INDEX

AAbscissa, 320Absolute accuracy 178Absorption and scattering, 156Accuracy, 341Accuracy, digital chart 212Acoustic Doppler current profilers, 439Acute angle, 317Acute triangle, 318Additional Secondary Phase Factor (ASF) 178Adjacent angle, 317Adjusting barometer readings, 521Adjustment of departure time, 555Adjustment of SOA, 555Advance, 107advance 107Advanced piloting techniques, 122Advection fog, 496Aeronautical lights, 65Agulhas Current, 436, 438Aids to navigation system, 63Air Almanac, 287, 288Air masses, 489Alaska Current, 437Aleutian Current, 437Allowances for Non-Uniform Propagation Rates 178Almanacs, 58, 287, 378Altering a great circle track to avoid obstructions, 350Alternating current, 151Alternating light, 66Altitude correction, 297Altitude intercept (a), 296Altitude measurement, 378Alto, 528Altocumulus (Ac), 531Altostratus (As), 530Amplitude modulation (AM), 159Amplitude of radio waves, 151Amplitude of the sun by calculation, 274Amplitudes, 271, 273, 331AMVER participation, 400AMVER plot information, 401AMVER reporting, 401Anabolic wind, 493Anchorage, 121Anchoring procedures, 119Anemometer, 523

Aneroid barometer, 519aneroid barometer 519Angle, 317Angle of magnetic dip, 82Angular length, 320Angular measure, 320Annular eclipse, 233Anomalistic month, 134Antarctic Circle, 230Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 434Antenna characteristics, 157Anthelion, 498Anticrepuscular rays, 499Anticyclone, 492Antilles Current, 435Antipodal, 345Antipode, 130Antiselene, 498Aphelion, 219Apogean tides, 134Apogee, 219Apparent horizon, 238Apparent motion, 218, 226Apparent solar day, 275Apparent solar time, 275Apparent wind, 523apparent wind 523Arc, 262, 277Arctic Circle, 230Arctic sea smoke, 496Area calls, 396Areas to be avoided, 383Aries, 230Artificial horizon, 268Artificial horizon sextants, 268Assumed latitude, 300Assumed longitude, 300Assumed position (AP), 296Astronomic latitude, 16, 234Astronomic longitude, 17, 234Astronomical Almanac, 287Astronomical distances, 219Astronomical triangle, 246Astronomical unit (AU), 219Athwartship (A) coil, 89Atlantic ocean currents, 434Atmosphere, 481

863

864 INDEX

Atmospheric electricity, 499Atmospheric noise, 157Atmospheric pressure, 519Attenuation, 156, 188Aureole, 498Aurora, 500Aurora Australis, 500Aurora Borealis, 500Auroral zones, 500Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System

(AMVER), 399Autumnal equinox, 229Azimuth angle (Z), 241, 331Azimuth of polaris, 272Azimuth of the sun, 271Azimuthal equidistant projection, 23, 31Azimuthal orthomorphic projection, 30Azimuthal projection, 23, 29Azimuths, 241, 271

BBack sight, 264Backstays of the sun, 499Backwash, 449Baily’s Beads, 233Bank cushion, 121Bank suction, 121Barograph, 520barograph 520barometer 519Barometric pressure, 519barometric pressure 519Barometric pressure, analysis of, 514Baseline, 17baseline 176baseline extension 176baseline length (BLL) 174baseline travel time (BTT) 174Basins, 430Bathymetric charts, 40Beach sediments, 451Beacons, 63, 78Beam compasses, 105Beam width, 410Bearing (B, Brg.), 5Bearing record book, 110Beaufort Scale of wind force, 537Bells, 71Benguela Current, 436, 438Bergy bit, 454Biquadrantal spherical triangle, 327Bisects, 318Blind lead, 457blink coding 175Blizzard, 494

Boat sheet, 410Bobbing a light, 56Body at rising, 377Body at setting, 377Body in zenith, 382Body on prime vertical, 377Bolide, 224Bora, 494Bore, 134, 447Bottom contour charts, 40Bottom description, 40Bottom relief, 430Brazil Current, 436Breaker, 444Breakers, classes of, 448Bridge lights, 65British Thermal Unit (BTU), 522Bummocks, 473Buoy lights, 71Buoy moorings, 71Buoyage systems, 73Buoyant beacon, 63Buoys, 70Buys Ballot’s Law, 513

CCalculations of meteorology, 332Calculations of piloting, 329Calculations of the sailings, 331Calculator keys, 329Calculators in navigation, 329Calendar, 232California Current, 436Calve, 454Can, 74Canary Current, 436Cape Horn Current, 436Cardinal marks, 73Cartesian coordinates, 320Cat’s paw, 494Catalogs, 59Cathode ray tube (CRT), 197Causes of tides, 129Celestial equator, 234Celestial horizon, 238Celestial meridian, 234Celestial navigation routine, 314Celestial sphere, 218, 234Celestial triangle, 246Celsius (C) 521Centering error, 267Centesimal degrees, 321Centesimal system, 321Central angle, 319Centroid, 318

INDEX 865

Characteristics of lights, 66Chart accuracy, 35, 412Chart catalogs, 49Chart classification by scale, 35Chart database, 200Chart dates, 37Chart features, 43Chart graticule, 24Chart lettering, 38Chart lighting, 50Chart No. 1, 38, 58Chart numbering system, 45Chart numerical scale, 34Chart preparation, 106, 368Chart projection, 23Chart reading, 37Chart scales, 34Chart sounding datum, 41Chart soundings, 40Chart symbols, 38Chart symbols and abbreviations, 77Chinook, 493Chipping rate, 165Chlorinity, 426Chord, 319Chronometer, 269Chronometer error (CE), 6, 278Chronometer rate, 269, 278Chronometer time, 278Chronometers, 269Circle of equal altitude, 295Circles, 319Circulation of the atmosphere, 481Circumference, 319Circumhorizontal arc, 498Circumscribed circle, 318Circumscribed halo, 498Circumzenithal arc, 498Cirrocumulus (Cc), 530Cirrostratus (Cs), 529Cirrus 528Cirrus (Ci), 528Clamp screw vernier sextant, 263Climate, 481Cloud Formation 527Cloud formation, 527Cloud height measurement, 535Clouds 527Clouds, 527Clutter, 189Coaltitude, 6Coarse acquisition code, 163Coast Earth Stations (CES), 395Coast Pilots, 52Coastal charts, 35

Coastal current, 433Coastal phase, 2Coastal refraction, 154Code division multiple access (CDMA), 163Codeclination, 6coding delay (CD) 174Cold front, 489Cold wall, 435Collecting survey data, 410Collimation error, 267Collision with buoys, 70Colors of lights, 74Colors of marks, 74Comets, 224common establishment 136Common tangent, 319Communications, 555Comparing watch, 269Compass checks, 369Compass compensation, 81, 89Compass error, 97Compass operation, 86Compasses, 2Compensating coils, 91Complementary angle, 317Composite sailing, 345, 346, 350Compressibility, 427Computed altitude (hc), 296, 331Computer Sight Reduction 295Concentric, 319Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD), 426Cone topmark, 74Congruent, 318Conic projection, 27, 28Conical buoy, 74Conn, 112Conning Officer, 112Constellations, 224Continental shelf, 430Continental slope, 430Coordinate systems, 237Coordinates, 16, 320Corona, 220, 233, 498Corposant, 500Correcting and Uncorrecting the Compass 97Correcting compass, 86Correctors, 84COSPAS/SARSAT participants, 405Counterglow, 224Course deviation, 214Course line, 99Cracks in ice, 457Crepuscular rays, 499Critical point approach, 214Cross check lines, 409

866 INDEX

Cross-track error, 214Cumulonimbus (Cb), 535Cumulus (Cu), 528, 533Current, 102Current diagrams, 148Current ellipse, 138current ellipse 139Current meters, 142Current rose, 139Cycle, 151Cyclone, 492Cygnus, 257Cylindrical projection, 23, 24

DDamp haze, 496Danger bearings, 108Danger ranges, 108Danger soundings, 108, 368Dangerous semicircle, 514dangerous semicircle 514Date line, 278Datum, 19, 214Datum connections, 19Datum shifts, 21Davidson Current, 436Day, 232Daybeacons, 63Dayboards, 63Daymark, 63Dead reckoning (DR), 375Dead reckoning plot, 99Dead water, 447Deck ice, 496Deck log, 110, 376Declination, 235Declination of a planet, 290Declination of a star, 290Declination of the moon, 289Declination of the sun, 289Deep, 430Deep Scattering Layer (DSL), 416Deep-Water route, 383Defense Mapping Agency, 10Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center 10Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic

Center (DMAHTC) 10Degaussing, 88, 95, 96Degaussing coils, 89Degaussing compensation, 88, 89, 91, 95Degaussing effects, 91Degaussing folder, 89Degaussing stations, 89Degaussing system, 91

Degrees, 320Demarcation line, 109Density, 427Departure (p, Dep.), 4, 100, 346Deperming, 91Depressed pole, 239Depth contours, 40Depth conversion scale, 40Depths and datums, 40Developable surface, 23Deviation, 3, 84, 97Diameter, 319Difference of latitude (l, Dlat.), 4, 346Difference of longitude (DLo), 4, 346Differential GPS (DGPS), 170Diffraction, 155, 188Digital Nautical Chart, 206Digital Nautical Chart (DNC), 209Digital Selective Calling (DSC), 398Dihedral angle, 317Dip, 297Dip correction, 330Dip of the sea short of the horizon, 330Direct, 151Direct current, 151Direct motion, 222Direction on the earth, 5Directional light, 64Directional sector light, 64Display and Control Subsystem (DCS), 209Dissemination systems, 281Distance (D, Dist.), 346Distance by vertical angle, 330Distance on the earth, 4Distance to the radar horizon, 330Distance to the visible horizon, 330Distances Between Ports (Pub. 151), 58Diurnal circle, 226, 235Diurnal tide, 133Diversion, 555DNC corrections, 211DNC portfolio, 209Doldrums, 484Double high water, 134Double low water, 134Drag circle, 121Drift, 102, 110, 139Drift currents, 433Drift of sea ice, 460Dry haze, 496dual rating 174Duel frequency correction techniques, 170Duration of slack water, 147Dust whirl, 494

INDEX 867

EE layer, 153Earth, 3, 221East Auckland Current, 437East Australian Current, 437East Cape Current, 437East Greenland Current, 438East Wind Drift, 434Easterly wave, 508Ebb, 139ECDIS Correction System, 210ECDIS Outputs, 204ECDIS Performance Standards, 200ECDIS warnings and alarms, 204ECDIS-N, 208Echo sounders, 410Eclipse of lights, 66Eclipses, 233Ecliptic, 221, 228Eddy viscosity, 428Effect of ice on waves, 444Effects of currents on waves, 444Effects of wind on the sea, 525Ekman layer, 433Ekman pumping, 433Ekman spiral, 434Ekman transport, 433Electric psychrometer, 523Electrical conductivity, 429Electromagnetic spectrum, 152electronic 199Electronic chart, 23electronic chart 199electronic chart data base 199electronic chart display and information system, 199Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS),

13, 200Electronic chart display characteristics, 202Electronic Chart Standards, 202electronic chart system, 199Electronic Chart Systems (ECS), 200Electronic Charts, 199Electronic Charts, correcting 210Electronic charts, using, 212electronic navigation chart, 199electronic navigation chart database, 199Electronic navigation reports, 419Electronic Navigational Chart, 205Electronic Notice To Mariners, 60Electronic systems, 8Elevated pole, 239Ellipsoid, 16Ellipsoid of revolution, 16, 221Emergency navigation, 373Emergency navigation kit, 373

emission delay (ED) 174Endless tangent screw vernier sextant, 263Energy of waves, 445Enhanced Group Call (EGC), 396envelope-to-cycle difference (ECD) 174Epicenter, 446EPIRB’s (Category I, II), 403EPIRB’s (Class A, B, S), 403EPIRB’s (Inmarsat-E), 403EPIRB’s, alarm, warning, and alerting signals, 405EPIRB’s, testing, 404Equation of time, 232, 276Equatorial Countercurrent, 437Equatorial jet, 437Equatorial tides, 134Equatorial undercurrent, 438Equiangular, 318Equilateral triangle, 318Equinoctial, 234Equipment inventory, 368Error, 341Error circle, 101Errors in piloting, 125Established direction of traffic flow, 383Estimated position, 100, 102Estimated speed made good, 103estimated time of arrival 111Estimated track made good, 103Estimating the wind at sea, 525European datum, 19Evasion, 555Evolutions prior to piloting, 111Expendable bathythermograph (XBT), 426Explement, 317Exterior angle, 318Extremely high frequency, 158

FF layer, 153Fading, 155Fahrenheit (F), 521Fall wind, 494Fallibility of buoys, 72False echoes, 192False shoals, 416Fast ice, 457Fata morgana, 497Fathom, 3Fathometer, 119Fathometer log, 110Fathometer operating guidelines, 369Fault lines, 425Federal Radionavigation Plan, 160Fetch, 441, 526fetch 525

868 INDEX

Filling, 492Finding the vertex, 350Fireball, 224Fischer plotting, 196Fix by range and distance, 115Fix by two bearing lines, 111Fix by two ranges, 115Fix expansion, 101Fixed lights, 63Fixing position, 196Flashing, 91Flashing light, 66Flaw lead, 457FleetNET, 396Flinders bar, 85Floating derelicts, 414Flood, 139Florida Current, 435Fog, 496, 527, 548Fogbow, 498Forecasting weather, 500Forecastle (F) coil, 89Foreign chart reproduction, 45Fractures, 457Frazil ice, 456Frequency, 151Frequency modulation (FM), 159Fresnel lenses, 63Friendly ice, 473Frigid zones, 230Front range light, 64Frontal zone, 489Fronts, 489Frost smoke, 496Fundamental identities, 324

GGalactic nebula, 225Galileo System 172Gauss, 89Gaussin error, 88Gegenschein, 224General charts, 35General circulation, 485General direction of buoyage, 74General precession, 230Generator, 151Geocentric latitude, 17, 234Geodesic, 3Geodesy, 15Geodetic latitude, 17, 234Geodetic longitude, 17, 234Geodetic survey, 17Geodetic systems, 19Geographic latitude, 234

Geographic longitude, 234Geographic range, 55Geoid, 15Geoidal heights, 16Geoidal horizon, 238Geoidal separations, 16Geoidal undulations, 16Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP), 168Geometrical horizon, 239Geometry, 317Geostrophic equilibrium, 434Geostrophic wind, 482GHA increment, 299Glacier, 453Glasses shade, 262Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, 393Global Positioning System (GPS), 9, 163Globular clusters, 225Gnomonic projection, 24, 29Gongs, 71GPS, 161GPS signal coding, 165Gradient wind, 482Graduation errors, 267Gravity waves, 441Gray-white ice, 456Grease ice, 456Great circle, 3, 319, 345Great circle charts, 30, 346Great circle sailing, 346Great circle sailing by chart, 346Great circle sailing by computation, 349Great circle sailing by sight reduction tables, 346Great circle track, 5, 345Great Lakes ice, 477Green flash, 498Greenwich, 233Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA), 235, 237Grids, 34Ground swell, 444Groundwave, 154Group calls, 396group repetition interval (GRI) 175Group time delay, 169Group velocity, 443Growler, 454Guinea Current, 436Gulf Stream, 435Gust, 494Gyrocompass, 3

HHalos, 498Hand over word (HOW), 166Handle, 262

INDEX 869

),

,

Harbor charts, 35Harbor/harbor approach phase, 2Harmonic constants, 143Harvest moon, 224Haze, 496Heading relationships, 97Heat lightning, 499hecto pascal (hPa) 519Heeling coil, 91Heeling magnet, 85Height error 521Heights, 41Hertz, 151Hevelian halo, 498High Clouds 528High clouds 528High frequency, 157High tide, 131High water datums, 138Horizon glass, 262Horizontal datum, 19Horizontal geodetic datum, 17Horns, 71Horse latitudes, 485Hostile ice, 473Hour circle, 235Hull speed in knots, 329Humboldt Current, 437Humidity, 522Hummock, 457Hummocked ice, 457Hunter’s moon, 224Hurricane, 503, 507Hydraulic current, 139Hydrograms, 59Hydrographic surveys, 409Hydrography, 409Hygrometer, 523hygrometer 523Hypotenuse, 318

IIALA Cardinal Marks, 74IALA Isolated Danger Mark, 75IALA Lateral Marks, 73IALA Maritime Buoyage System, 73IALA New Dangers, 76IALA Region A, 73IALA Region B, 73IALA Safe Water Marks, 76IALA Special Marks, 76Ice, 414, 453, 527, 549Ice accretion, 496Ice blink, 468Ice cake, 456

Ice cap, 453Ice, density of, 460Ice detection, 467Ice field, 456Ice floes, 456Ice forecasts and observations, 477Ice front, 454Ice islands, 457Ice keels, 473Ice operations, 470Ice products and services, 478Ice rind, 456Ice shelf, 457Ice wall, 454Iceberg drift, 461Icebergs, 453, 457Icebergs in the North Atlantic, 463Identification of stars, 247IMO performance standards, 201Index arm, 262Index correction, 297Index error, 268Index mirror, 262Indian datum, 19Indian Ocean Currents, 437Indian spring low water (ISLW), 137Induced magnetism, 88Inertial navigation system, 9Inferior conjunction, 221Inferior mirage, 497Inferior planets, 221Infrared, 497Inland Waterway phase, 2Inmarsat (International Maritime Satellite Organization

395INMARSAT B, 395INMARSAT C, 395Inscribed angle, 319Inscribed circle, 318Inshore current, 433Inshore traffic zone, 383Instrument error 521Integrated bridge, 199Integrated Bridge System, 207Intercardinal coils, 92Interference, 156Interior angle, 318Interlaced display, 197Internal waves, 447International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

13, 70, 73International charts, 45International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB), 45International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), 11, 45International Ice Patrol, 466

870 INDEX

International Maritime Organization (IMO), 12International Regulations for Preventing Collision, 12Interpreting weather, 501Intracoastal Waterway aids to navigation, 79Inverse trigonometric functions, 325Ion, 153Ionosphere, 153Ionospheric delay errors, 169Irminger Current, 435Island shelf, 430Island slope, 430Isobars, 482, 519Isophase light, 66Isosceles triangle, 318

JJamming, 156Japan Current, 436Jupiter, 223

KKamchatka Current, 437, 438Katabatic wind, 493Knot (kn.), 5Kuroshio Current, 436

LLabrador Current, 435Lagging tides, 134Lambert conformal projection, 23, 29Lamp changer, 66Land breeze, 493Land Earth Stations (LES), 395Land effect, 153Land ice, 453Land sky, 468Large navigational buoys, 71Large-scale chart, 35Lateral and cardinal systems, 73Lateral marks, 73Latitude (L, lat.), 4, 234, 346, 549Latitude at meridian passage, 309Latitude by Polaris, 312Latitude determination, 6, 381Latitude of the vertex, 332Latitudes of points on the great-circle track, 332Leads, 457Leap seconds, 284Leap-second adjustments, 284Leeuwin Current, 438Leeway, 102Length of sea waves, 333Length of the day, 382

Lens, 66Less dangerous semicircle, 515Leveling, 18Life of a tropical cyclone, 508Light characteristics, 66Light Lists, 54Light pipes, 64Light sectors, 69Light-year, 219Lighted buoy, 71Lighthouses, 63Lightning, 499Limb, 262Line, 317Line of apsides, 219Line of position, 7, 296Line spacing, 409List of Lights, 57Local apparent noon, 276Local Hour Angle (LHA), 235, 237, 300Local Mean Time (LMT), 280Local Notice To Mariners, 60Local time, 232Local wind names, 486Local winds, 493Location vessel, 401Log, 3Logarithmic function, 322Longitude (l, long.), 4, 234, 346Longitude at meridian passage, 311Longitude determination, 6Longitudinal (L) coil, 89Longshore current, 433, 450Loom, 69Looming, 497Loop Current, 435Loran antenna 174Loran C, 161, 173Loran C control station 174Loran C Signal 174Loran C Theory 176Loran C transmitting stations 173Loran chains 173Loran charts 174Loran receiver 174Low clouds 528Low clouds, 533Low frequency, 157Low tide, 132Low Water Datums 136Lower branch, 4, 235Lower transit, 238Lowest low water, 138Lowest normal low water, 138Loxodromic curve, 4

INDEX 871

Luminous range, 54Lunar day, 232Lunar distance, 6Lunar eclipse, 233Lunar month, 134Lune, 320Lunitidal interval, 136lunitidal interval 136

MMagnetic adjustment, 84Magnetic disturbances, 419Magnetic fields, 84Magnetic heading, 97Magnetic poles, 81Magnetic signature, 89Magnitude ratio, 219Magnitudes, 219Main (M) coil, 89Maintenance of buoys, 70Major light, 63Major wind patterns, 484Malvinas Current, 436Maneuvering to avoid the storm center, 514, 516, 517Manganese nodules, 430Marcq Saint Hilaire, 58Marine chronometer, 269Marine information reports, 418marine microbarograph 520Marine radiobeacons, 161Marine sediments, 430Marine sextant, 261Maritime Safety Committee, 207maritime safety information, 393Maritime Safety Information (MSI), 393, 396Maritime Safety Information Website, 60Mars, 223master station 173Mean high water lunitidal interval, 136Mean latitude (Lm), 346Mean low water (MLW), 137Mean low water springs (MLWS), 137Mean lower low water (MLLW), 137Mean lower low water springs (MLLWS), 137Mean sidereal time, 281Mean solar time, 276Mean sun, 232, 276Mean time, 276Median, 318Medium frequency, 158Mercator projection, 23, 24Mercator sailing, 332, 358mercurial barometer 519Meridian altitude, 381Meridian angle, 237, 239

Meridian passage, 309Meridian transit, 239, 377Meridional difference (m), 346Meridional parts (M), 24, 346Meteor showers, 224Meteor swarms, 224Meteorite, 224Meteorological equator, 484Meteors, 224Metric system, 3Micrometer drum, 262Micrometer drum sextant, 261Microwaves, 152Mid-latitude (Lm), 4, 346Mid-latitude sailing, 331, 346, 354Middle clouds 528Middle clouds, 530Military ECDIS, 208Mindanao Current, 437Mines, 415Minimum expected sounding, 368Minor light, 63Mirage, 497Miscellaneous chart features, 43Mist, 496Mistake, 341, 344Mistral, 494Mixed tide, 133Mock sun, 498Modified facsimile charts, 45Modified Lambert conformal, 32Modulation, 159Monsoon, 486Moon, 223Moon pillar, 498Moonbow, 498Moonrise, 292Moonset, 292Moorings, 71Most probable position (MPP), 343, 374Multiple star, 225Multiyear ice, 456

NNadir, 235Napier’s Rules, 326National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) 10National Marine Electronic Association (NMEA), 13National tidal datum epoch, 138Natural function, 322Nautical Almanac, 287, 289Nautical chart, 23Nautical mile, 3Nautical miles, 329Nautical texts, 51

872 INDEX

NAVAIDS, 106Navigable semicircle, 515Navigation calculations, 329Navigation, four phases of, 1Navigation system accuracy, 342Navigational astronomy, 217Navigational error, 341Navigational mathematics, 317Navigational tables, 8Navigational triangle, 6, 246Navigator, 112NAVSSI block diagram, 209NAVTEX, 397Navy Navigation Satellite System (NAVSAT), 8, 163Neap tides, 134Nebula, 226Negative pole, 82Neptune, 223Network Coordination Station (NCS), 395Névé, 460New danger, 76New Guinea Coastal Current, 437Ney’s projection, 32Night effect, 155Night observations, 527Night orders, 369Nilas, 456Nimbostratus (Ns), 534Nimbus, 528No. 2102D 259NOAA BSB corrections, 211Nodal period, 134Nodes, 233Noise, 156Nominal range, 54Nontidal current 138Nontidal current, 138North American Datum, 1927, 19North American Datum, 1983, 21North Atlantic Current, 435North Cape Current, 435North Equatorial Countercurrent, 435, 436North Equatorial Current, 435, 436, 437North Pacific Current, 436North pole, 82North wall effect, 548Northeast Drift Current, 435Northeast trades, 484Northeasterlies, 485Northern lights, 500Norway Current, 435Notice To Mariners, 59Nova, 225nutation 230

OOblique angle, 317Oblique coordinates, 320Oblique gnomonic projection, 29Oblique Mercator projections, 26Oblique orthomorphic projection, 26Oblique plane triangles, 325Oblique spherical triangles, 327Oblique triangle, 318Obliquity of the ecliptic, 228Observed altitude (ho), 296Obtuse angle, 317Obtuse triangle, 318Occluded front, 492Occulting light, 66Ocean current observations, 439Ocean current phenomena, 438Ocean current reports, 423Ocean currents, 433, 548Ocean currents and climate, 438Ocean currents, causes, 433Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) buoy, 70Ocean eddies and rings, 438Ocean phase of navigation, 2Ocean pressure, 426Ocean temperature, 426Ocean waves, 441Oceanic circulation, 434Oceanographic chemistry, 425Oceanography, 425Octant, 319Offshore current, 433Omega, 161Open cluster, 225Opposition, 223Ordinate, 320Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 1936 Datum, 19Origin, 320Origin of the oceans, 425Orion, 254Orthographic projection, 24, 31Orthomorphic projection, 30Oscillatory wave, 444Overfalls, 444Overscale, 199Oyashio Current, 437

PPacific ocean currents, 436Pampero, 494Pancake ice, 456Parallax, 381Parallel lines, 317Parallel of declination, 235

INDEX 873

Parallel sailing, 331, 346, 354Paranthelion, 498Parantiselene, 498Paraselene, 498Paraselenic circle, 498Parhelic circle, 498Parhelion, 498Partial eclipse, 233Pegasus, 252Perigean spring tides, 134Perigean tides, 134Perigee, 219Perihelion, 219Perimeter, 319Periodic current, 433Permanent magnetism, 82Permanent magnets, 85Perpendicular lines, 317Perpendicularity error, 267Perspective projections, 24Peru Current, 437Phase, 151Phase characteristics of lights, 74phase coding 175Photosphere, 220Pillar buoys, 74Piloting, 1, 105Piloting brief, 110Piloting procedures, 117Pilots, 2Pinnacled iceberg, 455Plan position indicator (PPI), 187Plane, 317Plane geometry, 317Plane projections, 24Plane sailing, 331, 346, 351Plane sailing triangle, 351Plane surface, 317Plane triangle, 318Plane trigonometry, 320Planet diagram, 259Plates, 425Plotting running fixes, 122Plotting sheets, 34, 374Plotting the DR, 100Plunging breaker, 449Pluto, 223Point, 317Point of tangency, 319Points along the great circle, 349Polar charts, 32Polar circles, 230Polar coordinates, 320Polar distance (p), 237Polar front, 485

Polar frontal jet stream (PFJ), 481Polar lights, 500Polar projection, 32, 34Polar winds, 485Polaris, 377Polarization, 153Polarization error, 155Poles, 319Polyconic projection, 23, 29Polynyas, 457Port information reports, 419Position reporting systems, 399Positive pole, 82Practical salinity scale, 426Practical salinity units, 426Precautionary area, 383Precession of the equinoxes, 230Precipitation, 527Precise positioning service (PPS), 166Precision, 341Precision code, 163Preferred datums, 19Presentation Library, 203Pressure gradient, 482Prevailing westerlies, 485Primary, 320Primary Phase Factor (PF) 178Primary seacoast lights, 63Prime meridian, 2Prime vertical, 239Prime vertical circle, 239Priming tides, 134Principal vertical circle, 239Prismatic error, 267Private aids to navigation, 80Projections, 23Proper motion, 225Pseudorandom noise (PRN), 163Psychrometer, 523psychrometer 523Psychrometric tables, 523Publication 432 (NIST), 283Pulse duration, 187Pulse length, 187Pulse modulation (PM), 159Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR), 187Pulse width, 187

QQuadrantal spheres, 85Quadrantal spherical triangle, 327Quarterdeck (Q) coil, 89Quartz crystal marine chronometers, 269Quintant, 319

874 INDEX

RRacons, 194Radar beacons, 194Radar beam, 187Radar, development of, 9Radar interpretation, 188Radar navigation, 1Radar operation, 187Radar piloting, 196Radar ranges, 115Radar reflectors, 65, 194Radial motion, 225Radian, 321Radiation fog, 496Radio navigation, 1Radio Navigational Aids (Pub. 117), 57Radio propagation factors, 282Radio spectrum, 152Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services,

13, 202Radio wave propagation, 157Radio waves, 151Radioactivity, 429Radiobeacons, 161Radius of a sphere, 319Radius vector, 320Rafting of ice, 456Rage sea, 445Rainbow, 497Ramarks, 194Rams, 454Random errors, 341Range lights, 64Ranges, 107raster chart display system, 199Raster format, 199raster navigation chart, 199Raster navigational chart, 206Raster radars, 197Ratan (Radar and Television Aid to Navigation), 387Rational horizon, 238Rear range light, 64Receivers, 159Recommended direction of traffic flow, 383Recommended routes, 383, 384Recommended track, 383Recording observations, 536Rectangular coordinates, 320Rectangular projection, 27Recurring polynyas, 457Reduced soundings, 410Reducing a moon sight, 305Reducing a planet sight, 307Reducing a sun sight, 303Reducing star sights, 301

Reflection, 153Reflex angle, 317Refraction, 188, 381, 444, 448Refraction of radio waves, 153Region A, 73Region B, 73Registered Information Provider, 396Regression of the nodes, 234Regulated waterways, 390Regulation of frequency use, 158Relative accuracy 178relative display mode, 200Relative humidity, 522Relative motion, 218Release, 262Repeatable accuracy 178Repeatable accuracy, 184Representative fraction, 34Requirements, ECDIS replacing paper charts, 200Resolution in bearing, 189Resolution in range, 188Retentive error, 88Retrograde motion, 222Revolution, 219Rhumb lines, 4, 345Ridge, 456Ridging, 456Right angle, 317Right ascension, 235Right line, 317Right plane triangles, 325Right spherical triangles, 327Right triangle, 318Rip currents, 450Ripples, 441Roaring forties, 485Rotation, 219Rotten ice, 460Roundabout, 384Route planning and monitoring, 213Route reports, 423Routing system, 383Royal Greenwich Observatory, 11Rules of dead reckoning, 100Running fix, 115

SSafe Water Marks, 76Safety contour, 214Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 12Safety report messages, 415Safety reports, 414SafetyNET, 396Sailing charts, 35Sailing Directions 2

INDEX 875

.

Sailing Directions (Enroute), 52Sailing Directions (Planning Guide), 51Salinity, 425Sand bars, 450Santa Ana, 494Sargasso Sea, 436Saros, 234SART Range 406Satellite oceanography, 430Saturn, 223Scale, 34Scalene triangle, 318Sea breeze, 493Sea ice, 455Sea ice, drifting, 460Sea ice, salinity, 460Sea ice, thickness, 457sea level pressure 521search and acquisition 174Seasonal current, 433Secant, 319Secant conic projection, 29Secchi disk, 429Second-year ice, 456secondary coding delay (SCD) 174Secondary lights, 63Secondary Phase Factor (SF) 178secondary stations 173Sector, 319Sectors of lights, 69Segment, 319Seiche, 447Seismic sea waves, 446Semi-circle, 319Semidiameter, 319, 381Semidiameter of a sphere, 319Semidiurnal, 139Semidiurnal tide, 133Semimajor axis, 16Sensible horizon, 238Separation zone, 383Set, 102, 110, 139settle phase 174Sexagesimal system, 321Sextant, 319Sextant care, 266Sextant errors, adjustable, 267Sextant errors, non adjustable, 266Sextant moon sights, 263Sextant reading, 264Sextant star sights, 263Sextant sun sights, 263Sextant verticle angles, 115Shade glasses, 262Shallow water, 526

Shapes of marks, 74Ship Earth Stations (SES), 395Ship simulators, 126Ship’s heading, 97Ship’s magnetism, 82Shoaling, 444Shoals, 414Shooting stars, 224Shore lead, 457Shore lights, 65Shuga, 456Side error, 267Sidereal day, 232, 275Sidereal Hour Angle, 230, 299Sidereal Hour Angle (SHA), 235Sidereal month, 223Sidereal time, 232, 280Sight reduction, 295, 381Sight reduction procedures, 297Sight Reduction Tables, 58Sight Reduction Tables for Marine Navigation Pub. No

229, 295Signal range, 157signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 179Simple conic projection, 27Sinkers, 71Sinking, 497Skip distance, 154Sky coloring, 497Sky diagrams, 250Sky map, 468Skylights, 473Slack water, 139Slide Bar 108Slide bar, 108Sling psychrometer, 523Small circle, 3, 319Small craft charts, 50Small-scale chart, 35Smog, 496Smooth sheet, 410Snow blink, 468Solar day, 232Solar eclipse, 233Solar prominences, 233Solar System 219Solar tide, 133Solar time, 275Solar wind, 220Solid geometry, 317Somali Current, 437Sound signals, 78Sound signals on buoys, 71Sound speed, 428Sounding datum, 137

876 INDEX

Sounding reports, 416Soundings, 40South Atlantic Current, 436South Equatorial Current, 434, 437South Java Current, 438South Pole, 82Southeast Drift Current, 435, 436Southeast trades, 484Southeasterlies, 485Southern hemisphere routing, 555Southern lights, 500Southern Ocean Currents, 434Southwest Monsoon Current, 437Space coordinates, 320Space segment, 395Spar, 74Special charts, 34Special environmental problems, 554Special Marks, 76Special Notice to Mariners paragraphs, 59Special purpose buoys, 78Special tidal effects, 134Specific heat, 428Spectrum, 497Speed (S), 5Speed made good (SMG), 5Speed of a vessel, 329Speed of advance (SOA), 5Speed over the ground (SOG), 5Sphere, 319Spherical buoys, 74Spherical coordinates, 320Spherical triangle, 246, 320Spicules, 456Spilling breaker, 449Spitsbergen Current, 435Spring tides, 134Squall line, 492Squat, 121St. Elmo’s fire, 499Stadimeter ranges, 115Standard, 341Standard atmosphere, 481Standard deviation, 342Standard lapse, 481Standard parallel, 27Standard time broadcasts, 282standard zero crossing 174Standing orders, 370Standing waves, 447Star charts, 250Star clouds, 225Star finder, 250, 259Star globe, 250Stars, 224, 247

station pressure 521Steering error, 102STELLA 295Stereographic projection, 24, 30Stooping, 497Storm surge, 518Storm tides, 446, 518Storm wave, 518Straight angle, 317Straight line, 317Stratocumulus (Sc), 533Stratosphere, 481Stratus (St), 528, 534Stream, 433Sub-tropical jet stream (STJ), 481Subastral point, 246Sublunar point, 130, 246Subpermanent magnetism, 82Subsatellite point, 246Subsolar point, 246Substellar point, 246Summary Of Corrections, 59Summer solstice, 229Sumner line, 8Sun 220Sun cross, 498Sun dog, 498Sun pillar, 498Sunspots, 220Super high frequency, 158Super-refraction, 153Superior conjunction, 221Superior mirage, 497Superior planets, 221, 222Supernova, 225supersaturated 523Supplement, 317Supplementary angle, 317Surf, 444Surging breaker, 449Swath survey systems, 412Sweat, 522Swell, 441, 527Swing circle, 121Synodic period, 222Synodical month, 134Synoptic oceanography, 432Synoptic weather considerations, 549system area monitor 174system electronic navigation chart, 199Systematic errors, 341

TTabular iceberg, 455Tabular Sight Reduction 295

INDEX 877

Tabulated declination, 299Taking a sight, 264Taking departure, 100Tangent arc, 498Tangent, geometric, 319Tangent screw, 262Tasman Front, 437Tehuantepecer, 494Telescope, 262Temperate zones, 230Temperature 521Temperature error 521Temperature measurement, 522Temporary geographic grid (TGG), 34Tenting, 456Terrestrial magnetism, 82Thawholes, 460The Sailings, 3, 345Thermal conductivity, 429Thermal expansion, 428Thermocline, 426Thermohaline, 433thermometer 522Thunder, 499Tidal current, 102, 129, 138Tidal current charts, 147Tidal current periods and cycles, 140Tidal current tables, 143, 145Tidal currents, 143, 526Tidal cycles, 136Tidal day, 134tidal day 136Tidal heights, 143Tidal waves, 446, 518Tide calculations, 330Tide predictions for reference stations, 144Tide predictions for subordinate stations, 144Tide Tables, 144Tide waves, 447Time, 232, 275Time balls, 6time delay lattice 173Time diagram, 239time difference 173Time meridian, 278Time of sunrise, 291Time of sunset, 291Time sight, 7Time signals, 283Tokyo Datum, 19Topmarks, 74Torrid zone, 230Towering, 497Track made good by plotting running fixes, 122tracking and lock phase 174

Trackline SURPIC, 401tractive forces 131Trade winds, 484Traffic lane, 383Traffic separation scheme, 383, 384Transducer, 410Transfer, 107transfer 107Transit, 161Transit of the sun, 221Transition to piloting, 112Transmissometer, 429, 536transmissometer 536Transmitters, 158Transparency, 429Transversal, 317Transverse Mercator projections, 25Transverse orthomorphic projection, 25Transverse projections, 23Traverse, 18, 353Traverse sailing, 331, 346, 353Traverse tables, 351Triangles, 318Triangulation, 17Trigonometric functions, 321Trigonometric identity, 324Trigonometry, 320Trilateration, 18Triquadrantal spherical triangle, 327Tropic lower low water (TcLLW), 137Tropic of Cancer, 230Tropic of Capricorn, 230Tropic tides, 134Tropical cyclone, 503Tropical cyclones, avoidance, 510Tropical cyclones, locating center, 512Tropical cyclones: origin, season, and frequency, 503Tropical depression, 503Tropical disturbance, 503Tropical month, 134Tropical year, 233Tropopause, 481Troposphere, 481true display mode, 200True heading, 97True wind, 523Tsunamis, 446Tsushima Current, 436Turbidity currents, 430turning point 107Twilight, 291Two-way route, 384Types of marks, 73Types of sailings, 346Typhoon, 503

878 INDEX

UU.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 9U.S. Coast Guard Districts, 61Ultra high frequency, 158Ultraviolet, 497Undercurrents, 438underscale, 199Uniform State Waterway Marking System (USWMS), 80United States Coast Guard, 10United States Naval Observatory, 11United States Navy, 11Universal polar stereographic (UPS) grid, 31, 34Universal time, 232, 233Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), 26, 34Upper air observations, 536Upper branch, 235Upper meridian passage, 276Upper transit, 238Uranus, 223Ursa Major, 254USCG Light Lists, 57Use and stowage of charts, 49User equivalent range error (UERE), 168Using charts, 49

VVariable stars, 225Variation, 3, 82, 97Vector format, 200Vernal equinox, 229, 275Vernier, 262Vernier sextant, 263Vertex, 317Vertical angle, 317Vertical datum, 19Vertical surveying, 18Vertices, 318Very high frequency, 157Very low frequency, 157Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), 386Viscosity, 427Visibility 536Visibility measurement, 536Visible horizon, 238Volcanic activity, 415Voluntary Observation Ship (VOS) program 520voyage data recorder, 205Voyage preparation, 368VTS Houston-Galveston, 388VTS New York, 387VTS Prince William Sound, 389VTS Puget Sound, 388VTS San Francisco, 387

WWarm front, 489Warning Sounding, 368Warship ECDIS (WECDIS), 210Watch circle, 71Watch relief procedures, 370Watch Time (WT), 280Water sky, 468Waterspout, 494Wave characteristics, 441Wave front, 151Wave height, 333, 441, 548Wave interference, 153Wave measurement aboard ship, 445Wave period (P), 441Wave speed, 333Wavelength, 151, 441Waves, causes, 441Waypoint navigation, 184Waypoints, 214waypoints 173Weather, 481Weather advisory, 555Weather broadcasts and radiofacsimile, 510Weather forecast dissemination, 500Weather observations, 519Weather routing, 545West Greenland Current, 435West Wind Drift, 434Western Rivers System, 79Whistle buoys, 71Wind, 548Wind driven currents, 433Wind measurement, 523Wind shifts, 527Wind speed, 525wind vane 523Wind’s duration, 525Winter solstice, 229World Geodetic Reference System (GEOREF), 34, 210World Geodetic System, 19World Geodetic System of 1960, 20World Geodetic System of 1972, 20World Geodetic System of 1984, 20World Port Index Pub. 150, 58Wreck buoys, 71Wrecks/man-made obstructions, 415

XX-shaped topmarks, 74xx 199

INDEX 879

YYear, 232Young ice, 456

ZZenith, 235

Zenith distance, 240Zenithal projection, 23, 29Zodiac, 231Zodiacal light, 224Zone description (ZD), 278Zone meridian, 278Zone time (ZT), 233, 278