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Q1. In the carbon cycle the amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air are changed by several processes.
(a) The names of some processes are given in the box below.
Choose the correct process for each box in the diagram. The first one has been done for you.
(2)
combustion decomposition neutralisation
photosynthesis respiration
(b) Fossil fuels, such as natural gas, react with oxygen.
CH4 + 2O
2 → CO
2 + 2H
2O
.......................... + oxygen → carbon dioxide + ..........................
Complete the word equation for this reaction (2)
(c) What problem is caused by the formation of large amounts of carbon dioxide?
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..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q2. (a) During the first billion years of the Earth’s existence, there were many active volcanoes. The volcanoes released the gases that formed the early atmosphere.
Describe how volcanoes caused the oceans to be formed.
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..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(b) The atmosphere on Earth today is very different from the early atmosphere.
The pie chart shows the amounts of different gases in the air today. Choose gases from the box to label the pie chart.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
argon carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
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Q3. Global warming is thought to be happening because of the increased burning of fossil fuels. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air from 1905 to 2005 has been calculated.
(a) Draw a line of best fit for these points. (1)
(b) (i) What was the concentration of carbon dioxide in 1955?
.................................................................................................................. ppm (1)
(ii) In what year did the concentration of carbon dioxide reach 350 ppm?
.......................................................................................................................... (1)
(c) Use the graph to describe, in as much detail as you can, what happened to the concentration of carbon dioxide from 1905 to 2005.
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(Total 5 marks)
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Q4. The bar chart below shows the percentage by mass of gases in dry air. Two of the gases are labelled as A and B.
What are the names of gas A and gas B?
Gas A is ................................................................................................................................
Gas B is ................................................................................................................................ (Total 2 marks)
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Q5. Life on Earth would not exist without the atmosphere. Billions of years ago the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere was very different from the composition today.
(a) Label the pie chart below to show the percentages and names of the two main gases in the Earth’s atmosphere today.
(2)
(b) There is evidence that the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere is still changing. One possible reason is that many power stations generate electricity by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas. Sulfur dioxide, SO
2, is produced when coal burns in air.
(i) What environmental problem does sulfur dioxide cause?
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........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) How could this environmental problem be reduced in coal-fired power stations?
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(iii) Gas-fired power stations burn methane, CH4, in air.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
methane + ............................... → carbon dioxide + ............................... (2)
(c) Excess carbon dioxide should be prevented from entering the atmosphere.
Explain why.
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(d) Carbon dioxide is produced when fossil fuels burn in power stations. The diagram represents one idea to prevent excess carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere.
Use the diagram to explain how carbon dioxide can be prevented from entering the atmosphere.
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..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 10 marks)
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Q6. The Earth is shaped like a sphere and is surrounded by an atmosphere.
(a) The diagram shows a section of the layered structure of the Earth.
(i) Complete the diagram by writing in the missing label. (1)
(ii) Earthquakes within the Earth’s crust can be sudden and disastrous. Scientists cannot accurately predict when earthquakes will occur.
Explain why.
To obtain full marks you must support your answer with a description of what causes earthquakes.
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(b) Some theories suggest that the Earth’s early atmosphere was like the atmosphere of Mars today.
Gases The atmosphere of
Mars today
The atmosphere of Earth today
Carbon dioxide % 95 0.03
Nitrogen % 3
Argon % 1.5 0.97
Oxygen % 0.5 21
(i) Complete the table by writing in the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere of Earth today.
(1)
(ii) Use the information in the table to describe the changes that have happened to two of the gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Explain what has caused these changes.
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(Total 10 marks)
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Q7. The bar chart shows the percentage composition of the atmosphere on Mars.
(a) State three ways in which the atmosphere on Earth today is different from that on Mars.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
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2 ..................................................................................................................................
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3 ..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (3)
(b) The atmosphere on Earth may once have been like that on Mars. The evolution of green plants has changed the atmosphere on Earth.
Explain why.
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..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8. This experiment shows a candle burning then going out.
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(a) Choose words from this list to complete the sentences in parts (i) and (ii) below.
air carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
(i) When the candle wax is burning it is reacting with ...................................... from
the ................................................... . (2)
(ii) One product of the reaction is ......................................................................... (1)
(b) Complete the following sentence.
In another experiment a 200 cm3 beaker is used. The candle will then burn
for about ........................................... seconds. (1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q9. A student is using a spirit burner to heat some water.
(a) Complete these sentences.
Substances like methylated spirit which we burn to give out energy, are called
.................................... . The energy is given out as .................................... energy. (2)
(b) Choose a word from this list to complete the sentence below.
gases liquids solids
The methylated spirit seems to disappear as it burns.
The new substances produced during burning are mainly ......................................... (1)
(Total 3 marks)
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Q10. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.
(a) Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart. (3)
(b) The second bar-chart shows how much sulphur dioxide is produced by burning the same three fuels.
Compare the amount of sulphur produced by burning gas with the amount produced by burning coal.
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(c) (i) Coal and oil produce carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide when they burn. What elements must they contain?
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........................................................................................................................... (2)
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(ii) Burning fuels also produce nitrogen oxides, even though the fuels contain no nitrogen. Explain why this happens.
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........................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q11. Scientists study the atmosphere on planets and moons in the Solar System to understand how the Earth’s atmosphere has changed.
(a) Millions of years ago the Earth’s atmosphere was probably just like that of Mars today.
The table shows data about the atmospheres of Mars and Earth as they are now.
Suggest what has caused the main gases in the Earth’s atmosphere of millions of years ago to change to the present-day atmosphere.
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Mars Earth
nitrogen 3% nitrogen 78%
oxygen trace oxygen 21%
water trace water trace
carbon dioxide 95% carbon dioxide trace
Average surface temperature –23 °C Average surface temperature 15 °C
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(b) Titan is the largest moon of the planet Saturn. It has an atmosphere that, like the Earth’s, contains mainly nitrogen. Methane is the other main gas.
When it rains on Titan, it rains methane! Explain why.
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Main gases in Titan’s atmosphere
Percentage (%) Boiling point in °C
Nitrogen 95 –196
Methane 5 –164
Average surface temperature –178 °C
(c) Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun produces simple alkenes, such as ethene and propene, from methane in Titan’s atmosphere.
(i) Draw the structure of propene, C3H
6, to show the covalent bonds.
(1)
(ii) Explain how propene molecules form a polymer. You should name the polymer formed.
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(Total 8 marks)
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Q12. (a) For the last 200 million years the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has remained almost the same.
Describe the natural processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.
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(b) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased over the last one hundred years. Suggest two reasons why this has happened.
1 ...................................................................................................................................
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2 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 6 marks)
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Q13. The bar chart shows the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today, and as it was billions of years ago.
(a) Use information from the bar chart to describe how the atmosphere today is different from the atmosphere of billions of years ago.
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(b) Describe the processes which have brought about the changes in the proportions of these gases in the air over billions of years.
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(Total 6 marks)
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Q14. For 200 million years the proportions of the different gases in the atmosphere have been much the same as today. Over the past 150 years the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from 0.03% to 0.04%.
(a) Describe how carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere:
(i) by human and industrial activity;
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(ii) from carbonate rocks by geological activity.
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(b) Explain how the seas and oceans can decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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(c) (i) Give one reason why the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing gradually.
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(ii) Give one effect that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may have on the environment.
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(Total 9 marks)
Q15. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased by reactions that occur in internal combustion engines (X) and is decreased by reactions in sea water (Y).
Describe, in as much detail as you can, the reactions which take place at X and Y.
(a) X .................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(b) Y .................................................................................................................................
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(Total 5 marks)
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Q16. (a) Apart from water vapour, two gases account for about 99% of the present atmosphere of our planet.
What are the names of these gases?
.......................................................... and ........................................................ (1)
(b) Scientists now have evidence that, over three billion years ago, our planet’s atmosphere was mostly a mixture of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia. Since then the mixture has gradually changed.
(i) Suggest why there is now less water vapour in the atmosphere.
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(ii) Suggest why there is now less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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(c) The following information suggests that the continents of Africa and South America were once joined together but then began to move apart.
Fossilised remains of a large fern-like plant called Glossopteris have been found in the rocks of the Carboniferous period in both Africa and South America.
Fossilised remains of a freshwater reptile called Mesosaurus have been found in the rocks of the Permian period in both Africa and South America.
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No fossils of identical organisms have been found in the rocks of the Jurassic or the Cretaceous period in Africa or South America.
The following table gives the names of some of the periods in our planet’s geological history.
Start of the period millions of years ago
Name of the period
2 Quaternary
65 Tertiary
136 Cretaceous
190 Jurassic
225 Triassic
280 Permian
345 Carboniferous
395 Devonian
435 Silurian
500 Ordovician
570 Cambrian
(i) Use this information to suggest when Africa and South America began to move apart.
About ......................................................... million years ago. (1)
(ii) What conditions were necessary for Africa and South America to move apart?
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(Total 9 marks)
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M1. (a) respiration
combustion 1 mark each
2
(b) methane
water 1 mark each accept steam do not accept natural gas for methane do not accept hydrogen oxide
2
(c) greenhouse effect (increased) accept (global) warming accept polar ice caps melt accept rising sea levels accept problems with climatic change do not accept changes to the weather or acid rain
1 [5]
M2. (a) (i) water vapour given out from volcano
accept steam not hydrogen and oxygen combining to form water
1
condensed accept rain / clouds formed just ‘cools’ is insufficient
1
(b) nitrogen (left) Ndo not accept N
1
oxygen (right) Odo not accept O
1 [4]
M3. (a) curve of best fit drawn through
or close to all of the points 1
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(b) (i) 313 1
(ii) 1989 +/– 1 1
(c) concentration / amount of carbon dioxide has increased 1
recently the rate of increase is increasing 1
[5]
##
nitrogen – Gas A (or N2) (N) = 1)
oxygen – Gas B (or O2) (O)
for 1 mark each [2]
M5. (a) oxygen and nitrogen 1
20 – 21 % and 78 – 80 % accept any two correct responses in the correct space for one mark
1
(b) (i) acid rain accept toxic gas or consequence of acid rain
1
(ii) idea of the removal or use of sulfur dioxide gas (from the waste gases)
do not accept remove sulfur from coal 1
(iii) oxygen accept O
2
1
water accept H
2O
accept hydrogen oxide / steam 1
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(c) any two from:
• it’s a ‘greenhouse gas’ or increase greenhouse effect accept action of a ‘greenhouse gas’
• causes global warming or increase in the Earth’s temperature
• sea-levels rise or flooding
• climate change
• (polar) ice-caps melt
• extension of deserts mention of ozone / acid rain / global dimming = max 1 mark
2
(d) idea trap / store / lock the carbon dioxide 1
in the oil reservoir or under the sea bed do not accept ‘into the oil’ / ‘under the sea’
1 [10]
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M6. (a) (i) core 1
(ii) plate (boundaries) accept parts of the crust ignore crust alone
1
sudden movement / colliding accept movement but ignore movement apart
or
normally move a few centimetres per year accept continental drift
1
convection currents / driven by heat from radioactive processes / decay idea of source of energy for the movement
1
the idea of uncertainty with an explanation
eg scientists do not know (with any certainty)
• what happens under the crust
• where the forces / pressure are building up
• we cannot measure the forces
• when the forces reach their limit ignore references to volcanoes
1
(b) (i) 78
(ii) marks awarded for any 2 gases from the following 3 gases max 3 marks from CO
2
1
any four from:
ignore references to respiration
carbon dioxide has decreased:
• used by plants / bacteria (stromatolites)
• during photosynthesis (must be linked to CO2 decrease)
• ‘locked up’ in (sedimentary) rocks / carbonates / fossil fuels
• dissolved in oceans
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and / or
oxygen has increased because:
• released by plants / bacteria (stromatolites)
• during photosynthesis (must be linked to O2 increase)
and / or
nitrogen has increased because
• ammonia reacted with oxygen (to release nitrogen)
• nitrogen is released by bacteria 4
[10]
M7. (a) any three from:
accept reverse answers if unambiguous do not accept just different throughout
3
less / little / not much carbon dioxide or give a %age < 1%
more / a lot of nitrogen or give 78-80%
(more) / (some) oxygen or give a %age 20-21% do not accept more “other gases”
references to pollutant gases in general or named examples
e.g. CO, SO2, NO, NOX etc.
more / some water (vapour)
some / 1% argon ignore other noble gases
ozone (layer) on earth
Page 25 of 33
(b) any two from:
removed carbon dioxide ignore reference to respiration / photosynthesis unless qualified
released oxygen
caused carbon from carbon dioxide to become locked in sedimentary rocks
the oxygen they produced reacted with methane and ammonia
produced nitrogen (must be linked to fourth point) accept correct word / symbol equation for photosynthesis for 2 marks converted / changed CO
2 to oxygen for 2 marks
2 [5]
M8. (a) (i) oxygen air
each for 1 mark 2
(ii) carbon dioxide for 1 mark
1
(b) 30 seconds 5 inclusive for 1 mark
1 [4]
M9. (a) fuels heat – allow light
for 1 mark each 2
(b) gases for 1 mark
1 [3]
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M10. (a) each bar correct height_ (2 bars) to less than ½ square
1 mark for each
both bars correctly labelled (in relation to size of bars) for 1 mark
3
(b) less gains 1 mark
but a lot less / much less / 18 times less or more if referring to coal
gains 2 marks 2
(c) (i) carbon sulphur
for 1 mark each 2
(ii) ideas that
• at high temperatures, (produced when fuels burn)
• nitrogen and oxygen from atmosphere combine / react for 1 mark each
2 [9]
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M11. (a) any two from:
asks for cause therefore no marks for just describing the change must link reason to a correct change in a gas
carbon dioxide has decreased due to: accept idea of ‘used’ to indicate a decrease
• plants / micro organisms / bacteria / vegetation / trees
• photosynthesis ignore respiration
• ‘locked up’ in (sedimentary) rocks / carbonates / fossil fuels
• dissolved in oceans ignore volcanoes
oxygen has increased due to: accept idea of ‘given out / produced’
• plants / bacteria / micro organisms / vegetation / trees
• photosynthesis ignore respiration
nitrogen increased due to: accept idea of ‘given out / produced’
• ammonia reacted with oxygen
• bacteria / micro organisms ignore (increase in) use of fossil fuels / deforestation
2
(b) (because methane’s) boiling point is greater than the average / surface temperature or Titan’s (average / surface) temperature is below methane’s boiling point
ignore references to nitrogen or water 1
any methane that evaporates will condense accept boils for evaporates accept cooling and produce rain for condensing
1
(c) (i)
bonds must be displayed correctly ignore bond angles
1
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(ii) poly(propene) / polypropene / polypropylene do not allow polypropane
any two from:
• double bonds open up / break / become single(*)
• propene molecules / monomers / they join / undergo addition polymerisation(*)
1
• form chains / long molecules(*) (*)correct chemical equation gains 2 marks ignore large using monomer incorrectly max 2 marks
2 [8]
M12. (a) Quality of written communication
for any two ideas sensibly stated 1
any three from:
• plants take in (CO2)
accept photosynthesis uses (CO )
• converted to glucose / starch / carbohydrates ignore carbon compounds by itself
• CO2 locked up in fossil fuels
accept coal / oil / natural gas / methane for fossil fuels
• CO2 reacts with / dissolves (sea)water
accept ocean removes CO2
• producing hydrogencarbonates accept carbonic acid
• producing carbonates accept named carbonates
• marine animals use carbonates to make shells do not accept bones
• forms sedimentary rocks accept limestone / chalk accept marble do not accept sediments alone
3
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(b) any two from:
• burning of fossil fuels or cars / industry / air travel / power stations
ignore increase in population ignore more use of electricity
• natural processes cannot absorb all the extra CO2
• deforestation accept less photosynthesis ignore volcanic activity accept burn trees
2 [6]
M13. (a) amount of CO2 (much) lower
amount of O2 (much) higher
amount of N2 (much) higher (owtte.)
less other gases/less NH3/less CH
4
any 2 for 2 marks 2
(b) 4 points from: plants (evolved)/photosynthesis/algae take in CO
2
give out O2
water vapour condensed ozone formed from oxygen less CO
2 is produced now from volcanic activity
CO2 from air trapped in sedimentary rocks or fossil fuels
nitrogen produced by bacteria/living organisms/microbes/decay of dead organisms (not nitrifying bacteria, nitrogen fixing 4 bacteria) nitrogen produced by reaction of NH
3 with O
2/decomposition of NH
3
nitrogen builds up because it is unreactive (Assume answer refers to today’s atmosphere)
any 4 for 1 mark each 4
[6]
M14. (a) (i) burning / breathing / respiration / fuels / food
for 1 mark each 2
(ii) 1. rock is heated / subducted (owtte) / close to magma / melted 1. rock is decomposed / carbon dioxide released through volcanoes
for 1 mark each 2
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(b) carbon dioxide reacts / dissolves in sea-water / dissolves in rain water insoluble carbonates / calcium carbonate are / is formed carbon dioxide turned into shells / coral / limestone / chalk / sediments also soluble hydrogencarbonates (calcium / magnesium) are formed photosynthesis by plants
any three for 1 mark each 3
(c) (i) sea unable to absorb all the extra carbon dioxide being produced more trees being cut down / deforestation increased burning of fuels / more cars / more industry (not more people)
any one for 1 mark 1
(ii) global warming / greenhouse effect or effects such as melting ice caps / rising sea levels / climatic change / more deserts (not changes to ozone layer)
for one mark 1
[9]
M15. (a) any two 1 mark each
burning / combustion
fossil fuels or (locked up) carbon
accept fuel / named fuel
oxygen used 2
(b) any three from
produces (calcium) carbonate
which is insoluble
produces (calcium) hydrogencarbonate
which is soluble
photosynthesis
releases oxygen 3
[5]
M16. (a) nitrogen and oxygen
both required either order 1
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(b) (i) any two from
(atmosphere) is now cooler water vapour has condensed to form sea(s) / ocean(s)
2
(ii) any two from
has dissolved in / reacted with seawater has formed carbonates (evolution of green) plants removed by photosynthesis has formed fossil fuels
2
(c) (i) 225 accept any date in the Triassic period 225 – 191 (mya) do not credit 190 (mya)
1
(ii) on different (tectonic) plates or answer refers to African and South American plates
1
(movement) due to convection currents in the mantle 1
due to energy / heat from the core or due to radioactivity
1 [9]
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