KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa yang telah memberikan kekuatan

sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan kumpulan makalah perubahan iklim ini. Kumpulan

makalah ini disusun oleh Mahasiswa Angkatan 32 B Kelas Khusus Program Studi Ilmu

Lingkungan Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Universitas Indonesia berdasarkan tugas yang

diberikan oleh Prof. Dr. RTM. Sutamihardja, M.Ag(Chem). Berikut ini adalah daftar

penulis makalah dan judul masing-masing makalah.

Nama Mahasiswa Judul Makalah

Ayu Steffina Oktavianti(1306501236)

1. Gas Rumah Kaca2. UNFCCC Durban

Cahyo Nugroho(1306501242)

1. Kyoto Protocol2. UNFCCC Doha

Cut Tisa Putri(1306501255)

1. UNFCCC2. UNFCCC Lima

Dynno Putra Asmara(1306501274)

1. IPCC2. Politik Perubahan Iklim Dunia

Edvia Indrania(1306501280)

1. Kebijakan Nasional Perubahan Iklim Indonesia

2. Working Group III IPCC

Laily Kurniasari(1306501311)

1. Pemanasan Global2. Protokol Kyoto II

Sukardi(1306501375)

1. Working Group III IPCC2. Implementasi REDD dan REDD+ di

Indonesia

Urutan makalah disusun berdasarkan pengelompokan isu. Bab pertama berisikan

gambaran secara umum tentang pemanasan global, dilanjutkan dengan bab tentang

konvensi perubahan iklim (UNFCCC) yang diikuti oleh bab-bab berisikan konvensi

yang pernah dilaksanakan termasuk hasilnya berupa Kyoto Protokol I dan II. Bab

berikutnya membahas tentang IPCC dan Working Group yang ada di bawahnya. Bab

ii

berikutnya membahas tentang politik perubahan iklim di dunia dan di Indonesia.

Terakhir adalah isu tentang REDD dalam perubahan iklim.

Semoga sumbangsih kecil untuk perubahan iklim ini bermanfaat bagi pembaca guna

memahami isu perubahan iklim di dunia dan di Indonesia.

Jakarta, 22 Oktober 2015.

Tim

Penulis

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DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ii

Penulis iii

DAFTAR ISI iv

1. PEMANASAN GLOBAL 1

1.1 Pendahuluan................................................................................................1

1.2 Pembahasan................................................................................................1

1.2.1 Proses Pemanasan Global.....................................................................1

1.2.2 Penyebab Pemanasan Global...............................................................5

1.2.3 Dampak Pemanasan Global.................................................................9

1.2.4 Kepedulian Masyarakat Internasional terhadap Lingkungan Hidup

Khususnya Pemanasan Global...............................................................................18

1.3 Kesimpulan...............................................................................................20

Pustaka...................................................................................................................21

2. UNITED NATION FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) 22

2.1 Pendahuluan..............................................................................................22

2.2 Pembahasan..............................................................................................24

2.2.1 Sejarah................................................................................................24

2.2.2 Tujuan.................................................................................................24

2.2.3 Struktural UNFCCC...........................................................................25

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2.2.4 Hasil COP Ke-1 HINGGA COP Ke-20.............................................26

2.3 Kesimpulan...............................................................................................40

Pustaka...................................................................................................................40

3. PROTOKOL KYOTO 41

3.1 Pendahuluan..............................................................................................41

3.2 Pembahasan..............................................................................................42

3.2.1 Protokol Kyoto...................................................................................42

3.2.2 Implikasi.............................................................................................42

3.2.3 Mekanisme.........................................................................................42

3.2.4 Dinamika Protokol Kyoto..................................................................45

3.2.5 Kekuatan Hukum................................................................................46

3.2.6 Materi Pokok Protokol Kyoto............................................................47

3.3 Kesimpulan...............................................................................................50

Pustaka...................................................................................................................50

Lampiran 1. Kyoto Protocol Document.................................................................52

4. UNFCCC LIMA, PERU 72

4.1 Pendahuluan..............................................................................................72

4.2 Pembahasan..............................................................................................72

4.3 Kesimpulan...............................................................................................75

Pustaka...................................................................................................................75

5. UNFCCC DOHA, QATAR77

5.1 Pendahuluan..............................................................................................77

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5.2 Pembahasan..............................................................................................78

5.3 Kesimpulan...............................................................................................82

Pustaka...................................................................................................................82

Daftar Singkatan....................................................................................................83

6. 84

7. PROTOKOL KYOTO II 85

7.1 Pendahuluan..............................................................................................85

7.2 Pembahasan..............................................................................................86

7.3 Kesimpulan...............................................................................................94

Pustaka...................................................................................................................95

8. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) 96

8.1 Pendahuluan..............................................................................................96

8.2 Pembahasan..............................................................................................97

8.2.1 Kegiatan IPCC....................................................................................97

8.2.2 Kelompok Kerja (Working Group) Dan Kelompok Tugas (Task

Force) 98

8.2.3 Synthesis Report...............................................................................101

8.2.4 Laporan Lengkap..............................................................................103

8.2.5 Agenda IPCC....................................................................................104

8.3 Kesimpulan.............................................................................................109

9. CLIMATE CHANGE: THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS (WORKING GROUP I)111

9.1 Pendahuluan............................................................................................111

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9.2 Pembahasan............................................................................................112

9.2.1 Perubahan Observasi dalam Sistem Iklim........................................112

9.2.2 Pendorong Perubahan Iklim.............................................................118

9.2.3 Memahami Sistem Iklim dan Perubahannya....................................119

9.2.4 Perbahan Iklim Global dan Regional Masa Depan..........................120

9.3 Kesimpulan.............................................................................................120

Pustaka.................................................................................................................120

10. RANGKUMAN UNTUK PENGAMBIL KEBIJAKAN (WORKING GROUP III IPCC)122

10.1 Pendahuluan.........................................................................................122

10.2 Pembahasan..........................................................................................123

10.2.1 Pendekatan mitigasi  pada perubahan iklim...................................123

10.2.2 Kecenderungan Stock dan Flows Gas Rumah Kaca dan petunjuknya

127

10.2.3 Jalur Mitigasi Dan Tindakan Pada Konteks Pembangunan

Berkelanjutan.......................................................................................................128

10.2.4 Langkah-Langkah Jalur Mitigasi Sektoral Dan Lintas Sektoral....131

10.2.5 Pasokan Energi...............................................................................134

10.2.6 Sektor Utama Pengguna Energi.....................................................137

10.3 Kesimpulan...........................................................................................145

Pustaka.................................................................................................................146

11. POLITK PERUBAHAN IKLIM DI DUNIA 147

11.1 Pendahuluan.........................................................................................147

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11.2 Pembahasan..........................................................................................149

11.3 Kesimpulan...........................................................................................168

Pustaka.................................................................................................................170

12. KEBIJAKAN NASIONAL PERUBAHAN IKLIM INDONESIA 172

12.1 Pendahuluan.........................................................................................172

12.2 Pembahasan..........................................................................................173

12.3 Kesimpulan...........................................................................................187

Pustaka.................................................................................................................188

13. IMPLEMENTASI REDD dan REDD+ DI INDONESIA 189

13.1 Pendahuluan.........................................................................................189

13.2 PEMBAHASAN...................................................................................192

13.2.1 Bagaimana cara kerja REDD?........................................................192

13.2.2 Adakah tantangan yang akan dihadapi skema REDD?..................193

13.2.3 REDD masuk dalam agenda global...............................................194

13.2.4 Keseriusan Indonesia Pada Pelaksanaan REDD+..........................196

13.2.5 Perkembangan REDD+ di Indonesia.............................................202

13.3 Kesimpulan...........................................................................................210

Pustaka.................................................................................................................211

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