Incorporating security into the post-2015 Development Agenda: Why and How? Dr Lisa Denney Overseas...
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Incorporating security into the post-2015 Development Agenda: Why and How? Dr Lisa Denney Overseas Development Institute 28 November 2013 Inter-Parliamentary
Incorporating security into the post-2015 Development Agenda:
Why and How? Dr Lisa Denney Overseas Development Institute 28
November 2013 Inter-Parliamentary Conference on the post-2015
Development Agenda
Slide 2
Definitional debates What is security? Who is it for?
Traditional State Security versus Human Security Politics of
terminology: Peace Stability FragilityInsecurity Conflict
Violence
Slide 3
What do we know about insecurity and underdevelopment? Conflict
or crisis has disastrous effects on a country: o Lives and
infrastructure are destroyed, education is interrupted o The rule
of law breaks down o People are not able to invest in their futures
o Service delivery and productive industries are disrupted o
Investors are deterred Paul Collier estimates the average cost of a
civil war is USD64 billion NGOs calculate that armed conflict cost
Africa approximately USD 284 billion between 1990 and 2005 almost
the total amount of aid received in the same period. In the 1990s,
countries plagued by conflict were increasingly those countries at
the bottom of human development Sierra Leone, Liberia, DRC and
Somalia.
Slide 4
Fragile states are those most off-track in meeting MDG
commitments:
Slide 5
What does this tell us? Apparent that improving development
efforts depends on addressing the challenge of conflict. Importance
of security in development further reinforced by World Banks 2011
World Development Report, which pointed to security, justice and
jobs as key priorities for fragile and conflict-affected states.
World Banks Voices of the Poor study in 2000, drew on interviews of
approximately 60,000 poor people across 60 countries, who indicated
that safety, security and justice issues were of central importance
to their lives.
Slide 6
What creates and ends conflicts? Challenge integrating
insecurity into post-2015 because conflicts arent all caused by the
same things and cant be alleviated by the same responses. 1. We
know certain things play a role in triggering conflict: o
Inequality: Research demonstrates that political and economic
inequalities can be conflict triggers. o Grievance: Grievances, for
instance against inequitable justice systems, can lead to violent
revolt, as in Sierra Leone. o Oppression: Where people have not be
able to express their political views can lead to violent revolt,
as in the Arab Spring.
Slide 7
2. We know certain things sustain conflict: o Global arms
trade: Military expenditure in conflict-affected states grew by 15%
from 2009-2010, while Official Development Assistance to these
countries grew by only 9% o Poorly regulated natural resources:
Resources such as diamonds and timber can help to fund armed
groups, prolonging conflicts. o Regional dynamics: Conflict in
neighbouring countries can spill over borders.
Slide 8
BUT So, while we can say that insecurity inhibits development,
peace (in and of itself) does not necessarily drive development.
This has implications for how issues of insecurity get incorporated
in the post-2015 agenda. Perhaps its more accurate to include how
conflict, violence or insecurity disrupts development, than how
peace or stability contribute to development.
Slide 9
How violence / conflict can be measured What data is missing in
these datasets that would be useful to measuring security in your
own countries? o For example, when you hear a gunshot, rather than
running away you go to investigate. Locally meaningful indicators
are needed. There are various kinds of indicators o Outcome: o
Capacity: o Perception: Many existing datasets: SIPRI, Global Peace
Index, UNODC, Political Terror Scale, World Governance Indicators,
Failed States Index, etc. What kind of indicators, and what and
combination of indicators, give the most comprehensive picture of
insecurity?
Slide 10
1.Stand alone goal or integrated into other goals? 2.Global or
country-specific indicators? -Need to consider whether all
indicators are useful for all countries, or whether there should be
some core indicators and some that countries can choose from. -For
instance, while both the DRC and Honduras face significant security
concerns that hold back development progress in those countries,
they experience this insecurity differently. -How can we create a
set of indicators that captures these different forms of
insecurity? How can insecurity best be incorporated into the
post-2015 framework