Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017 Oil Price ( Monthly) US Dollar 49,49M O N T H LY N E W S

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In this Issue

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Aramco Gulf Operations Sponsors the Closing Ceremony of Al Khafji Season Club

Attended by MCP and Colleagues from Various DepartmentsCPD holds a Farewell Party for Jean De Reyes

Google Touts Android Oreo’s Tasty New Features

CBD replaces lights to LED

Controlled by Inteligent

Electrical Systems

Executive Management Inspects the

Environmental Project for Gas

Collection

Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017Joint Operation’s News

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Aramco Gulf Operations Sponsors the Closing Ceremony of Al Khafji Season Club and Honors Outstanding Students

Al-Khafji Season Club ended on Tuesday, August 8, its

effectiveness for this year with the closing ceremony under the patronage of Eng. Abdullah Al-

Helal, President and Chief Executive Officer, Aramco Gulf Operations, along with Abdullah Al-Qahtani, Executive Director of Industrial Services, and Ibrahim Al-Dossary,

AGOC Human Resources Manager and a number of directors of government departments amid the presence and interaction of Parents.The ceremony began with a

welcoming speech by the presenter of the ceremony, Muttab Al-Shammari, and then verses from the Holy Quran recited by the student Mahmoud Samir, followed

by the participation of the family of the Knights by presenting a representative scene of the vision of the Kingdom 2030.

Al-Helal posing with the Honored Students

Al-Helal recieving a memorial shield Photos of the events

Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017Joint Operation’s News

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Etihad Etisalat (Mobily) has signed an agreement with Al Khafji Joint

Operations to provide Backup Services at a recent ceremony held at the main building of Al Khafji Joint Operations.The agreement was signed in the presence of Eng. Abdulfauf

Allarakia, Executive Director of Business Operations for Al Khafji Joint Operations and Mobily was represented by Fahad Al Sulaiman Director of Sales of Military, Banking and Natural Resources Sectors.Al Khafji Operations is a Joint Venture

established in year 2000 between Aramco Gulf Operations and Kuwait Gulf Oil Company.Under the agreement, Mobily will provide backup and business continuity services to Al Khafji Joint Operations, which confirms Mobily’s

“business” and the variety of sectors that Mobily provides such as health, education and banking services.The selection of Al Khafji Joint Operations for Mobily to implement this project came as they have developed to become a major player in

the provision of telecommunications services (Information Technology) in the Kingdom and a leading global provider of information security encryption and fast recovery of backups.

Al Khafji Joint Operations Signs “Business” Agreement with Mobily

Al Khafji Joint Operations represented by the Industrial Safety and Services Department, and Saudi Aramco

participated with the Saudi Border Guard in the Maritime Training (2) under the command of the Eastern Fleet during the period 23-27 of July, 2017. The aim of this exercise is to train in prevention and response to maritime media and targets before entering the banned Maritime fields as well as ensuring the effectiveness of communications among the parties involved.This participation comes through joint cooperation with the Eastern Fleet to ensure the security of the Kingdom’s maritime borders and the preservation of the natural resources.

Khafji Joint Opera-tions Participate in Marine Training (2)

Eng. Abdullah Al-Helal, Chairman of the Joint Executive Committee, paid an inspection visit

to the Environmental Gas Collection Project in JGC›s office on Thursday, July 6th of this year and was accompanied by Eng. Adel Abbas, Acting Project & Engineering Executive Director, and Abdullah Al Qahtani, Acting Operations Executive Director.The project was discussed and the progress achievement also. Al-Helal thanked the project teams from the company and the contractor and stressed the importance of the project and the need to take all actions to accelerate the completion of the project.

Executive Management Inspects the

Environmental Project for Gas

Collection

Gas Plant

Group photo of KJO and Mobily represantatives Al-Larakia and Al-Sulaiman signing the agreement

KJO›s Atco Noura

Eng. Abdullah Al-Helal

Abdullah Al Qahtani

Eng. Adel Abbas

Joint Operation’s News

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Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017

On July 23, 2017, CPD held a farewell party for fellow Jean De Reyes,

Senior Analyst and Human Resources Specialist in the Division of Planning, Control and Control of Budgets. The farewell ceremony was held in the department, and was attended by MCP and colleagues from various departments to express their best wishes for success in his future life with his family.Nayef Al Anzi, Acting Manager of Corportate Planning Department spoke during the occasion in which he expressed his thanks to Reyes and valued all the efforts made by him throughout his tenure in the Division of Planning, Control and Control Budgets.Mr. Reyes joined Al Khafji Joint Operations on August 1, 2003 and stayed in the company until he retired on June 25, 2017.

Attended by MCP and Colleagues from Various DepartmentsCPD holds a Farewell Party for Jean De Reyes

Reyes in a group photo with his colleagues during the farewell ceremomy

The «Best Summer» activities were launched for the

children of Al-Khafji Joint Operations employees on Sunday, August 6, 2017 by TDD. These programs were organized for the children of the employees in cooperation with the Al-Khafji Society in Al-Ajial School and the Gulf University of Science and Technology in Kuwait.These programs come to develop the young and exploit their leisure time for their benefit which is characterized by the existence of many educational experiences.

Khalid Saleh Al-Ajmi started his new job as Deputy Director of the

Joint Operations Office, after getting his promotion signed by Eng. Saeed Mohammad Al-Shaheen - Chairman of the Joint Operations Committee of Al-Khafji Joint Operations. Al-Ajmi was previously the Media Affairs Division Superintendent for more than two years. He is a qualified Kuwaiti national and has an extensive experience in management, and advanced skills in organizing and preparing outstanding meetings.

On this occasion, Al-Ajmi received congratulations from the executive management, department managers, and a number of employees in the Joint Operations. He also received special congratulations from his colleagues in the Media Division and PGD where they wished him further progress and success.

Al AjmiDeputy

Director of Joint Affairs

Office

«Best Summer» Program for KJO Employees Children

Group photo of participants

Photos of the events

Khalid Al-Ajmi

Joint Operation’s News

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Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017

On July 27, 2017, MSS held a farewell party for their

colleague Ghanim Ahmed Al-Ghannam, Planning and Relations Superintendent, where his retirement decision was issued in the middle of last month.The farewell ceremony was held at the department›s meeting room, and was attended by Eng. Mansour Turki Al-Otaibi, Acting Industrial Services Executive Director, Dr. Abdul Salam Al-Kandari Acting MSS Manager, and colleagues from different departments. They all expressed their feelings and best wishes for him to succeed in his future life with his family.

CBD started replacing the current lights in KJO to LED for being energy efficient and having a longer life span.

In addition, an inteligent electric control system is being installed with them giving the ability to control all lights from the control room.Al-Foudri said in his interview with Ad-Dorra that the department is currently undertaking a maintenance project on the Family area to inspect and repair electrical appliances from sockets in the control panel for electricity, water pump and garages.He also pointed out that the goal of the maintenance process is reassurance and ensuring that the related tools work perfectly without any problems and early repairs will help to avoid any problems that may occur. The current maintenance will be followed by a periodic maintenance process which will be conducted semi-annually and will also apply to all operational facilities.

Energy-Savers and Long Lifespan.

CBD replaces lights to LED Controlled by Inteligent

Electrical Systems

CBD started distributing entertainment cards

to KJO employees for their children for the occasion of Eid Al-Adha under the guidance of Eng. Jibrin Al-Azmi Acting Community and Services Department Manager. Al-Azmi also offered congratulations on the occasion of Eid Al-Adha.At the same time, he appreciated the efforts of the department›s employees and urged them to investigate the accuracy and speed of the inventory of the beneficiaries through the exploitation of electronic services.

CBD distributes

Entertainment Cards to KJO

Employees

Maintenance Support Services Department farewells Al-Ghannam

Al-Foudari and Al-Oudah during the interview

Employees during the English Language Course

Al-Ghanam in a group photo with his colleagues during the farewell ceremomy

A/MCB Jibrin Al-Azmi

TDD held two English language development

courses. The number of beneficiaries for these courses were twelve employees. These courses serve as an incentive for the trainee, to enhance their language proficiency, strategy, and knowledge in various angles. It also develops their abilities and raises their levels. It is worth mentioning that there is a continuous follow-up from KJO’s Execitive Management to conduct these kinds of training courses, in order to reap the benefits and to encourage the employees to attend the training courses held for their development.

TDD Holds Training Courses for a Number of Employees

Panorama

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Safety

Management

Safety+Health shares – in pictures

– how the National Safety Council conducts ergonomics assessments of workers’ desks and chairs to help prevent MSDs.

Musculoskeletal dis-orders accounted for one-third of all injury or illness cases in the United States in 2011, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data. Among office clerks, receptionists and administrative support workers, 4,050 MSD cases – including carpal tunnel syndrome and injuries to the neck, shoulder and back – required a median range of 11 to 16 days away from work to recover.

The National Safety Council conducts routine ergonomics assessments of NSC office workstations – including those of remote workers. The following picto-rial, featuring NSC employees, depicts an abbreviated ergonomics assess-ment that can be conducted at a typical office workstation. As with all aspects of ergonomics, no “one-size-fits-all” body position or arrange-ment of items exists – worker needs may differ from what is shown.

Science

Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017

Effective management is an important part of any business. When people are put in a position

to manage others it is usually reflective of their performance, work ethic and acumen for leading and helping others both directly and indirectly.The first time you become a manager, it can be both a positive and overwhelming experience. Management is not easy, as it requires many skills including areas that generally get better with experience like communication, coaching, motivating and listening.But everyone needs to start somewhere and there some important steps that can make the transition a bit smoother. To help first-time managers start strong and thrive as their responsibilities grow, here are eight tips to keep in mind on day one.Related: Are You a Leader or a Manager? Why Understanding the Difference is Important.1. Understand the businessYou need to be prepared to address questions from your direct reports that take into account the broader landscape of the company. From strategy to culture and HR issues, you need to know what is happening across the business, so you can make informed decisions while confidently providing direction.How do you do this? Spend time with senior leaders and ask questions. Why is the strategy what it is? Why have certain decisions been made? What can your

team do to support other parts of the business? The more you know, the more you can help your team focus.2. Prioritize your one-on-one check-insIndividual time with your direct reports is critical towards their success and overall career development. It is during this time that you need to keep an honest watch on priorities, metrics, and any questions that might be on their mind.How do you do this? Set up the one-on-ones, so they happen at a regular and predictable cadence. Block the time on your calendar and do your best to respect this time.3. Stay in the trenchesIt’s likely that you were asked to be a manager, because you were great at doing whatever your discipline demanded. You worked hard and achieved a certain level of success as a result. Now that you are

a manager it doesn’t mean that you don’t have to do the “dirty work” that helped you succeed in the first place. It is an endearing quality that your direct reports will respect when you are willing to do any job at any time to help them move forward.How do you do this? Keep an eye on things day to day and when there is an opportunity to jump in and help, grab the opportunity and run with it. At the end of the day the success of the business is what matters and a culture where anyone -- including you -- is willing to do whatever it takes to accomplish things is a culture that will thrive and endure. Related: 10 Ways to Have Better Check-Ins With Your Employees

4. YOU are the exampleThrough the good times and bad, who are people going to look to when they need inspiration or an example for how to act? The answer is simple: you. You are now the example that others need to follow. The values you demonstrate, the way you handle adversity and ambiguity and the way you persevere through the biggest challenges, is now considered the measuring stick for how others will act and behave.How do you do this? You are going to need to be very mindful of your emotions and how you react in certain situations. You are going to need to slow

8 Tips to Help First-Time Managers Thrive

No one really knows how many species actually inhabit planet Earth—some say millions, others

trillions—but regardless, it’s the job of taxonomists to name them all. Seriously, what the heck would you call an elephant—let alone these horrifying species living in the depths of the sea—if there were no system in place for naming them?

And now, a brief history lesson (it’ll be brief, promise!). Since the era of the Greek and Roman empires, taxonomists have tried (as best they can) to make sense of the world around them. Enter Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, who burst onto the scene in 1757, with his namesake hierarchy system. Finally, there was order. Over the centuries, the Linnaeus hierarchy has evolved, but for the most part, things have remained constant for scientists identifying new species.Beibeilong sinensis likely incubated its two-foot-long eggs.BEIBEILONG SINENSISA new species of bird-like dinosaur called Beibeilong sinensis.Illustration by Zhao ChuangOnce a scientist has identified a new species, they’re bound by the rules (known as nomenclature) of the Linnaeus hierarchy when it comes time to give that species a name. The two most important guidelines are:Each species must be classified according to the Linnaeus’ hierarchy (duh!)New species’ names must be derived from Greek or LatinWhile vague, this rule presents some interesting challenges (and creative opportunities) for taxonomists. Take the giant, feathered dinosaur above—known as Beibeilong sinensis—which translated means baby dragon from China. Because Chinese is not based on a Latin alphabet (and has zero Latin roots), Chinese scientists are often more deliberately creative when naming new species. And more recently, there’s been a trend towards naming species after musicians old and new, and it’s kind of amazing! For your viewing pleasure, here are a few of the rarest new species named after musicians.Sericomyrmex radioheadiSericomyrmex radioheadi is a new species of “silky” ant that grows fungus gardens for food.Ana JešovnikTwo scientists from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History named a new species of ant in the genus Sericomyrmex after the famous British band Radiohead in honor of the group’s music, as well as its environmental efforts. Ants of the genus Sericomyrmex – literally translated as “silky ants” – belong to the “fungus-farming ants,” a group of insects that have figured out how to farm their own food. This is particularly fascinating, considering ants perfected

farming nearly 30 million years ago.

The “all-time diva of flies.”SCAPTIA (PLINTHINA) BEYONCEAEScaptia (Plinthina) beyonceae is the “all-time diva of flies.”Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0First collected in Queensland, Australia in 1981—the year of our Queen Beyoncé—Scaptia (Plinthina) beyonceae was once considered a common pest, but was named after the famous singer in recognition of the unusual gold patch on its abdomen. According to Bryan Lessard, from Australia’s science agency CSIRO, “It was the unique dense golden hairs on the fly’s abdomen that led me to name this fly in honor of the performer Beyoncé as well as giving me the chance to demonstrate the fun side of taxonomy – the naming of species.”Shine on you crazy crustacean!SYNALPHEUS PINKFLOYDISynalpheus pinkfloydi is a newly discovered species of shrimp that kills with sound.Arthur AnkerIn April 2017, scientists Sammy De Grave, of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in England, Arthur Anker of the Universidade Federal de Goiás in Brazil, and Kristin Hultgren of Washington’s Seattle University, deemed a new species of pistol shrimp as Synalpheus pinkfloydi. Pistol shrimps (aka snapping shrimps) generate substantial amounts of sonic energy by closing their enlarged claws at rapid speeds to create a high-pressure bubble. The resulting bubble implosion is one of the loudest sounds in the ocean, strong enough to stun a small fish—just like standing too close to an amp at a rock concert. “I have been listening to Floyd since The Wall was released in 1979, when I was 14 years old ... The description of this new species of pistol shrimp was the perfect opportunity to finally give a nod to my favorite band,” said Oxford’s Sammy De Grave.Fern this way.

GAGA GERMANOTTAForget a new species, an entire genus of ferns (found in Central and South America, Mexico, Arizona and Texas) have been named after Lady Gaga.Curtis Clark / Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0Naming a new species after your favorite musician is cool, but what happens when you stumble upon a group of ferns that bear a striking resemblance to Lady Gaga’s outlandish costumes? For Kathleen Pryer—a Duke University biology professor and director of the Duke Herbarium—”the ferns themselves gave us more reasons why it was a good

choice,” she said. And when two new species of ferns—Gaga germanotta (named to honor the family of the artist) and Gaga monstraparva (named in honor of Gaga’s fans)—were being considered for a genus containing 17 similar fern species, Pryor’s trained eyes noticed how uncannily similar the bisexual reproductive stage of the ferns looked to the heart-shaped Armani Prive costume that Gaga wore to the 2010 Grammy Awards. In speaking with Duke Today, Pryer also noted that the way the fern extends its new leaves in a clenched little ball looked eerily like Gaga’s claw-like “paws up” salute to her fans. The deciding factor to name the whole genus after Gaga presented itself when Duke graduate student Fay-Wei Li scanned the DNA of the ferns being considered for the new genus, and found GAGA spelled out in the DNA base pairs as a signature that distinguishes this group of ferns from all others. Clearly they were fern this way!Aleiodes shakirae, one of the 24 new species of Aleiodes wasps discovered by Dr. Eduardo Shimbori and Dr. Scott Shaw in the eastern Andes mountains of Ecuador.ALEIODES SHAKIRAEThose hips don’t lie! Aleiodes shakirae, a new species of Ecuadorian wasp, causes its host caterpillar to shake and wiggle using moves that put Shakira to shame.Eduardo Mitio Shimbori, Scott Richard Shaw / Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0Aleiodes are very small wasps—only 4 to 9 millimeters in length—and they belong to a particularly rare subfamily of wasps that mummify the caterpillars on which they parasitize. Ready for the gory details? The adult female wasps inject an egg into a particular type of caterpillar. Once the egg hatches, the host caterpillar remains alive for a time while the wasp larva slowly eats its insides. Eventually, the caterpillar shrinks and dies, and the larva forms a cocoon inside the husk. But one key observation—made by Dr. Eduardo Shimbori and Dr. Scott Shaw—sets Aleiodes shakirae apart from the 23 other species in this subfamily of wasps: when the two scientists first encountered the Ecuadorian species, they noticed the host caterpillar shaking and wiggling as the wasp larva slowly ate its insides. The scientists were instantly reminded of Shakira’s dance moves.

Office worker

ergonom-ics

Scientists are naming new species after musicians, and it’s kind of amazing

Panorama

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Environment Health

Many of us grab coffee and a quick bite in the morning and eat more as the day goes on, with a medium-size lunch and the largest meal of the day in the evening. But a growing body of research on weight and health suggests we may be doing it all backward.A recent review of the dietary patterns of 50,000 adults who are Seventh Day Adventists over seven years provides the latest evidence suggesting that we should front-load our calories early in the day to jump-start our metabolisms and prevent obesity, starting with a robust breakfast and tapering off to a smaller lunch and light supper, or no supper at all.More research is needed, but a series of experiments in ani-mals and some small trials in humans have pointed in the same direction, suggesting that watching the clock, and not just the calories, may play a more important role in weight control than previously acknowledged.And doctors’ groups are taking note. This year, the American Heart Association endorsed the principle that the timing of meals may help reduce risk factors for heart disease, like high blood pressure and high cholesterol. The group issued a scien-tific statement emphasizing that skipping breakfast — which 20 to 30 percent of American adults do regularly — is linked to a higher risk of obesity and impaired glucose metabolism or diabetes, even though there is no proof of a causal relationship. The heart association’s statement also noted that occasional fasting is associated with weight loss, at least in the short term.“I always tell people not to eat close to bedtime, and to try to eat earlier in the day,” said Marie-Pierre St-Onge, an associate professor of nutritional medicine at Columbia University’s Col-lege of Physicians and Surgeons, who led the work group that issued the statement.Perhaps not surprisingly, the latest study found that those who supplemented three meals a day with snacks tended to gain weight over time, while those who ate only one or two meals a day tended to lose weight, even compared with those who just ate three meals a day.But the researchers also found that those who ate their larg-est meal early in the day were more likely to have a lower body mass index than those who ate a large lunch or dinner. Breakfast eaters tended to keep their weight down generally, compared with breakfast skippers. The lowest B.M.I.s were recorded in the fraction of people — about 8 percent of the total sample — who finished lunch by early afternoon and did not eat again until the next morning, fasting for 18 to 19 hours.The conclusions were limited, since the study was observa-tional and involved members of a religious group who are unusually healthy, do not smoke, tend to abstain from alcohol and eat less meat than the general population (half in the study were vegetarian). But the results suggested that rethinking when and how much we eat, and including an extended fast, may have benefits.Fasting signals to the body to start burning stores of fat for fuel, the researchers said. “It seems our bodies are built to feast and fast,” said Dr. Hana Kahleova, one of the authors of the study, which was done by researchers at Loma Linda University School of Public Health in California and published in The Journal of Nutrition in July. “It needs some regular cycling between having food intake and fasting. This seems to be hard-wired.”Having the largest meal in the morning appears to have advan-tages for weight control compared with having a large meal in the evening, she said, since the digestive process and the action of insulin, the pancreatic hormone that the body uses to pro-cess the sugars in carbohydrates and store glucose, appear to be at their peak performance early in the day. As a result, “our body can use the nutrients as a source of energy the easiest,” Dr. Kahleova saidA person eating the identical meal at different times of day might deposit more fat after an evening meal than a morning meal, she said.NATALYA BALNOVAThat’s because insulin action is more efficient in the morn-ing, experts say. “If you give a healthy individual a big bolus of glucose in the morning, the blood glucose might stay high one or two hours before coming back to normal,” said Dr. Satchidananda Panda, a professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego. “You take that same normal healthy individual and give them the same bolus of glucose late at night, and now the pancreas is sleeping — literally — and cannot produce enough insulin, and blood glucose will stay high up to three hours.” Doctors once called this “evening diabetes,” he said.But many people snack all day long, Dr. Panda said. He asked volunteers to use a smartphone app to photograph everything they drank and ate throughout the day and found that even gen-erally healthy people ate and snacked over a period of about 15 hours a day, stopping for an extended amount of time only when they were in bed.

Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017

The Case for a Breakfast Feast

down, be patient and develop an informed perspective, so you can lead in a way that people will admire and model.5. Understand the importance of delegationYou are going to find early on that you want to be involved in everything your team is working on. The challenge here is that you cannot be everywhere at once. You need to create an environment where you are actively relying on others to help carry projects. You will still be informed, but you need to let others lead so they can grow their abilities and perspective. Over the years whether it was my time at Microsoft or Porch, some of the best managers I have seen are the ones who have mastered the art of effective delegation.How do you do this? When you need someone to step up and lead on your behalf, be clear on your expectations but also stress

to them how important the opportunity is for them personally. When they know how important their role is they will feel even greater ownership towards ensuring an optimal outcome and their contributions will feel even more valuable.6. Find a mentorOne of the first steps you should take is to find a mentor that you can go to when you have questions or need support. Find someone who has excelled at being the type of manager you want to be; ideally someone who has experience handling a diverse set of situations, so you can understand first hand the pros and cons for handling certain situations certain ways.How do you do this? Look across your company or outside your company (perhaps someone you worked with in a previous job) and approach them and see if they would be willing to help out.

7. Be consistentIf you constantly flip-flop on decisions or how you make decisions, your team will start to lose trust in your ability to strategically lead. They will question if you are making informed judgments, leading with emotion or worse – you are unprepared to handle your new responsibilityHow do you do this? To be a consistent leader you need to be a patient leader. Take your time. Don’t respond to emails with irrational feedback. Don’t make a decision in the moment just because people are pushing you to do so. Find outlets that allow you to think through things. Go for a walk. Write up emails and step away before you send them. This can be very hard for people at every level but sometimes the best thing you can do is just slow.8. Know that relationships have changed

Often first-time managers find themselves managing people that were once their peers or people they have created a personal relationship with. When you become their manager the relationship changes, and you need to be transparent about that. You are now their boss and you will need to wear that hat when you are in the office. You can never allow yourself to have personal relationships cloud business decisions.How do you do this? You need to set clear ground rules and have the conversation upfront that things have changed. I have found that the best way to do this is to add additional 1:1s to address in real time any situations that may feel awkward. You need to be transparent (as do others) and if things feel weird, talk about it so you can collaborate on a solution.

Earth’s climate has always been in a state of flux, according to data gleaned from the geological

record, ice core samples and other sources. However, since the Industrial Revolution began in the late 1700s, the world’s climate has been changing in a rapid and unprecedented way. The average global temperature has risen 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) since 1880, according to NASA. Temperatures are projected to rise another 2 degrees to 11.5 degrees F (1.13 degrees to 6.42 degrees C) over the next 100 years, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Some have confused global warming as persistent, increasing warmth. While the global temperature is increasing, it may not translate to a higher temperature in an individual location. “Global warming is important because it is so persistent and global in scale, and because it brings more extreme events such as heat waves — not because it makes every place warm all the time. It doesn’t do that,” said atmospheric scientist Adam Sobel, author of “Storm Surge: Hurricane Sandy, Our Changing Climate, and Extreme Weather of the Past and Future” (HarperWave, 2014). In addition to heat waves, the increase in global temperature is having a massive effect on the environment, such as melting polar ice caps, raising the sea level and fueling dangerous and severe weather patterns. Understanding the causes of global warming is the first step to curbing its effects. The greenhouse effectEarth’s climate is the result of a balance between the amount of incoming energy from the sun and energy being radiated out into space.Incoming solar radiation strikes Earth’s atmosphere in the form of visible light, plus ultraviolet and infrared radiation (which are invisible to the human eye), according to NASA’s Earth Observatory.Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has a higher energy level than visible light, and infrared (IR) radiation has a lower energy level. Some of the sun’s incoming radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, the oceans and the surface of the Earth.Much of it, however, is reflected out to space as low-energy infrared radiation. For Earth’s temperature to remain stable, the amount of incoming solar radiation should be roughly equal to the amount of IR leaving the atmosphere. According to NASA satellite measurements, the atmosphere radiates thermal IR energy equivalent to 59 percent of the incoming solar energy.As Earth’s atmosphere changes, however, the amount of infrared radiation leaving the atmosphere also changes. Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gasoline have greatly increased the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, according to NASA’s Earth Observatory. Before the industrial revolution,

during warm interglacial periods, the concentration of CO2in the atmosphere hovered around 280 parts per million (ppm). A NASA graph shows the rapid increase in this greenhouse gas since then: In 2013, CO2 hit 400 ppm for the first time. In April 2017, the concentration hit 410 ppm for the first time in recorded history. The director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography CO2 group wrote at the time that levels are expected to hit 450 ppm by 2035, unless greenhouse gas emissions drop significantly.Along with other gases like methane and nitrous oxide, CO2 acts like a blanket, absorbing infrared radiation and preventing it from leaving the atmosphere. The net effect causes the gradual heating of Earth’s atmosphere and surface. [Related: Effects of Global Warming]This is called the “greenhouse effect” because a similar process occurs in a greenhouse: Relatively high-energy UV and visible radiation penetrate the glass walls and roof of a greenhouse, but weaker IR can’t pass through the glass. The trapped infrared keeps the greenhouse warm, even in the coldest winter weather. Left: Naturally occurring greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) — normally trap some of the sun’s heat, keeping the planet from freezing. Right: Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, are increasing greenhouse gas levels, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect. The result is global warming and unprecedented rates of climate change.Left: Naturally occurring greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) — normally trap some of the sun’s heat, keeping the planet from freezing. Right: Human activities, such as the burning of

fossil fuels, are increasing greenhouse gas levels, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect. The result is global warming and unprecedented rates of climate change.Credit: Will Elder, National Park ServiceGreenhouse gasesThere are several gases in Earth’s atmosphere known as “greenhouse gases” because they exacerbate the greenhouse effect: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor and

ozone are among the most prevalent, according to NASA.Not all greenhouse gases are the same: Some, like methane, are produced through agricultural practices including livestock manure management. Others, like CO2, largely result from natural processes like respiration and from the burning of fossil fuels.Additionally, these greenhouses gases don’t contribute equally to the greenhouse effect: Methane, for example, is about 20 times more effective at trapping heat from IR than carbon dioxide, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This difference in heat-trapping ability is sometimes referred to as a gas’s “global-warming potential,” or GWP.CO2 is the most common greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. In 2012, CO2 accounted for about 82 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, according to the EPA. “We are burning fossil fuels at a high rate, putting more and more CO2 into the atmosphere. This is causing warming to increase, exactly as theorized long ago. There is no question about this at all,” Josef Werne, a professor of geology and environmental science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science.Methane (CH4) is the second most common greenhouse gas. Methane accounted for around 9 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2012, according to the EPA. Mining, the use of natural gas, landfills and the mass raising of livestock are some ways that methane is released into the atmosphere. Humans are responsible for 60 percent of the methane in the atmosphere, according to the EPA.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals used as refrigerants and propellants, are another major human-sourced greenhouse gas. The use of CFCs was phased out in the 1990s after the discovery that they eat away at the ozone, an atmospheric layer made of three oxygen atoms that shields the Earth’s surface from ultraviolet radiation. The hole in the ozone layer still persists, as do some long-lasting CFCs in the atmosphere, but CFCs are a success story, according to NOAA. Their levels in the atmosphere are now either stable or declining.

In 2015, electricity production (60 percent of which is generated by fossil fuel burning) accounted for largest share (29 percent) of greenhouse gas emissions that year, according to the EPA. That was followed by transportation, which accounted for 27 percent of 2015’s greenhouse gas emissions; industry (21 percent); businesses and homes (12 percent); and agriculture (9 percent). Because trees act as a sink for carbon dioxide, “ managed forests and other lands have absorbed more CO2 from the atmosphere than they emit,” an offset of about 11.8 percent of 2015’s greenhouse gas emissions, the EPA said.

Causes of Global Warming

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Google on Monday pulled the wraps off the

latest version of its Android mobile operating system.Version 8.0 Oreo has a number of improvements over 7.1 Nougat, the previous release of the OS.Google has tweaked Android’s notification feature, for instance, so when an app has notifications pending, a dot appears in a corner of the program’s icon. Press the dot and a window will pop up showing the notifications, which can be cleared with a swipe.In addition, there’s an Instant App feature for entering new apps directly from a browser without any intervening steps.There’s also a new Autofill feature for faster logins to services and apps.Picture in PicturePicture in Picture, another new addition, lets you watch a video in a small window on a device’s screen while you work on something else, such as a document or email.In addition, bootup is two times faster than with previous versions of the OS. The new

Android minimizes background activity in rarely used apps, which will help extend a device’s battery life.The latest Android supports a wide range of colors and it has better audio. Sony’s LDAC codec has been incorporated into the OS, which should improve the Bluetooth A2DP protocol, which is used to communicate with wireless speakers.There are also some camera improvements in the new Android. Double-tapping the display in the camera app, for instance, takes your shot to 50 percent zoom fast.A button has been added to toggle between still and video modes.Better SecurityThe new OS has a totally revamped set of emojis.“One of the biggest interface

changes by Google is taking steps to make icons more consistent both in size and style, and the addition of badges, which Apple has had in iOS for many years,” said Ross Rubin, principal analyst at Reticle Research.In addition to notification dots, there are notification channels.

“Opting into notifications is no longer all or nothing,” Rubin told LinuxInsider. “You can choose what kinds of notifications to receive, although that’s left up to the developer to support.”Security has been beefed up in Oreo, noted Sameer Samat, Google’s vice president of product management for Android and Google Play.Android Oreo is more secure with Google Play Protect built in, security status front and center in settings, and tighter app install controls, he noted.Great Mobile ExperienceAlthough the new additions to Android’s interface appear modest, the changes under the hood could bring smiles to users with both new and old hardware.

From KJO Archive

Science and Technology

Apple reportedly work-ing on self-driving em-ployee shuttle for its campuses

Google Touts Android Oreo’s Tasty New Features

Year 8 Vol.No: (91) August 2017

Training in Electricity Workshop 1976

We’ve heard for some time now that Apple had decided to get out of the game of trying

to build an entire self-driving car itself and was instead focusing on the software side of autonomous driving. Now, in a new report by Daisuke Wakabayashi at The New York Times, we see that those smaller ambitions have a new waypoint: a self-driving shuttle to ferry employees between Apple’s current campus and the new one.The shuttle project is reportedly called “PAIL,” short for Palo Alto to Infinite Loop, and will be built on to another car manufacturer’s van rather than on something Apple itself will make. Apple has a permit to test self-driving cars and some Lexuses driven by Apple software were spotted earlier this year.It’s a far cry from the original ambition for Project Titan, the codename that has been bandied about for Apple’s autonomous car efforts. According to the New York Times, some earlier Titan designs called for “spherical wheels” to replace regular tires, so cars could move laterallyApple’s not alone among tech companies in giving up on making the whole car. Waymo is also focusing on building software for cars made by traditional manfacturers (Because everything Waymo is confusing, a reminder that it’s a division of Alphabet, which is the parent company of Google, and you previously thought of the whole thing as Google’s self-driving car because that’s what it once was.)

Chairman Eng. Homoud Al-Otaibi