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7/31/2019 Indain Financial System
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Indian Financial System
INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Financial System of any country consists of financial markets, financial intermediation and
financial instruments or financial products.
INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM
The economic development of a nation is reflected by the progress of the various economic
units, broadly classified into corporate sector, government and household sector. While
performing their activities these units will be placed in a surplus/deficit/balanced budgetary
situations.
There are areas or people with surplus funds and there are those with a deficit. A financial
system or financial sector functions as an intermediary and facilitates the flow of funds from
the areas of surplus to the areas of deficit. A Financial System is a composition of various
institutions, markets, regulations and laws, practices, money manager, analysts,
transactions and claims and liabilities.
Financial System;
The word "system", in the term "financial system", implies a set of complex and closely
connected or interlined institutions, agents, practices, markets, transactions, claims, and
liabilities in the economy. The financial system is concerned about money, credit and
finance-the three terms are intimately related yet are somewhat different from each other.
Indian financial system consists of financial market, financial instruments and financial
intermediation.
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Constituents of Indian Financial system:
These are briefly discussed below;
FINANCIAL MARKETS
A Financial Market can be defined as the market in which financial assets are created or
transferred. Financial assets also called as securities are financial papers or instruments
such as As against a real transaction that involves exchange of money for real goods or
services, a financial transaction involves creation or transfer of a financial asset. They are
not a source of funds but they are a link and provide a forum in which suppliers of funds
and demanders of loans / investments can transacts business directly. Financial Assets or
Financial Instruments represents a claim to the payment of a sum of money sometime in
the future and /or periodic payment in the form of interest or dividend.
Money Market- The money market ifs a wholesale debt market for low-risk, highly-liquid,
short-term instrument. Funds are available in this market for periods ranging from a single
day up to a year. This market is dominated mostly by government, banks and financial
institutions.
Capital Market - The capital market is designed to finance the long-term investments. The
transactions taking place in this market will be for periods over a year.Again the capitalmarket can be classified on the basis of claims representing new Issue or outstanding issue
as Primary market or secondary market.
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PRIMARY MARKET :It is the market which provides the channel for sale of new issues. Resources are required
for both new as well as existing projects with a view to expansion, modernisation,
diversification & upgradation. it is the market where resources are mobilised by companies
through issue of new securities.
SECONDARY MARKET :A Market where investors trade outstanding securities/ issues are called secondary market.
Secondary market comprises of stock exchanges, which provide platform for purchase &
sale of securities by investors, where the trading is accessible only through brokers &
trading is confied only to stock exchanges.
FOREX MARKET
The Forex market deals with the multicurrency requirements, which are met by the
exchange of currencies. Depending on the exchange rate that is applicable, the transfer of
funds takes place in this market. This is one of the most developed and integrated market
across the globe.
CREDIT MARKET
Credit market is a place where banks, FIs and NBFCs purvey short, medium and long-term
loans to corporate and individuals.
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FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Money Market Instruments
The money market can be defined as a market for short-term money and financial assetsthat are near substitutes for money. The term short-term means generally a period upto
one year and near substitutes to money is used to denote any financial asset which can be
quickly converted into money with minimum transaction cost.
Some of the important money market instruments are briefly discussed below;
1. Call/Notice Money
2. Treasury Bills
3. Term Money
4. Certificate of Deposit
5. Commercial Papers
1. Call /Notice-Money Market
Call/Notice money is the money borrowed or lent on demand for a very short period. When
money is borrowed or lent for a day, it is known as Call (Overnight) Money. Intervening
holidays and/or Sunday are excluded for this purpose. Thus money, borrowed on a day and
repaid on the next working day, (irrespective of the number of intervening holidays) is "Call
Money". When money is borrowed or lent for more than a day and up to 14 days, it is
"Notice Money". No collateral security is required to cover these transactions.
2. Inter-Bank Term Money
Inter-bank market for deposits of maturity beyond 14 days is referred to as the term money
market. The entry restrictions are the same as those for Call/Notice Money except that, as
per existing regulations, the specified entities are not allowed to lend beyond 14 days.
http://www.stcionline.com/working-of-money-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/working-of-money-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/call-notice-money-inter-bank-term-money.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/deposit-market-inter-corporate-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/commercial-papers-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/commercial-papers-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/commercial-papers-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/deposit-market-inter-corporate-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/call-notice-money-inter-bank-term-money.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/working-of-money-market.htmlhttp://www.stcionline.com/working-of-money-market.html7/31/2019 Indain Financial System
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3. Treasury Bills.
Treasury Bills are short term (up to one year) borrowing instruments of the union
government. It is an IOU of the Government. It is a promise by the Government to pay a
stated sum after expiry of the stated period from the date of issue (14/91/182/364 days i.e.
less than one year). They are issued at a discount to the face value, and on maturity the
face value is paid to the holder. The rate of discount and the corresponding issue price are
determined at each auction.
4. Certificate of Deposits
Certificates of Deposit (CDs) is a negotiable money market instrument nd issued in
dematerialised form or as a Usance Promissory Note, for funds deposited at a bank or other
eligible financial institution for a specified time period. Guidelines for issue of CDs are
presently governed by various directives issued by the Reserve Bank of India, as amended
from time to time. CDs can be issued by (i) scheduled commercial banks excluding Regional
Rural Banks (RRBs) and Local Area Banks (LABs); and (ii) select all-India Financial
Institutions that have been permitted by RBI to raise short-term resources within the
umbrella limit fixed by RBI. Banks have the freedom to issue CDs depending on their
requirements. An FI may issue CDs within the overall umbrella limit fixed by RBI, i.e., issue
of CD together with other instruments viz., term money, term deposits, commercial papers
and intercorporate deposits should not exceed 100 per cent of its net owned funds, as per
the latest audited balance sheet.
5. Commercial Paper
CP is a note in evidence of the debt obligation of the issuer. On issuing commercial paper
the debt obligation is transformed into an instrument. CP is thus an unsecured promissory
note privately placed with investors at a discount rate to face value determined by market
forces. CP is freely negotiable by endorsement and delivery. A company shall be eligible to
issue CP provided - (a) the tangible net worth of the company, as per the latest audited
balance sheet, is not less than Rs. 4 crore; (b) the working capital (fund-based) limit of thecompany from the banking system is not less than Rs.4 crore and (c) the borrowal account
of the company is classified as a Standard Asset by the financing bank/s. The minimum
maturity period of CP is 7 days. The minimum credit rating shall be P-2 of CRISIL or such
equivalent rating by other agencies.
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Capital Market Instruments
The capital market generally consists of the following long term period i.e., more than one
year period, financial instruments; In the equity segment Equity shares, preference shares,
convertible preference shares, non-convertible preference shares etc and in the debt
segment debentures, zero coupon bonds, deep discount bonds etc.
EQUITY SEGMENTS : DEBT SEGMENTS :
EQUITY SHARES. DEBENTURES.
PREFERENCE SHARES. ZERO-COUPON BOND
CONVERTIBLE PREFERENCE SHARES. DEEP DISCOUNT BOND
NON-CONVERTIBLE PREFERENCE SHARES.
Hybrid Instruments
Hybrid instruments have both the features of equity and debenture. This kind of
instruments is called as hybrid instruments. Examples are convertible debentures, warrants
etc.
Conclusion
In India money market is regulated by Reserve bank of India (www.rbi.org.in) and
Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) [www.sebi.gov.in ] regulates capital market.Capital market consists of primary market and secondary market. All Initial Public Offerings
comes under the primary market and all secondary market transactions deals in secondary
market. Secondary market refers to a market where securities are traded after being
initially offered to the public in the primary market and/or listed on the Stock Exchange.
Secondary market comprises of equity markets and the debt markets. In the secondary
market transactions BSE and NSE plays a great role in exchange of capital market
instruments.
http://www.rbi.org.in/http://www.sebi.gov.in/http://www.sebi.gov.in/http://www.rbi.org.in/7/31/2019 Indain Financial System
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Indian Financial System
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
Having designed the instrument, the issuer should then ensure that these financial assets
reach the ultimate investor in order to garner the requisite amount. When the borrower of
funds approaches the financial market to raise funds, mere issue of securities will not
suffice. Adequate information of the issue, issuer and the security should be passed on to
take place. There should be a proper channel within the financial system to ensure such
transfer. Financial intermediary acts as link between savers and investors. Their main
function is to convert direct financial assets into indirect securities. To serve this purpose,
financial intermediaries came into existence. Financial intermediation in the organized
sector is conducted by a wide range of institutions functioning under the overall surveillance
of the Reserve Bank of India. In the initial stages, the role of the intermediary was mostly
related to ensure transfer of funds from the lender to the borrower. This service was
offered by banks, FIs, brokers, and dealers. However, as the financial system widened
along with the developments taking place in the financial markets, the scope of its
operations also widened. Some of the important intermediaries operating ink the financial
markets include; investment bankers, underwriters, stock exchanges, registrars,
depositories, custodians, portfolio managers, mutual funds, financial advertisers financial
consultants, primary dealers, satellite dealers, self regulatory organizations, etc. Though the
markets are different, there may be a few intermediaries offering their services in move
than one market e.g. underwriter. However, the services offered by them vary from one
market to another.
Intermediary Market Role
Stock Exchange Capital MarketSecondary Market to
securities
Investment Bankers Capital Market, Credit MarketCorporate advisory services,
Issue of securities
UnderwritersCapital Market, Money
MarketSubscribe to unsubscribed
portion of securities
Registrars, Depositories,
CustodiansCapital Market
Issue securities to the
investors on behalf of the
company and handle share
ransfer activityPrimary Dealers SatelliteDealers
Money MarketMarket making ingovernment securities
Forex Dealers Forex MarketEnsure exchange inkcurrencies
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function of financial intermediary is to convert direct financial assets into indirect
securities. The indirect securities offer to the individual investor better investment opportunity
than the direct/ primary secutity by pooling of funds by intermediaries for examples units of
mutual funds.
The services / benefits that tailor indirect financial assets to the requirement of the investors
are:
1. Convenience2. Lower risk3. Expert management4. Lower cost
Convenience: Financial intermediaries convert direct/ primary securities into amore convenient vehicle of investment. They divide primary securities of higher
denomination into indirect securities of lower denomination. They also transform
a primary security of a certain maturity into an indirect security of a different
maturity. For instances as a result of the redemption / repurchase facility
available to the unit holders of mutual funds, maturities on units would conform
more with the desires of the investors than those on primary securities.
Lower risk: The lower risk associated with indirect securities results from thebenefits of diversification of investments. In effect the financial intermediaries
transform the small investments in matters of diversification into large
institutional investors
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Expert management: indirect securities give to the investors the benefit oftrained experienced and specialized management together with continuous
supervision. In effect the financial intermediaries place the individual investors in
the same position in the matter of expert management as large institutional
investors
Low cost: The benefits of investment through financial intermediaries areavailable to the individual investors at relatively lower cost due to the economies
of scale.
Types of Financial Intermediaries
Money needs to be circulated for an economy to be productive. If all savings are hoarded, the
surpluses of the community will not be available for investments and this in turn would lead to
economic stagnation. Financial intermediaries play an important economic function by
facilitating a productive use of the community's surplus money.
There are various types of financial intermediaries and their structure comprises of both
organized and unorganized sectors. The dominance in terms of financial flows handled by
these sectors differs from country to country.
In India, the players in the unorganized sector are:
Money lenders Indigenous bankers
Chit funds
Nidhis or mutual benefit funds Self Help Groups
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In the current scenario, there is no estimate of the volume of business handled by the
unorganized sector. While the volume of business handled by them in the urban sector may be
small, their role in rural India is very significant.
One of the negative effects of the sway of the unorganized sector is that it reduces the efficacy
of a country's monetary policy. A lot of initiatives have been undertaken over the years both by
central and state governments to reduce the adverse impact. Some of these initiatives are:
All India Development Financial Institutions [DFIs] State level Financial Corporations [SFCs] Insurance Companies Mutual Funds [MFs] Non Banking Finance Corporations [NBFCs]
The following are the various institutions covered under all India DFIs:
Industrial Finance Corporation of India [IFCI] Industrial Development Bank of India [IDBI], which merged with IDBI Bank in 2004 Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India [ICICI], which merged with ICICI
Bank in 2002
Industrial Investment Bank of India [IIBI]. The former Industrial ReconstructionCorporation of India was converted into Industrial Reconstruction Corp of India [IRCI]
and was later converted into IIBI in 1995
Small Industries Development Bank of India [SIDBI], which is a wholly owned subsidiary
of IDBI curved out through an act of parliament in 1990.
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These are state level bodies that mainly concentrate on industrial development in a state. They
are legal bodies created under the State Finance Corporations Act, 1951 and are funded
through an issue of shares in which the state governments, banks, financial institutions, and
private investors participate.
SFCs are also permitted to raise funds through the issue of bonds and debentures. The main
focus of SFCs is financing the local industrial units, which are usually small and medium units,
situated in backward regions of the state.
Insurance companies concentrate on fulfilling the insurance needs of the community, both for
life and non life insurance. With the globalization of the Indian economy, a large number of
private players have entered into this field, offering products that allow investors to select the
kind of policies to suit their financial planning needs.
Many of these organizations are formed as subsidiaries of banks that enable the banks to cross
sell insurance products to their existing customers. Banks benefit by way of fee income through
referrals and enhanced relationships with insurance companies for their banking needs.
These organizations satisfy the needs of individual investors through pooling resources from a
large number with similar investment goals and risk appetite. The resources collected are
invested in the capital market and money market securities and the returns generated are
distributed to investors.
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The fund managers of MFs are specialists in the fields of investment analysis and are able to
diversify and even out risks through portfolio mix. MFs offer a wide variety of schemes, such as,
growth funds, income funds, balanced funds, money market funds and equity related funds
designed to cater to the different needs of investors.
NBFCs are commonly known as finance companies and are corporate bodies, which concentrate
mainly on lending activities in a well defined area. The Reserve bank of India [RBI] Amendment
Act, 1997 defines an NBFC as a financial institution or non banking institution, which has its
principal business of receiving deposits under any scheme or arranging and lending in any
manner.
There are 4 broad categories of NBFCs:
Finance Companies Leasing Companies Loan finance companies
Financial Regulators:
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Reserve Bank of India Ministry of Finance
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SEBI
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in the year 1988 Its a non-statutory body for regulating the securities market It became an autonomous body in 1992.
Regulates Capital Market. Checks Trading of securities. Checks the malpractices in securities market. It enhances investor's knowledge on market by providing education. It regulates the stockbrokers and sub-brokers. To promote Research and Investigation
It tries to develop the securities market. Promotes Investors Interest. Makes rules and regulations for the securities market.
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Reserve Bank of India:
Established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the RBI Act, 1934. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank has been in Mumbai. It acts as the apex monetary authority of the country.
Monetary Authority:
Formulation and Implementation of monetary policies. Maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate flow of credit to the Productive
sectors.
Issuer of currency:
Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins. Provide the public adequate quantity of supplies of currency notes and coins.
Regulator and supervisor of the financial system:
Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations
Maintain public confidence, protect depositors' interest and provide cost-effectivebanking services.
Authority On Foreign Exchange:
Manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Facilitate external trade, payment; promote orderly development and maintenance of
foreign exchange market.
Developmental role:
Performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives.
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Related Functions:
Banker to the Government: performs merchant banking function for the central and thestate governments.
Maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks
Monetary Measures:
(a) Bank Rate:
The Bank Rate was kept unchanged at 6.0 per cent.
(b) Reverse Repo Rate:
The Repo rate is around 7 per cent and Reverse repo rate is around 6.10 per cent.
(c) Cash Reserve Ratio:
The cash reserve ratio (CRR) of scheduled banks is currently at 5.0 per cent.
Role/ Functions of Financial System:
A financial system performs the following functions:
It serves as a link between savers and investors. It helps in utilizing the mobilized savingsof scattered savers in more efficient and effective manner. It channelises flow of saving
into productive investment.
It assists in the selection of the projects to be financed and also reviews theperformance of such projects periodically.
It provides payment mechanism for exchange of goods and services. It provides a mechanism for the transfer of resources across geographic boundaries.
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It provides a mechanism for managing and controlling the risk involved in mobilizingsavings and allocating credit.
It promotes the process of capital formation by bringing together the supply of savingand the demand for investible funds.
It helps in lowering the cost of transaction and increase returns. Reduce cost motivespeople to save more.
It provides you detailed information to the operators/ players in the market such asindividuals, business houses, Governments etc.
In short it can be said that Functions of Indian Financial system can be summarized as:
Main Functions of Indian Financial System
Saving Function Liquidity Function Payment Function Risk Function Policy Function