INCEPTION REPORT GREEN LIVELIHOODS ALLIANCE – …

GREEN LIVELIHOODS ALLIANCE: PHILIPPINES COUNTRY PROGRAMME

GREEN LIVELIHOODS ALLIANCE – PHILIPPINES COUNTRY PROGRAMME

SEPTEMBER 2016

INCEPTION REPORT

PREPARED BY: GLA PHILIPPINES TEAM

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. PROBLEMANDCONTEXTANALYSIS 7

2.1 Sketch of the landscapes 8

2.2 Actor analysis 9

2.2.1 Stakeholder analysis 9

2.3 Policy analysis 10

2.3.1 The Philippine Policy Environment 10

2.3.2 Institutional Frameworks & Key Policy Actors 11

2.3.3 Analysis 11

2.4 Status of international public goods 12

3. THEORYOFCHANGE 14

3.1 Desired change and pathways for GLA Philippines 15

3.2 Visualisation of the ToC 18

3.3 Desired change and pathways for particular landscapes 24

3.3.1 Cagayan de Oro Tagoloan River Basin 24

3.3.2 Visual of the ToC for the Cagayan de Oro Tagaloan river basin 25

3.3.3 Sierra Madre landscape 26

3.3.4 Visualisation of the ToC for the Sierra Madre landscape 27

3.3.5 Teduray and Lambangian Ancestral Domain 27

3.3.6 Visualisation of the ToC for the Teduray

and Lambangian landscape 29

3.4 Assumptions 29

3.5 Lobby and advocacy strategies of participating CSOs 31

3.6 Capacity development priorities of participating CSOs 31

4. MONITORINGANDLEARNING 34

4.1 Capacity development 35

4.2 Lobby and advocacy 35

4.3 Learning 35

4.4 PMEL 35

ANNEX (the annex is available upon request)

Annex 1: PMEL framework per landscape

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ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS

ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan

AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines

AO Administrative Order

ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

BIFF Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters

CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title

CBFMA Community-Based Forest Management Agreement

CCA Community Conserved Area

CDO Cagayan de Oro

CDORB Cagayan de Oro River Basin

CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan

CRMF Community Resource Management Framework

CSOs Civil Society Organisations

DA Department of Agriculture

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DILG Department of Interior and Local Government

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EO Executive Order

FA Funding Agency

FLGLA Forest Land Grazing Lease Agreement

FMB Forest Management Bureau

FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent

GLA Green Livelihoods Alliance

IFMAs Integrated Forest Management Agreements

IPGs International Public Goods

IPRA Indigenous People’s Rights Act

IPS Indigenous Political Structure

JAO Joint Administrative Order

LGC Local Government Code

LGUs Local Government Units

MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front

MMA Muslim Mindanao Act

MPDC Municipal Planning Development Councils

NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

NGO Non-Government Organisation

NGP National Greening Program

PACBARMA Protected Areas Community-Based Resource Management Agreement

PAMB Protected Area Management Board

PAMP Protected Area Management Plan

PDC Provincial Development Council

PES Payment for Environmental/Ecosystem Services

PME Planning Monitoring Evaluation

PNP Philippine National Police

POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants

R2RC Ridge to Reef Coalition

REDD-plus Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

RUMP Resource Use and Management Practices of the Teduray Lambangian Tribe

TJG Timuay Justice and Governance

TLADC Timuay Lambangian Ancestral Domain Claim

TRB Tagoloan River Basin

TWG Technical Working Group

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change


INTRODUCTION 1.

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The Green Livelihoods Alliance (GLA) is a five year collaborative programme between Milieude-fensie (FoE-NL), IUCN Netherlands and Tropenbos International funded by, and in strategic part-nership with, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. It aims to contribute to inclusive, fair and sustainable governance of forested landscapes. The GLA is committed to work together with Civil Society Organisations (CSO) in the Global South who have an indispensable lobbying and advocacy role to play in issues such as resource degradation, land tenure, inequality, law enforcement and governance.

A key assumption of the GLA is that sustainably managed forested landscapes deliver vital ecosys-tem services such as the International Public Goods (IPG) water, food security, climate resilience and biodiversity. For this, three key conditions need to be in place: (1) local communities have security of land tenure, or access to land, (2) inclusion of local communities and other stakeholders in decision-making on land use by government and the local and (international) private sector, and (3) nature-based approaches to the management of forested landscapes.

In the last several decades forests in the Philippines have been in steady decline. The original forest cover of 27 million ha. has dwindled to as little as 7.2 million ha. (Department of Natural Resources [DENR] Forest Management Bureau [FMB] 2011). This has had a tremendous impact on millions of people who depend on these resources, and has curtailed vital ecosystem servi-ces. Thus, it is of urgency that the issue of resource degradation, land tenure, inequality, law enforcement and governance in the Philippines is heightened and put high on the agenda of the Philippine government as well as all other sectors in Philippine society.

It is in this light that the GLA program partners in the Philippines together with IUCN NL and TBI met in Manila and Cagayan de Oro in June and July 2016 to discuss, develop and agree on the Philippine program priorities. The Philippine GLA program has chosen to focus on three lands-capes: Sierra Madre Mountain Range (Luzon), CDO-Tagoloan river basins landscape continuum and the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).

Each landscape consortium was also asked to develop their individual ToCs among the landscape implementers. Consultations and meetings were held between landscape implementers and tar-get local and indigenous communities. The individual landscapes informed the development of the overall program and ToC.


PROBLEM AND CONTEXT

ANALYSIS

2.

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2.1

SKETCH OF THE LANDSCAPES

The Sierra Madre range, the Tagoloan and Cagayan de Oro river basins and the Teduray Lamban-gian Ancestral Doman Claim (TDLAC) not only serve as homes to many communities - majority of which are indigenous groups who are heavily dependent on its yields for their daily subsistence, but also critical landscapes for the adjacent provinces and regions.

The Sierra Madre mountain range covering the northeast coast of Luzon, serves as watershed for vast agricultural lands of the Cagayan Valley and central Luzon and a protective cover against strong typhoons formed in the Pacific Ocean. The “backbone of Luzon,” has approximately 1.5 mil-lion hectares that span nine (9) provinces in three (3) administrative regions (II, III and IV-A). Sier-ra Madre represents approximately 40% of the Philippine’s forest cover that includes its largest tract of old-growth tropical rainforest. Its forests are home to hundreds of wildlife species, many of which are unique to the Philippines, including the Philippine Eagle and golden crowned flying fox. It is included in the 221 global key sites for biodiversity conservation, aside from hosting 10 Important Bird Areas and 68 Protected Areas. Adjacent to the forests are 1.9 m hectares of agricultural lands that expand along with the fast increase in built-up area for land use converted settlements and commercial use.

In Northern Mindanao, Tagoloan and Cagayan de Oro river basins (TRB) covers the Province of Misamis Oriental and the Province of Bukidnon. It is considered as the 13th largest river basin in the Philippines and is critically important as a continuous source of clean water. More than 70% of the area of the river basin is devoted to various forms of agricultural production such as sugar-cane, coconut, pineapple and banana plantations, cereals (rice, corn, sorghum), orchards, and tree plantations. Forest data will be added later.

The Teduray Lambangian Ancestral Doman Claim (TLADC) covers several municipalities of the province of Maguindano including the 15 miles traditional sea fishing grounds in the municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat; the drinking water in Cotabato City is also dependent on water source from the TLADC landscape especially the Dimapatoy river in south-west of Cotabato City. The coastal waters of TLADC landscape serve 13 barangays in Datu Blah Sinsuat municipality. Forest data will be added later.

All 3 landscapes are subjected to forest and habitat degradation - threatening the sustainability of public goods, livelihoo d, and resulting to food and water scarcity and worsening poverty situation.

The following are the multiple sources of threats which include uncontrolled resource extraction, unsustainable and overlapping land use and militarisation/conflict:

The extractive activities such as mining, illegal logging, poaching, industrial tree plantations etc. have resulted to a continuous depletion of the natural resources like minerals, soil, water, and flora/fauna and consequently shortages of ecological goods and services. The unsustaina-ble agricultural practices and improper solid waste disposal contributes to further deterioration of water quality, pollution, and siltation. Climate change has heavily affected the agricultural ways and means of the people – causing major disruption and consequently decrease in produc-tions and the demand of the growing population and human settlement has contributed to the loss of prime lands and a threat to the tendril securities of the indigenous peoples. In addition are the social and political problems - corrupted and conflicting resource management schemes, un-harmonised and conflicting natural resource protection policies, competing claims in land tenure and access, land conversions, weak/absence of land use plans and unstable peace and order condition.

Conversations and exchanges about development issues and challenges are confined within the civil society. The lack of opportunities for local communities and support groups to come together to share skills and experiences and discuss campaign and advocacy plans has limited their in-teractions with other key players within and outside the landscape. Policy makers and decision makers are detached from the ground and thus are unable to formulate grounded and effective policy reforms and recommendations for sustainable development.

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2.2

ACTOR ANALYSIS

To effectively obtain the desired changes, a map of the players and stakeholders, their power rela-tions and scope of interests, were identified and analysed. The actors’ and stakeholders’ analysis were held through several workshops per landscape.

Three groups of actors are involved: the state, the non-state and the local community:

The STATE is primarily the National Government (that includes all departments and attached agen-cies) and the Local Government Units (that includes the law enforcement agencies such as Philip-pine National Police (PNP) and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) of the Province of Cagayan de Oro, Northern and Southern Sierra Madre, and Maguindanao. Also included under STATE is the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao Government.

The Non-State are: 1. Business Groups – Multinational Corporations, Local Businesses, Power Producers, Integrated Forest Management Agreements (IFMA) Holders/Concessionaires, Mining and Plantation Operators. 2. Faith Based Group for this document are organisations affiliated with a religious congregation and thus includes on one side – the church based organisations that acted as support groups for the indigenous groups of Cagayan de Oro and Sierra Madre range and on the other side - the Moro organisations (MILF and BIFF) which takes a conflicting role against the indigenous group within the TLDAC (Maguindanao) landscape. 3. Funding agencies / international agencies/ donors are sources of charitable funds and grants for development assistance. Some of these groups also provide direct support in terms of training, lobbying and campaigns. 4. CSOs / NGOs and Academia – are groups that seek to advance conservation and preservation of the landscape’s natural resources, and the local people’s struggle for self-determination and recognition. Some are issue-based organisations like the Task Forces. They also act as support groups that can provide community members with training in organisational, financial and enterprise management, assist in the local community’s fund raising initiatives, and support in lobbying and campaigns. These support groups are from local, national, and international levels.

The LOCAL COMMUNITY are the directly affected groups and are directly dependent on the ecolo-gical by-products of the landscapes. They are the direct beneficiaries, and the historical stewards – the implementers of land and forest management and community development and holders of ‘local knowledge’.

2.2.1

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

The main criteria for identifying the key stakeholders were: proximity to landscape, power, know-ledge of landscape and leadership. Power here is defined as the combined measure of the amount of resources a stakeholder has and their capacity to mobilise those resources, while leadership is defined as willingness to initiate, convoke or lead an action (Brinkerhoff and Crosby 2002).

Across the 3 landscapes, local communities have the highest interest, but lack meaningful partici-pation that has affected their comprehensive knowledge and influence on all aspects within their landscapes. They have very high leadership but definitively low power. However, the Indigenous Governance System, while not formally part of the formal structure of the government, is recogni-sed by law and the Constitution and invested with the power of governance within their ancestral domains. Important to note is that the indigenous women in this traditional governance set-up are able to exercise some influence. In the governance structure of the Timuay Justice and Gover-nance (TJG) in the TLDAC landscape, for example, women and youth are given representation in the Minted Sa Inged (Council of Leaders).

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The general non-state actors have leadership to initiate actions. CSOs/NGOs, and some Faith Based Organisations have high leadership but low power. Most of the CSOs/NGOs are very strong in the advocacies and support initiatives. The leadership came from the fact that they were infor-med and they were involved in various initiatives about and within the landscape. However, as in the case of the Tagoloan and Cagayan de Oro river basins for example, the CSOs/NGOs are mostly project-based and dependent much on external funding. When the project is over, sustainability of the programs is shaken.

The international agencies/funding agencies/donors have leadership due to their access to glo-bal knowledge and involvement in various forums. The international agencies have power to influence because they have the financial resources and networks to available funding, access to different learning perspectives and potential support and pressure groups. International agen-cies/funding agencies/donors can also bring the issue at an international scale and can be very proactive as issue bearers and consequently influence development agendas at the global level.

Business entities and their financial resources can shift the current policy to intensify ecological production processes. Their financial resources have the power to influence policy development, changes in the implementation of rules and regulations and shape budgets. In fact, across the 3 landscape, there are a significant number of interested business/corporate entities and some have already assumed a non-traditional role within the governance structure – either in part-nership with state-based entities or with the local communities. Unfortunately, however, most of the business entities initiatives are resource extraction activities and thus only exacerbate the ecological problems identified.

National and local environmental agencies, located in the same interest quadrant with the local community have the knowledge, but not enough resources to influence the processes. The Local Government Units (LGUs) could make plans but cannot allocate more government budget. LGUs, particularly those at the provincial and municipal level, have knowledge over the bureaucracy but need to increase its concern and leadership to effectively police their ranks and to better implement the existing policies.

2.3

POLICY ANALYSIS

2.3.1

THE PHILIPPINE POLICY ENVIRONMENT

Philippines has a whole plethora of laws and regulations designed to preserve its natural resour-ces and ensure sustainable management of its environment. There are outlines of procedures de-signed to ensure the sustainable management of the Philippine forests, waterways, wildlife, and plants, while economic activity—from mining to infrastructure development to industry—is under-taken supposedly in a manner that environmental impacts are minimal and properly managed.

Most environmental laws and policies have been crafted and created at the beginning of Presi-dent Aquino’s administration. The 1987 Constitution Section 4, Article XII, “enjoins the State to protect our endangered forest and watershed areas”, while Section 7, Article XIII calls upon the State “to protect, develop, and conserve communal marine and fishing resources. In pushing the frontiers of industrialisation, the State is also cautioned to make “full and efficient use of human and natural resources” (Section 1, Article XII). The 1987 Constitution also takes due account of the high impact of developmental activities on the distinct welfare of our indigenous peoples. Thus, it mandates the State “to give due regard to the rights of the indigenous cultural communi-ties to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being” (Section 5, Article XII). It also emphasises in Section 4, Article XIII “the duty of the government to undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, taking into account ecological, developmental, and other equity considerations”. With these as guiding frameworks, a number of sector-specific acts, supported by regulations and guidance documents, have been created to tackle environmental is-sues. Among these statutes are the National Integrated Protected Areas System, Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines, Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act, Philippine Fisheries

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Code, Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act, Philippine Mining Act, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act, Local Government code of 1991, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and many others. (See attached Policy Matrix for Listing of Policy)

New issues and challenges have also emerged with colossal impacts such as global warming, clima-te change and the increased intensity and unpredictability of calamities and disasters worldwide. These have prompted new multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the Rotterdam Convention on the internatio-nal trade of hazardous chemicals, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. One of the responses to these is the enactment of the Climate Change Act of 2009.

2.3.2

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS & KEY POLICY ACTORS

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the primary agency vested with the power to control and supervise the exploration, development, utilisation, and conservation of the country’s natural resources. For some programs such as the National Greening Program (NGP), a convergence initiative among the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture and Department of Agrarian Reform were operationalised.

The Implementing Rules and Regulation are crafted by the Secretary of DENR. The DENR Secretary also has the power to grant large scale tenure instruments such as Integrated Forest Management Agreements or auxiliary timber permits for mining projects or Mining Permits or For non-IP groups, the DENR issues Community-Based Forest Management Agreements, and many others.

The Local Government Code (LGC) of 1992 has decentralised the environment protection and management function of DENR – giving local government units more power and authority in the management and maintenance of ecological balance. Among these powers include land and wa-ter use planning, forest management, pollution control and biodiversity conservation.

The LGC also involves the participation of the private sector and civil society groups by providing seats in the provincial planning development council (PDC), municipal planning development councils (MPDC) and local special bodies.

At the community level, Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) under the Indigenous People’s Rights Act (IPRA) law addresses the marginalisation of the indigenous peoples by consulting and including them in the decision making and implementation processes. The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) takes primary charge of the implementation of the said law. The Traditional Governance System of the indigenous communities and their concept of stewardship provides an additional instrument to police their ranks. In fact, some tribal leaders have made use of their traditional justice system in dealing with violators.

2.3.3

ANALYSIS

The laws and policies enacted aims to address the most pressing environmental issues involving resource conservation, rehabilitation and renewal. Unfortunately, the Philippine government, es-pecially the LGUs, are finding it difficult to implement some provisions of these laws because of technical, financial, legal, institutional and other resource constraints. Also, there are some grey areas in the environmental laws in relation with other laws. Some of the conflicts are seen among the NIPAS Act, the Indigenous Peoples‘ Rights Act, the Mining Act, the Agriculture and Fisheries Management Act and the Local Government Code. These laws have already been passed to protect the environment but there is an acute problem in that there is no one “umbrella legislation” comprehensive enough to address the numerous environmental concerns of the country. (For list of Relevant Laws and Policies, please refer to attached Policy Matrix)The conflicts in the provisions have also further confused the agencies themselves to the point of defeating the values of sustainable development. A case in point is mining exploration activities

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in protected areas, mining activities in CBFM areas, the establishment of plantations in forest areas or in edges of forests and the conversion of forest land into agricultural lands subject of agrarian reform. These extractive programs and activities run against the concept of strategic sustainable resource management.

On the other hand, management and efficiency-wise, some specific policies may be sufficient enough but there have been so many administrative lapses and anomalies - starting from the conception, to implementation, to monitoring until post implementation stage that has, in the end, rendered the policies useless. For example, Bukidnon’s remaining rainforests have been lar-gely preserved with the imposition of a log ban since the late 1980s in response to protests against commercial logging. Every now and then however, as reported by the DENR itself, a few cases of timber poaching or smuggling do happen.Through all these, the very important aspect of participation of local communities remains at a mini-mum level if not non-existent. Oftentimes, the local communities are kept in the dark on the programs and implementations in their areas. Consultations become a mere item in the checklist. The very law and policy enacted to address the marginalisation of indigenous people becomes irrelevant.

2.4

STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL

PUBLIC GOODS

The forest ecosystems of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range (Luzon), the CDO-Tagoloan river basins landscape continuum and the ARMM-Bangsamoro region (Mindanao) serve as most im-portant source of water, thus allowing all other forms of natural resources to flourish and become productive. It naturally provides clean air and food in the process. In addition, the natural re-sources also contribute by providing protection as a raw material for houses and other forms of shelter. They also offer indirect benefits, by functioning as buffer zones from storms such as the case of the Sierra Madre range. It also supports the livelihoods of the people living in the uplands, half of whom depend on shifting cultivation for their livelihood.

The Philippines is among 18 mega diverse countries and hotspots in terms of biodiversity and all 3 landscape are home to diverse species of plants, animals and micro-organisms. The TLDAC landscape is home to rare and endemic tree species. Only this year, two new rare orchids were sighted in isolated cloud forests in the Bukidnon region and Sierra Madre’s natural resource base is one of the major drivers of the Philippine economy. Sierra Madre is the water source of more than 25 million residents and major industries and economic activities and also serves as the watershed of Pasig River and Laguna de Bay, one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world.

In this present ecosystem, there is the emerging threat of water scarcity. In addition, the lack of development planning, indiscriminate industrial development, lack of investment in water pre-servation, problems of water resource management, and the impact of climate change threaten water security and sustainability in the 3 landscapes. The increasing water demand reduces wa-ter availability for domestic and agricultural usage. Water storage and distribution to deficient areas and proper water-resources management are also becoming areas of concern. Already, the people within the landscapes and the adjacent communities are now experiencing difficul-ty in accessing clean, safe drinking water as in the case of the peoples within the TLDAC and ARMM-Bangsamoro region.

Climate change is accelerated as forests are converted and agricultural lands and plantation are expanded to forest areas. The industrial, economic and mining activities within the landscapes and the continuous encroachment of residential activities into the area also contribute to further degradation of the forest ecosystem and increased CO2 emissions.

Extreme weather events such as droughts, wildfires, heat waves and flooding are now prevalent in the 3 landscapes. Point in case are the fisher-folks of TLADC landscape who are affected be-cause, with the change in climate, they can no longer do their fishing activities in the coastlines.

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They need to go to the deep sea to catch fish. The fish sanctuaries are also destroyed due to land erosion. In the southern Sierra Madre and Upper Marikina river basin Protected Landscape, the massive deforestation over the years and the continuing land use conversion resulted to massive and destructive landslides, mudslides and flooding. Thousands of people in Real, Infanta and Gen. Nakar died due to several typhoons in 2004.

The economic activities have also caused air and soil contamination and is becoming a major issue across the 3 landscape. Arable land in Cagayan de Oro may be contaminated by toxic heavy metals from mining activities and other plantation related activities. Traditional foods among indigenous peoples that are found in the forest are vanishing. Other than food or edible plants, various medicinal plants, plants that can be used for pest control and ornamental plants that used to grow wild in the forest but are now becoming difficult to find.

This ecological situation has resulted to a significant decrease in food supply of the indigenous people and upland as well as coastal communities.

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THEORY OF CHANGE

3.

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3.1

DESIRED CHANGE AND PATHWAYS

FOR GLA PHILIPPINES

• The Long Term goal of the proposed action is to safeguard the IPG goods (climate stability, water, food security, biodiversity, sustainable development) of forest-dependent and indigenous communities in the Philippines located in particular forest landscapes of the Cagayan de Oro -Tagaloan river basin in north-western Mindanao, the Sierra Madre landscape in the eas- tern seaboard of Luzon, and the Teduray-Lambiangan Ancestral Domain in central Mindanao, for future generations.

• Safeguarding these IPGs would be possible if these forest landscapes are conserved, the protected areas further expanded and the different stakeholders agree to manage the resources in a sustainable way including respecting the tenure rights of forest dependent communities to the resources. If conservation efforts and better management of forest resources is not undertaken, it would lead to the further degradation of critical habitats and increase the vulnerability of millions of Filipinos to climate extremes, lack of food and water, and further displacement. This would not bode well for small farmers and indigenous communities who depend heavily on these natural resources. Indigenous communities, in particular, inextricably link their culture and their survival to their ancestral domains.

• Forest dependent communities and civil society have an opportunity to influence existing policies and practice through thorough and consistent lobby work at the local level and national level, and developing a proof of concept via creating pilot-models of sustainable landscape management which would benefit forest dependent communities.

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 1

– CAPACITY BUILDING OF CSOS/ FOREST DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES

• Civil society organisations have a wealth of experience in lobbying and advocacy work. On the other hand, forest dependent communities hold the wealth of information on the ecological, social and cultural value of the forest landscapes and the current threats present in the area.

• CSOs and communities work hand in hand in improving lobbying and advocacy techniques related to conserving and managing forest landscapes in order to develop grounded and evidence-based lobbying campaigns. If area-based data, case studies and policy analysis/ reviews are gathered to assess the level of policy implementation and presence of policy gaps, then lobbying for new laws or new policies would be more effective.

• CSOs and communities work hand in hand to improve their knowledge and skills in the sustainable management of forest landscapes, including looking back at traditional livelihood systems, innovations in sustainable resource use, innovative benefit sharing schemes, and community based enforcement. This can improve the capacity of CSOs and communities to create and scale-up pilot-models of sustainable resource use directly benefiting communities.

• Much of the previous lobbying and advocacy work techniques of CSOs and communities could be quite adversarial due to conflicting land-use priorities of government leading to community displacement, disenfranchisement and rights violations. Past negative experiences under- standably create misgivings about the efficacy of statutorily created spaces for dialogue and participation, and are not surprisingly under-maximised. However, if there is consistent dialogue between different stakeholders (government, community, CSOs, private sector) and participation in planning and implementation, then inter-stakeholder trust can be built and landscape governance can improve.

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– INFLUENCING NATIONAL AND LOCAL POLICIES

• Capable and effective CSOs and communities aim to engage policy advocacy targets in government and in the public sphere. Utilising their policy researches/ baseline data, they shall focus on building the capacity of multi-stakeholder Technical Working Groups (TWG) for the drafting of relevant bills and new executive policies in the areas of river basin Management, Community Conserved Areas/ Indigenous Cultural Conserved Areas, Forestry law and Forest Resource Use policies, Mining, Environmental Impact Assessment, Comprehensive Land Use, and Gender. In turn, TWG assist Champions in Congress and in the executive agencies understand the policy gaps, and advocate for better policies and laws.

• Champions in congress and in executive agencies are the government officials (legislators or officers in the administrative agencies) who would be able to effectively lobby from within these institutions. Champions sponsor the bills so that these get introduced in congress and in the administrative agency. Champions actively convince other government officials to support the draft bill or draft policy.

• Safeguard measures including Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), community protocols and benefit sharing protect indigenous community rights and local community rights. Indigenous community-crafted FPIC protocols must be respected and recognised to avoid displacement and violation of rights.

• New laws and policies would are supported by the general public. CSOs and communities would need to effectively communicate these advocacies to different media platforms in order to generate increased awareness and support for the proposed new laws and policies.

• The private sector has increasingly shown interest and provided actual investments to environmental projects. The government has also been keen on increasing the role of the private sector in what used to be purely state-sponsored natural resources management undertakings through Public-Private-Partnership schemes. Part of the research agenda is looking into the actual impact of private sector involvement in environmental conservation and rehabilitation, and other possible areas of improvement and further engagement. Exis- ting constitutional provisions prevent the state from fully abrogating its role in the manage ment of natural resources, biodiversity and public goods. Policies regulating when and where private sector involvement is allowed is necessary in order not to sacrifice public interest.


– RECOGNITION OF INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITY TENURE RIGHTS AND

GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES

• Land and land use tenure are important prerequisites for the effective use, conservation/ rehabilitation and management of forest landscapes. It is important for concerned government agencies National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and Department of Agriculture (DA) to be more facilitative in issuing community tenure instruments and supporting the mechanisms which would strengthen these tenure instruments – such as supporting Ancestral Domain sustainability plans and programmes and indigenous peoples’ political structures and governance mechanisms. Lack of government support for these mechanisms have proven to be stumbling blocks to development and improved governance in forest landscapes in the past.

• Included in this outcome is the objective of the Teduray Lambangian to have their TJG confir- med by the NCIP as the Indigenous Peoples political structure in their ancestral domain survey with the NCIP, the recognition by the ARMM of non-Moro indigenous rights within the ARMM, and that no further IFMAs (forestry contracts) are issued by the DENR. These measures help establish more significant control of the indigenous peoples over their ancestral domain, and consequently for the tribe to be able to fully institute conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable use programmes in their ancestral domain.

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• However, conflicting land use policies over the same tracts of forest landscapes have diluted the efficacy of tenure instruments which conserve the resource or accord rights to forest dependent communities. Government agencies (NCIP, DENR, DA) would need to harmonise existing policies in order to be able to issue tenure instruments. It would also be important for these agencies to strengthen existing support mechanisms to the tenure instruments such as Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP) or indigenous community plans implementation.


– IMPROVING ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL / SOCIAL JUSTICE LAWS

AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

• While these forest landscapes are rich in biodiversity, many areas within them have been encroached upon or some areas are critically threatened. Improving the management mechanism of the landscape using a Ridge-to-Reef approach would lead to well managed forests. Supporting community-based enforcement strategies of environmental laws would also lead to a reduction in illegal activities within the forest landscapes. Community based enforcement strategies include having co-management mechanisms between Protected Area management boards and indigenous political structures (IPS), establishing community-voluntary compliance mechanisms.

• It would also be necessary for the DENR to improve its existing environmental monitoring and resource use policies. Included in the lobby targets is for the DENR to establish an Environ- mental Standards Monitoring and Evaluation Body to ensure stricter compliance with environmental laws/policies, and community-based multi-sectoral task forces for enforcement. It would also be important for the DENR to rationalise its existing resource use policies to allow the small forest dependent communities to undertake biodiversity-friendly livelihoods. Lack of a simplified resources use policy prevents many communities in the Sierra Madre from moving away from destructive resource use practices towards more sustainable resource-based livelihoods due to the complicated and inaccessible resource use policies.

• Apart from enforcement, restoration / rehabilitation of forest areas have to be set up within the landscapes. The proposed approach is to base it on the existing National Greening Pro- gramme, conduct a scientific review of the NGP identified High Risk Areas and to focus rehabilitation efforts in these areas to avoid duplication of efforts and for a needs-based targeted approach. Actual reforestation/ forest rehabilitation efforts would be either through Commu- nity Managed Agroforestry programs and Appropriate Technology, reviving traditional farming methods which are biodiversity-friendly, and implementing indigenous ancestral domain resources management programmes such as the Teduray Lambangian sustainable and inclusive RUMP (Resource Use and Management Practices).

• Specific to the river basin landscape of CDO Tagoloan, the strengthening of river basin governance and management and supporting environment friendly Local Government Units shall be undertaken. This would depend on having a strong Ridge to Reef coalition which would proactively push for the creation of a Multi Sectoral river basin management body by the DENR. Local government units would be encouraged to review their Comprehensive Land Use Plans in order to incorporate a river basin management framework, and adopt positive environmental ordinances.


- SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AND USE OF LANDSCAPE RESOURCES THROUGH

COMMUNITY MANAGED AGROFORESTRY, TRADITIONAL FARMING SYSTEMS AND

NATURE-BASED SOLUTION MODELS

• Included in the sustainable management of the forest landscapes is the sustainable use of its forest resources – particularly non-timber forest products and environmental services. Green sustainable livelihood strategies would be piloted in select areas as models to showcase a

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“proof-of-concept” that forest dependent communities are able to continue managing forest resources in a productive way but without sacrificing conservation and protection objectives. Different benefit sharing mechanisms would be explored as part of safeguard mechanisms. This would include but not be limited to PES and REDD Plus modes.

• Traditional Farming systems and traditional ancestral domain resource management programmes are also important to support as part of the sustainable management of the forest landscape. The SULAGAD of the Teduray Lambangian is a traditional farming method which partially utilises organic farming/ biodiversity-friendly farming techniques. Many farmers in the area were introduced to chemical farming and as this meant more harvest. Now there is a need to revive and promote the SULAGAD system among the tribe members for increased uptake by the community and decrease in unsustainable resource extraction activities. This goes hand in hand with the Teduray Lambangian RUMP or Resource Utilization and Management Practices (RUMP) which the tribe is pushing for recognition and support by the NCIP, DENR, ARMM and other local government units.

3.2

VISUALISATION OF THE TOC

3.2 Visualization of TOC

Long Term Goal:

Safeguarded ecosystems-‐based IPGs climate stability, water, food security, biodiversity, sustainable development of forest-‐dependent and indigenous communities in the Philippines, in particular the forest landscapes of CDO-‐Tagaloan River Basin, Sierra Madre landscape, and the Teduray-‐Lambiangan Ancestral Domain, for future generations.

Established Inclusive, Sustainably-‐Managed and Resilient Forest Landscapes in CDO-‐Tagaloan River Basin, Sierra Madre landscape, and the Teduray-‐Lambiangan Ancestral Domain through improved ecosystem governance

Philippine government adopted and enforced national and local laws and policies ensuring ecosystem conservation, sustainable forest resource use and recognizing community tenure rights in CDO-‐Tagaloan River Basin, Sierra Madre landscape, and the Teduray-‐Lambiangan Ancestral Domain leading to improved ecosystem governance.

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 1: Improved skills, knowledge and tools of civil society organisations, forest-‐dependent and indigenous communities in lobby and advocacy work for ensuring (1) crafting environmental and social justice measures, (2) awarding of tenure instruments, (3) stricter enforcement of forest protection laws, and (4) improving sustainable forest landscape management techniques

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 2:

Increased & strengthened influence of civil society organisations, forest-‐dependent and indigenous communities in national and local environmental and social justice policies and laws.

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 3:

DENR, NCIP, DAR, PAMBs, LGUs and other government agencies improved procedures recognizing community tenure rights through (1) facilitating award of tenure instruments (CADT, CBFMA, PACBARMA) to indigenous and other local communities, (2) recognizing indigenous political structures and indigenous governance systems, and (3) harmonization of tenure instruments

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 4: Government agencies improved enforcement of environmental and social justice laws and supported Multi-‐stakeholder efforts at (1) community led restoration, conservation and sustainable use of forest landscapes, (2) stricter compliance and community based enforcement strategies (3)improved riverbasin governance and (4) implementing co-‐management schemes.

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 5: Multi-‐Stakeholder groups and indigenous communities implemented sustainable management of forest landscapes, revived traditional farming systems and piloted nature-‐based solutions models

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2.1 Congress/ Senate/ Agencies interpellated and passed new environmental and social justice laws/ policies including revocation of RA7942 (Mining), and enacted new alternative Mining Law, alternative Forest Law

2.121 Congress/ Senate/ Agencies utilized information from CSO policy research, including case studies on EIA and FPIC

2.112 Increased capacity of Multi-‐stakeholder TWGs to draft bills, proposed IRRs and policies on Riverbasin management, Community Conserved Areas, EIA, Forestry and Forest Resource Use, Mining, Comprehensive Land Use, FPIC, Benefit sharing, Gender and other safeguard measures

2.113 Increased awareness of General Public on IPGs, restoration, conservation and sustainable landscapes from CSO policy researches

2.31 Congress/ Senate/ Agencies utilized information from CSO research on PS role in environment & recommendations

2.32 Increased awareness of the General Public on the role of the Private Sector (PS) in critical landscapes utilizing PS review research

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 2: Increased & strengthened influence of civil society organisations, forest-‐dependent and indigenous communities in national and local environmental and social justice policies and laws.

2.122 EIA law reviewed by joint TWG (Congress, DENR, NCIP, LGUs, CSOs)

2.21 NCIP and LGUs supported, and enact new policy strengthening FPIC requirements on forest areas

2.123 NCIP, DENR and DAR established and actively managed their Joint Technical Working Group with community representatives and CSOs

2.131 National lobby groups incorporated the Ridge-‐to-‐Reef framework in the pending bills in Congress on Mining, Forest Resources, and National Land Use

2.111 Congress, DENR and local government bodies identified, recognized and registered Community Conserved Areas

2.22 DILG/ NCIP/ LGU /Other government agencies recognized and respected the Teduray Lambangian Ancestral Domain FPIC regulations/ guidelines

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INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 3: DENR, NCIP, DAR, PAMBs, LGUs and other government agencies improved procedures recognizing community tenure rights through (1) facilitating award of tenure instruments (CADT, CBFMA, PACBARMA) to indigenous and other local communities, (2) recognizing indigenous political structures and indigenous governance systems, and (3) harmonization of tenure instruments

3.12 NCIP received and acknowledged the Teduray Lambangian Ancestral Domain Claim (TLADC) ancestral domain survey return and map

3.33 ARMM government and MILF agreed to transfer MILF Camp BAdre and MILF Camp Omar found within the TLADC to civilians

3.312 LGUs formulated, harmonized and fully implemented Land use plan consistent with the PAMP, CRMF and ADSDPP

3.32 NCIP/DAR/ LRA revoked Joint Administrative Order 1 series of 2012

3.311 DILG/ NCIP/ LGU of UPI harmonize the provisions of the Local Government Code, NCIP AO 1s2009, and the Forest Land Use Plan of UPI

3.3 Government agencies agreed on harmonization of land tenure policies favorable to forest dependent communities and indigenous communities

3.11 NCIP/ DENR/ DA issued CADTs/ tenure instruments / CCA instruments to landscape communities, and strengthened institutional assistance for ADSDPP implementation and other related support structures

3.21 External parties (Government agencies, Local Government Units, Corporations, NGOs, Traders) recognized and enforced cooperation and coordination agreements with the TJG

3.22 NCIP issued Certificate of Confirmation to TJG as Teduray and Lambangian Indigenous Peoples Structure (IPS)

3.13 Non-‐Moro Indigenous Peoples Rights within the ARMM recognized by government agencies and MILF

3.14 Existing IFMAs are not renewed within the Teduray Lambangian Ancestral Domain Claim (TLADC)

3.15 Teduray Lambangian Ancestral Domain Claim (TLADC) tenure rights asserted by indigenous women and men

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4.11 Multi-‐stakeholder groups, indigenous peoples and local communities implemented environmental restoration of high-‐risk areas through appropriate/ indigenous technology

4.44 Multi-‐stakeholder groups revitalized Ridge-‐to-‐Reef management mechanisms, contributed to expansion/improvement of well-‐managed forests through community based enforcement strategies

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 4: Government agencies improved enforcement of environmental and social justice laws and supported Multi-‐stakeholder efforts at (1) community led restoration, conservation and sustainable use of forest landscapes, (2) stricter compliance and community based enforcement strategies (3)improved riverbasin governance and (4) implementing co-‐management schemes.

4.52 Protected Area Management Bureau/ Boards (PAMB) and Indigenous Peoples Political Structures (IPS) forged partnership agreements for area management, environmental law enforcement and

4.13 Established Community-‐Managed National Greening Programme funded projects by Rural and indigenous communities

4.14 Established feasibility of community managed NGP projects based on academe and experts review of the National Greening Programme and scientific review to identify High Risk Areas for restoration prioritisation

4.32 DENR established an Environmental Standards Monitoring and Evaluation Body for stricter enforcement

4.2 DENR streamlined and simplified resource use policies

4.45 Multi-‐stakeholders established a strong Ridge to Reef Coalition (R2RC)

4.43 Multi-‐Sectoral River Basin Management Body established by the Executive/ DENR through an EO or AO, amending EO510 and

4.41 DENR strengthened institutional mechanisms for River Basin governance and environmental monitoring

4.31 Government agencies and Local Governments enforced IPRA, Magna Carta of Women, GAD planning

4.42 Local Government Units reviewed & enacted environmentally-‐ sound CLUPs (Comprehensive Land Use Plans) that protect river basin ecosystems, and adopted environmental policies

4.51 CSOs, LGUs and DENR strengthened Management bodies

4.12 Established and implemented Community-‐Managed Agroforestry and Restoration programs and reforestation and rehabilitation through sustainable inclusive RUMP

4.34 Communities established voluntary compliance mechanisms

4.33 Established functional community-‐based multi-‐sectoral task forces (DENR, media, CSOs)


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INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 5: Multi-‐Stakeholder groups and indigenous communities implemented sustainable management of forest landscapes, revived traditional farming systems and piloted nature-‐based solutions models

5.333 DENR , LGUs, CSOs and private sector ensured the functional sustainable financing schemes

5.332 DENR, LGUs, CSOs and private sector ensured the facilitation of community access to resources

5.311 Established vulnerable communities-‐led sustainable local resource-‐based livelihoods in the river basin

5.313 Civil society, academe and communities assessed and identified local resource-‐based livelihoods options in the river basin

5.21 NCIP/ DENR/ Local government units / ARMM recognized and supported the Sustainable and Inclusive Resource, Utilization, Management Practices (RUMP) of the Teduray Lambangian

5.22 NCIP/ DENR, local government units fully supported the Teduray Lambangian traditional farming system (Sulagad) Resource-‐based livelihood, and incorporated this in Barangay Development Plans, Provincial Development Plans and prevent the issuance of new IFMAs

5.11 Indigenous men, women and youth actively engaged and increased knowledge on the Sustainable and Inclusive Resource, Utilization, Management Practices (RUMP) of their tribe

5.3 Multi-‐stakeholder groups, indigenous communities and women facilitated expansion/ improvement of sustainable livelihoods through community managed agroforestry and nature-‐based solutions models

5.331 Multi-‐stakeholder groups explored innovative benefit sharing modes (PES, REDD plus) for forest landscapes and

5.312 Established and implemented Community-‐Managed Agroforestry and Restoration programs in the river basin

5.12 RUMP/ Zone are established; Protected Area; Rehabilitation; Community use; Commercial Use

5.13 Established No Go Zone for mining in the TLADC

5.14 Established No Go Zone for mining in the TLADC

5.15 Expanded reforestation and rehabilitation areas within the TLADC 5.16 Indigenous Forest Rangers are fully trained and equipped

5.17 Indigenous Human Rights Defenders team created by TLADC

5.18 Increased interest, skills and knowledge of Indigenous Teduray Lambangian women and men on RUMP

5.19 Transferred Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) on RUMP to young indigenous Teduray Lambangian

5.111 Awakened awareness of value and importance of natural resrouces and environment among members of the indigenous Teduray Lambangian tribe

5.32 Teduray Lambangian traditional farming system (SULAGAD) Resource-‐based livelihood practices revived, practiced and promoted among members of the Teduray Lambangian tribe

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INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME 1: Improved skills, knowledge and tools of civil society organisations, forest-‐dependent and indigenous communities in lobby and advocacy work for ensuring (1) crafting environmental and social justice measures, (2) awarding of tenure instruments, (3) stricter enforcement of forest protection laws, and (4) improving sustainable forest landscape management techniques

1.1 Lobby groups including tribal councils, IP leaders/ representatives, Cultural experts increased knowledge on IPGs, threats to ecosystems and avenues for sustainable management of forest landscapes

1.2 Increased quality and quantity of available data/analysis on forest dependent communities, IPGs, conservation of ecosystems and sustainable landscape management through policy researches

1.31 Increased awareness and understanding on the situation of communities through dialogues, consultations and workshops between communities and CSOs, government agencies,

1.32 Increased participation of community groups in the management of forest resources through inter-‐community dialogues and gatherings, regular lobby work with government agencies, participation in enforcement

1.6 Increased awareness of multi-‐stakeholder groups on the role of business/ corporations in critical landscapes through cultural impact accounting,

1.4 Increased awareness of multi-‐stakeholder groups on the gender issues around forest landscapes through dialogue with the PCW and review of GAD programs of NCIP/other agencies

1.51 Increased knowledge by indigenous TLAD community of Forest policies (Forestry Code, National Greening Programme, REDD Plus, EO23 x2011 logging moratorium

1.52 Increased knowledge by indigenous TLAD community of the Tribal Peoples Rights Act in ARMM (MMA No 241)

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3.3

DESIRED CHANGE AND PATHWAYS

FOR PARTICULAR LANDSCAPES

As the three landscapes differ in terms of context, the three landscape ToCs are summarised here. In this way, the more generic ToC at national level can be better contextualised.

3.3.1

CAGAYAN DE ORO TAGALOAN RIVER BASIN

The proponent CSOs aim to secure IPGs related to water, biodiversity protection, food security and sustainable livelihoods through (1) strong inclusive governance; (2) behavioural transfor-mation; (3) poverty alleviation; and (4) protected landscape providing ecosystem services. The implementation of existing environmental laws is crucial in the achievement of strong inclusive governance. Behavioral transformation among the inhabitants is a desired impact that would significantly facilitate a healthy ecosystem, ensuring that each individual is committed in the protection and promotion of the long-term interests and not of short-term rewards. A strong interest on sustainable livelihood is raised as it directly addresses the poverty that is widely felt among the communities. The alleviation of poverty will encourage individuals to continue in the commitment to the protection and promotion of the long-term interests, which is achievable through sustainable livelihood programs.A protected landscape secures the balance of the ecosystem. This is essential for the services that provide benefits or promote the well-being of the individual. These ecological services cover a cross-cutting range of ecological, political, economic, social and cultural considerations.Lobby and advocacy work would focus on strengthening the river basin landscape management mechanism through (1) Ridge-to-Reef Integrated Management and Restoration, (2) Conserva-tion and Rehabilitation of Critical Habitat areas within the landscape, and (3) Sustainable Green Livelihoods for vulnerable communities.

The formation of an Integrated Ridge to Reef Management and Restoration will need the follo-wing (outcomes): (i) a strong ridge to reef coalition composed of the different stakeholders in both river basins along with those from coastal areas, (ii) environmentally-responsive local government units (LGUs) with environmentally-sound CLUPs (Comprehensive Land Use Plans) and adopted environmental policies, and, (iii) a multi-sectoral body with authority that can enforce laws, mo-nitor compliance and environmental standards.Environmental Restoration of High-Risk Areas will be achieved through: (i) the rehabilitation of high-risk areas (HRAs) by reviewing existing programs like the DENR National Greening Program (NGP) to target scientifically prioritised HRAs with appropriate restoration technologies, and (ii) an agroforestry restoration that is managed by the community.In order to achieve Sustainable Green Livelihood for Vulnerable Communities, appropriate mo-dern and IKSP-based (Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices) technologies by the use of local resource-based livelihoods will be identified through sound research (resource assessment, product study, and value chain analysis).

Developed Social Marketing: 1. Appropriate restoration techniques implemented in NGP upland and coastal High Risk Areas (but not necessarily funded by GLA) 2. Local resource-based livelihoods strengthened 3. Community-managed agroforestry restoration

Ridge to Reef Coalition: 1. Constituency building of the ridge to reef stakeholders 2. Lobbying for the adoption and enforcement of environmental laws 3. Lobbying for the creation of a multi sectoral body with attending authority 4. Networking and alliance building among the different river basin councils in the Philippines

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Evidence Generation: 1. Policy reviews of Comprehensive Land Use Plans and environmental laws 2. Participatory review of the implementation of the National Greening Program (NGP) 3. Scientific review of high-risk areas, including the NGP prioritised High Risk Areas

Two cross-cutting strategies were identified to be essential in the achievement of all the for-mulated outcomes. These are: gender-mainstreaming on participation and decision-making and Culture-sensitiveness to the implementation of laws, policies, and technologies.

3.3.2

VISUALISATION OF THE TOC FOR THE CAGAYAN DE ORO TAGALOAN RIVER BASIN

Below, a visual summary of the ToC of for the Cagayan de Oro Landscape is presented:

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3.3.3

SIERRA MADRE LANDSCAPE

The desired change (or goal) is that the ecosystem-based international public goods (IPGs) that include water, food security, climate resilience and biodiversity in Sierra Madre are safeguarded. Strategic or long-term outcomes focus on environmental, tenure, land and resource use policies that secure ecosystem based IPGs to be harmonised, enacted and enforced through inclusive and sustainable governance. Inclusive and sustainable governance of the Sierra Madre Landscape can be achieved with two intermediate outcomes: (1) Congress, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department. of Agrarian Reform (DAR), the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) and Local Government Units (LGUs) guarantee improved community tenure, social and environmental safeguards and land use/resource use policies and programs and (2) DENR, NCIP, LGUs and CSOs enhanced and expanded the sustainable management, protection and restoration of forest and forest resources in the Sierra Madre Landscape through the engagement of mul-ti-stakeholders.

The first outcome ensures the policy and institutional base that will allow the effective and ef-ficient pursuit of the second outcome at the level of practice. There can be enhanced and ex-panded sustainable forest management if the necessary policy reforms are put in place. However, these policies have to be based on models and best practices on sustainable forest management, protection, conservation and restoration. CSOs and communities develop such models and best practices, and these should be institutionalised and mainstreamed through the adoption and/or revision of policies and guidelines. These viable and innovative solutions to pressing landscape problems can influence policymakers in crafting laws, policies and guidelines that would address the issues in the landscape.

Within the sphere of influence, the harmonisation, enactment and enforcement of environmental, tenure, land use and resource use policies that secure ecosystems shall be achieved if the follo-wing outputs are met: 1) awarding of certificates of land tenure; 2) comprehensive land use plans that include the ancestral domain and protected area management plans; 3) simplified resource use policies and 4) enactment of FPIC and Environmental Impact Assessment.

The second outcome focuses on model building and piloting of nature-based solutions specifically related to community conserved areas, NTFP and agro-forestry livelihoods, protection and restora-tion. Aside from the recognition of community conserved areas (ICCAs and Local Conserved Areas), management bodies will be strengthened with strong CSO participation and innovative benefit sharing mechanisms. For example, PES and REDD plus will be developed and piloted. As for the livelihoods, government agencies and the private sector will be tapped to provide sustainable financing and other business development services (e.g. appropriate technology, information and market access) to community based enterprises.

The practice of using the customary laws and traditions of indigenous and local communities in the protection and conservation of the forests will be recognised and strengthened. Functional com-munity-based multi-sectoral task forces to ensure forest protection will be established. Linkage of the local communities and multi-sectoral task forces with traditional and social media will be es-tablished so that they can report on violations and new policies for the protection of Sierra Madre

The L&A strategies to be employed include 1. Amplifying use of multi-media and social marketing tools; 2. Actively engaging government and corporations; 3. Developing champions in different sectors; 4. Alliance and network building including actively participating in multi-stakeholder mechanisms; 5. Piloting and modelling as a means to illustrate proof-of-concept for nature-based solutions 6. Community organizing and capacity building of CSOs and communities 7. Conducting and participation in consultations, conferences and fora 8. Database building for policy researches using accurate and science-based evidence

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3.3.4

VISUALISATION OF THE TOC FOR THE SIERRA MADRE LANDSCAPE

Below, a visual summary of the ToC of for the Sierra Madre Landscape:

3.3.5

TEDURAY AND LAMBANGIAN ANCESTRAL DOMAIN

The local CSOs identified the landscape goal to be the full indigenous control, governance and management of forest and ecosystem resources. With this achieved, there will be the enjoyment of biodiversity, climate resilience and protected forests; indigenous peoples’ rights and rights to self-determination; as well as Indigenous food sovereignty and sustainable livelihoods. There are four conditions to be met in order for these to be achieved: 1) Established and promoted resource based livelihood through the SULAGAD or Traditional Farming System; (2) Adopted sustainable and inclusive resource use management practice (RUMP) by the TLADC; (3) Secured land owner-ship in the TLADC vis-a-vis conflicting ownership claims in the ARMM, IFMAs; and (4) Strengthe-ned and recognised fully operational Timuay Justice and Governance (TJG)

The main track to achieve a sustainable, and inclusive resource-based livelihood is the practice of Sulagad. Sulagad is the Teduray Lambangian’s traditional farming system, using methods prac-ticed by their ancestors before modern technology was introduced. The pilot areas will undergo a slow and careful process of adjustment before being certified as organic farms, especially if the land has become too acidic due to chemical farming. Therefore, the pilot areas should have alternative livelihoods and additional sources of income such as livestock, minor crops, and fishpond while wai-ting for the land to heal and permanent crops to ripen. The pilot areas will implement information and education campaign on sulagad and IEC/training on organic fertiliser production and pesticide.

LONG TERM GOAL Ecosystem-based IPGs water, food security, climate resilience and biodiversity in Sierra Madre are safeguarded

LONG TERM OUTCOME ENVIRONMENTAL, TENURE, LAND USE AND RESOURCE USE LAWS AND POLICIES THAT SECURE ECOSYSTEM BASED IPGS ARE HARMONISED, ENACTED AND ENFORCED THROUGH INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE GOVERNANCE

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME (1): CONGRESS, DENR, DAR, NCIP AND LGUS IMPROVED COMMUNITY TENURE, SOCIAL AND ENVIRON-MENTAL SAFEGUARDS AND LAND USE / RESOURCE USE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME (2): DENR, NCIP, LGUs AND CSOs ENHANCED AND EXPANDED THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, PROTECTION, CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF FOREST AND FOREST RESOURCES IN THE SIERRA MADRE LANDSCAPE THROUGH MULTI-STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTS

1.1 NCIP, DENR, DAR, PAMBs facilitated the award of CADT, CBFMA, PACBARMA and other community-ba-sed instruments to POs and Community Based Organisations (CBOs)

1.1.1 DENR, DAR and NCIP actively engaged and participated in har-monization of land tenure policies

1.1.2 NCIP, DENR and DAR established and actively managed their Joint Tech-nical Working Group with community represen-tatives and CSOs

1.2 LGUs formulated, harmonized and fully implemented Land use plan consistent with the PAMP, CRMF and ADSDPP

1.2.1 RDCs, LGUs, PAMB established functional, effec-tive and inclusive planning commit-tees/ bodies

1.3 DENR streamlined and simplified resource use policies

1.3.1 DENR, NCIP, DOST, Academe, NGOs, POs established a Joint Technical Working Group

1.4.1 NCIP and LGUs supported, and enact new policy strengthening FPIC require-ments on forest areas

1.4.2 EIA law reviewed by joint TWG (Con-gress, DENR, NCIP, LGUs, CSOs)

1.4 Congress, DENR, NCIP and LGUs enacted and improved social and environ-mental safeguards through the passage of a revised FPIC and EIA Administrative Order/ Law.

2.1 Communities, civil society, the Private Sector and Local Government Units actively contributed to the expansion, improvement and enforcement of well-managed forest areas

2.2 Multi-stakeholder mechanisms (civil society, private sector, government agencies and Local Government Units) facilitated the expansion and improvement of sustainable livelihoods of forest dependent communities, especially indigenous peoples and women.

2.3 Multi-stakeholder mecha-nisms (civil society, DENR, NCIP, Local Government Units, communities) established effective community-based enforcement strategies

2.1.1 Congress, DENR and local government bodiesidentified, recognized and registered Community Con-served Areas

2.1.2 CSOs, LGUs and DENR strengthened Management bodies

2.1.3 CSOs, LGUs and DENR explored innova-tive benefit sharing mecha-nisms e,g., PES and REDD plus

2.2.1 DENR , LGUs, CSOs and private sector ensured the functional sustainable financing schemes

2.2.2 DENR, LGUs, CSOs and private sector ensured the facilitation of community access to resources

2.3.1 Commu-nities establis-hed voluntary compliance mechanisms

2.3.2 Establis-hed functional communi-ty-based multi-sectoral task forces (DENR, media, CSOs)

Amplifying use of multi-media and social marketing

tools

Survey and Delineation Capacity BuildingDatabase-science-based and accurate

Community Organizing Alliance and Network Building

Actively engaging government and

corporations

Developing cham-pions in different

sectors

Model building and piloting

Actively participating in multi-stakeholder

mechanisms

Developing models

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The TJG has formulated its own resource, utilisation and management practice, which is desired to be sustainable and inclusive. Within the RUMP, specific areas are identified, with its own set of rules to govern, i.e., protected areas, rehabilitation areas, community use, and commercial use. There are specific requirements to have RUMP fully established and practiced and this includes the establishment of No Go Zone for mining within their ancestral domain and the non-renewal of IF-MAs. To ensure that RUMP is in place, and that there are no encroachers, teams of fully trained and equipped indigenous forest rangers should be in place. This is also to augment the lack of gover-nment forest guards within the areas. Women and youth need to be actively involved in all levels.

As for land ownership, it is critical to strengthen the assertion of women and men of their land rights, through more trainings as well as political discussions. In the context of the peace talks between the Moro (MILF) and the government, this assertion should also extend to their identity, and self-determination as non-Moro/Muslim indigenous peoples within the ARMM. Part of this assertion should be the push for the transfer of MILF Camp Badre and Omar, which are both within their ancestral domain, to civilians.

TJG strategises to push for the issuance of CADT, a certificate of AD title by strengthening leader-ship skills and defence in the communities, link up and build solidarity with social movements working on issue on human rights, land and natural resources. As part of a long process, an es-sential step in the mid-term will be the official receipt and acknowledgement of the TLADC survey and map by the NCIP. This is part of the formal legal process of ancestral domain delineation.

A clear expression of the recognition of their governance over their domain is that TJG is part of the official and legal negotiations and consent processes of any development or commercial activities within their domain. The push then is that cooperation and coordination agreements be-tween TJG and the government, and other external parties are entered into, and these agreements are recognised and enforced.

The main strategies are strengthening the women and men, both senior citizens and youth alike, of the Teduray and Lambangian communities, as they pursue their struggle for their rights to their identity, territory and self-determination; and to forge solidarity work through strategic partner-ship and alliances with members of the social movements both at the regional (Mindanao) and national level; strategic and tactical engagements with the local government units; and conti-nuing dialogue with identified allies within the government.

The L&A strategies to be employed include: 1. Study sessions for community members, Training & Assistance for Indigenous Leadership 2. Training and development of new roles for indigenous Forest Rangers 3. Partnerships, alliance building and solidarity work 4. Resource mobilisation 5. IKSP Policy research & development - Documentation of “Sulagad” or the traditional livelihood system of the Teduray Lambangian; Customary consent processes; Customary Systems to be Practiced by TJG; and Development/ implementation of TLADC FPIC regulation/guidelines 6. Lobbying and Advocacy at the regional, national, international levels including engaging relevant UN System

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3.3.6

VISUALISATION OF THE TOC FOR THE TEDURAY AND LAMBANGIAN LANDSCAPE

Below, a visual summary of the ToC of for the Teduray and Lambangian Ancestral Domain Landscape:

3.4

ASSUMPTIONS

a. IPGs related to water (for home, agriculture and industrial use), food security and sustainable livelihoods, and climate resilience emanate from and are dependent on healthy ecosystems. Restoring, protecting, conserving and sustainably managing the ecosystems within the forest landscapes ensures the continuation of IPGs.

b. The ecosystem resources in the identified landscapes are threatened and endangered. If conservation efforts and better management of forest resources are not undertaken, it would lead to the further degradation of critical habitats and increase the vulnerability of millions of Filipinos to climate extremes, lack of food and water, and further displacement.

c. The solution to the threats against ecosystem based IPGs lies in the hands of different stakeholder groups. There is no one stakeholder that is responsible for the problem, and there is no one stakeholder responsible for the solution. Sustainable management of the landscape can only be achieved if different stakeholders (Academe, Security, Religious, LGUs, NGAs, IP/POs, NGOs, CSOs, Private sector) are represented across all scales of governance and decision-making.

Strategies• Training and Assistance for Indigenous Leadership

• Solidarity Work

• Partnership and alliance

• Resource Mobilization Documentation of Sulagad, Customary consent processes, Customary Systems to be Practiced by TJG

• Develop and implement TLADC FPIC regulation/guidelines

• Lobbying and Advoca- cy at the regional and national levels

• Engage relevant UN System

• Creations and training of indigenous Forest Rangers

• Study session

TEDURAY-LAMBANGIAN ANCESTRAL DOMAIN (TLADC) THEORY OF CHANGE

Protected, Conserved and Climate Resilient Biodiversi-

ty of TLADC

Right to Self Determination of Teduray Lambangian

Indigenous Food Sover-eignty and Sustainable

Livelihoods for the Teduray Lambangian

Full Indigenous Control, Governance and Management of land, forest resources and

Ecosystem of TLADC

Resource Based Livelihood Established

SULAGAD or Traditional Farming System (Orga-nic-Minor, Major Crops.

Permanent and Livelihood) is practiced and promoted

among Teduray and Lambangian.

RUMP/Zone are established:Protected area; Rehabilitation;

Community use; Commercial use

TLADC Tenure rights asser-ted by women and men

Cooperation and Coordination Agreements between TJG and

external parties (e.g. LGUs, Corporations, NGOs, concerned

gov’t agencies, traders) are recognized and enforced

Certificate of Confirmation issued to TJG as Teduray and

Lambangian IPS by NCIP

Non-Moro IP rights within ARMM are recognized

Camp Badre and Omar are transformed into Produc-tive Civilian IP community

TLADC survey return and map officially received and

acknowledged by NCIP

Existing IFMAs are not renewed

IKSP with youth (Boys & Girls) thru capacity building and youth

leadership training are transferred

Reforestation and rehabilitation areas within TLADC are expanded

Fully Trained and Equipped Indigenous Forest Rangers

Awakened awareness of value and importance of

natural resources and environment

Increased interest, skills and know-ledge of women and men on RUMP

No Go Zone (for mining) Established

Creation of HRD Team

Sustainable Inclusive RUMP* adopted by TLADC

Secured Land Ownership Fully Operational TJG**

Plantations, IFMA Mining, Logging; Armed Conflicts: military, rebels, Private Armed Groups, terrorist – BIFF, Abusayaf Groups

Armed Conflicts: military, rebels, Private Armed Groups, terrorist –

BIFF, Abusayaf Groups Security/Peace and Order (IP Killings)

Non-Recognition of IP Rights Monsanto and other agro-industry companies Traders

Threats

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d. Threats to the ecosystem can be addressed through strengthening environmental policies and changing practices in the utilisation of resources within the landscapes. Review of policies and strict enforcement of existing environmental laws will contribute to the restoration of ecological balance in the forest landscapes. In changing practice it is necessary to rehabilitate critical habitat areas, identify conservation areas and implement sustainable use measures in order to restore the ecological balance.

e. If forest dependent communities and civil society organisations critically yet effectively work with government and certain private sector players, then changes in policy and practice can be achieved. New policies and laws would likewise be effectively passed if there is a groundswell of support from the general public.

f. Sustainability of positive changes in the conservation, rehabilitation and management of forested landscapes depends heavily on (1) the stability of the tenure instrument establishing conservation and protection limitations, and (2) the full recognition and support of tenure rights of forest dependent communities and indigenous peoples’ communities to the forest landscapes and indigenous territories.

g. In the case of indigenous communities, when indigenous peoples achieve full indigenous control, governance, and management of forest and ecosystem resources, then there will be the enjoyment of biodiversity, climate resilience and protected forests; indigenous peoples’ rights and rights to self-determination; as well as Indigenous food sovereignty and sustainable livelihoods.

h. Statutorily created spaces for dialogue and participation are under-maximised. Dialogue between different stakeholders (government, community, CSOs, private sector) and participation in planning /implementation by CSOs and communities can build trust and improve overall landscape governance.

i. Technical working groups perform much of the muscle work in policy development. They provide the necessary substance for drafting the bill and assists the champions in the necessary interpellation. If CSOs and communities are able to effectively participate in multistakeholder technical working groups, they will be able to positively influence the resulting draft bills and draft policies in Congress and in executive agencies (DENR/NCIP/LGUs).

j. If the advocacies carried by CSOs and communities are adopted by competent and well respected Champions, then draft bills and policies could effectively hurdle the layers of bill/ policy approval in Congress and in administrative agencies.

k. Community based enforcement strategies are more effective because community members become part of the solution, are nearest to the resource and can effectively monitor threats to the landscapes.

l. If these sustainable livelihood models are supported, then sustainable development objectives addressing poverty and environmental degradation can be achieved while continuing to respect community rights in the resources and avoiding forced displacement.

m. Private sector participation in the management and use of landscapes can be positively transformed if the necessary limitations on their involvement are defined by law and policy and enforced effectively. The strict regulation of mining activities and the rehabilitation of forests along the rivers are essential in restoring the ecological balance of the ridge to reef ecosystem.

n. An intensive social marketing program can bring about sustainable and effective restoration interventions and equitable outcomes and influence behavioural transformation.

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3.5

LOBBY AND ADVOCACY STRATEGIES

OF PARTICIPATING CSOS

All three landscapes have four common lobby and advocacy areas of pathways towards safeguarding ecosystem based IPGs, and these are: 1) Addressing existing environmental and social justice policies; 2) Changing practice on the ground by restoring critical habitats and ensuring stricter enforcement of environmental and social justice laws; 3) Influencing the way resources are used and exploring nature-based solutions for sustainable livelihoods; 4) Ensuring that safeguard measures that protect the interests of those most marginalised are in place.

The participating CSOs shall utilise several common lobby and advocacy strategies while working on these advocacy pathways: 1. Evidence generation through participatory policy researches 2. Developing policies (statutes, executive issuances, local government ordinances)3. Engaging government4. Developing Champions in government5. Organizing of communities and other stakeholders, 6. Capacity building of indigenous communities and other forest dependent rural poor communities7. Capacity building of technical skills through trainings, workshops and involvement of experts/ scientists8. Alliance/coalition and network / solidarity group building, 9. Utilizing multi-stakeholder platforms10. Developing the use of multi-media and other social marketing11. Developing and Piloting sustainable livelihoods models12. Supporting traditional livelihood and traditional resource management approaches

3.6

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES

OF PARTICIPATING CSOS

The value of CSOs in multi-stakeholder engagement cannot be more highly stressed. Specifically, the CSOs within the 3 landscapes have already established their credibility in terms proactively engaging policy makers and creating a network between all actors involved and thus “bridging the gap” between the local communities and the business, the state other actors within the landscape.

To further improve and strengthen the CSOs and provide other support within the landscape therefore, capacity development priorities were identified to address skills gaps and deep systemic constraints hopefully to result to a fundamental transformation, re-orientation and re-alignment and develop a collective knowledge towards an effective lobbying and advocacy efforts:

Engaging the private sector and donors There is a need for learning, exchange and sharing on ways to interact with, and engage the private sector and donors. Recognising their role within the landscape as potential funding partners, investors, supporters in policy influencing and in developing, implementing and scaling-up solutions and best practices, CSOs and government agencies should be involved. Starting from the initial stages stakes, aims and methods are collectivised and highlighted. Understanding each actor, their interest and views would facilitate a better working relation and more productive partnerships.

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Lobby and Advocacy Strategy and SkillsThe lack of technical or expert knowledge and skills among the CSOs was cited as being one of the biggest impediments to an effective lobbying and advocacy initiatives. While there exists a lobby and advocacy plan, the plan lacks well-worked out strategies for lobby and advocacy. Thus, there is a need to come up with outcomes-based planning for easier monitoring and evaluation. There is also need to improve the skills of the staffs and partners in lobby and advocacy work. Some of the lobby and advocacy skills that need to be enhanced are the following: negotiations, networking, conflict management.

Operational Space/SecurityThe GLA work will involve working with different communities as well as with different interest groups. It is of important to ensure the security of the staff while doing the work. The 3 landscapes are sites of armed groups’ camps and thus protocols and policies to ensure the security of the staff should be developed. There is a need for staffs (especially on field) to undergo security training.

Some of the topics that were identified are: situational analysis, assessment of security risks, risk reduction and management strategies, travel safety and security, how to respond to specific threats in the area, digital security, coming up with standard operating procedures for security and contingency planning, stress and crisis management.

Financial Sustainability The changing nature of international development finance requires that CSOs have to develop new capacities for financial management and accessing new types of finance with a variety of actors including the private sector and the financial sector.

Knowledge and Innovation, based on evidence The linkage between research and learning institutions and the policy-making community is fundamental and requires capacity. Capacity development processes should create a culture of using grounded knowledge and experiences to genuinely affect policy making, reforms and better results. Policies will then be based on real issues and will be backed by adequate evidence-based information. This has a far reaching effect, influencing not only political issues, but also environmental and social challenges. Evaluation and reflection sessions are conducted as venues to share learnings from the field through direct person-to-person contact but skill sharing methodologies should be further improved.

Establishing knowledge management system within the organisations would be helpful such that tracking of achievement of outcomes can be done.

Utilising Skills and Resources. All available resources must be fully utilised, retained and mobilised. Central to this priority is the identification of in-house organisational, individual and community potentials and expertise. Whether it is through training, re-positioning or leadership, the campaign agenda requires adapted capacity developers and institutions to enhance the performance of all concerned thus “developing the capacity of capacity developers should be prioritised. These experts should be tapped firstly during sharing and training sessions. An important part of the system towards self-reliance is the need for active and capable players in the capacity development arena.

Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (PME Capacity) Identifying a systematic planning, monitoring and evaluation framework for effective results at all levels of the lobby and advocacy activities is the key to effectively link actions and reports and translate to an understandable outcomes. Fostering active exchanges of information means a better coordinated system with the ability to remove these ‘structural blockages’ for continuous improvement processes.

Gender & Diversity and Eco-Cultural Sensitivity Women and men are affected differently by deforestation. Gender sensitivities are particularly pronounced in the areas of disaster risk reduction, public health, water resources management, and agriculture and food security. The group recognises the need for gender mainstreaming in participation and decision making, particularly in pursuit of inclusive governance - this is why the group had identified trainings on gender sensitivity, responsiveness and mainstreaming a collective priority. There is a need for the GLA to collectively examine the deep structures that hold inequality in place and create barriers

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to women’s rights and gender equality and then develop a collective project to change these deep structures. Peer-learning workshops, shared accountability, individual coaching and mentoring from a gender and women facilitators and development of tools, resources and writing—hopefully to improve the use of gender lens in the whole thinking and action process.

Communication In order to share and validate evidence with local communities, CSOs need to use ‘links’. In this context, ‘links’ could be different communication platforms – media (in its various forms). In particular, media could be a useful means of reporting findings back to grassroots/community level. It is as important for CSOs to act as a voice for those not in a position to speak out. Furthermore, the media could be encouraged to promote CSO success stories and help boost CSO credibility. In the same way the media can be used as a ‘high intensity approach’ for CSOs. It could be a valuable means of maintaining debates, forcing research to be taken into account in policy discussions, and increasing awareness and understanding of issues, on both national and international scale.

While some members of the GLA already have rich and wide experience with media work and social media communication, there are still some skills gap which can be further improved. Consultation across the landscapes should be done and come up with a communication strategy. Capacity building on communication and advocacy tools such as development of IEC materials, use of social media for advocacy and media linkage is necessary. As communications is a specialised skill, a person needs to be hired to anchor the communication strategy.

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MONITORING AND LEARNING

4.

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4.1

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

A summary of the capacity development priorities is provided in chapter 3.6 Each year, part-ners will assess the changes in performance with regard to the prioritised capacities and assess whether priorities are still relevant with regard to the L&A strategies.

4.2

LOBBY AND ADVOCACY

Annex 1 provides an overview of the baseline in relation to the expected outcomes. This baseline information will be further refined and build upon in the last part of 2016.

4.3

LEARNING

The GLA partners are yet to develop a learning agenda. A first exploration of possible topics for learning revolves around 1. Having reliable, accurate and science-based evidence to be able to link IPGs and forest conservation, tenure and conservation2. Building CSO coalitions as it links to more effective lobbying3. Participation in multi-stakeholder groups for more robust policy development4. Engaging private sector for management of forest 5. Social marketing to bring about behavioural transformation on forest conservation7. Sustainable livelihoods to address poverty situation and continued forest degradation

In order to facilitate learning, meetings will be organised in order to assess progress, identify changes and results and asses what this means for the theory of change and the underpinning assumptions. The conclusions of these meetings will be documented.

4.4

PMEL

The GLA partners drafted a separate monitoring framework for the respective landscapes as the context (actors, problems) and consequently the strategies per landscape differ. A first set-up of these frameworks is provided here and includes the expected outcomes, the indicators, a short baseline and methodologies. Partners will discuss in follow-up sessions how to harmonise the frameworks that have now been developed per landscape, how to further substantiate the base-line in 2016 and refining the indicators. This will be a highly participatory process, in which the actors in the landscape will also play a role.

Partners will at least assess progress quarterly through proper documentations of changes among the targeted actors. Partners are exploring the use of the Most Significant Change me-thodology. It is expected that self-assessment tools such as staff journals will also contribute to analysing changes.

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Vereniging MilieudefensieNieuwe Looiersstraat 31, 1017 VA, Amsterdammail address: Postbus 19199, 1000 GD Amsterdamtelephone: 020-5507300

contact person: Inge Vianene-mail address: [email protected]

Documents

INCEPTION REPORT GREEN LIVELIHOODS ALLIANCE – …