 196grand action 166grand action, rough 394grand damper system 180guide notes 166jacks in pianos with let off

capstans 177key dip inside the piano 161key frame glides 159keyboard 158, 161on piano’s lid 137on the bench 141pedals 179soft pedal 178sostenuto 186touchweight 396vertical action 189

Regulation Station (see “Grandwork

Regulation Station”)

Reinforcement, of hammer felt 73Relative humidity 84Releasing tension of strings 421Renaissance 99Renner 5, 24, 58, 66, 67, 71, 210,

247, 374, 380, 383, 406, 467hammers 384

Renner USA 68, 282, 384, 387, 407Repairs 221Repetition

grand lever height, regulating

177see “Wippen” 67speed of 77

Repetition lever and spring 22, 76lubricating 157see also “Spring, repetition”

Repetition-assisted English action

13Repinning action parts 244Replacing

agraffes 436black key tops 365bridge cap 473bridle straps 411broken string 223damper felts in verticals 413damper guide rail bushings 402damper heads with wires 404felts and leathers 340grand backchecks 369grand damper felts 400grand damper underlevers 406grand hammer shanks 380grand hammers 383grand pinblock 440grand wippens 379hammers and shanks in

verticals 414key bushings 347key button 236key end felts 353key pins 345key tops 238


536 Index

let off buttons 379pinblock 441, 456string in verticals 233strings 418vertical action parts 408white key tops 354

Repositioning

action rack 315key balance point 315key capstans 313knuckles 312, 313wippen rail 315

Resetting hammer felt during

voicing 211Reshaping hammers before

regulating action 166Resonances

duplex 133in soundboards 45in the plate 133

Resonator, tension 25Resonator, Treble Tone 458Resonators, in spruce 44Resorcinol 337Restringing 418

grand pianos 423overview 326vertical pianos 430

Reveley, Jude 236, 288, 292, 313,

314, 394, 459, 466Revenko-Jones, Paul 437Revolving screen humidifier 87Reyburn CyberTuner 126Reyburn Piano Service 125Reyburn Piano Tech 110Rhodes, John 273, 290, 292, 299,

300, 501Rib-crowned soundboards 49Riblets 458Ribs

in soundboards 20, 23, 45, 50loose, effect on tuning 133regluing soundboard to 463

Richard Dain 17, 19, 25, 43, 45Richard Gertz 14, 25Rick Baldassin 103, 128Rick Ohlendorf 234Ridges, pressure, in soundboards

49Rim 19, 23, 24, 25

composite 24inspecting before restringing 419laminated (continuous) 24outer (case) 28spruce, in Bösendorfer 25stiffness 44

Ring bridge 38Rinsing

hardener from felt 215trough 216

Rippen 25, 27, 66Robert Grijalva 458, 459Robert Wornum 10, 11, 507Robert Young 103, 106Roberts, Dave 419Robinson Strate-Mate 203Rodents 88, 136Rods in pedal linkages 76Roger Jolly 165Ron Nossaman 452Ron Overs 17Ronsen 71, 72Root, of bridge 37Rosin 421Röslau 224, 422

Rotary sander 332Rotary tool, high speed 331Rough-regulating

grand action 394vertical action 416

Round-head screws 339Router 331Roy Kehl 56Royal Blue 73, 384RR action 69Rubbing, to clean satin finishes 90Ruth Phillips 263

SSAE 20W oil 145Sam Powell 278Sam Son 149Sander 331, 332Sanderson Accu-Tuner 125Sanding

block 337, 357block, glass or granite 359grid 338hammers 211, 213, 216hammers, cupped 386keys on key frame 357porous white key tops 363sealer, applying 482sponge 338top layer of hammer felt 393

Sandpaper 3373M microfinishing film 202sanding grid 338

Satin lacquer

repairing 264rubbing 90

Satinizing finish 264, 484Sauter 15, 41, 68, 77Sauter, Carl 94Saw, pull (see “Pull saw”)

Sawhorse 268, 270, 271, 329, 435,

448, 461Scale 94

break 133design 51design, effects on tuning 133variations in inharmonicity 107

Scarlatti, Domenico 2Schaff Piano Supply Co. 182, 227,

358, 384, 404, 407, 414Schmitt, Jim 262Schröter, Christoph Gottlieb 3, 6Schwander 14, 67, 68, 175, 192, 288

action 77butt spring 410hammer butt 411, 413

Scientific notation xviiiScipione Maffei 1, 2, 6ScotchBlue 267Scotch-Brite 263Scott Jones 283, 311Scraping, porous white key tops 363Scratches, repairing 264Screw 339

capstan 76countersinking 339extractor 262holes, repairing 240thread repair 243threaded metal sleeves for

machine screws 339Screw stringer 14Screwdrivers 333Sébastien Érard 12, 13, 77, 320

SEER 86Seesawing hammer and key 368,

371Seiko 126Selecting hammers 383Semitone 94Seni Igrec 82Separations

in soundboards, regluing 459on bridge joints, repairing 258

Sergei Prokofiev 63Series of harmonics 95Seven Years’ War 8Shank (see “Hammer shank”)

Shaping hammer tails 71, 388Sharps, replacing 365Shead, Herbert A. xviiSheet-metal screws 258, 259, 261,

339, 463, 464, 465Shelf

in bass bridges 20, 40underlever (see “Underlever

tray”)

Shift pedal (see “Soft pedal”)

Shifting key frame (see “Soft pedal”)

Shigeru Kawai 17Shimming

chisel 466long bridge (see “Soundboard,

crown, increasing”)

soundboard cracks 318, 460, 465Shock absorption, as a result of

friction 142Shoe 21, 27, 434, 436Shop

climate, effects on refinishing

479equipment and tools 329organizing 328requirements 327

Shoulders

of hammers 70, 208of hammers, needling 211

Silbermann, Gottfried 2, 6Silent piano 194Silica 85Silicon-carbide 201, 202, 222, 227,

337, 338Silicone lubricants 145silumin 25Silver, German 143Simple Green 89Single (individually tied) strings 224Sixteenth Tone Piano 94Sizzling noises 489Skid board 268Sleeves, threaded for screws 339Sliding friction 443Sliding key frame (shifting key

frame) 158Sling psychometer 85Slotted-head screws 339Sluggish

action parts in verticals

(verdigris) 374keys 234

Soap

as lubricant 493, 494bar 145

Socher, Johann 3Socket, for grand casters 28Soft pedal 74

regulating 178, 180voicing for 213

Soft pencil 145

Soft Wax 264Softener, fabric 215Sohmer 43Solvents 338Son, Sam 149Sostenuto 63, 121

blade 187, 188bracket spring clamp 379height gauge 188monkey 154monkey, removing 379noises 493pedal 74, 76pedal, adjusting 180regulating 186rod 22, 63, 404rod blade 187rod, lubricating 186rod, removing 379

Sound 43envelope 43regulating (see “Voicing”)

sustain, related to rim or frame

25transmission through bridges 36transmitted to soundboard 43volume 209waves, reflection (see

“Reflection of energy”)

Soundboard 20, 23, 43bleaching 469clamping to rim 50compression set 457compression-crowned 49cracks, shimming 318, 460, 465crown (see “Crown”)

decal, applying 472density 50diaphragmatic 47finishing materials 469fish 46floating 46impedance 44inspecting before restringing 418made of carbon fiber 19manufacture of 50pressure ridges 49rattling, repairing 261rebuilding 457rebuilding, overview 327recrowning 467, 475refinishing 468reflection (see “Reflection of

energy”)

regluing to ribs and rim 463repairing or replacing 458resonances 45rib-crowned 49ribs (see “Ribs, in

soundboards”)

shimming (see “Shimming

soundboard cracks”)

soaking with epoxy 459stiffness and mass 44thickness 44

Soundboard Repair System 466Soundboard steel 90, 489Sound-generating components 33Southerland, David 2Southwell, William 8Spacing

between keys, regulating 162of hammers, checking in grands

149Spain 1


Index 537

Spanner 333Späth, Franz Jacob 9Speaking lengths, unequal 41Special Pressing hammers 384Special Repair Lacquer 264Spine 8Spinet grand 15, 321Splicing a string 223Spokeshave 333Sponge

buffing (see “Buffing sponge”)

tack 469tack, by Meguiars 471

Spoon, grand wippen 22Spoons, damper, in verticals 77

adjusting 197Spraying

equipment for finishing work 479Spraying finish on soundboard 471Spring

butterfly (see “Butterfly spring”)

hammer butt 77hammer butt, variations in 68jack in verticals, inspecting 189jack, in verticals 77repetition 76, 77repetition, lubricating 157, 158repetition, regulating 175

Spring clamp 311, 411for key bushings 348for key fronts 358on sostenuto bracket 187, 379

Spring-assisted wippen (see

“Wippen, spring-assisted”)

Springs

hammer butt, inspecting 191vertical damper lever,

lubricating 192Spruce 44

as material for piano keys 60quartersawn 50resonators 44shims for soundboard cracks

466Spurlock Specialty Tools 145, 185,

349, 385, 466Spurlock, Bill 194, 286, 393Square piano 15

Mathushek’s Spinet Grand (see

“Spinet grand”)

rebuilding 321Squaring

hammers 168keys 162

Squeak 493Squealing noise 490Stability

in tuning 84of action frame in verticals,

inspecting 191Staccato xviii, 11, 63, 76, 97, 112,

148, 172, 178, 181, 183, 185, 186,

187, 278, 300, 301, 397, 497Staff 94Standard measurement position 276Stanwood

Adjustable Leverage Action 315TouchDesign Kit (see “Precision

TouchDesign, kit”)

Stanwood, David 144, 214, 273, 283,

286, 288, 290, 291, 309, 315, 506Staple

in hammers 73sostenuto, in New York Steinway

grands 187

Star-shaped back 25Static

friction 443touchweight 276

Stationary power tools 330Steaming keys to remove bushings

347Steam-treating hammer felt 71, 214Steel string (see “String”)

Steel wool 265, 338wax 145, 265

Stegemann, A. 68Stein, André 8Stein, Johann Andreas 3, 6, 8, 9, 12Steingraeber & Söhne 15, 17, 19, 43,

45, 75Phoenix 56

Steinway 38, 41Accelerated Action 59, 315, 347bell 21, 496console verticals 430Diaphragmatic soundboard 47hammers 384soundboard edge, beveled 50Tubular Metallic Frame 66tubular rails, repairing 242wippens 67

Steinway & Sons xi, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17,

21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,

33, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47,

51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 65,

68, 72, 130, 143, 146, 154, 159,

163, 164, 172, 175, 186, 187, 188,

217, 225, 227, 237, 242, 244, 246,

247, 250, 252, 260, 261, 271, 282,

292, 300, 319, 325, 347, 352, 354,

377, 380, 383, 384, 395, 407, 442,

459, 472, 484, 486, 496, 499, 501,

507Hamburg 16, 21, 31, 59, 67, 313,

369, 384hammers 384history 13

Steinway, Albert 13, 76Steinway, C.F. Theodor 21, 27, 36,

37, 38, 50, 56Steinway, Theodore E. 21Steinweg (see “Grotrian”)

Stelzhammer, Anton 25, 27Stencils, dry transfer for gauge

numbers on plate 440Step 94Stephen Birkett 300Stephen Brady 221, 374, 437Stephen Paulello 17, 224Stephen Paulello Piano Wire 422Stick 23

pounding, for tuning 112Sticker 140Sticker cloth (see also “Action

cloth”) 340Stiffness

in soundboards 44of bass strings 34of strings 101

Stöckle, Matthias 467Stodart, William 7, 8Stop rail

for dampers 77for keys 22, 159, 166, 343for keys (see “Key, stop rail”)

Stossmechanik 3Straight-stringing 27, 36, 38, 47Straps, bridle 341Strate-Mate 203, 205

Stravinsky, Igor 63Streicher, Nannette 12Streicher, Nannette and Johann

Andreas 3Strength, tensile of strings 33Strengthening attachment of

baseboard 494Stress, in piano plates 54Stretch, in tuning 103Stretched octaves 119Stretcher 20, 22, 205

detaching pinblock from 444Strike point 73, 208

adjusting 375, 394adjusting, in verticals 193

Strike weight 275, 286changing 308ratio 294spread 302

String 22bass, twisting 231becket 223broken, replacing 223downbearing (see

“Downbearing”)

duplex segment 62German loop 225, 231leveling 202new, tuning 230segments, effects on tuning 131speaking segment length in

unisons 41splicing 223stiffness 101touching a grand damper wire

183String bearings, diagnosing 322String level 204Stringer II 227Stringing 423

backscale 49braid 341design 36types of 224

Strings 33affected by perspiration 224bass 34binding 131diagnosing 322double 224downbearing 54, 84downbearing, diagnosing 322downbearing, measuring 419elastic limit 33fatigue 34handling 224individually-tied 224inharmonicity 34, 41mating hammers to 207new, tuning 129nickel-plated 34releasing tension of 421replacing 418replacing, overview 326setting the downbearing 475slipping 132steel 34tensile strength of 33to key bed distance, measuring

344touching tuning pins 132unequal speaking lengths 41voicing each in a unison 213wire gauge 34wound (bass) 34

Strip mute 111, 112, 113, 116, 117,

118Stripper, chemical, for removing

finishes 481Strobotuner 124Structure 24

as precondition for tuning 131unstable 319

Struts 22in plate, effects on tuning 133

Stuart & Sons 17, 43, 56, 75Stuart, Wayne 17, 43Sturm, Fred 69, 109, 124, 130, 155,

165, 193, 210, 215Sugar pine, for piano keys 60Sugaring 214Super Lube 145Superglue (see “CA glue”)

SuperJet 238Support spring (see “Wippen

assist spring”)

Surface

of porous key tops, treating 363wooden, filling and priming 482

Surform plane 333Sustain 43, 44, 209

of sound, increasing 211of sound, related to rim and

frame 25pedal 74pedal, regulating 179

Swaging bass strings 34Syntonic comma 98, 117System Three 336, 459

TTack rag 482Tack sponge 469, 471, 482Tactile Response System 63Tail, of piano 8Tails

of hammers 73of hammers, shaping and

tapering 388Talcum powder 145, 421Tap wrench 262, 437Tape

adhesive 337duct 337masking 337

Tape-check action 11Tapering

hammer tails 388vertical piano hammer moldings

414Technisches Museum, Vienna 5, 6,

8, 10, 15, 27Teflon 66, 145, 146, 161, 246, 247,

350Temperament 94, 97

circle 117Pythagorean 99strip (see “Strip mute”)

tuning 117Temperature

effects on pianos 87effects on relative humidity 84effects on tuning 130

Tensile strength of strings 33Tension gauge 291, 292, 398Tension of strings, releasing 421Tension Resonator 14, 25, 27Tenuto xviii, 174Termites 88


538 Index

Testors 263TFL-50 145T-handle tap wrench 262, 437Tharan 355Theodor Steinway 21, 27, 36, 37, 38,

50, 56Theodore E. Steinway 21Thermoplastic PVA glues 335Thomas Broadwood 12Thomas Broukal 67Thread

repair kit 243wood 339

Threaded metal sleeves 339Threaded sleeve 262Threaded wires in grand dampers,

modifying 404Three-quarter plate 440

replacing pinblock 456Tilt, of action parts 168Tilting of tuning pins 452Timbre 96, 209

evening variations in 213of sound (tone color) 209

Timpani felt 340Tips of shanks, cutting 393Titebond 50 336, 454Titebond glue 335, 391Titebond III Ultimate Wood Glue 335Titebond Liquid Hide Glue 335Toe 21, 434, 436Toe rail 253

noises 494Tokiwa 374Toluol 338Tonal gradient 70, 199Tone

affected by keyboard noises 62color (see also “Timbre”) 209color, evening 213effect on perception of touch 302evaluating 208quality, defined by prominence

of partials 101regulating (voicing) 73

Tone Collector 27Tone Resonator 458Toneplus 384Tonewood 44Tool, rotary, high speed 331Tools

hand 333in a rebuilding shop 329power, portable 331

Toothpick 240Top stack 63, 148, 151, 157, 159, 201,

240, 291affecting the measurement of

wippen assist springs 311avoiding having to remove 161moving forward or backward

315removing from keyboard 154tilt forward 157tilted forward 146tipping forward 157turning upside down 157

Torque 143Touch, adjusting weight of 396TouchDesign (see “Precision

TouchDesign”)

Touching up

edges 484finish 263

TouchRail 311

Touchweight 273, 275, 276, 396adjusting 396calculating 294controlling 308evaluating when replacing

hammers 307glossary 290issues 304metrology 273troubleshooter 306

Toxic chemicals 136TPR Tools 141, 142, 167, 204, 205Trakoscan 11Transmission

of sound 43of sound, through bridges 36

Transporting grand action and

keyboard 137Transversal mode of vibration 46Transverse bar (see “Capo tasto”)

Trapwork 23, 76lubricating 179

Trautwein xiiiTraveling

action parts with flanges 168grand dampers 182grand shanks 167grand wippens 170, 380vertical hammers 193vertical wippens 191

TravelSmart 214Tray, underlever (see “Underlever

tray”)

Treble Tone Resonator 458Treble tuning 112, 121Tremaine Parsons 419Trigger point massage xviiTritone 97Troubleshooter

action geometry 304aftertouch 305touchweight 306

Trough (see “Rinsing, trough”)

Tubular action rails 340Tubular Metallic Frame 66, 68Tubular rails, repairing 242Tunability 131TuneLab 126Tuners, electronic 125Tuning 93

as periodic maintenance 89lowering pitch 129new string 129, 230stability, affected by humidity 84

Tuning hammer 107choosing 109

Tuning pin 22bending 130bushings in the plate 54holes, drilling in new pinblock

451torque, improving 255twisting 130

Tuning pins 21brushing holes 421hammering 254hammering down 230jumpy 130loose 130oblong 110offset pattern 131replacing, overview 326tightness of 130tilt 452

Turbo wippen (see “Spring-assisted

wippen”)

Turkish music 8Twelve Apostles 8Twisting a bass string 231Two-component finishes

high-gloss 483repairing 265

Typesetting music 11

UUlrich Laible 4Ultimate Wood Glue 335Ultrasonic humidifier 87, 328Umbrella tool 249Una corda pedal (see “Soft pedal”)

Under-centering of hammers 278,

375, 386, 387, 449Underfelt

in dampers 74of hammers 73

Underlevel 204, 205Underlever tray 22, 248, 251, 270,

404, 406, 407, 493replacing 407

Underlevers 22aligning to key end felts 407distance to key bed, measuring

400functioning 77lubricating 182of grand dampers, rebuilding vs.

replacing 405replacing 406

Understring felt 22, 340Understring-style string leveling tool

204Unison

affected by temperature changes

130tuning 114voicing 213

Unshaped plastic laminates for key

tops 354Unstable structure 319Upweight 276

VV bar 56, 114

friction 131grooved 132

Vagias snap-on elbows 409Vapor, protection from 84Varnish 481

brushing, on soundboards 470Velo, Hans 46, 306, 311, 419Velocity leverage (see “Leverage”)

Veneer 28Ventilation 328

during refinishing 479Verdigris xvii, 145, 246, 247, 374, 385Verituner 102, 126Vertical

action 68action diagram 64action regulation 189action, rebuilding 408action, removing 140action, rough-regulating 416backcheck felt 340Fandrich, back 25keyboard regulation 158keyboard vs. grand keyboard

343

panels, removing 137piano, creaking noise 490piano, development of 15piano, noises in pedals 493piano, rebuilding 320piano, restringing 430pressure bars 430raised plate flange 21

Vibrating sander 332Vibration

longitudinal mode 44, 46mode of 46transversal mode 46

Vice, inherent 319Viennese action 3, 13, 341Vietor, Frederick 59Vise, angle, for drilling hammers 387Voicing 73, 199

dense hammers 209for shifting soft pedal 213lubricating needles with lanolin

210mating hammers to strings 207new hammers 394resetting hammer felt 211soft hammers 216

Volume 209of sound, increasing 213of sound, lowering 212

Vortex tube chiller 32, 33, 439, 442,

451VS Profelt 215

WW.V. McFerrin 142Walter 49Walter Pfeiffer 273Walter, Anton 5, 6Warm-pressed hammers 71, 384Warpage 83

of keys 60Water separator 479Water vapor 84Waterfalls 481Water-white finish 469Wathen, Michael 43Watson, John 4, 7, 89, 136, 320Wave impedance 44Wave velocity 101Wavelength 101Wax, as lubricant for steel wool (see

“Steel wool, wax”)

Wayne Stuart 17, 43WD-40 114

as lubricant 145Webb, Kent 16, 85, 146Weber 149Wedge

for increasing soundboard

crown 467locking grand legs 28

Wedges or cauls for key bushings

348Weickert felt 72Weickert Special hammers 71Weighing new hammers 386Weight

balance model 289of touch (see “Touchweight”)

ratio (see “Strike-weight ratio”)

strike (see “Strike weight”)

Weight ratios 287Weightbench 273, 299

kit 274


Index 539

Weighting keys 397Weights

brass, used for improving

sustain 459lead, in keys 397lead, installing/removing 397

Weldbond 336, 391Well temperament 99Weltman 3Wessell, Nickel & Gross 62, 66, 143,

169, 243, 244, 247, 280, 312, 314,

319, 325, 341, 345, 346, 374, 375,

381, 385, 386, 388, 391, 407, 434West System 336Wet bulb 85Wetordry sandpaper 338White

buffing compound for white key

tops 364glue 336key top 22key tops, replacing 354keys 94

White, William 275Whole step (whole tone) 94Whoosh noise (see “Pedal,

whoosh”)

William Southwell 8William Stodart 7, 8William White 275Winding, copper, on bass strings 34Wippen 22, 76

assist spring 67, 178, 287, 291,

292, 294, 297, 309, 310, 311,

312, 397assist spring, too strong 276, 394butterfly spring (see “Butterfly

spring”)

center pins, in verticals 191flange 22Herrburger-Schwander 67jack 76radius weight 288rail 22ratio 280repetition lever, spring 76repetition spring 76, 77spoon 22spring-assisted 67, 297, 309, 311stack weight 291Steinway 67weight ratio 291

Wippen radius weight 288, 309Wippen rail, repositioning 315Wippens 67, 409

checking 157grand, comparing 376grand, replacing 379grand, traveling 170, 380in verticals, rebuilding 409

Wire

cutting pliers 333handling 224lead 308piano strings 33

Wire gauge 34

Wires

backcheck, to replace or not 369fluted in grand backchecks 371threaded in grand backchecks

371Wixey angle gauge 417Wogram, Klaus 45Wolf fifth 99Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 3, 6, 9,

11Wood

affected by humidity 84compression set in 457expansion 83gluing felt and leather on 342screws 339thread on screws 339warpage 83

Wood-boring insects 88Wooden surface, preparing for

finishing 482Woodworms 88, 319Wool 71

for piano hammer felt 71steel 338

Wool, lap of 71Woolly mammoth ivory 355Workbench 329Worksheet

action leverage 281front-weight 293hammer strike weight 285Touchweight 277

Wornum, Robert 10, 11, 507Wound strings (bass strings) 34Wrenches 333Wrestplank (see “Pinblock”)

Wright, Allen 89, 157, 171, 211, 213,

228, 237, 261, 423, 425, 472Wurlitzer 149Wurzen 72

AA felt 384

XXylol 338

YYamaha 16, 17, 25, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69,

89, 126, 170, 171, 172, 176, 192,

198, 227, 251, 252, 355, 380, 382Yellow wood glue 335Young Chang 149Young, Robert 103, 106

ZZachariae 76Zap a Gap 255ZAP-08 255Zing noise 490Zither 3Zumpe, Johannes 4, 6, 9, 10


Documents

Index (complete) - Pianos Inside Out