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Ind. Safety Slides_0
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Accidents: Undesired act
1. Direct Cost2. Indirect Cost
Four parts of the structure of an accident
1. Contributing causes2. Immediate causes3. Accident4. Results of an accident
1. Contributing causes
a. Supervisory Safety Programmei. Safety instructions inadequate
ii. Safety rules nor enforcediii. Safety not planed as part of jobiv. Hazard not correctedv. Safety devices not provided
b. Mental Condition of Person
i. Lack of safety awarenessii. Lack of coordination
iii. Improper attitudeiv. Temperamentalv. nervous
c. Physical Condition of Person
i. Extreme fatigueii. Deaf
iii. Poor eyesightiv. Physically inadequate for jobv. Heart condition
vi. Crippled
1
2. Immediate causes
a. Unsafe Acti. PPEs provide but not used
ii. Hazardous method of handling (wrong lifting, loose grip etc)iii. Improper tool used although proper tools availableiv. Hazardous movement (running, jumping, stepping up, throwing etc)v. horseplay
b. Unsafe Conditions
i. Ineffective safety devicesii. No safety device used
iii. Hazardous housekeeping (material on floor, congested aisles etc)iv. Defective equipment, tools, machinesv. Improper dress or apparel
vi. Improper illumination or ventilation etc.
c. Accident
d. Results of accidenti. Annoyance
ii. Production delaysiii. Reduced qualityiv. Spoilagev. Minor injuries
vi. Disabling injuriesvii. Fatality
2
Major Disasters
1. June 1974: Flixborough, UKa. Explosion in a Nylon Manufacturing Factoryb. Death toll: 28 men & extensive plant damagesc. Materials damage cost: $750 million
2. Dec 1984,: Bhopal, India
a. Leakage of over 25 tones of Methyl Isocyanidesb. Over 2000 people killed and about same injured Need of loss prevention training arosec. Compelled others like ICI to improve their standards
3. April 1986: Chernobyl, Russia
a. Escaping of several tones of fuel & Fission products due to overheated water-cooled Nuclear Reactor
b. 45 people killed, 100,000 evacuatedc. Loss of public confidence in nuclear industry
4. July 1988: Piper Alpha: North Sea
a. Explosion followed by massive oil gas fireb. Killed 167 men, many by the inhalation of CO gasc. New regulations for the offshore oil & gas industryd. Mandatory requirement of offshore risk assessment
5. Nov. 1987: King’s Cross U/G Train Station, UK
a. Fire due to lighted match dropped on an escalatorb. 31 people killed and many more injuredc. Substantial expenditure on fire prevention
6. Jan. 1986: US Space Shuttle Challenger, NASA
a. Destroyed by fire soon after its take offb. All 7 crew members were killed
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c. The prestige of NASA suffered a serious blow –their space programme had been delayed for several years.
Causes of accidents:
Most death due to heart diseases, cancer and stroke but limited to old age people
37 or younger – prime cause of death is accident at work place
According to National Safety Council (USA)
From 1912 to 1982 accident at work death per 100,000 population reduced by 81% i.e. from 21 to 4
Statistical data indicates that in one particular year, the causes of accidents in USA were as under;
Accidents 27,484
Motor vehicles 16,405
Poison (Solid/ Liquid) 2,649
Drowning 1,526
Falls 1,138
Fire related 899
(Age group 25 to 44 years)
Work accident costs:
1. Arco Chemical Co. ordered to pay (1990) $3.48 million in fine
Failing to protect worker4s from an explosion at its petrochemical plant in Channelview, Texas
2. Steel-making division of USX paid $3.25 million to settle numerous health & safety violations
3. BASF had to pay $1.06 million to settle an explosion at Cincinnati Chemical Plant causing two deaths & seventeen injuries.
4
Death rates by Industry (Computed on the basis of 100,000 workers in a typical year)
1. Mining / quarrying2. Agriculture3. Construction4. Transportation5. Manufacturing6. Services7. Trade
Parts of Body
1. Back2. Legs & Fingers3. Arms4. Trunk5. Hands6. Eyes, head & Feet7. Neck
According to W. Heinrich, an official of Travelers Insurance Company.
88% accidents due to unsafe Acts
10% due to Unsafe Conditions
2% due to unavoidable circumstances (Natural disaster etc.)
5
Human Factors Theory of Accidents Causation
Overload
Imbalance between person’s Capacity at any given time and the load
Person’s Capacity is the product of factors such as natural ability, training, State of mind, fatigue, stress & Physical Condition
Added Burdens
Environmental Factors (Noise, distraction etc)
Internal Factors (Personal problem, emotional stress, worry)
Situation Factors (level of risk, unclear restrictions)
Inappropriate Response:
1. Person detects hazardous condition but does nothing to correct it2. Person removes safeguards from machine to increase output.
Inappropriate Activities:
Person does not know to operate or perform certain activity
6
Inappropriate Activities
Overload
Inappropriate Response
Human Factors
Classification of accident
1. Struck by
Worker unexpectedly struck by or contacted by moving object, vehicle, hammer blow, foreign piece of material in eye
2. Struck against
Moving worker contacting//strucking against any object, Sharpe edge/corner, hot pipe, another person
3. Caught in, on or between
a. Worker’s part of body (foot) caught in somewhere (broken board on floor)
b. Worker shirt sleeve caught on fire
c. Worker leg etc caught in between two moving objects (gear)
4. Fall from above
5. Fall at ground level
Slipping, sliding
6. Strain or overexertion
Carrying, pushing or pulling objects beyond their physical limitations/ capabilities
7. Electrical contact
Contact of body with an electrical current or any electrically charged equipment
8. Burn
By fire or chemical
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Unsafe Act / Condition
1. Congestion or restricted action
2. Defective tools, equipment or materials
3. Failing to use personal protective equipment properly
4. Failure to warn
5. Fire and explosion hazards
6. Hazardous environmental conditions; gases, dusts, smokes, fumes, vapors
7. High or low temperature exposure
8. Horseplay
9. Improper lifting
10. Improper loading
11. Improper placement
12. Improper position for task
13. Inadequate guards or barriers
14. Inadequate or excessive illumination
15. Inadequate or improper protective equipment
16. inadequate ventilation
17. Inadequate warning system
18. Making safety devices inoperable
19. Noise exposures
20. Operating at improper speed
21. Operating equipment without authority
22. Poor housekeeping; disorderly workplace
23. Radiation exposures
24. Removing safety devices
25. Under influence of alcohol and/or other drugs
26. Using defective equipment
27. Using equipment improperly
8
Automating or Updating the System
o May improve one aspect of the system but increase the risk from another side e.g. Fork Lift
o Machine driven by Hydraulic, electric power introduced new hazards
o Safeguarding to be provided against source of mechanical injuries (cutting, shearing, crushing
etc.)
Requirements for Safeguards (recommended by National Safety Council)
1. Prevent Direct Contact
2. Be Secure & Durable
a. No body may render them ineffective by tempering with or disabling them
b. Must be durable enough to withstand severity conditions at workplace
3. Protect Against Falling Object
a. Objects falling onto moving machine mechanism increases risk of accidents
b. Property damage
c. Shield between moving part and falling object
4. Create no new hazard
a. Sharpe edges
b. Unfinished surface
c. Protruding bolts
5. Create no interference
a. Should not interfere work
6. Allow Safe Maintenance
a. May some time lead to modification in the machine
9
Types of Guards
1. Point of Operation Guards
a. Fixed Guards
i. Permanent Barrier between worker & point of operation
ii. Suitable for specific applications
iii. Can be constructed within plant
iv. Require little maintenance cost
b. Interlocked Guards
i. Shut down the machine when guard is not securely in
place / disengaged
c. Adjustable Guards
i. For multiple purposes
2. Point of Operation Devices
(Does not protect against mechanical failure, require frequent
calibration)
a. Photoelectric Devices
i. Shut down the machine whenever light field broken
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b. Radio-Frequency devices
i. Capacitance stop the machine when the capacitance
field is interrupted
c. Electromechanical Devices
i. Contact bars
3. Restraint Devices
4. Safety Trip
5. Two Hand Control
a. Protects worker but not the passer-by
6. Feeding & Ejection System
a. No manual feeding and ejection
b. No direct contact
c. Usually limited for individual operations
d. May sometimes invite other safety related problems
e. Size of stock is limited
f. Pneumatic ejectors can be quite noisy
11
Robot Safeguards
Main hazards include
1. Interruption of a worker between robot arm and solid
surface
2. Impact with an moving robot arm
3. Impact with object ejected or dropped b y robot
Solution;
1. Physical barrier around entire perimeter of robot work envelope.
2. Should withstand the force of heaviest object the robot could eject.
3. A guard containing sensing device that automatically shuts down
if any person or object enters the work envelope.
4. Sensitized door/gates in the perimeter barrier shuts down robot
5. Robot is dangerous when it is at stage between cycles.
Lockout / Tagout system
1. Details of contact person
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2. OSHA indicates 6% workplace accidents due to unexpected
machine activation while in service
Falls
16% of all disabling work-related injuries due to fall
Causes of fall
1. Foreign object on walking surface
2. Design flaw in wailing surface
3. Slippery surface
4. An individual’s impaired physical conditions
Walking & Slipping
Coefficient of friction between surface (floor) & Shoes
Factors that decrease traction:
When the surface is oily, wet
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Very Slippery & Hazardous
Slippery & Hazardous
Slippery but not Hazardous
Good Traction
0.2 0.3 0.4
Coefficient of concrete drops from 0.43 to 0.37
(Which moves it one category down on traction)
Consequently Good Housekeeping reduces slip & Fall Hazards
Oil, Grease, Soap, Cleaning Solvents turn a safe surface into a
dangerous zone
To counter that;
Rubber sole shoe decrease slipping hazards
Preventing Slips:
Slip prevention should be a part of Company’s health & Safety
Programme e.g.
1. Choose right material for pathways
2. Practice good housekeeping (clear from oil, grease. When
mopping the area, rope off the area or erect warning signs)
3. Require nonskid footwear
4. Review & Acceptances of walkways
5. Reconditioning of Walkways
6. Employee footwear programme
7. Specify type of footwear on different type of walking surfaces
14
8.Inspection/Audit
Including test, report, suggestion by authorized safety officer)
OTHER REASONS
Running and undue haste
Supervisor should locate causes.
May be due to;
o Bus and train schedule not coordinated with
company timings
o Bottlenecks at gate or in parking lot
o Inadequate restaurant facilities
o Long pay lines (Salary)
o Inadequate transportation facilities
o Unbalanced work load
LADDER SAFETY:
Major potential source for falls;
Should be strong enough.
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Condition of Ladder
o Cracks on side rail loose rungs
o Rails or braces corrosion.
Check wooden ladder for moisture good electric condition
contact.
Metal Ladder (For burrs & sharp edges)
Do’s & Don’ts.
Check slipperiness on shoes & ladder rungs.
Limit ladder to one person at a time.
Secure Ladder firmly at top & bottom.
Do apply four-to-one ratio at least.
Face ladder during climbing up & down.
Don’t lean too far to either side while working.
Don’t lean ladder against a fragile, unstable surface.
Don’t let other people to enter the premises of ladder (may
be by placing barrier).
Should be standing at least three rung down from the top.
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Belt up during working on ladder.
STAIRS
Stairs of same height & same width.
Pitch of stairs between 30-390.
Riser should not be more than 8” or less than 5”.
Treads should not be less than 9½” high deep.
Stairs ways should have landing at least every 8 or 9’ of
vertical height.
Hand rails should be provided without sharp edges, burrs,
rough surfaces etc.
No Mirrors, windows at head/foot of stairs.
No poster, display, bulletin board be placed be placed near
the stairs.
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ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Short circuit
Water
o Decreases resistivity of materials including
human
Resistance of wet skin can be around 450 Ω
o Dry skin 100,000 Ω
Major causes
Contact with bare wire
Working with electrical equipment that lacks the UL
label for safety inspection
Electrical equipment not properly grounded
Working with electrical equipment on damp floor
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STATIC ELECTRICITY DISCHARGE
Using metal ladders
With ensuring that the power has been shut off
Lightning strikes
Electrostatic hazards
Rubbing nonconductive material over stationary
surface
Moving large sheets of plastic, which may discharge
sparks
Friction between flowing liquid and solid surface
Rate of discharge of electrical charge increases
with lower humidity
Electrostatic sparks greater during cold, dry
winter days
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THE FIRE TRIANGLE
Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the
principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources
separate.
Three things must be present at the same time to
produce fire:
1. Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion
2. Enough HEAT to reach ignition temperature
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3. Some FUEL or combustible material
Together, they produce the CHEMICAL REACTION that
is fire.
Take away any of these things and the fire will be
extinguished
Fire requires 16% Oxygen 21% O2, 78% N
Stages of Fire:
1st:Incipient Stage: No visible smoke, no flame, very little
heat, combustion begins to take place.
2nd: Smoldering Stage: Combustion increases, smoke
becomes visible (as yet no visible flame)
3rd: Flame Stage: Point of ignition, flames begins to become
visible
4th: Heat Stage: Large amount of heat. Flame, smoke and
toxic gases produced.
21
Fuel Classifications
Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is
burning.
If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the
wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse.
It is very important to understand the four different fire
(fuel) classifications…
Class A : Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics—solids
that are not metals.
Class B : Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease,
acetone. Includes flammable gases.
Class C : Electrical—energized electrical equipment.
As long as it’s “plugged in.”
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Class D : Metals—potassium, sodium, aluminum,
magnesium. Requires Metal-X, foam, and other
special extinguishing agents.
Most fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label
telling you which type of fire the extinguisher is designed
to fight.
Types of Fire Extinguishers
Fixed: Water hose, water sprinkles
Portable:
Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight
different classes of fire.
The three most common types of fire extinguishers are:
1. Water (APW)
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)
Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
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Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall
and weigh about 25 pounds when full.
APW stands for “Air-Pressurized Water.”
Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are
essentially large squirt guns.
APW’s extinguish fire by taking away the “heat”
element of the Fire Triangle
APW’s are designed for Class A fires only i.e. Wood,
paper, cloth.
Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the
fire to spread.
Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of
electrocution. If you have no choice but to use an APW
on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment
is un-plugged or de-energized.
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
24
The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great; bits of
dry ice may shoot out of the horn!
CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to
100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the
end of a long, flexible hose.
CO2’s are designed for Class B and C (Flammable
Liquids and Electrical Sources) fires only!
CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories,
mechanical rooms, kitchens, and flammable liquid storage
areas.
In accordance with NFPA regulations (and
manufacturers’ recommendations), all CO2 extinguishers
undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years.
Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away
the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen,
there is no fire. CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the
extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.
25
A CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing Class A fire
because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to
successfully put the fire out
Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite.
Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the
fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from
the oxygen in the air.
The powder also works to interrupt the chemical
reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at
putting out fire.
ABC extinguishers are red ranging in size from 5 to 20
lbs.
The extinguishers are pressurized with nitrogen.
26
Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types…
DC (for “Dry Chemical”)
ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)
BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)
It is extremely important to identify which types of dry
chemical extinguishers are located in your area!
You don’t want to mistakenly use a “BC” extinguisher
on a Class A fire thinking that it was an “ABC”
extinguisher.
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
It’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you
remember the acronym PASS:
Pull
Aim
Squeeze
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Sweep
Pull the pin…
Aim at the base of the fire…
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Squeeze the top handle…
This depresses a button that releases the
pressurized extinguishing agent.
Sweep from side to side…
.. until the fire is completely out. Start using the extinguisher
from a safe distance away, and then slowly move forward.
Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it
re-ignites.
Rules for Fighting Fires
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Fires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain
that you will not endanger yourself or others when attempting to
put out a fire.
For this reason, when a fire is discovered…
Assist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be
accomplished without risk to yourself.
Call fire department or activate the building fire alarm. The
fire alarm will notify the fire department and other building
occupants and shut off the air handling system to prevent
the spread of smoke.
If the fire is small (and only after having done these 2
things), you may attempt to use an extinguisher to put it
out. However . . . .
. . . before deciding to fight the fire, keep these
things in mind:
Know what is burning. If you don’t know what’s
burning, you won’t know what kind of extinguisher to use.
30
Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher, there may
be something in the fire that is going to explode or produce
toxic fumes.
Chances are you will know what’s burning, or at least
have a pretty good idea, but if you don’t, let the fire
department handle it.
Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it
started?
The time to use an extinguisher is at the beginning
stages of the fire.
If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to
simply evacuate the building.
As you evacuate a building, close doors and windows
behind you as you leave. This will help to slow the spread
of smoke and fire.
Do not fight the fire if:
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You don’t have adequate or appropriate equipment.
If you don’t have the correct type or large enough
extinguisher, it is best not to try fighting the fire.
You might inhale toxic smoke. When synthetic
materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in
a sofa burn, they can produce hydrogen cyanide and
ammonia in addition to carbon monoxide. These gases can
be fatal in very small amounts.
Your instincts tell you not to. If you are
uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, just let the
fire department do their job.
Always position yourself with an exit or means of
escape at your back before you attempt to use an
extinguisher fire.
In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something
unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out quickly.
You don’t want to become trapped.
Three key concepts in an effective program of industrial 32
hygiene:
1 Recognition: Knowledge of stresses arising out of industrial operations and processes.
2 Evaluation: A judgment or decision involving measurement of stress and based on past experience.
3 Control: Isolation, substitution, change of process, wet methods, local exhaust ventilation, general or dilution ventilation, PPE, housekeeping, and training.
RECOGNITION
Types of Stresses
Chemical
Fume:
Substance composed of solid particles formed by condensation from a gaseous state
These particles are microscopically small (odorous gases and vapors are not fumes).
GasSubstance that will diffuse to evenly occupy the space in
which it is enclosedVapor
33
Gaseous form of a substance that is normally a liquid or Solid
Mist
Suspension in air of very small drops usually formed by mechanical (atomization) or
By condensation from the gaseous state
Dust
Substance consisting of solid particles that have been reduced to a small by some mechanical process
Physical
Noise: unwanted sound
Temperature: either high or low extremes
Illumination: level of intensity Vibration: motion condition
Pressure: atmospheric, either high or low
Biological
Insects, molds, fungi, and bacteria create biological stresses
Ergonomic
34
Exposure
Entering into the body as an health hazard
May affect the nervous system by entering
through the eyes, ears, and breathing area of the mouth and nose or
absorbed through the skin on contact and possibly find its way into the digestive tract
Except for skin diseases, most occupational diseases are acquired by inhalation.
Certain chemical agents that reach the lungs can pass into the blood stream and over a long period of time can be absorbed into various other parts of the body
Other agents may stay in the lungs - cause damage in this organ only
Lung tissue most efficient medium the body possesses for absorbing materials
Potentially Hazardous Processes
Any process involving combustion should be inspected 35
for by-products of the combustion released to the environment.
Any process involving high temperature, with or without high combustion, should be examined to determine if workers are exposed to excessive heat and noise.
Any process involving induction heating, including microwave heating, should be examined with regard to effects of the heat on employees and also to the level of heat, if it is suspected to be in a high range.
Any process involving the melting of metal should be studied to determine the toxicity of the metal fume and possibly of dust, if any is produced in the process.
Any process involving an electrical discharge in the air should be studied to determine whether ozone and oxides of nitrogen are produced.
EVALUATION
Degree of exposure,
Concentration of a contaminant determined according to
the terms, units, or percentages which appear in the
standards on levels of exposure
Threshold Limit Values
36
expressed in parts per million (ppm)
parts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume
approximate milligrams (mg) of particulate per cubic meter of air (mg/m3)
Threshold limit values refer to time- weighted concentrations for a 7 hour or an 8 hour workday and a 40 hour week.
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE HAZARDS
Thermal Comfort
Function of different factors like;
Temperature, humidity, air distribution, personal preference, and acclimatization
Determining optimum conditions is not a simple process.
Conduction
Convection
Metabolic heat
Environmental heat
Radiant heat
The Body's Response to Heat
37
Human body equipped to maintain an appropriate balance between the metabolic heat it produces and the environmental heat to which it is exposed.
Sweating and the subsequent evaporation of the sweat are the body's way of trying to maintain an acceptable temperature balance.
According to E. L. Alpaugh, (Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene)
H= M ± R ± C - E
where H body heat,
Minternal heat gain (metabolic),
R radiant heat gain,
C convection heat gain, and
E evaporation (cooling).
HEAT STRESS AND ITS PREVENTION
38
A) Heat Stroke
Occurs as a result of a rapid rise in the body's core temperature
Very dangerous and should be dealt with immediately
Can be fatal
Symptoms Hot, dry, mottled skin
Confusion and/or convulsions
Loss of consciousness
Factors making individual susceptible to heat stroke
Obesity
Poor physical condition
Alcohol intake
Cardiovascular disease
Prolonged exertion in a hot environment.
Treatment/prevention
Core body temperature to be reduced
If not, wrap the victim in a wet thin sheet and fan continuously, adding water periodically to keep the sheet wet.
Prevention strategies
39
Medical screening identify applicants having one or more susceptibility characteristics
Gradual acclimatization to hot working conditions spread over at least a full week
Rotating workers out of the hot environment at specified intervals during the work day
Use of personal protective clothing that is cooled
Monitoring employees carefully and continually
B) Heat Exhaustion
Occurs as a result of water and/or salt depletion
Body becomes dehydrated, decreases the volume of blood circulating
Various body parts compete for a smaller volume of blood causing circulatory strain
Symptoms
i. Fatigue ii. Nausea and/or vomitingiii. Headache iv. Lightheadednessv. Clammy, moist skin vi. Pale or flushed complexionvii. Rapid pulse viii. Fainting when trying to stand
Treatment and Prevention
Victim should be moved to a cool but not cold environment40
Fluids should be taken
Prevention strategiesGradual acclimatization over at least a week
C) Heat Cramps
Occurs as a result of salt and potassium depletion from profuse sweating as a result of working in a hot environment
Symptoms
Muscle contraction- typically felt in the arms, legs, and abdomen
Salt is lost, water that is taken in dilutes the body's electrolytes
Excess water enters the muscles causing cramping
Treatment
Replenish body's salt and potassium supply orally
Can be done with commercially produced fluids that contain carefully measured amounts of salts, potassium, electrolytes, and other elements
Prevention
Acclimatize workers to the hot environment gradually
41
over a period of at least a week
Ensure that fluid replacement is accomplished with a product that contains the appropriate amount of
salt,
potassium, and
electrolytes
D) Heat Rash
Small raised bumps or blisters that cover a portion of the body
Give off a prickly sensation that can cause discomfort
Caused by prolonged exposure to hot and humid conditions
Sweat gland ducts become clogged with retained sweat that does not evaporate
Sweat backs up in the system and causes minor inflammation
Treatment
Remove the victim to a cooler, less humid environment
Clean the affected area,
E) Heat Fatigue
Temporary sluggishness, lethargy, and impaired performance (mental and/or physical)
42
Employees not acclimatized to working in a hot environment are especially susceptible to transient heat fatigue
Degree and frequency of transient heat fatigue is also a function of physical conditioning.
Ei) Chronic Heat Fatigue
Employees experiencing chronic heat fatigue should be moved into positions that do not involve working in a hot environment
Prolonged chronic heat fatigue, if not relieved, can cause both physiological and psychological stress
BURNS AND THEIR EFFECTS
Human Skin
Consists of two main layers
Outer layer known as epidermis
Inner layer known as the dermis which is connected to the underlying subcutaneous tissue
Skin serves several important purposes including:
protection of body tissue;
sensation; secretion; excretion; and respiration
Protection from
43
fluid loss
water penetration
ultraviolet radiation
infestation by microorganisms
Skin helps regulate body heat through sweating process.
Burn
The deeper the penetration, the more severe the burn.
Severity of Burns
Depends on several factors;
Depth to which the burn penetrates (Most Important!)
Location of the burn
Age of the victim, and
Amount of burned area
Most widely used method of classifying burns
First-degree burns
Minor and result only in a mild inflammation of the skin
Sunburn is a common form of first-degree burn44
Recognizable as a redness of the skin that makes it sensitive and moderately painful to the touch.
Second-degree burns
Recognizable from the blisters that form on the skin Approximately 210°F (99oC) can cause a second-degree
burn in as little as fifteen seconds of contact.
Third-degree burns
Very dangerous
Can be fatal depending on the amount of body surface affected
Penetrates through both the epidermis and the dermis
Deep third-degree burn will penetrate body tissue
Can be caused by both moist and dry hazards
Moist hazards include steam and hot liquids
Burns appear white
Dry hazards include fire and hot objects or surfaces
Burns appear black and charred.
Body Surface Area
Also a critical concern
Expressed as a percentage of body surface area or BSA
Burns covering over 75 % of BSA are usually fatal
45
Right arm………. 9% of BSA
Left arm………… 9% of BSA
Head/neck……… 9% of BSA
Right leg……….. 18% of BSA
Left leg…………. 18% of BSA
Back……………. 18% of BSA
Chest/stomach….. 18% of BSA
Minor Burns
All 1st degree burns
2nd degree burns covering less than 15% of the body
3rd degree burns covering 2 % or less of BSA
Moderate Burns
2nd degree burns that penetrate epidermis but cover 15% or more of BSA
2nd degree burns that penetrate the dermis and cover from 15 to 30% of BSA
3rd degree burns covering less than 10 % of BSA and are not on the hands, face, or feet.
Critical Burns
2nd degree burns covering more than 30 % of BSA
46
3rd degree burns covering over 10 % of BSA
Small area 3rd degree burns to the hands, face, or feet due to greater potential for infection
Burns that are complicated by other injuries (fractures, soft tissue damage, etc.) are considered critical
CHEMICAL BURNS
The severity of the burn produced by a given chemical depends
on the following factors:
Corrosive capability of the chemical
Concentration of the chemical
Temperature of chemical/solution in which it is dissolved
Duration of contact with the chemical
Primary hazardous
Infection
Fluid Loss
Shock47
First Aid for Chemical Burns
According to the National Safety Council, the proper response in cases of chemical burns is;
To wash off the chemical by flooding the burned areas with copious amounts of water as quickly as possible
In the case of chemical burns to the eyes, the continuous flooding should continue for at least fifteen minutes. The eyelids should be held open to ensure that chemicals are not trapped under them.
COLD STRESS FACTORS
Temperature of the air surrounding the body
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Body temperature
Air movement around the body
Length of exposure
Normal body temperature 98.6ºF
Below 86ºF control system becomes ineffective
Below 59ºF body begins to experience impairment of
many functions
Most hypothermia results when ambient temperature is between 30º and 40ºF
Increased heat loss to the environment
Body’s attempt to Maintain Body Temperature
Muscle hypertension, resulting in shivering
HYPOTHERMIA
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Prolonged exposure to cold causes the body to lose energy
faster than it is produced
Body temperature drops to lower than normal
Can happen when temperatures are above freezing
Conditions affecting Hypothermia
Aging, allergies, poor circulation, & illness
Self-imposed conditions, such as drinking, smoking, & taking sedatives also increase risks
Wet clothing, windy conditions, & poor physical condition
Hypothermia Symptoms
Numbness, Stiffness, Drowsiness, Poor Coordination
Slow or irregular breathing and heart rate
Slurred Speech
Shivering and teeth chattering
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Mild pain in extremities
Confused & disoriented; memory lapses
Worst-case results can cause death
Safety Procedures
Get victim to where it is warm
Get them out of wet, frozen, or tight clothing
keep victim dry
Give warm (room temperature) liquids
Do not give alcohol or substances containing caffeine
Warm center of body first
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FROSTBITE
Most serious, and second most common, cold exposure
hazard
Nose, ears, cheeks, fingers, & toes most often affected
Affected area doesn’t get enough heat & freezes
Freezing causes blood vessel constriction
Results in lack of oxygen, excess fluid buildup, blistering, and tissue death
Skin goes from white or grayish yellow, to reddish violet, to black
Usual feeling of being really cold, then numb
May get a tingling or aching feeling or brief pain
Can cause permanent tissue damage
Victim can become unconscious
Death may result from heart failure
If necessary, seek medical assistance
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Care of Frostbite
Don’t rub affected part
Don’t use hot baths, or heat producing devices
Don’t break blisters
Warm the frozen part with clothing, blankets, or with room
temperature water
Once warm, exercise the part
Exception: do not walk on frostbitten feet
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NFPA Diamond
i. Fire Hazard Redii. Health Hazard Blue
iii. Reactivity Yellowiv. Special Instructions White
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Sound
Caused by vibration produced in air
Noise
Unpleasant & unwanted sound Can act on the body very much as other stresses do
No exact point where sound becomes noise. Depends upon
Person to person State of mind
Types of Noise: - (measured by sound level meter)
1. Steady level noiseConstant level of sound for long time
2. Mixed Noise
Varying level noise is made by sound layers of steady level noise
Machine operate intermittently or employees moved around at different areas of plant
Measurement is more complicated
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3. Impact Noise
Overwhelming noise produced for short timeForging (Press operating at 21Cycles/minute)21x60x8=10,080 cycles/dayOSHA allows 10,000 cycles/day
Sound is measured in decibel
One decibel is the lowest sound one can hear Weakest sound that can be heard by a healthy ear in a
quiet setting is known as threshold of hearing (10dBA) 120 threshold of pain
Sound Level meter used to measure sound pressure level
Consists of microphone which detects sound converts it into electrical signal & amplifies
Permissible Noise Exposures
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Source dBAWhisper 20
Noisy Office 60
Normal Conversation 80
Power Saw 90
Grinding operation 100
Jet Aircraft 150
Duration / Day(Hrs)
Sound LeveldB(A)
8 906 924 953 972 100
11/2 1021 105½ 110
¼ or less 115Exposure to excessive noise can damage inner ear
Ability to hear higher frequency sound diminished or lost together.
Additional exposure can increase the damage until even lower frequency sound cannot be heard
Decibel Calculations:-
1. Two described levels are equal or with the difference of one decibel
Add 3 db to the higher level
2. Two decibel are 2 - 3 db apart
Sum 2db at higher level3. Two decibel levels are 4 – 9db apart
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Sum 1db at higher level
4. Two decibel levels are 10 –more db apart
Sum 0db to higher level
Or take higher level
Hearing Losses:-
It is impairment (damage) that interfaces with understanding of speech measured as a function of frequency or the number of vibrations in cycles / sec of a sound wave called hertz (Hz)
Normal hearing detection ranges from 16 -20,000 Hz
Understanding of speech ranges from 500 -2,000 Hz
Loss of hearing generally occur at 4,000 Hz
Excessive Noise can cause physiological problems
Researcher shows that it causes;
o Quick pulse
o Increased blood pressure
o Contraction of blood vessels
Factors affecting the risk of hearing loss
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1. Intensity of the noise
2. Duration of daily exposure
3. Total duration of exposure (no. of years)
4. Age of individual
5. Co-existing of hearing disease
6. Nature of environment in which exposure occurs
7. Distance of individual from the source of noise
8. Position of ears relative to the sound waves
Types of hearing loss:-
Temporary LossPermanent Loss
Due to short term exposure to loud noise after a rest period normal hearing return although it is not compensable under workers compensation laws.
Types of permanent hearing loss
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a) due to aging
b) due to almost constant exposure to loud noise
It involves deterioration of tiny nerve cells within the ear.
Engineering controls:
More complex than administrative controls First approach to reduce the sound at its source through
engineering design & innovations in equipment
Possible Steps:
Machine is in good repaired condition and properly oiled. Unbalanced & worn parts are replaced. Mount machine on rubber or plastic to reduce vibration &
noise Substitute a quiet process for a noisy one Confine sound of machine within as acoustical enclosure. Isolate the operator within an acoustical booth.
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Administrative control:-
Reducing the amount of time an employee is subjected to excessive noise
i.e. by dividing noisy jobs among two or more employee
OR
Performing very noisy operations at night
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Or on shifts where few employees would be exposed
When Engineering Control doesn’t work, administrative control to be used to adjust the exposure duration of noise
Danger Zone (105-150 dB) Jet engine, drop hummer turbine generator
Risk Zone (90-100 dB) Weaving mill, portable grinders welding equipment, milling m/c
Providing Hearing protections:-
If engineering & administrative control doesn’t work
P.P.E are to be used Cotton is not regarded as compliance to OSHA Glass wool acceptable Earplugs reduce noise level by 25-30 dB Earmuffs reduces sufficiently
Hearing Conversations Program
Audiometry:
Audiometric testing determines hearing level in each ear by means of an audiometer
To be performed for an environment where Noise level is above 85 dB.
Lighting
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No lighting – No seeing – No safetyLighting but not proper → No Safety
Lighting Faults
1. Insufficient light Although some light is better than complete darkness
but not very safe for proper work Emergency lights essential for safe exist
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recommendation
Task Group Type of TaskStd. Service illuminance
(Lux)
----- Storage areas with no continuous work
150
Rough work Rough machining and assembly
300
Routine work
Offices, Control rooms, medium machining and assembly
500
Demanding work
Inspection of medium machining
750
Fine work Colour discrimination, fine machining and
1000
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assembly,textile processing
Very fine workHand engraving, Inspection of fine machining or assembly
1500
Minute work Inspection of very fine work
3000
*Recommended values in neither minima nor optima but represent good current practice.
2. Shadow
Obstruction between light and worker e.g. worker is in between light source and machine
may sometimes appear with stair case as well Little price to pay for consumed energy than a fatal
accident may lead to huge indirect cost.
3. Glare
Disability glare caused by bright and bare lamps (falling on eyesight)
Discomfort glare caused by too much contrast of brightness between object and its background (due to poor designing).
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No immediate problems but may lead to eyestrain, headache and fatigue.
This may be a contribution to major accidentRemedies
Changing to luminaries which adequately screen the lamp at all normal viewing angles
Using light coloured decoration on the walls and ceiling
Proper designing to ensure that the orientation of light is suitable from the point of view of glare reduction
Reflected Glare reflection of light falling on shiny wet surface, may use light source of low brighten or change the design
Best of all → Avoid using shiny materials
Standard values may be increased if required
May be due to the reason that expensive or critical components to be observed or
Older (50 years of age) people are working
No replacement of natural light
Sufficient no glare no harm
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Modern Health and Safety Team
1. Health & Safety Manager
Duties of Health and safety Manager:
Establish and maintain Health and Safety Programme Risk assessment and analysis in each department Ensure compliance with all applicable laws standards
and codes Maintain all records related to Health and Safety Conduct accident investigation Develop and maintain Companywide Emergency
Action Plan (EAP) Establish and maintain an ongoing safety promotion
effort
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Safety Engineer
EnvironmentalEngineer
IndustrialHygienist
HealthPhysicist
OccupationalPhysician
Occupational Health Nurse
Health & Safety Manager
Analyze the company’s products from the prospective of Health and safety
Qualification:Bachelors Degree in Industrial Safety, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering with experience
2. Industrial Hygienist
Industrial Hygiene defined as Science and art devoted to;a. recognition, b. evaluation and c. control of
those environmental factors or stresses, arising in and from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired heath & well being or significant discomfort and inefficiency
Among workers or among citizens of the community.
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Concerned Hazards:Solvents, radiations, temperature, toxic & biological substances ventilation, ventilation, gas and vapours, noise
Qualification:Degree in Chemistry, Physics, or Physical / biological Sciences
3. Environmental Engineer
Hazardous waste management
Atmospheric pollution,
Indoor air pollution,
Water pollution,
Waste water management
Qualification:
Degree in Environmental Engineering
4. Health physicist 68
Concerned with radiation in workplace
Employed by companies that generate or use nuclear power
Duties:
Monitoring radiation inside and outside the facility Measuring radioactivity levels of biological samples Developing radiation components of Company’s
Emergency Action Plan Supervising decontamination of workers and workplace
when necessary
Qualification:Degree in Nuclear Engineering or Physics
5. Occupational Physician
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Medical doctors with postgraduate work in industrial related injuries/casualties
Bernardino Ramazzine is 1st occupation physician His study of work related problem of workers in
Modena Italy and his book “The Disease of Worker” (1700)
Alice Hamilton, 1st US occupation physician Companies may have their own in house occupation
physician or Sometimes they may contact with private physician,
clinic, Hospital to provide specific medical services. Should be familiar with OSHA health mandate Should understand the workplace and chemicals used
and produced Appraised maintenance, restoration and improvement of
worker’s health through application of the principles of preventive medicine, emergency medical care, rehabilitation and environmental medicine
6. Occupation Health Nurse
Usually work under occupation physician but if contract occupation physician then reports to the H&S Manager
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Investigation of Accidents:
Act of Fact Finding and not Fault Finding To find the root causes To make sure it doesn’t reoccur Near accidents should also be investigated,
Who should investigate?
Supervisor (In charge of injured person’s activities) as he knows best
The nature of the work How it should be done The best people who do it
What happened?
Big Six (Questions a report must answer)
1. Who was injured?2. Where did the accident happen?3. When did the accident happen?4. What was the accident cause and what were the
contributing causes of accident ?5. Why was unsafe act or unsafe conditions permitted?6. How can this accident be prevented next time?
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Investigation should not stop after an unsafe act or condition identified.
May go deeper!! For example
How much knowledge the injured worker had for the task he was performing
Did the worker have problems with machine, co-worker and family?
Report
Two aspects of a report
What caused the accident / property damage Recommendation / correction
Poorly written report shows
Poor attitude of supervisor part Lack of interest of company Supervisor have no idea from which desk report goes to
Therefore Report;
Should include only fact
from the people who are remotely involved
Should be impartial and objective oriented
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Should be accurate, concise and unemotional
Should include description of injuries, mechanism, processes and interpretation of facts accurately and concisely
Report be not data collection rather fact finding
Should be understandable by OSHA inspector
SAFETY COLOR CODE FOR MARKING PHYSICAL HAZARDS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN EQUIPMENT
1. GREEN –shall be used as the basic color for designating “Safety” and the location of first-aid equipment:
a. Safety bulletin boardsb. First-aid kitsc. Stretchersd. Personal-Protective-Equipment supply cabinets
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2. RED –shall be the basic color for the identification of:
a. Fire protection equipment and apparatusi. Fire-alarm boxes
ii. Fire-blanket boxesiii. Fire-hose locationsiv. Sprinkle piping, etc
b. Dangeri. Safety cans and flammable liquids containers
ii. Red lights at barricadesc. Stop
i. Red lights at barricadesii. Stop buttons
3. YELLOW –shall be the basic color for designating caution:
a. To mark aisles and direct the flow of trafficb. Construction equipment such as bulldozers, tractors, etcc. Caution signsd. Handrails, guardrails, barricadese. Marking for low beams, pipes, projections, etc
4. ORANGE –basic color for designation dangerous parts of machines or equipments:
a. Inside of transmission guards for gears, pulleys chains. b. Safety starting buttonsc. Exposed parts (edges only) of pulleys, gears, power jams.
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5. BLUE –shall be the basic color for designating machine and equipment controls such as:
a. Electrical controlsb. Valvesc. Breaksd. Disconnects
6. PURPLE –shall be the basic color for designating radiation hazards:
a. Radiation warning signsb. Containers of radioactive materialc. Signal lights to indicate radiation machines are in operation
7. BLACK OR WHITE –or a combination of black and white shall be the basic color of housekeeping markings:
a. Stairways (risers)b. Location of refuse cansc. White corners for rooms and passageways d. Food-dispensing equipment
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RISK ASSESSMENT
Five Steps Process for Risk Assessment
1. Identify the hazards
2. Identify who can be harmed
3. Identify the current controls and decide if more is required?
4. Record your findings
5. Review as necessary
Identify the Hazards
• The first thing you need to do is identify the hazards associated with the task or activity.
– One way of doing this is by using “PEME”
• People
• Equipment
• Materials
• Environment
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People Hazards
• People hazards cover a number of issues
• hazards are to do with the individual themselves;
• When thinking about people hazards, words such as
» training,
» capabilities/restrictions,
» supervision,
» communication,
» adequate numbers and
» human error
should come to mind.
Equipment Hazards
• cover tasks associated with the
– repair,
– maintenance,
– handling,
– cleaning,
– storage and
– Operation of the equipment.
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Material Hazards
• Cover any solids, liquids or gases associated with the task e.g. Chemicals, Solid Fuel (Paper, wood etc)
• Along with the substances that are required for the specific task
– also any bi-products or
– Wastes generated by the task or activity.
Environment Hazards
• It’s all about the surroundings
• Depending on the location and the activity,
– hazards could include
• poor lighting,
• heating and ventilation,
• poor access/egress,
• tripping/slipping hazards,
• restricted space/visibility and
• other activities taking place nearby
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What are the Current Controls?
What control measures are currently in place for each hazard identified?
– There may be no controls,
• perhaps because the hazard hasn’t been considered
– There may be good controls in place
• because the hazard is obvious and easily controlled
Controls can be at three levels:
– Physical controls (e.g. a metal fence around a construction site)
– Procedural controls (e.g. a safe working procedure for the task)
– Behavioural controls (e.g. adequate supervision and monitoring of behaviour)
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Are Further Controls Required?
• Ask yourself
– Can more be done?
– What other control measures are necessary?
– Look at the hierarchy of control.
i. Eliminate the hazard
ii. Substitute the hazard
iii. Contain the hazard at source
iv. Remove employees from hazard
v. Reduce exposures to hazard
vi. Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP’s)
vii. Warning signals
viii. PPE
ix. Disciplines
– Choose the best, most effective controls
– You may have looked at a particular task, identified the current controls and may be thinking about adding extra controls…but how do you know which controls measures are best.
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EVALUATING THE RISK
REGULAR REVIEW OF YOUR ASSESSMENTS
• Risk assessments must be reviewed on a regular basis
– At the very least once every five years.
• The period of review should reflect the hazards,
– the greater the hazards the more frequent the review
• Should also be reviewed
– if there is a significant change to the work or
– if you believe that it is no longer valid
• Risk assessment should be a living document –it should change as the work changes.
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HOW TO PLAN FOR EMERGENCIES
Developing an emergency action plan (EAP) is a major step in preparing for emergencies.
A preliminary step to conduct a thorough analysis to determine various types of emergencies that might occur. A company might anticipate emergencies like:
Fires, chemical spills, explosions, toxic emissions, train derailments, hurricanes, tornadoes, lightning, floods, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.
EAP should be collection of small plans for each anticipated or potential emergency.
Components of EAP:
Procedures. Specific, step-by-step emergency response procedures for each potential emergency.
Coordination. Proper coordination with emergency responder agencies.
Assignments/responsibilities. Every person's responsibilities clearly spelled out and understood. One person responsible for conducting
evacuation of the affected area, Another for the immediate shutdown of all
equipment Another for telephoning for medical, fire, or
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other types of emergency assistance. Always to have a backup person for each
area of responsibility.
Accident prevention strategies. Strategies that are supposed to be used on a day-to-day basis to prevent the type of emergency being planned be developed.
Strategies can be reviewed, thereby promoting prevention.
Schedules. Dates and times of regularly scheduled practice drills.
Vary the times and dates so that practice drills don't become predictable and boring.
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Type of Emergency Being Planned for:Fire Hurricane Chemical spill
Flood Lightning Toxic emission
Tornado Explosion Train derailment
Earthquake Volcanic eruption
Procedures for Emergency Response:1. Controlling and isolating?
2. Communication?3. Emergency assistance?
4. First aid?5. Shut-down/evacuation/protection of workers?6. Protection of equipment/property?
7. Egress, ingress, exits?8. Emergency equipment (e.g., fire extinguishers)?9. Alarms?10. Restoration of normal operations?
Coordination:1. Medical care providers?2. Fire service providers?3. LEPC personnel?4. Environmental protection personnel?5. Civil defense personnel (in the case of public evacuations)?6. Police protection providers?7. Communication personnel?
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Assignments/Responsibilities:
1.Who cares for the injured?2. Who calls for emergency assistance?3. Who shuts down power/operations?4. Who coordinates communication?5. Who conducts the evacuation?6.Who meets and guides emergency responders?7.Who contacts coordinating agencies and organizations?8. Who is responsible for ensuring that alarms are in proper
working order?9.Who is responsible for organizing cleanup activities?
Accident Prevention Strategies:1. Periodic safety inspections?2. Industrial hygiene strategies?3. Personal protective equipment?4. Ergonomic strategies?5. Machine safeguards?6. Hand/portable power tool safeguards?7. Material handling and storage strategies?8. Electrical safety strategies?9. Fire safety strategies?10. Chemical safety strategies?
Schedules:Dates of practice drills:_____ Times of practice drills:_____Duration of practice drills_____
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Customizing Plans to Meet Local Needs
Emergency plans must be location-specific. General plans developed centrally and used at all plant
locations will have limited effectiveness.
L ocation-specific EAP :
A map in the plan.
A map of the specific plant will help localize an EAP.
The map should include the locations of exits, access points, evacuation routes, alarms, emer-gency equipment, a central control or command center, first aid kits, emergency shut-downs buttons, and any other important element of EAP.
Chain of command An organizational chart illustrating the chain of
command - which is responsible for what and who reports to whom.
The chart should contain the names and telephone numbers (internal and external) of everyone involved in responding to an emergency.
It is critical to keep the organizational chart up to date as personnel changes occur.
It is also important to have a designated backup person shown for every position on the chart.
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Coordination information. All telephone numbers and contact names of people in agencies with which the company coordinates emergency activities should be listed. Periodic contact should be maintained with all
these people so that the EAP can be updated as personnel changes occur.
Local training. All training should be geared toward the types of emergencies that might occur in the plant. In addition, practice drills should take place on-
site and in the specific locations where emergencies are most likely to happen.
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Emergency Response Teams (ERT)
A special team that responds "to general and localized emergencies to facilitate personnel evacuation and safety, shut down building services and utilities
Work with responding civil authorities ERT typically composed of representatives from
several different departments such as: Maintenance, security, health and safety,
production/processing, and medical. Actual composition depends on the size and type
of company in question.
Emergency response network (ERN)An ERN is a network of ERTs that covers a designated geographical area and is typically responsible for a specific type of emergency.
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Worker’s Compensation
Objective:
1) Replacement of Income: of current & Future income (minus Tax)
i. at a rates of two-third ii. needs to be continued even after employer goes
out of business
2) Rehabilitation of Injured Employee:
Provide needed medical care at no cost: i. Until pronounces fit
ii. Make him able to come back to work.
3) Accident Prevention:
Employer will invest equivalent in accident prevention.
4) Cost Allocation:
Vary from industry to industryi. Industry with higher risk of accidents pay higher
worker’s compensation insurance premium.
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Note: All the employees have the right of compensation contractor’s people depends upon the state policy.
Benefits:
Worker used to suffer due to may be their own minor negligence.
Didn’t get compensation by the Court due to their own negligence.
Didn’t go to the court with the assumption that they will not be accepted back in the industry or for that matter in any other industry (Black Listed)
Employer & employee had to invest money & time for the case to continue.
Compensation is to negotiate outside the court.
Employee:
He is on company’s pay roll and receives all benefits.
Person who accepts a service contract to perform specific job/task or sets of tasks is not an employee.
Contractors may be employed.
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Contractor’s people are not the responsibilities of the industry.
o Industry may ask the contractor to show proofs of
having their own worker’s compensation insurance.
If company does not provide transportation:
Employee not generally covered compensation when travelling to & from work.
i) AOE (Arises out of employment) Injuries
– Due to assigned work
ii) COE (Course of employment) Injuries – Due to unassigned work
Compensation Injuries
i) Temporary Partial Disabilityii) Temporary Total Disability iii) Permanent Partial Disabilityiv) Permanent Total Disability
Schedule Disabilities
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Non ambiguous injuriese.g. arm, ear, hand, finger, toe
Non-Schedule DisabilitiesLess straight forward in nature e.g. head injury etc
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PLAN
CHECK
PDCA CYCLE
IS0 9001:2008
1 Scope
2. Normative Reference
3. Terms and Conditions
4. Quality Management System
4.1 General Requirements
4.2 Documentation Requirement
4.2.1 General
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4.2.2 Quality Manual
4.2.3 Control of Documents
4.2.4 Control of Records
5. Management Responsibility5.1 Management Commitment5.2 Customer Focus5.3 Quality Policy5.4 Planning
5.4.1 Quality Objectives5.4.2 Quality Management System Planning
5.5 Responsibility, Authority and Communication
5.5.1 Responsibility and Authority
5.5.2 Management Representative
5.5.3 Internal Communication
5.6 Management Review
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Review Input
5.6.2 Review Output
6. Resource Management
6.1 Provisions of Resources
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6.2 Human Resources
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Competence, Awareness, Training
6.3 Infrastructure
6.4 Work Environment
7. Product Realization
7.1 Planning of Product Realization
7.2 Customer-related Processes
7.2.1 Documentation of Requirements Related to the
Product
7.2.2 Review of Requirements Related to the Product
7.2.3 Customer Communication
7.3 Design and Development
7.3.1 Design and Development Planning
7.3.2 Design and Development Inputs
7.3.3 Design and Development Outputs
7.3.4 Design and Development Review
7.3.5 Design and Development Verification
7.3.6 Design and Development Validation
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7.3.7 Control of Design and Development Changes
7.4 Purchasing
7.4.1 Purchasing Process
7.4.2 Purchasing Information
7.4.3 Verification of Purchased Product
7.5 Production and Service Provision
7.5.1 Control of Production and Service Provision
7.5.2 Validation of Processes for Production and
Service Provision
7.5.3 Identification and Traceability
7.5.4 Customer Property
7.5.5 Preservation of Product
7.6 Control of Monitoring and Measuring Equipment
8. Measurement, analysis and improvement
8.1 General
8.2 Monitoring and Measurement
8.2.1 Customer Satisfaction
8.2.2 Internal Audit
8.2.3 Monitoring and Measurement of Processes
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8.2.4 Monitoring and Measurement of Service
8.3 Control of Nonconforming Product
8.4 Analysis of Data
8.5 Improvement
8.5.1 Continual Improvement
8.5.2 Corrective Action
8.5.3 Preventive action
OHSAS 18001:19991. Scope
2. Reference Publications
3. Definitions
4. OH&S Management System Elements
4.1 General Requirements
4.2 OH&S Policy
4.3 Planning
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4.3.1 Planning for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment
and Risk Control
4.3.2 Legal and Other Requirements
4.3.3 Objectives
4.3.4 OH&S Management Programme(s)
4.4 Implementation and Operation
4.4.1 Structure and Responsibility
4.4.2 Training, Awareness and Competence
4.4.3 Consultation and Communication
4.4.4 Documentation
4.4.5 Document and Data Control
4.4.6 Operational Control
4.4.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response
4.5 Checking and Corrective Action
4.5.1 Performance Measurement and Monitoring
4.5.2 Accidents, Incidents, Non-Conformances,
Corrective and Preventive Action
4.5.3 Records and Records Management
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4.5.4 Audit
4.6 Management Review
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