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Including material from:Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis OrmrodChild Development and Education, 3rd edition, 2007
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Family, Culture, & Community
Contexts of Child DevelopmentChildren’s psychological growth is nurtured in three contexts: Families care for children; parents usually responsible for guiding
children’s experiences. Culture gives meaning to children’s lives Community connects children to external social contacts and
resources
Socialization – the efforts of people and institutions to guide children to behave appropriately, according to society’s standards (e.g, explicit and implicit)
Culture – behaviors and beliefs about what is true, healthy, appropriate, and rational; includes the everyday household activities, traditions, and holiday celebrations of a long-standing group of people (also can include Attention and Language Use)
Community – the local neighborhood and surrounding vicinity
Family Processes Family processes - the influential practices that families
have with one another that guide children’s social and interpersonal skills with authority, peers, and at school
Families’ Influences on Children
Guided participation - (Rogoff, 1990, 2003) (p. 159) Active engagement in adult activities, typically with considerable directions and structure from an adult or other more advanced individual; children are given increasing responsibility and independence as they gain experience and proficiency.
Parenting Styles (Baumrind, 1967, 1971, 1980, 1989, 1991)
Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive (Uninvolved)
Dimensions of Affection & Discipline U.S. children appear to benefit from authoritative
parenting and teaching styles However, cultural aspects may vary parenting styles and
their effects; e.g., Asian American families’ demand for obedience is in the context of close, supportive relationships; positive outcomes within some Authoritarian African-American families
Family Influences on Children: Parenting Styles (Authoritarian)
Description of Parents: Convey relatively little emotional
warmth Hold high expectations for their
children’s behaviors Establish rules of behavior without
regard for children’s needs Expect rules to be obeyed without
question Allow little give-and-take in parent-
child discussions
Children’s Typical Characteristics:
Family Influences on Children: Parenting Styles (Authoritative)
Description of Parents: Provide supportive home
environment Hold high expectations for their
children’s behaviors Enforce household rules
consistently Explain why some behaviors are
acceptable and others are not Include children in family decision
making
Children’s Typical Characteristics:
Family Influences on Children: Parenting Styles (Permissive)
Description of Parents: Provide a loving, supportive
home environment Hold few expectations or
standards for their children's behavior
Rarely punish inappropriate behavior
Allow their children to make many of their own decisions
Children’s Typical Characteristics:
Family Influences on Children: Parenting Styles (Uninvolved)
Description of Parents: Provide little if any emotional
support for their children Hold few expectations or standards
for their children's behavior Have little interest in their children's
lives Seem overwhelmed by their own
problems
Children’s Typical Characteristics:
Children’s Influences on Families
Reciprocal influences
Children’s personalities, temperaments, and natural talents affect the family routine, interactions, and experiences
Coregulation
Puberty triggers psychological distancing and adolescent seeks autonomy, both emotionally and behaviorally
Life in the Family and Community
Ethnicity Ethnicity – a child’s affiliation with a group of people
that share values, beliefs, behaviors, and ancestors (race, national origin, religious background)
Usually ethnicity refers to culture, while race refers to physical similarities (i.e., skin color or eye shape)
Multiethnic – claiming ancestry from more than one ethnic group
Values Obligation to family is important in many cultures, particularly in
Hispanic, Native American, and Asian cultures
School achievement is highly valued in Western culture Many Asian Americans attribute academic success to effort and
persistence Latino American cultures value interpersonal skills in their view of
success Native American and Polynesian cultures value success in art,
dance, and other traditions
Individualistic vs. Collectivist culture
.
Gender
Boys and girls are socialized differently in different cultures, i.e., European Americans
Encourage females to play with dolls and express emotion, while encouraging males to play with masculine toys and mask fear or sadness
Encourage household chores based on traditional male and female roles
More often enroll boys in gifted programs and competitive sports
Some African-American parents encourage both sons and daughters to be emotionally expressive; and that men and women can be powerful authority figures.
.