In Text CitationIn Text CitationMLA StyleMLA Style

Summary or ParaphraseSummary or ParaphraseAt the end of the sentence or phrased cited, simply place At the end of the sentence or phrased cited, simply place the Authors last name (or if no author, the title of the work) the Authors last name (or if no author, the title of the work) in parenthesis. If relevant provide the page number as well. in parenthesis. If relevant provide the page number as well. If there is no page number, place “np” after the site. If there is no page number, place “np” after the site.Example:Example:The course and impact of the Vietnam War have been The course and impact of the Vietnam War have been polemic issue in the histories of both countries involved as polemic issue in the histories of both countries involved as well as in the global sphere. The United States felt that well as in the global sphere. The United States felt that their presence in this war was essential to the stability of their presence in this war was essential to the stability of the world due to the rise in communism at the time the world due to the rise in communism at the time (Gaddis, np).(Gaddis, np).Be sure to place the citation INSIDE the sentence (meaning Be sure to place the citation INSIDE the sentence (meaning before the period that ends the sentence)before the period that ends the sentence)

Direct QuoteDirect QuoteThis works the same as the citation for summary This works the same as the citation for summary and paraphrase, however, you may choose to and paraphrase, however, you may choose to discuss the author within the text of the discuss the author within the text of the sentence. In this case, you still need to state the sentence. In this case, you still need to state the full citation.full citation.You may also choose to quote from an already You may also choose to quote from an already used quote. In this case, you STILL cite the text used quote. In this case, you STILL cite the text in which you found the source.in which you found the source.

Example:Example: George Orwell once wrote that “Who controls the George Orwell once wrote that “Who controls the

past controls the future. Who controls the present past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past (Zinn 1).” controls the past (Zinn 1).”

Block QuoteBlock Quote

Any quotation OVER 40 WORDS is Any quotation OVER 40 WORDS is considered a “Block Quote.” In this considered a “Block Quote.” In this case, you need to set the quote apart case, you need to set the quote apart and indent it in a rectangular fashion. and indent it in a rectangular fashion. The quote should also be in bold.The quote should also be in bold.

Example on next slideExample on next slide

When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, carrying swords speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to carrying swords speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to greet them, brought them food, water, gifts. He later greet them, brought them food, water, gifts. He later wrote of this in his log:wrote of this in his log:

They ... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and They ... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks' bells. They willingly for the glass beads and hawks' bells. They willingly traded everything they owned... . They were well-traded everything they owned... . They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features.... built, with good bodies and handsome features.... They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane... . They would make Their spears are made of cane... . They would make fine servants.... With fifty men we could subjugate fine servants.... With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. them all and make them do whatever we want. (Columbus)(Columbus)

These Arawaks of the Bahama Islands were much These Arawaks of the Bahama Islands were much like Indians on the mainland, who were remarkable like Indians on the mainland, who were remarkable (European observers were to say again and again) (European observers were to say again and again) for their hospitality, their belief in sharing…for their hospitality, their belief in sharing…

Final RemindersFinal RemindersWhen in doubt, remember the idea of citation in When in doubt, remember the idea of citation in coordination with a works cited page. You should coordination with a works cited page. You should ALWAYS be using the first word or words that ALWAYS be using the first word or words that appear in your bibliography. If your bibliography appear in your bibliography. If your bibliography is in alphabetical order (as it should be), then the is in alphabetical order (as it should be), then the reader can easily find your source by flippi9ng to reader can easily find your source by flippi9ng to the back.the back.Sources where page numbers do not apply do not Sources where page numbers do not apply do not require you to put them. require you to put them. The exception to this is in sources (audio/visual) The exception to this is in sources (audio/visual) where minute numbers can be substituted.where minute numbers can be substituted.