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In-situ capping of contaminated sediments
Remedial sediment capping projects, worldwide: A preliminary overview
SGI Publication 30-4E Linköping 2016
Joseph Jersak, Gunnel Göransson, Yvonne Ohlsson, Lennart Larsson, Peter Flyhammar, Per Lindh
SGI Publication 30-4E Cite as:
Jersak, J, Göransson, G, Ohlsson, Y, Larsson, L, Flyhammar, P & Lindh, P 2016. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Remedial sediment capping projects, worldwide: A preliminary overview. SGI Publication 30-4E, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SGI, Linköping.
Diary number: 1.1-1506-0400
Project number: 15573
Order information: Swedish Geotechnical Institute Information Service SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden Phone: +46 13-20 18 04 E-mail: [email protected] Download this publication as a PDF-document at www.swedgeo.se Pictures on the cover: AquaBlok, Ltd. (left), B. Beylich, NIVA (middle), BioBlok Solutions AS (right).
In-situ capping of contaminated sediments
Remedial sediment capping projects, worldwide: A preliminary overview
Joseph Jersak
Gunnel Göransson
Yvonne Ohlsson
Lennart Larsson
Peter Flyhammar
Per Lindh
SGI Publication 30-4E Linköping 2016
SGI Publication 30-4E
4 (18)
SGI Publication 30-4E
5 (18)
Table of contents
1. Introduction and approach .......................................................................... 7
2. Sediment capping, internationally .............................................................. 7 2.1 Isolation capping ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Thin-layer capping ........................................................................................................ 10
3. Norwegian capping projects ......................................................................11 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Isolation capping ........................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Thin-layer capping ........................................................................................................ 13
4. Swedish capping projects, plus dredging projects (for comparison) ....13 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Swedish capping projects ............................................................................................. 13 4.3 Swedish removal (dredging) projects ........................................................................... 15 4.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 16
5. Capping projects in other scandinavian countries ..................................16
6. References...................................................................................................17
Appendix Draft Summary of Contaminated Sediment Capping Projects, Revised 2005
SGI Publication 30-4E
6 (18)
The entire SGI Publication 30 set includes the following independent parts:
SGI Publication 30-1, Huvuddokument. In-situ övertäckning av förorenade sediment. Metodöver-
sikt. (In Swedish)
SGI Publication 30-1E, Main text. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Method overview.
SGI Publication 30-2E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Contaminated sediments in
Sweden: A preliminary review.
SGI Publication 30-3E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Established ex-situ and in-situ
sediment remediation technologies: A general overview.
SGI Publication 30-4E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Remedial sediment capping
projects, worldwide: A preliminary overview.
SGI Publication 30-5E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Capping Sweden’s contaminat-
ed fiberbank sediments: A unique challenge.
SGI Publication 30-6E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. An extensive, up-to-date collec-
tion of relevant technical and other international references.
SGI Publication 30-7. In-situ övertäckning av förorenade sediment. Övergripande sammanfattning.
(In Swedish)
SGI Publication 30-7E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Overall summary.
Fact sheet. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Method overview.
SGI Publication 30-4E
7 (18)
1. Introduction and approach
Presented herein is a preliminary overview of: (a) remedial sediment capping projects completed,
initiated, or planned to-date, worldwide, (b) the types of capping-based remedies involved (isola-
tion, thin-layer, conventional, and/or active), and (c) where capping, including different types, has
been and is being conducted.
Since the capping overview document to which this publication is attached mainly targets a Swe-
dish audience, sediment capping projects completed to-date in Sweden are also presented, and dis-
cussed in relatively more detail. Information is also presented herein on sediment removal (dredg-
ing) projects in Sweden. Removal projects are presented to place nationwide capping efforts into
the larger context of nationwide sediment-remediation efforts in general.
Information presented herein was developed through preliminary reviews of readily available (and
mostly published) information. This overview is not intended to represent an exhaustive, complete,
and up-to-date summary of all remedial sediment capping projects completed, ongoing, and
planned, worldwide. Such was not a goal of the capping overview project. Regardless, this sum-
mary provides a general understanding what has been and is being done in regards to capping in
Sweden, Scandinavia, and worldwide.
Note, no details are provided herein for the non-Swedish capping projects listed, although a number
of references are provided. Nevertheless, it is important to clarify virtually all projects listed in-
volve capping of contaminated minerogenic (mineral-based) sediments. Global experience in cap-
ping fiberbank (cellulose-based) sediments is extremely limited, as discussed in SGI Publication
30-5E. To this author’s knowledge, the very few capping projects that have been completed to-date
worldwide for fiberbank (and/or fiber-rich) sediments have all been conducted in Sweden.
To underscore: This is only a preliminary overview of remedial sediment capping projects, world-
wide. There is considerable merit, for a number of reasons, in conducting a follow-up review of
such region- and country-specific projects that is more expansive, detailed, up-to-date and which
incorporates input from multiple informed parties.
2. Sediment capping, internationally
2.1 Isolation capping
2.1.1 Conventional isolation capping
A summary listing of sediment capping projects completed, initiated, or planned worldwide up to
2005 is provided in Appendix (provided by Prof. Danny D. Reible, Texas Tech University). Based
on this listing:
Worldwide, a total of 107 projects had been completed, initiated, or planned up to 2005.
The great majority of projects are isolation capping. Thin-layer capping projects include
item #s 10, 20, 26, 62, 73, 76, and 107.
SGI Publication 30-4E
8 (18)
The great majority of projects are conventional isolation capping. Active isolation capping
projects include item #s 13, 28, 37, 63, and 77.
By far the most projects (~ 75%), occurred in the U.S. This is understandable since the
U.S. is where the practice of remedial sediment capping basically originated.
15 projects have occurred in Japan.
A total of 13 projects have occurred in other countries (including Norway, The Nether-
lands, Sweden, Germany, and Belgium, as well as Hong Kong).
The project listing provided in Appendix is clearly an extensive effort. However, it is not quite
complete. Furthermore, over the last 10 years or so, many more capping projects have been com-
pleted, initiated, or planned, worldwide. These additional projects also address a wide variety of
sediment contaminants (organics, metals, organometallics, and/or non-aqueous phase liquids
[NAPL]) which occur in an equally wide variety of aquatic environments.
Since 2005, and in the U.S. alone, a significant number of conventional isolation capping projects
(both field pilot- and full remedial-scale) have been completed, initiated, or planned. A partial list-
ing of post-2005 isolation capping projects (completed, under construction, or in design phase) is
provided below (Russell, 2015; ITRC, 2014; Ebrahimi, 2015; National Grid, 2013 and other
sources). Note, all but a couple of the projects listed are in the U.S., and many involve partial sedi-
ment removal prior to in-situ capping.
Confirmed conventional isolation capping projects:
Baie Comeau, QC (Canada)
LCP Chemicals Site, Brunswick, GA
Buffalo River, NY
Ironton Tar, OH
Tittabawassee River, MI – SMAs 4 and 5
San Jacinto River Waste Pits, TX – TCRA
Tittabawassee River, MI – Reaches B and D
Could be conventional isolation capping projects. Otherwise, active isolation capping
projects:
Money Point Phase III, Elizabeth River, VA
Esquimalt Graving Dock, BC (Canada) – Phases 1 and 2
Eddon Boatyard, WA
Hylebos Waterway (Commencement Bay), WA
St. Louis River/Interlake/Duluth Tar, MN
Campbell Shipyard, CA
2.1.2 Active isolation capping
As indicated above, many more conventional isolation capping projects have been completed, initi-
ated, or planned to-date, worldwide, than active isolation capping projects.
SGI Publication 30-4E
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Nevertheless, international interest in active isolation capping is growing. As a result, there has
been a rapid increase in the number of field pilot- or full remedial-scale active isolation-capping
projects (completed, initiated, or planned) over the last 10 to 15 years. The great majority of these
projects occur in the U.S. and many in Norway. A partial listing of such projects is provided below
(ITRC, 2014; Patmont et al., 2014; USEPA, 2013 and other sources).
Note, the projects listed below: (a) are all in the U.S., (b) are organized and listed by the type of
active material used, and (c) mostly (but not exclusively) involve the use of active-capping prod-
ucts or technologies for delivering active materials to submerged sediment surfaces. The prod-
ucts/technologies used often include AquaBlok® and related products, SediMite™, and RCM™s.
Carbon-based sorbents (mostly, but not exclusively, activated carbon [AC]):
Anacostia River, MD (project generally referenced in Appendix, item #73)
Cottonwood Bay, Grand Prairie, TX
Duwamish Slip 4, WA
Onondaga Lake, NY
Passaic River, Mile 10.9, NJ
Puget Sound shipyard, WA
Spokane River Upstream Dam PCB Site, WA
Stryker Bay, SLRIDT, MN
Organoclay:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp, NY
Cottonwood Bay, Grand Prairie, TX
Former creosoting wood treating site, Escanaba, MI
Gasco, Portland, OR
Grand Calumet River, East Branch, IN
Pine Street Barge Canal Superfund Site, VT (project generally referenced in Appendix,
item #68)
Port of Portland, OR
Roxana Marsh, Grand Calumet River, IN
Salem Manufactured Gas Plant, MA
Clay minerals (mostly bentonite):
Anacostia River, MD (project generally referenced in Appendix, item #73)
Chattanooga Creek, TN
Galaxy/Spectron Little Elk Creek, MD
Penobscot River, ME
Apatite (calcium phosphate minerals):
Anacostia River, MD (project generally referenced in Appendix, item #73)
Cottonwood Bay, Grand Prairie, TX
SGI Publication 30-4E
10 (18)
Additional active isolation capping projects in the U.S. are listed below (Russell, 2015). The active
materials used in these projects typically include AC, organoclay or some unidentified source for
total organic carbon (TOC). For most (but not all) projects, active materials were placed through
water using active-capping products or technologies.
Fox River, WI (OU1 as well as OU 2 to OU 5)
Gloucester Harbor, MA
Housatonic River, MA (1½ Mile Reach)
Lower Rouge River, Old Channel, MI
River Raisin, MI
Silver Lake, MA
St. Lawrence River, Alcoa East Plant, NY
Upper Hudson River, NY
As noted in Section 2.1.1, additional active isolation capping projects could potentially be added to
the above lists.
2.2 Thin-layer capping
2.2.1 Conventional thin-layer capping (including EMNR)
Relatively inert (non-active) capping materials like sediment or sand have been used in a number of
conventional thin-layer capping projects. Such projects can generally be considered the same as
EMNR (enhanced monitored natural recovery) projects (see SGI Publication 30-3E).
According to Merritt et al., 2009 and 2010a, several U.S. projects designated as conventional thin-
layer or EMNR projects have been completed in the U.S. Target placed thicknesses for these pro-
jects ranged from 10 to 30 cm, with 15 cm most common. These projects include the following
(note, all three projects are referenced in Appendix and are listed in this section for clarification):
Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor, WA
Ketchikan Pulp Company, AK
Bremerton Naval Shipyard, WA
Merritt et al. further identify additional projects (all in the U.S. except one) they also consider
“thin-layer capping” projects, but where placed material thicknesses were greater, on the order of
15 to 45 cm. These projects include the following (note, all projects except Saguenay Fjord and
Duwamish Waterway are referenced in Appendix and are listed in this section for clarification):
Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada)
Palos Verdes Shelf, CA
Anacostia River, MD (portions of project involved use of active materials)
Grasse River, NY (portions of project involved use of active materials)
Duwamish Waterway, WA
Magar et al., 2009 also identify a couple additional EMNR projects for which placed material
thicknesses were not indicated (Commencement Bay, WA and Lavaca Bay, TX).
SGI Publication 30-4E
11 (18)
2.2.2 Active thin-layer capping (~ in-situ treatment)
A significant number of active thin-layer capping projects have been completed to-date, worldwide,
and interest in this remedial strategy is growing rapidly, especially over the last decade or so. Ac-
tive thin-layer capping is often considered the same as (or at least placed into the same remedial
category as) in-situ sediment treatment (see SGI Publication 30-3E).
Like trends in growth for both conventional and active isolation capping, the great majority of ac-
tive thin-layer capping projects completed or planned to-date occur in the U.S. and Norway. Also,
many of the projects involve the use of AC.
A partial listing of field pilot- or full remedial-scale thin-layer active capping (~ in-situ treatment)
projects is provided below (as referenced in ITRC, 2014; Patmont et al., 2014; Ghosh et al., 2011;
Cornelissen et al., 2011; USEPA, 2013 and other sources).
Note, the projects listed: (a) are all in the U.S., (b) all involve the use of carbon-based sorbents,
mostly AC, and (c) mainly (but not exclusively) involve the “Method-B” approach for active-
material delivery to submerged sediment surfaces (see SGI Publication 30-3E). Some projects in-
volve the “Method A” delivery approach. For many of the Method-B projects, products or technol-
ogies were used for active material delivery.
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD (multiple sub-sites and projects)
Bailey Creek, VA
Berry’s Creek, NJ
Bremerton Naval Shipyard, WA (multiple projects)
Custom Plywood, WA
Grasse River, NY
Hunter’s Point, San Francisco Bay, CA
James River, VA
Little Creek, VA
Mirror Lake, DE
South River, VA
Tittabawassee River, MI
3. Norwegian capping projects
3.1 Introduction
Over the last decade or so, the regulatory infrastructure in Norway related to contaminated sedi-
ment characterization, risk assessment, and remediation (including published guidance in all these
areas) has developed extensively. This is reflected by an impressive, yet partial, listing of sediment-
related guidance documents prepared by SFT, Klif, and Miljø Directorate (see SGI Publication
30-6E).
All aspects of the contaminated sediment market in Norway have developed to a far higher level
than in any other Scandinavian country. In fact, the Norwegian market is likely the second largest
SGI Publication 30-4E
12 (18)
in the world, behind the U.S. market. The Swedish consulting community appears to recognize this
(e.g. COWI, 2013).
Thus, it is not surprising a significant number of sediment capping projects (of different types) have
been completed, initiated, or planned to-date in Norway. For this reason, Norwegian capping pro-
jects deserve special mention herein.
3.2 Isolation capping
3.2.1 Conventional isolation capping
In the pre-2005 summary project listing (Appendix), only two conventional isolation-capping pro-
jects were listed for Norway: project # 87 (Eitrheim Bay) and project # 109 (Sørfjorden).
In fact, a significant number of sediment capping projects, including conventional isolation-
capping projects, have been completed (including prior to 2005), initiated, or planned to-date in
Norway. The projects involve conventional isolation capping of contaminated sediments either in-
situ or following removal-then-re-deposition. Most projects occur in harbor areas. A partial project
listing is provided below (per COWI, 2013; Eek et al., 2013; SFT, 2006; Laugesen, 2015 and other
sources).
Bergen Harbor (multiple projects)
Harstad Harbor
Kristiansand Harbor (multiple projects)
Mosjøen Harbor
Oslo Harbor (multiple projects)
Sandefjord Harbor
Sunken German Submarine (Ubåt U-864)
Tromsö Harbor
Trondheim Harbor (multiple projects)
3.2.2 Active isolation capping
A partial listing of field pilot- or full remedial-scale active isolation-capping projects completed to-
date in Norway is provided below (per Patmont et al., 2014; COWI, 2013 and other sources).
Note: (a) all involve the use of AC sorbents, (b) all involve the use of products, technologies, or
methods for delivering AC to submerged sediment surfaces, namely BioBlok® or OPTICAP, and
(c) some caps could be considered active “hybrids” (between isolation and thin-layer) in terms of
design and/or intended functioning.
Bergen Harbor (Kirkebukten)
Leirvik Sveis, shipyard
Naudodden, Farsund
Sandefjord Harbor
Trondheim Harbor
SGI Publication 30-4E
13 (18)
3.3 Thin-layer capping
3.3.1 Conventional thin-layer capping (including EMNR)
Only one project has been completed to-date in Norway that can be considered conventional thin-
layer capping or EMNR. This project involved placement of a very thin sand cap (target 5 mm
thick), which was included as a control plot in a field pilot-scale evaluation of different active thin-
layer capping remedies in Trondheim Harbor (Cornelissen et al., 2011). The active thin-layer cap-
ping remedies evaluated involved use of AC, with or without including clay (bentonite).
3.3.2 Active thin-layer capping (~ in-situ treatment)
Three active thin-layer capping (~ in-situ treatment) projects have been completed to-date in Nor-
way. These include projects in Trondheim Harbor (see above) and in Grenlandsfjord, both in shal-
low and deepwater areas (per Patmont et al., 2014; ITRC, 2014; Cornelissen et al., 2011; USEPA,
2013; NGI and NIVA, 2012; Eek et al., 2010; Schaaning and Josefsson, 2011 and other sources).
All of these projects involved: (a) use of AC, and (b) use of the Method-B approach for AC deliv-
ery (see SGI Publication 30-3E) specifically using the OPTICAP method.
4. Swedish capping projects, plus dredging projects (for comparison)
4.1 Introduction
A complete and detailed review and summary of sediment remediation projects completed to-date
in Sweden would likely be very useful to numerous interested parties. However, such was not a
goal of this capping overview project. Regardless, a preliminary overview of Swedish sediment
remediation projects was necessary to place the capping overview into a more balanced national
context.
And since the capping overview project focuses on sediment capping, emphasis was logically
placed on obtaining and reviewing readily available information specifically related to completed
(and planned) sediment capping projects in Sweden.
4.2 Swedish capping projects
Based on results of a review of readily available (and published) information, a preliminary sum-
mary of sediment capping projects completed to-date in Sweden is provided in Table 1.
SGI Publication 30-4E
14 (18)
Table 1 Preliminary summary of sediment capping projects completed to-date in Sweden.
Site or project name
Where When General descriptions of site, project, and cap de-sign
References
Va
nå
n,
i
Va
ns
bro
Da
larn
a
1991-92
- River sediments (presumably minerogenic) contami-nated by creosote (presumably NAPL). - Cap design: Basal geotextile overlain by ~ 30 cm sand. - Capped area, ~ 6,800 m
2.
Naturvårdsverket, 2003; von Post, 2005.
La
ke
Tu
rin
ing
en
1)
Sö
de
rma
nla
nd
1999 -2000
- Fiber-rich lake sediments near stream mouth con-taminated by Hg. - Cap design: Basal geotextile overlain by ~ 20 cm fine-grained sand (in some areas, ~ 20-40 cm of crushed rock for erosion protection, in addition to or instead of sand layer). - Capping area: approx. ~ 40,000 m
2.
Bergman, 2012; Nykvarns kommun, 2004; www.turingen.se.
2001-02
- Soft, fiber-rich sediments in deeper parts of lake also contaminated with Hg. - Cap design: several cm of an “artificial” (aluminum-based) sediment material, derived from a placed “gel” material. - Capping area, ~ 800,000 m
2.
- Note, this is considered conventional thin-layer cap-ping.
Naturvårdsverket, 2003; Petsonk and Bergman, 2006; www.turingen.se.
To
lla
re
Sto
ckh
olm
2008
- Fiber sediments in lake contaminated by Hg. - Cap design: Basal (and weighted) geotextile overlain by a layer of crushed stone for erosion protection. Thickness of crushed-stone layer unclear.
Valdemarsviks Kommun, 2013; Petsonk et al., 2008.
Lu
nd
by
ha
mn
en
, in
Gö
teb
org
ha
rbo
r
Vä
str
a G
öta
lan
d
Started 2009
- Harbor sediments (presumably minerogenic) con-taminated by TBT, and perhaps also other pollutants. - Involved capping of contaminated sediments that previously have been dredged but then re-deposited (somewhere else). . - Cap design: ~ 1 m sand.
Länsstyrelsen Västra Götaland, 2006; Göteborgs Stads Nyhetstid-ning, 2015.
Sa
nn
e-
gå
rds
ham
-
ne
n,
i G
öta
Älv
Vä
str
a G
öta
-
lan
d
? - Appears to be similar to Lundbyhamnen. Göteborgs Stads Nyhetstidning, 2015.
Fotnot: 1) Both Lake Turingen projects are referenced in Appendix and are included in table for clarification.
As shown in Table 1, only a limited number of sediment capping projects have been completed or
initiated to-date in Sweden. All but one are considered conventional isolation capping. The gel-cap
project completed in Lake Turingen is considered to be conventional thin-layer capping, since there
appears to be no active (e.g. sorptive) characteristics attributed to the artificial sediment (Bergman,
2012).
Interestingly, despite the small number of projects, they collectively represent a surprisingly broad
range of aquatic environments, sediment types, contaminant types, capping strategies, capping ma-
terials, and cap designs.
SGI Publication 30-4E
15 (18)
In addition, at least a couple other Swedish capping projects are understood to currently be in the
serious-consideration or planning stages:
Lillesjön (Jönköping): As-contaminated minerogenic sediments (Golder, 2014).
Södra hamnen (Skåne): PCB- and TBT-contaminated minerogenic sediments (Anchor
QEA, 2015).
4.3 Swedish removal (dredging) projects
Although the focus herein is on capping, a limited preliminary review was also conducted of readi-
ly available information on sediment removal (mainly dredging) projects in Sweden. This was done
for purposes of general comparison, and to place nationwide capping efforts into the larger context
of nationwide sediment remediation efforts in general.
A listing of the relatively larger and more well-known remedial sediment dredging projects com-
pleted (including ongoing or planned) to-date in Sweden is provided below. Information comes
from a number of readily available, published sources (Elander, 2012, 2013; Naturvårdsverket,
2003; Ekman, 2004; Göteborgs Stads Nyhetstidning, 2015):
Järnsjön (PCBs; utsläpp från ett returpappersbruk)
Örserumsviken (PCBs; PAHs; utsläpp från ett returpappersbruk)
Svartsjöarna (Hg; utsläpp från ett pappersbruk)
Skutskärs hamn (Hg; utsläpp från massaindustri, ingår i en hamnutbyggnad)
Valdemarsviken, ongoing (Cr and Hg; utsläpp från ett garveri)
Oskarshamn hamn, ongoing (metaller och dioxiner; utsläpp från kopparverk och batterifa-
brik)
Ala Lombolo, Kiruna (Hg; utsläpp från laboratorium)
Vanån, i Vansbro (Creosote-contaminated sediments)
Lundbyhamnen, i Göteborg harbor (sediments contaminated by TBT, and perhaps also
other pollutants).
The Mälarprojektet, which is a navigational dredging project, but also references the pres-
ence and possible spreading of sediments contaminated by Hg; PAHs and/or TBT
(Sjöfartsverket, 2013).
Project in Gävle Harbor.
In addition to the projects listed above, references are also made in county-specific regional pro-
gram summaries (see SGI Publication 30-2E) to other, perhaps smaller-scale sediment dredging
projects (completed, ongoing, or planned). Many of these additional projects appear to involve
sediment removal for remedial rather than navigational purposes, at least in part. Such dredging-
related references are made for specific sites or areas in the following counties: Blekinge, Halland,
Uppsala, and Östergötland.
SGI Publication 30-4E
16 (18)
4.4 Summary
It appears more remedial removal (dredging) projects have been completed (or initiated or planned)
to-date in Sweden than capping projects. If this is accurate, a logical question is why.
One answer could be related to actual or predicted costs associated with Swedish experiences in
implementing capping versus dredging remedies. Three of the five isolation-capping projects com-
pleted so far in Sweden incorporated the use of geotextiles (Table 1). Incorporating a geotextile in
cap design increases total capping costs, often significantly. This may be giving consultants and
others in Sweden the general impression capping is a relatively expensive sediment remediation
technology, and perhaps one that is not economically competitive with removal technologies. If
this is the perception, it is contrary to the much more widely held view that capping remedies are
typically less expensive than dredging remedies (see SGI Publication 30-3E).
There could also be additional reasons for why dredging remedies seem to be more commonly con-
sidered and used in Sweden than capping remedies. These additional reasons are also based on
perceptions, which may include:
Removal (by dredging or excavation), although costly, is really the only viable, proven-
effective solution for remediating contaminated sediments.
In general, in-situ technologies for contaminated sediment remediation are too new and/or
not yet proven-effective.
In-situ capping is simply “covering up the problem”.
Soft sediments cannot be successfully capped, or cannot be capped cost-effectively (with-
out the use of a supporting basal geotextile, for example).
There really isn’t any good sediment-remediation technologies available at all (dredging
too expensive, and in-situ methods, including capping, are unproven). And because of this,
most available resources instead go to soil or groundwater cleanup projects – where respec-
tive remediation technologies are, in contrast, perhaps considered more well-proven and
relatively more cost-effective.
5. Capping projects in other Scandinavian countries
In addition to Norway and Sweden, contaminated sediments also occur in other Nordic countries as
well, including in Denmark and Finland.
As noted by Spadaro (2011), capping – along with other in-situ and ex-situ sediment remediation
technologies – is listed as being employed in Denmark and Finland. Thus, there is probably little
doubt at least a few sediment capping projects, including conventional isolation capping, have been
completed, initiated, and/or planned to-date in both Denmark and Finland.
SGI Publication 30-4E
17 (18)
An in-depth review of available information on capping projects in these other two Scandinavian
countries was beyond the scope of this project. Nevertheless, it is known at least a couple capping
projects have been conducted in these countries to-date:
In Denmark: A pilot-scale conventional isolation-capping project was conducted (some-
time) in the Port of Copenhagen (Rønberg et al., no date).
In Finland: During 1998/99, a creosote-impacted, 0.5-ha area of sediment in Lake
Jämsänvsi was covered by a (presumably basal) polypropylene filter geotextile overlain by
1 to 1.5 m of gravel and sand (Hyötyläinen and Oikari, 2003).
6. References
For all references cited herein, please see Publication 30-6E.
SGI Publication 30-4E
18 (18)
SGI Publication 30-4E
Appendix
Draft Summary of Contaminated Sediment Capping Projects, Revised 2005
The following summary table was provided (in pdf format)
by Prof. Danny D. Reible, Texas Tech University.
Dra
ft S
umm
ary
of C
onta
min
ated
Sed
imen
t Cap
ping
Pro
ject
s R
evis
ed 2
005
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Che
mic
als o
f C
once
rn
Site
C
ondi
tions
D
esig
n T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a D
ate
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
Puge
t Sou
nd/W
ashi
ngto
n 1
Duw
amis
h W
ater
way
Se
attle
, Was
hing
ton
(CA
D)
Hea
vy m
etal
s, PC
Bs
Exis
ting
6-ft.
de
ep
suba
queo
us
depr
essi
on;
Wat
erw
ay
dept
h 70
ft.
3 ft.
des
ign
targ
et;
2 ft.
act
ual
aver
age
afte
r co
nsol
idat
ion
(21)
Sand
(4
,000
cy)
1.
3 ac
res
estim
ated
(a)
0.7
acre
or
igin
al c
ap
size
(21)
1984
•
Func
tiona
lly n
o er
osio
n (a
sm
all a
mou
nt o
f cap
ero
ded
from
one
side
to a
noth
er, b
ut
was
then
cov
ered
by
natu
ral
sedi
men
tatio
n) (2
1)
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
obse
rved
in se
cond
and
third
co
ring
oper
atio
ns (2
1)
• C
once
ntra
tions
of h
eavy
m
etal
s and
PC
Bs w
ere
at le
ast
an o
rder
of m
agni
tude
low
er
in th
e sa
nd c
ap th
an in
co
ntam
inat
ed m
ater
ial b
elow
(2
2)
• Th
e 18
-mon
th a
nd 5
-yr
sedi
men
t che
mis
try sa
nd-c
ap
conc
entra
tions
mat
ched
al
mos
t exa
ctly
(22)
•
Inte
rfac
e be
twee
n co
ntam
inat
ed a
nd c
ap
sedi
men
ts w
as sh
arp
and
rela
tivel
y un
mix
ed (2
2)
• Fi
rst c
appi
ng p
roje
ct (a
“le
arni
ng
expe
rienc
e”) i
n EP
A R
egio
n 10
•
Led
by th
e U
SAC
E w
ith li
mite
d in
volv
emen
t fro
m E
PA (2
1)
• K
ey le
sson
s lea
rned
: rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n co
ntam
inat
ed se
dim
ent
fill v
olum
es, C
AD
cel
l siz
e, a
nd
rate
of C
AD
filli
ng (2
1)
• Sp
lit-h
ull d
ump
barg
e pl
aced
sand
ov
er re
loca
ted
sedi
men
ts i
n C
AD
ce
ll (A
) •
Max
imum
sust
aine
d bo
ttom
cu
rren
ts:
0.2
ft/se
c (o
ccas
iona
l re
adin
gs in
the
uppe
r wat
er
colu
mn
appr
oach
ing
1.0
ft/se
c)
(23)
- D
eter
min
ed to
be
a su
cces
s with
ca
ppin
g on
ly in
the
Wes
t Wat
erw
ay.
- Las
t mon
itore
d in
200
0 or
200
1 (2
1).
A, E
, F, 2
1,
22, 2
3
2 O
ne T
ree
Isla
nd
Oly
mpi
a, W
ashi
ngto
n (C
AD
)
Hea
vy m
etal
s, PA
Hs
Mar
ina;
14.
8 ft.
dee
p 4
ft. (i
n or
der
to o
btai
n a
cons
olid
ated
ca
p of
3 ft
.) (2
1)
Sand
C
lean
se
dim
ent (
E)
0.5
acre
s
1987
•
App
lied
less
on fr
om
Duw
amis
h: a
llow
co
ntam
inat
ed m
ater
ial t
o co
nsol
idat
e on
bar
ge a
nd th
en
to se
ttle
in C
AD
cel
l (1
- 2
wee
ks) (
21)
• Li
ttle
prop
scou
r; re
crea
tiona
l di
vers
said
that
cap
app
eare
d to
be
inta
ct (2
1)
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
(A)
• N
o er
osio
n of
cap
(A)
• Fi
rst p
erm
itted
CA
D p
roje
ct (2
1)
• M
aint
enan
ce d
redg
ing
of a
m
arin
a; to
p 2-
3 ft.
of
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts w
ere
dred
ged
and
plac
ed in
“ov
erbu
ilt”
(or “
very
dee
p”) C
AD
cel
l in
mar
ina
(21)
•
No
ongo
ing
mon
itorin
g re
quire
d (2
1)
• La
st m
onito
ring
occu
rred
in 1
989
and
show
ed th
at se
dim
ent
cont
amin
ants
wer
e co
ntai
ned
(A)
- Stil
l a w
orki
ng m
arin
a,
cons
ider
ed a
succ
ess,
and
still
no
mon
itori
ng si
nce
1989
(21)
.
A, C
, E, 2
1
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
1
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
3 St
. Pau
l Wat
erw
ay
(Sim
pson
Tac
oma
Kra
ft Su
perf
und
Site
) Ta
com
a, W
ashi
ngto
n (I
SC a
nd h
abita
t re
stor
atio
n)
Phen
ols,
PAH
s, di
oxin
s, fu
rans
Shal
low
, nea
r sh
ore
sedi
men
ts,
11.5
ft. d
eep
Dep
th n
ow is
-2
0 ft.
M
LLW
at
extre
me
(21)
2-12
ft.
4.9-
19.7
ft.
actu
al (B
, E)
3.9
ft. d
esig
n (E
) 3
- 13
or 1
4 ft.
(3
6)
Coa
rse
sand
fr
om P
uyal
lup
Riv
er
17 a
cres
(1
1 ac
res o
f m
arin
e se
dim
ents
ca
pped
; 6
acre
s of n
ew
inte
rtida
l ha
bita
t bui
lt al
ong
shor
elin
e)
(32)
1988
•
Inte
nsiv
e m
onito
ring
cond
ucte
d an
nual
ly fo
r 10
year
s (36
) •
Mon
itorin
g re
cent
ly sc
aled
ba
ck; c
ap w
ill b
e ch
ecke
d ev
ery
othe
r yea
r to
ensu
re th
at
it is
still
in p
lace
and
that
the
elev
atio
n ha
s not
cha
nged
su
bsta
ntia
lly; c
ap w
ill b
e ch
ecke
d af
ter a
ny m
ajor
stor
m
or e
arth
quak
e (3
6)
• Ev
eryt
hing
is w
orki
ng fi
ne;
no c
hem
ical
mig
ratio
n; c
ap
still
with
in sp
ecifi
catio
ns
(A,2
1,36
) •
PRP
won
env
ironm
enta
l aw
ard
for h
abita
t cre
atio
n (2
1)
• >
10 y
ears
of c
hem
ical
and
bi
olog
ical
mon
itorin
g sh
ow
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts h
ave
rem
aine
d co
nfin
ed a
nd
isol
ated
ben
eath
cap
and
cap
is
pro
vidi
ng g
ood
habi
tat f
or
estu
arin
e bi
ota
(32)
•
St. P
aul W
ater
way
was
de
liste
d fr
om th
e N
PL o
n 10
/29/
96 (3
2)
• Fi
rst d
esig
ned
and
perm
itted
ca
ppin
g pr
ojec
t und
er S
uper
fund
re
gula
tory
pro
cess
(21)
•
Som
e re
dist
ribut
ion
of c
ap
mat
eria
ls o
ccur
red,
but
ove
rall
desi
gn le
vel m
et (3
6)
• C
.cal
iforn
ieus
(typ
ical
dee
p bu
rrow
ers t
hat c
an c
ause
bi
otur
batio
n) fo
und
in se
dim
ents
, bu
t nev
er a
t dep
ths >
1 m
(3.3
ft.)
(A);
biot
urba
tion
wou
ld h
ave
been
lim
ited
(21)
- A
stor
m c
ause
d so
me
eros
ion
in
appr
oxim
atel
y 20
02 a
nd th
e ca
p w
as re
pair
ed.
This
mai
nten
ance
w
as m
ore
for h
abita
t res
tora
tion
than
cap
eff
ectiv
enes
s. V
isua
l m
onito
ring
occ
urs e
very
yea
r. E
PA
pref
ers i
nvas
ive
mon
itori
ng e
very
10
-20
year
s. Th
e ca
p ap
pear
s to
be
hold
ing
up w
ell (
21).
- Rec
ently
com
plet
ed 1
5 ye
ars o
f m
onito
ring
and
clo
sed
the
mon
itori
ng e
xcep
t for
ear
thqu
ake
mon
itori
ng.
Con
stru
ctio
n co
st
estim
ate
of $
5 m
illio
n (1
0)
A, B
, C, E
, 21
, 32,
36
10
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
2
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
4 Pi
er 5
1 Fe
rry T
erm
inal
El
liott
Bay
Se
attle
, Was
hing
ton
(ISC
)
Mer
cury
, he
avy
met
als,
PAH
s, PC
Bs,
PCD
F
Doc
ks a
t 20-
25 ft
. 60
to 1
00 ft
. (a
t app
rox.
15
0 ft.
from
sh
ore)
Doc
ks: 4
ft.
desi
gn (t
o ac
hiev
e 3
ft.
cons
oli-
datio
n) (a
t w
ater
dep
ths
of a
ppro
x. 3
5 ft.
R
est o
f Site
: 1.
5 - 2
ft.
desi
gn (t
o ac
hiev
e 1
ft.
cons
olid
ated
)
Coa
rse
sand
4 ac
res (
2 ac
res w
ith
thic
k ca
p; 2
ac
res w
ith
thin
ner c
ap)
1989
•
No
chem
ical
mig
ratio
n (A
) •
Cap
with
in sp
ecifi
catio
ns (A
) •
Rec
olon
izat
ion
obse
rved
(A)
• A
s rec
ent a
s 199
4, c
ap
thic
knes
s rem
aine
d w
ithin
de
sign
spec
ifica
tions
(A)
• W
hile
ben
thic
infa
una
have
re
colo
nize
d th
e ca
p, th
ere
is
no in
dica
tion
of c
ap b
reac
h du
e to
bio
turb
atio
n (A
) •
For 1
or 2
yea
rs, t
he th
inne
r ca
p w
as n
ot a
s cle
an a
s the
or
igin
al c
ap, p
ossi
bly
due
to
mix
ing;
the
thic
ker c
ap
rem
aine
d cl
ean
(21)
•
No
ongo
ing
mon
itorin
g re
quire
d (2
1)
• C
aps w
orke
d ve
ry w
ell (
21)
• Pr
ojec
t was
prim
arily
an
expe
rimen
t to
see
if fe
rrie
s wou
ld
blow
the
cap
away
(hen
ce th
icke
r ca
p em
ploy
ed a
t the
ferr
y ar
ea)
(21)
•
Dur
ing
reco
nstru
ctio
n of
ferr
y te
rmin
al, a
pili
ng w
as p
ulle
d up
, re
cont
amin
atin
g th
e ca
p w
ith
creo
sote
- ca
p w
as re
paire
d (2
1)
• C
ap w
as re
cont
amin
ated
in to
p ~2
cm w
ith m
etal
s; fa
te a
nd
trans
port
stud
y de
mon
stra
ted
that
fe
rry
term
inal
was
at n
exus
of t
wo
gyre
s (fr
om n
orth
and
sout
h); t
his
know
ledg
e pa
rtial
ly d
icta
ted
subs
eque
nt c
lean
up e
ffor
ts (2
1)
- Fer
ry te
rmin
al c
ompl
eted
som
e dr
edgi
ng a
nd th
in c
appi
ng a
s a c
ap
exte
nsio
n. M
inor
vis
ual m
onito
ring
us
ing
dive
rs si
nce
2002
(21)
.
A, E
, 21
5 D
enny
Way
CSO
El
liott
Bay
Se
attle
, Was
hing
ton
(ISC
)
Hea
vy m
etal
s, PA
Hs,
PCB
s W
ater
dep
th
18-5
0 ft.
2-
3 ft.
Sa
nd
Sand
y se
dim
ent f
rom
D
uwam
ish
Wat
erw
ay
3 ac
res
1990
•
1994
cor
es sh
owed
re
cont
amin
atio
n in
cap
su
rfac
e, b
ut n
o m
igra
tion
of
chem
ical
s thr
ough
cap
(A)
• R
econ
tam
inat
ion
likel
y fr
om
CSO
(21)
• C
SO o
nce
disc
harg
ed p
rimar
y se
wag
e; n
ow d
isch
arge
s sto
rm
wat
er a
nd w
aste
wat
er fr
om so
me
was
tew
ater
trea
tmen
t pla
nts (
21)
• A
n or
igin
al p
roje
ct g
oal w
as to
st
udy
rate
of r
econ
tam
inat
ion
at
cap
surf
ace
usin
g a
mas
s bal
ance
ap
proa
ch; f
ound
not
to b
e po
ssib
le
(21)
- T
he C
SO w
as c
lean
ed o
ut a
nd th
e ra
te o
f re-
cont
amin
atio
n ap
pear
s to
have
slow
ed to
a st
op. M
onito
ring
co
ntin
ues r
egul
arly
but
not
an
nual
ly (2
1).
A, B
, C, E
, 21
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
3
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
6 Pi
ers 5
3-55
CSO
Se
attle
, Was
hing
ton
(ISC
)
Hea
vy m
etal
s, PA
Hs,
PCB
s Si
mila
r to
thos
e at
Pie
r 51
(21)
1.3-
2.6
ft. (A
) Si
mila
r to
thos
e at
Pie
r 51
(21)
Sand
M
ater
ial f
rom
D
uwam
ish
Wat
erw
ay (E
)
4.5
acre
s 19
92
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
• C
ap st
able
, and
incr
ease
d by
15
cm
(6 in
.) of
new
de
posi
tion
• G
yre
caus
ed se
dim
ents
to
erod
e fr
om c
ap, b
ut re
mai
ning
ca
p se
emed
stab
le (a
lthou
gh
mat
eria
ls w
ere
spre
ad a
roun
d a
lot)
(21)
•
Acc
retio
n zo
ne (2
1)
• D
iffic
ult t
o di
scer
n vo
lum
es
from
con
solid
atio
n vs
. er
osio
n (2
1)
• In
faun
al c
omm
uniti
es
retu
rned
cha
nged
; muc
h m
ore
shad
ing
afte
r cap
pla
cem
ent
(21)
- E
rosi
on c
ause
d by
out
side
in
fluen
ces s
uch
as c
urre
nts i
n E
lliot
Bay
had
gre
ater
eff
ects
th
an th
e ca
p w
as d
esig
ned
to
tole
rate
(21)
. - P
CB
s wer
e de
tect
ed, b
ut th
ey
may
hav
e co
me
from
the
Duw
amis
h R
iver
(21)
. - S
ever
al re
port
s rec
ently
co
mpl
eted
in M
ay 2
004
addr
essi
ng e
nfor
cem
ent
actio
ns a
nd st
anda
rds (
21).
• M
ater
ial s
pray
ed u
nder
exi
stin
g pi
ers t
o fo
rm c
ap (2
1)
• Pr
e-ca
p in
faun
al c
omm
uniti
es
wer
e de
stro
yed
in th
e ra
pid
buria
l as
soci
ated
with
cap
con
stru
ctio
n (A
) •
Con
stitu
ents
from
adj
acen
t se
dim
ent s
ite h
ave
been
dep
osite
d in
cap
surf
ace
(E)
• Th
e am
ount
of s
edim
ent
accu
mul
atio
n w
as n
ot a
ntic
ipat
ed;
the
ferr
y te
rmin
al c
reat
es a
qu
iesc
ent a
rea,
cau
sing
sedi
men
t dr
opou
t (21
) - T
his c
ap c
ould
be
judg
ed a
failu
re
by p
revi
ous s
tand
ards
, but
may
be
cons
ider
ed sa
tisfa
ctor
y by
new
st
anda
rds (
21).
- The
cap
ping
did
not
func
tion
as
plan
ned,
but
ther
e ar
e be
nefit
s re
late
d to
the
habi
tat e
nhan
cem
ent
port
ion
(21)
.
A, E
, 21
7 Pi
er 6
4 Se
attle
, Was
hing
ton
(ISC
)
Hea
vy m
etal
s, PA
Hs,
phth
alat
es,
dibe
nzof
uran
Wat
er d
epth
20
-59
ft.
0.5-
1.5
ft.
Sand
32
.1 a
cres
(E)
4 ac
res (
NN
)
1994
•
Som
e lo
ss o
f cap
thic
knes
s in
wes
tern
por
tion;
reas
ons
uncl
ear (
eros
ion
or
cons
olid
atio
n/se
ttlin
g)
• R
educ
tion
in su
rfac
e ch
emic
al
conc
entra
tions
not
ed
• Po
st c
appi
ng w
ater
col
umn
mon
itorin
g sh
owed
co
ncen
tratio
ns o
f met
als a
nd
orga
nics
to b
e be
low
pre
-ca
ppin
g co
ncen
tratio
ns (N
N)
• Th
in-la
yer c
appi
ng u
sed
to
enha
nce
natu
ral r
ecov
ery
and
re
duce
resu
spen
sion
of
cont
amin
ants
dur
ing
pile
driv
ing
(A)
• A
pie
r exp
ansi
on p
roje
ct; o
ld
creo
sote
-cov
ered
woo
d pi
lings
re
plac
ed w
ith c
oncr
ete
pilin
gs,
whi
ch a
re fu
rther
spac
ed, a
llow
ing
mor
e lig
ht a
nd m
ore
habi
tat
(alth
ough
still
hav
e is
sues
with
sh
adin
g) (2
1)
• C
appi
ng p
lace
d un
der a
nd in
fron
t of
pili
ngs (
21)
- 5 y
ears
of m
onito
ring
show
ed th
at
the
cap
is d
oing
wel
l (21
)
A, E
, NN
, 21
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
4
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
8 G
P Lo
g Po
nd
Wha
tcom
Wat
erw
ay
Bel
lingh
am, W
ashi
ngto
n (I
SC a
nd b
enef
icia
l ha
bita
t cre
atio
n)
Mer
cury
, ph
enol
s C
onve
rsio
n of
de
ep su
btid
al,
shal
low
su
btid
al
mud
flat/d
ebris
an
d lo
w
inte
rtida
l rip
rap
; -5
ft M
LLW
(31)
Phas
e 1:
0.
5 to
3 f
t. Ph
ase
2:
0 - 6
ft.
Tota
l: 0.
5-10
ft.
(31)
Phas
e 1:
C
oars
er sa
nd
dred
ged
mat
eria
l Ph
ase
2:
Fine
r-gr
aine
d na
viga
tiona
l dr
edge
m
ater
ial
(31)
5.6
acre
s (31
) N
ov. 2
000
to
Feb.
200
1 (3
1)
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
at 3
m
onth
s (A
) •
Cap
succ
essf
ully
pla
ced
(A,
31)
- Mon
itori
ng is
show
ing
that
th
e ca
p is
ver
y su
cces
sful
(63)
- I
n 20
02, a
dditi
onal
ba
thym
etry
was
com
plet
ed
show
ing
no p
robl
ems (
64)
- 200
2 co
re a
nd c
hem
ical
dat
a sh
ow th
at m
ercu
ry re
mai
ns in
th
e ca
p an
d th
ere
are
no
failu
res (
64)
• In
terim
Rem
edia
l Act
ion
unde
r au
thor
ity o
f Sta
te M
odel
Tox
ics
Con
trol A
ct
• C
ap su
rfac
e co
nstru
cted
usi
ng
subs
trate
s and
ele
vatio
ns to
cre
ate
bene
ficia
l use
hab
itat
• Fu
ll se
dim
ent r
emov
al w
as n
ot
prac
tical
bec
ause
: (1
) dre
dgin
g w
ith h
igh
amou
nts o
f deb
ris
wou
ld c
ause
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
s to
the
wat
er c
olum
n, (2
) dre
dgin
g co
uld
have
com
prom
ised
inte
grity
of
con
tain
men
t stru
ctur
es
(nea
rsho
re fi
ll) fo
r oth
er
haza
rdou
s sub
stan
ces,
and
(3)
exis
ting
dock
s, do
lphi
ns, a
nd
shor
elin
e st
ruct
ure
pres
ent w
ithin
or
adj
acen
t to
the
Log
Pond
wou
ld
likel
y ha
ve b
een
adve
rsel
y im
pact
ed b
y a
full
rem
oval
act
ion
(31)
A, M
, 21,
31
63
, 64
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
5
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
9 Ea
st E
agle
H
arbo
r/Wyc
koff
Bai
nbrid
ge Is
land
, W
ashi
ngto
n
(ISC
and
inte
rtida
l hab
itat
crea
tion)
PAH
s (36
) Ph
ase
I: co
ntam
inat
ed
subt
idal
ha
rbor
se
dim
ents
ca
pped
Ph
ase
II:
cont
amin
ated
ne
arsh
ore
sedi
men
ts
capp
ed
Wat
er d
epth
s 0-
45 ft
. (36
)
Phas
e I:
3 ft
. (3
6)
Phas
e II
: 3 ft
. (3
6)
Phas
e I:
Cle
an
river
sedi
men
t (2
75,0
00 c
y)
Phas
e II
: U
plan
d fil
l (c
lean
sand
) (1
20,0
00 c
y)
(28)
Ph
ase
III:
up
land
fill
(80,
000
cy)
(36)
Phas
e I:
54.
4 ac
res (
E)
Phas
e II
: 15
ac
res (
36)
Phas
e II
I cap
on
Pha
se II
ar
ea (s
light
ly
smal
ler
foot
prin
t) (3
6)
Phas
e I:
19
93-1
994
Ph
ase
II:
2000
-200
1
Phas
e II
I: 20
01-2
002
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
• C
ap e
rosi
on m
easu
red
with
in
first
yea
r of m
onito
ring
in
area
nea
r hea
vily
use
d W
ashi
ngto
n fe
rry
dock
•
Afte
r Pha
se I
cap
plac
emen
t, po
ols o
f cre
osot
e w
ere
obse
rved
at c
ap e
dges
; poo
ls
likel
y m
igra
ted
from
Pha
se
II/II
I are
a, w
hich
was
not
co
ntai
ned
at t
he ti
me;
div
ers
extra
cted
the
pool
s reg
ular
ly
(36)
•
Ong
oing
mon
itorin
g pl
anne
d fo
r ano
ther
10
year
s; th
en,
mor
e m
onito
ring
likel
y (3
6)
• O
ngoi
ng re
leas
es fr
om fe
rry
park
ing
lot a
nd o
ther
upl
and
sour
ces (
36)
• C
ap is
wor
king
ver
y w
ell;
mon
itorin
g sh
ows t
hat c
ap is
st
ayin
g in
pla
ce a
nd is
pr
even
ting
chem
ical
m
igra
tion;
the
agen
cy is
ver
y ha
ppy
with
the
cap
(36)
•
NO
AA
stud
y do
cum
ente
d ra
pid
and
subs
tant
ial i
ncre
ase
in q
ualit
y of
hab
itat (
36)
• Ph
ase
I obj
ectiv
e: re
duce
im
med
iate
risk
(28)
•
Add
ition
al re
med
iatio
n de
laye
d un
til u
plan
d so
urce
con
trol
achi
eved
(the
fall
2000
inst
alla
tion
of sh
eet p
ile w
all)
(28)
•
Phas
e II
obj
ectiv
e: e
xten
d ca
p fr
om 1
994
cap'
s app
rox.
2-f
t. th
ickn
ess c
onto
ur (a
bout
900
ft.
offs
hore
) to
north
ern
shor
elin
e of
W
ycko
ff fa
cilit
y (a
nd to
co
ordi
nate
with
con
stru
ctio
n of
ne
w in
terti
dal h
abita
t are
a on
w
este
rn p
ortio
n of
site
) (28
) •
Phas
e II
I obj
ectiv
e: p
lace
80,
000
cy c
lean
sedi
men
t to
build
an
inte
rtida
l are
a co
nnec
ting
Phas
e II
ar
ea to
nor
th sh
oal (
28) a
nd to
add
m
ore
conf
inem
ent m
ater
ial t
o th
e ca
p (3
6)
• Ph
ase
III m
ater
ial p
lace
d in
mid
-Fe
brua
ry 2
002
(36)
•
Ther
e is
now
a h
uge
area
that
pr
ovid
es in
terti
dal h
abita
t for
en
dang
ered
spec
ies (
36)
- com
plet
ed a
nd w
orks
ver
y w
ell
incl
udin
g th
e ha
bita
t (21
) - e
nhan
ced
natu
ral r
ecov
ery
of 6
.7
acre
s, an
d m
onito
red
natu
ral
reco
very
of 3
.5 a
cres
. Con
stru
ctio
n co
st e
stim
ate
is >
$1.2
mill
ion
(10)
A, B
, D, E
, 28
, 36,
21
, 10
10
Wes
t Eag
le
Har
bor/W
ycko
ff B
ainb
ridge
Isla
nd,
Was
hing
ton
(ISC
)
Mer
cury
, PA
Hs
Wat
er d
epth
0-
45 ft
. Th
in c
ap (0
.5
ft.) o
ver 6
ac
res
Thic
k ca
p (3
ft.
) ove
r 0.6
ac
res
Qua
rry
sand
(2
2,60
0 to
ns
for t
hin
cap
and
7,40
0 to
ns fo
r thi
ck
cap)
6.6
acre
s Pa
rtial
dre
dge
and
cap
1997
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
• Po
st-im
plem
enta
tion
surv
eys
iden
tifie
d 16
dis
cret
e ca
p ar
eas l
acki
ng in
min
imum
th
ickn
ess,
so a
noth
er 1
,000
cy
adde
d (N
N) (
EPA
will
che
ck
this
stat
emen
t)
• To
dat
e, p
ost-v
erifi
catio
n su
rfac
e se
dim
ent s
ampl
es h
ave
met
the
clea
nup
crite
ria e
stab
lishe
d fo
r the
pr
ojec
t •
Ong
oing
mon
itorin
g •
Cap
has
ach
ieve
d its
inte
nded
fu
nctio
n an
d is
doi
ng w
ell (
36)
- Cap
con
tinue
s to
do w
ell a
nd
ther
e is
a g
ood
habi
tat
reco
nstr
uctio
n (2
1)
A, N
N, 3
6 21
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
6
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
11
Mid
dle
Wat
erw
ay
Com
men
cem
ent B
ay
Nea
rsho
re/T
idef
lats
Su
perf
und
Site
(C
B/N
T SS
) Ta
com
a, W
ashi
ngto
n
Mer
cury
, PA
Hs,
PCB
s (2
1)
Orig
inal
sh
orel
ine
and
mud
flats
; co
mpl
etel
y in
terti
dal;
high
tide
de
pths
: abo
ut
13-1
5 ft.
w
here
cap
ped
(21)
2-3
ft.
(rel
ated
to
habi
tat
desi
gn) (
21)
To b
e de
term
ined
(4
8)
3.95
acr
es o
f th
in la
yer c
ap
and
0.24
acr
es
with
3 ft
. cap
(p
er d
raft
8/01
do
cum
ent)
(30)
- c
appe
d ar
ea
or 2
.2 a
cres
, na
tura
l en
hanc
ed
reco
very
2.2
, m
onito
red
natu
ral
reco
very
3.1
(1
0)
Sche
dule
d fo
r ea
rly 2
003
C
ompl
eted
in
2004
(10)
•
Apr
il 19
97 C
onse
nt O
rder
•
The
proj
ect j
ust e
nter
ed th
e “R
emed
ial D
esig
n Ph
ase”
, a
sign
ifica
nt p
ortio
n of
whi
ch w
ill
invo
lve
capp
ing
(21)
•
A fe
w p
ortio
ns w
ill b
e dr
edge
d be
caus
e of
nav
igat
ion
requ
irem
ents
(21)
•
Rem
edy
incl
udes
dre
dgin
g w
ith
near
-sho
re-c
onfin
ed d
ispo
sal,
mon
itore
d na
tura
l rec
over
y, th
in-
laye
r cap
ping
and
thic
k ca
ppin
g (3
0)
- It b
ecam
e a
chec
kerb
oard
of t
hin
capp
ing
(1 fo
ot) a
nd th
icke
r ca
ppin
g (2
-3 fe
et) w
ith so
me
dred
ging
rem
oval
, fill
and
smal
l ar
eas o
f cap
ping
(21)
- C
onst
ruct
ion
cost
est
imat
e of
$1
4.1
mill
ion.
Add
ition
al W
DN
R
wor
k on
goin
g. D
redg
ed 1
07,6
58
cubi
c ya
rds.
(10)
GG
, 21,
30,
48
10
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
7
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
12
Thea
Fos
s Wat
erw
ay
CB
/NT
SS
Taco
ma,
Was
hing
ton
PAH
s, ph
thal
ate
este
rs, t
race
m
etal
s, PC
Bs
(46)
, dio
xins
(2
1)
8000
-ft.
wat
erw
ay;
dept
h is
abo
ut
15 ft
. now
; de
pth
in m
ain
chan
nel m
ay
be re
stor
ed to
20
-25
ft.
3 ft.
for t
hick
ca
ps (5
0)
poss
ibly
0.5
to
1 ft
. for
th
in c
aps
To b
e de
term
ined
- C
AD
is
unde
rwat
er
shee
tpile
and
ge
otex
tile
(10)
App
rox.
20
acre
s (46
, 50)
- F
inal
is 3
0 ac
res (
10)
To b
e co
nstru
cted
(E
PA's
sele
cted
re
med
y)
C
ompl
eted
F
ebru
ary
2004
(21)
Som
e cl
eanu
p on
goin
g (1
0) •
The
in-s
itu c
ap w
ill b
e th
ick
enou
gh to
con
tain
and
isol
ate
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts in
si
tu fr
om th
e ov
erly
ing
wat
er
colu
mn
and
habi
tat,
and
will
be
thic
k en
ough
to re
sist
er
osio
n fr
om v
esse
l sco
ur,
wav
e ac
tion,
or p
enet
ratio
n by
bu
rrow
ing
orga
nism
s (46
) •
100%
des
ign
expe
cted
to b
e co
mpl
ete
in M
arch
200
2 (5
0)
• 19
94 E
PA C
onse
nt D
ecre
e w
ith
City
of T
acom
a •
Proj
ect f
ocus
is n
ot o
n ha
bita
t, al
thou
gh b
enef
its to
end
ange
red
spec
ies h
abita
t will
be
cons
ider
ed
(21)
; 14
acre
s of i
nter
tidal
hab
itat
are
prop
osed
(46)
•
A p
ortio
n of
eac
h of
the
proj
ect's
8
sedi
men
t man
agem
ent a
reas
(S
MA
s) w
ill b
e th
ick-
capp
ed; t
he
SMA
at t
he h
ead
of th
e w
ater
way
w
ill a
lso
empl
oy so
rben
t cap
ping
to
con
trol o
il se
epag
e (4
6)
• En
hanc
ed n
atur
al re
cove
ry to
be
used
at m
outh
of w
ater
way
(50)
•
Maj
ority
of s
edim
ents
in
navi
gatio
n ch
anne
l will
be
dred
ged
(50)
- C
ente
rlin
e of
the
wat
erw
ay a
nd
mar
gins
dre
dged
for t
he u
pper
th
ird
of th
e w
ater
way
. The
City
of
Taco
ma
will
com
plet
e th
e re
st
whi
ch is
still
und
erw
ay (2
1)
- A c
heck
erbo
ard
of re
mov
als,
back
fillin
g an
d th
in la
yer c
appi
ng
whi
ch d
id n
ot u
se th
e so
rben
t m
ater
ial d
escr
ibed
abo
ve b
ut
impe
rvio
us c
ap in
stea
d (2
1)
- Con
stru
ctio
n co
st e
stim
ate
of $
73
mill
ion
(10)
- M
onito
red
natu
ral r
ecov
ery
of 2
1 ac
res,
habi
tat m
itiga
tion
of 1
3 ac
res.
Dre
dged
528
,500
cub
ic y
ards
(1
0)
21, 4
6, 5
0 10
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
8
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
13
Oly
mpi
c V
iew
Res
ourc
e A
rea
CB
/NT
SS
Taco
ma,
Was
hing
ton
Dio
xin
Inte
rtida
l are
a w
ith a
smal
l su
btid
al a
rea;
w
ater
dep
th is
-1
5 ft.
MLL
W 4
ft.
Eros
ion
prot
ectio
n la
yer o
ver 4
3 in
. cle
an sa
nd
over
ge
otex
tile
barr
ier o
ver 6
in
. TO
C
mat
eria
l
1.0
to 1
.6
acre
s C
onst
ruct
ion
will
co
mm
ence
in
June
200
2
Com
plet
ed
abou
t 1.3
ac
res
in
Feb
ruar
y 20
03 (2
1)
•
App
rove
d no
n-tim
e cr
itica
l re
mov
al a
ctio
n (n
o R
OD
) •
Hig
hest
dio
xin
conc
entra
tions
in
area
•
Site
cov
ers 1
2 ac
res,
but 2
.2 a
cres
(r
evie
w w
ith E
PA) w
ill b
e re
med
iate
d •
App
roxi
mat
ely
51,0
00 sq
.ft. w
ill
be e
xcav
ated
dow
n 1.
1 ft
and
back
fille
d w
ith c
lean
mat
eria
l.
The
othe
r por
tion
(1.0
acr
es o
r 68
,290
sq. f
t.) w
ill b
e ca
pped
(r
evie
w w
ith E
PA)
- Mos
tly re
stor
atio
n an
d re
med
iatio
n (2
1)
- Exc
avat
ed $
10,5
00 c
ubic
yar
ds.
Est
imat
ed c
ost o
f $3
mill
ion
(10)
10, 2
1
14
Gen
eral
Met
als o
f Ta
com
a H
yleb
os W
ater
way
C
B/N
T SS
Ta
com
a, W
ashi
ngto
n (I
SC)
Oth
er a
ppar
ently
se
para
te si
te =
Hyl
ebos
W
ater
way
, C
omm
ence
men
t Bay
, WA
(1
0)
Met
als,
PAH
s
3 ft.
Sa
nd, g
rave
l, ge
otex
tile
liner
800
feet
alo
ng
shor
elin
e un
der p
iers
- C
appe
d ar
ea
10.2
acr
es
(10)
Late
199
0s •
Rec
ent m
onito
ring
indi
cate
s th
at c
ap is
func
tioni
ng a
s de
sign
ed
• C
appi
ng c
ondu
cted
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith re
pair
wor
k on
do
ck/b
ulkh
ead
stru
ctur
e by
G
ener
al M
etal
s •
Cap
ping
sele
cted
bec
ause
dr
edgi
ng p
rese
nted
con
cern
s abo
ut
unde
rmin
ing
dock
stru
ctur
al
inte
grity
- D
redg
ing
only
is o
ccur
ring
this
ye
ar, 2
004,
plu
s som
e ha
bita
t re
stor
atio
n (2
1)
- Thi
s app
aren
t oth
er a
rea
prec
isio
n dr
edge
d 1,
025,
000
cubi
c ya
rds.
Est
imat
ed c
onst
ruct
ion
cost
of
$70
mill
ion.
Cle
anup
ong
oing
(1
0)
49, 2
1, 1
0
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
9
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
15
Occ
iden
tal C
hem
ical
R
emov
al A
ctio
n H
yleb
os W
ater
way
C
B/N
T SS
Ta
com
a, W
ashi
ngto
n (tr
ial c
ap)
TCH
, PC
E is
pr
imar
y si
gnat
ure
(21)
• M
essa
ge le
ft w
ith E
PA R
egio
n 10
- D
isco
vere
d th
at th
e ex
tent
of
cont
amin
atio
n is
lar
ger t
han
antic
ipat
ed, t
here
fore
und
er
com
plet
e re
-des
ign
and
star
ting
over
with
a d
esig
n th
at w
ill in
clud
e ca
ppin
g, b
ut b
ecau
se it
invo
lves
so
lven
ts, a
typi
cal c
ap w
ill n
ot
wor
k. E
PA w
ants
to tr
y so
met
hing
ne
w b
ut th
ey d
o no
t kno
w w
hat y
et.
Ext
ract
ion
and
dred
ging
are
ex
pect
ed to
be
sign
ifica
nt. (
21)
- Dre
dged
36,
000
cubi
c ya
rds t
o da
te. C
ap is
und
er e
valu
atio
n.
Est
imat
ed c
ost t
o da
te is
$10
.5
mill
ion
(10)
49, 2
1, 1
0
16
Asa
rco
Se
dim
ents
/ G
roun
dwat
er O
pera
ble
Uni
t 06
CB
/NT
SS
Taco
ma,
Was
hing
ton
(pilo
t)
Ars
enic
, lea
d,
copp
er
Nea
r old
sm
elte
r site
30
cm
and
60
cm (s
ide
by
side
)
Cle
an ri
ver
sedi
men
ts
• Pi
lot c
ap w
as v
ery
succ
essf
ul
- Cap
in so
mew
hat e
ffec
tive,
bu
t a re
-des
ign
has b
een
adde
d be
caus
e th
e gr
ound
wat
er a
nd
tides
ble
w o
ut a
ll th
e fin
es. (
21)
• Pi
lot s
tudy
was
con
duct
ed to
de
term
ine
if ca
p w
ould
rem
ain
in
plac
e an
d be
com
e re
colo
nize
d w
ith h
ealth
y bi
olog
ical
co
mm
uniti
es
51, 2
1
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
10
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
17
Asa
rco
Sedi
men
ts/G
roun
dwat
er
Ope
rabl
e U
nit 0
6 C
B/N
T SS
Ta
com
a, W
ashi
ngto
n (f
ull-s
cale
)
Ars
enic
, lea
d,
copp
er
Nea
r old
sm
elte
r site
; ca
p w
ill b
e 0
- 60
ft. d
eep
3 ft.
To
be
dete
rmin
ed
18 a
cres
To
be
cons
truct
ed
(RO
D si
gned
in
July
200
0)
C
ompl
eted
fr
om 2
001-
2002
in
diff
eren
t se
gmen
ts (2
1)
• En
tire
yach
t bas
in w
ill b
e dr
edge
d (a
bout
20
acre
s)
• O
ffsh
ore
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts
will
be
capp
ed
• D
raft
30%
des
ign
com
plet
ed
• C
ap w
ill in
tegr
ate
into
arm
ored
sh
orel
ine
(2/3
of a
rmor
has
bee
n pl
aced
) •
Entir
e pe
nins
ula
crea
ted
by
pour
ing
arse
nic-
cont
aini
ng sl
ag
into
the
wat
er, (
slag
is 1
00 fe
et
thic
k in
pla
ces)
; dre
dge
volu
mes
w
ould
hav
e be
en to
o gr
eat s
o it
was
det
erm
ined
to is
olat
e co
ntam
inan
ts fr
om b
enth
ic
orga
nism
s by
usin
g a
3-fo
ot-th
ick
cap
- A
pilo
t re-
desi
gn a
dded
mor
e fin
es
and
the
cap
seem
s to
be w
orki
ng
wel
l in
the
inte
rtid
al a
rea.
In
deep
er a
reas
, stil
l det
erm
inin
g if
effe
ctiv
e bu
t not
yet
faile
d. S
prin
g gr
ound
wat
er d
isch
arge
may
ero
de
the
cap
in p
lace
s (21
)
51, 2
1
18
Lock
heed
Shi
pyar
d D
uwam
ish
Riv
er/E
lliot
t B
ay
Seat
tle, W
ashi
ngto
n
Prim
arily
ar
seni
c, le
ad,
mer
cury
, zin
c,
copp
er; s
ome
PCB
s and
PA
Hs
Nav
igab
le
river
; maj
or
salm
on ro
ute;
w
ater
dep
th
~ 20
ft.
2 ft.
min
imum
(R
OD
) 3.
5 ft.
cu
rren
tly
unde
r co
nsid
erat
ion
To b
e de
term
ined
A
ppro
x. 1
5 ac
re (b
ased
on
3.5
ft. c
ap a
nd
85,2
10 c
y of
ca
p m
ater
ial)
- 4 a
cres
(10)
Poss
ible
pie
r re
mov
al th
is
win
ter;
dred
ging
and
ca
ppin
g m
ay
begi
n in
the
fall
or w
inte
r of
200
3 C
appi
ng
star
ting,
to
be
com
plet
ed
end
of 2
004
(21)
•
A h
uge
pier
will
be
rem
oved
; tha
t ar
ea w
ill b
e dr
edge
d an
d th
en
capp
ed to
pre
vent
con
tam
inan
t m
igra
tion
and
to im
prov
e aq
uatic
ha
bita
t •
Are
a be
yond
cur
rent
pie
r will
be
dred
ged
but n
ot c
appe
d •
Des
ign
has n
ot b
een
final
ized
•
Cap
ping
is p
art o
f rem
edy
per
RO
D
- Pie
r was
rem
oved
but
mor
e m
ater
ial t
han
plan
ned
(21)
- 1
30,0
00 d
redg
ed c
ubic
yar
ds.
Est
imat
ed c
ost o
f >$2
0 m
illio
n.
Cle
anup
ong
oing
(10)
58, 2
1, 1
0
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
11
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
19
Todd
Shi
pyar
d D
uwam
ish
Riv
er/E
lliot
t B
ay
Seat
tle, W
ashi
ngto
n
Prim
arily
ar
seni
c, le
ad,
mer
cury
, zin
c,
copp
er, T
BT;
so
me
PCB
s, PA
Hs
Nav
igab
le
river
; maj
or
salm
on ro
ute;
ve
ry st
eep
slop
es (d
rops
fr
om 3
0 to
50
dept
hs
rapi
dly)
To b
e de
term
ined
To
be
dete
rmin
ed
To b
e de
term
ined
D
redg
ing
and
capp
ing
may
be
gin
in th
e fa
ll or
win
ter
of 2
003
Due
to d
elay
s, ca
ppin
g st
arte
d th
is
year
to b
e co
mpe
lete
d 20
04-2
005
(21)
•
A m
ore
invo
lved
pro
ject
than
Lo
ckhe
ed; t
his i
s stil
l a w
orki
ng
ship
yard
and
site
has
stee
p sl
opes
•
Des
ign
has n
ot b
een
final
ized
•
Cap
ping
is p
art o
f rem
edy
per
RO
D
- Dre
dged
200
,000
cub
ic y
ards
(10)
58, 2
1,10
20
Puge
t Sou
nd N
aval
Sh
ipya
rd
Bre
mer
ton,
Was
hing
ton
(CA
D)
PCB
s, m
ercu
ry (4
8)
Dep
th v
arie
s;
appr
ox.
30 ft
. at
CA
D (4
8)
App
rox.
1 ft
. (in
terim
cap
) an
d ap
prox
. 3
ft. (s
econ
d ca
p), f
or to
tal
of 4
ft. b
efor
e co
nsol
idat
ion
(48)
CA
D c
ap:
clea
n dr
edge
d m
ater
ial f
rom
tu
rnin
g ba
sin
(48)
CA
D:
appr
ox. 1
0 ac
res (
48)
- 25.
2 ac
res
(10)
Dre
dgin
g co
mpl
eted
in
June
200
0
Fina
l CA
D
cap
plac
ed
in S
ept.
or
Oct
. 200
1 (4
8)
F
inal
ized
in
2002
(21)
• Pi
t CA
D si
zed
prop
erly
(dee
p an
d w
ide)
but
exp
erie
nced
so
me
"slo
p" (2
-3 c
m
exte
ndin
g 20
-50
ft. o
ut) (
21)
• K
ey le
sson
lear
ned:
aw
aren
ess o
f diff
eren
ces
betw
een
"pro
duct
ion"
pro
ject
an
d "e
nviro
nmen
tal"
pro
ject
; ap
pare
ntly
the
proj
ect
expe
rienc
ed b
ucke
t ov
erfil
ling,
ove
rdre
dgin
g, a
nd
unde
rdre
dgin
g, p
ossi
bly
caus
ing
prob
lem
s with
wat
er
qual
ity (t
urbi
dity
) (X
) •
The
proj
ect w
ent v
ery
wel
l (4
8)
• M
onito
ring
plan
is b
eing
de
velo
ped
now
(48)
- A
ttem
pted
a p
it ca
p ov
er
mat
eria
l pla
ced
in a
hol
e. T
he
hole
was
too
smal
l cau
sing
m
ater
ial t
o co
me
out o
f the
si
des a
nd re
-sus
pend
. Th
e ca
p w
orke
d w
ell e
xcep
t for
the
mat
eria
l aro
und
the
side
s. M
ore
cap
mat
eria
l was
add
ed
on th
e re
sidu
al a
t the
side
s. (2
1)
• Pr
ojec
t inv
olve
d dr
edgi
ng o
f ch
anne
l and
turn
ing
basi
n, a
nd
pier
ext
ensi
on a
nd re
cons
truct
ion
• R
emed
y in
clud
ed d
redg
ing,
on-
site
dis
posa
l in
CA
D, t
hick
and
th
in-la
yer c
appi
ng, a
nd n
atur
al
reco
very
(29,
48)
•
Proj
ect u
niqu
e be
caus
e of
si
gnifi
cant
vol
ume
of
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
t (>3
90,0
00
cy),
tight
sche
dule
, sig
nific
ant
daily
tida
l exc
hang
e, w
ater
dep
th
and
CA
D p
it vo
lum
e co
nstra
int
(req
uire
d pr
ecis
ion
dred
ging
) (X
) - F
irst
impr
essi
ons c
onsi
dere
d th
e ca
p a
failu
re, b
ut n
ow th
e ca
p is
do
ing
wel
l afte
r rep
airs
. (21
) - M
onito
ring
eve
ry 1
-2 y
ears
(21)
- D
redg
ed 2
26,0
00 c
ubic
yar
ds.
Est
imat
ed c
ost o
f $11
.45
mill
ion
(10)
X, 2
1, 2
9,
48 10
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
12
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
21
Paci
fic S
ound
Res
ourc
es
Seat
tle, W
ashi
ngto
n PA
Hs,
mer
cury
, PC
Bs (
33)
Old
cre
osot
e pl
ant l
ocat
ed
at m
outh
of
Duw
amis
h R
iver
; in
terti
dal a
rea
to d
epth
s >2
40 ft
. (33
)
5 ft.
in
inte
rtida
l ar
eas t
o -1
0 ft.
M
LLW
(33)
O
ther
are
as:
to b
e
dete
rmin
ed
(33)
Nav
igat
iona
l dr
edge
d m
ater
ial o
r up
land
bo
rrow
in
tend
ed (3
3)
Cap
ping
se
lect
ed fo
r 50
-65
acre
s in
rem
edia
l de
sign
(33)
Sa
me
but t
his
is in
ner c
ircl
e W
ith a
pron
an
d co
nsid
erin
g sl
ope
and
rive
r mou
th
flow
di
spla
cem
ent,
it co
uld
be
100-
200
acre
s (2
1)
- 58
acre
s (1
0)
RO
D si
gned
; pr
e-w
ork
(e.g
., pi
lings
re
mov
al,
smal
l dre
dge
area
) lik
ely
in
2003
; cap
ping
po
ssib
ly in
20
03
In
cons
truc
tion
now
and
ex
pect
to la
st
thro
ugh
Feb
ruar
y 20
05 a
t lea
st
(21)
• A
ppro
xim
atel
y 20
acr
es o
f ca
p ar
e on
an
18-2
1% sl
ope
(33)
•
Cap
like
ly d
esig
ned
to re
quire
re
pair
afte
r a si
gnifi
cant
ea
rthqu
ake
(33)
• R
emed
y is
mos
tly c
appi
ng
• In
nav
igat
ion
chan
nel,
a de
pres
sion
to th
e lo
ne d
ock
(at
area
nea
r for
mer
pla
nt o
utfa
ll) w
ill
be d
ug; t
hose
spoi
ls w
ill b
e co
nsol
idat
ed o
nsho
re (2
1)
• A
bea
ch w
ill b
e bu
ilt, w
ith 5
ft.
cap
to ti
e in
to sh
orel
ine
stru
ctur
e an
d ha
bita
t and
to se
ques
ter
cont
amin
atio
n; th
inne
r cap
(6
inch
es) m
ay b
e us
ed a
way
from
sh
ore
(21)
- D
redg
ed 1
0,00
0 cu
bic
yard
s. E
stim
ated
cos
t of $
18 m
illio
n (1
0)
21, 3
3 10
Cal
iforn
ia, O
rego
n, a
nd o
ther
Wes
tern
Sta
tes
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
13
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
22
Port
of L
os A
ngel
es
Shal
low
Wat
er H
abita
t (P
SWH
) Lo
s Ang
eles
, Cal
iforn
ia
(CA
D a
nd h
abita
t cr
eatio
n)
(the
“Pie
r 400
pro
ject
”)
Als
o kn
own
as th
e C
abri
llo S
hallo
w W
ater
H
abita
t (38
)
Hea
vy m
etal
s (e
sp. c
oppe
r),
PAH
s, D
DT,
PC
Bs;
a
"his
toric
so
up";
larg
e st
orm
dra
in
disc
harg
es to
th
e ar
ea (3
8)
Bay
not
use
d fo
r na
viga
tion;
de
pth
redu
ced
from
40
ft. to
15
ft. t
o cr
eate
ha
bita
t
15 ft
. - T
hree
par
ts
all 1
5 ft.
(38)
13 ft
. cle
an
harb
or
mat
eria
l; 2
ft.
clea
n sa
nd
(latte
r was
ha
bita
t-dr
iven
)
94 a
cre
CA
D
(FF)
with
in
192-
acre
site
1995
•
Proj
ect p
erfo
rman
ce fi
ne to
da
te (2
7, 3
7, 3
8)
• R
ecen
t dis
cuss
ions
abo
ut
poss
ible
exp
ansi
on (2
7);
expa
nsio
n do
es in
clud
e ca
ppin
g of
any
oth
er
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts, b
ut
rath
er e
ntai
ls c
reat
ion
of 5
4 m
ore
acre
s of h
abita
t (38
) •
No
long
term
mon
itorin
g re
quire
d (3
8)
• 19
93/9
4 m
onito
ring
show
ed
that
the
cap
was
still
in p
lace
(3
8)
• O
vera
ll ef
fect
ive
cap
was
>15
’.
The
thic
k ca
p w
as a
resu
lt of
site
ge
omet
ry a
nd d
redg
ing
volu
mes
an
d w
as n
ot re
quire
d to
pre
vent
co
ntam
inan
t mig
ratio
n (F
F, 3
8)
• Fi
rst C
AD
pro
ject
in C
alifo
rnia
fo
r con
tam
inat
ed se
dim
ents
(27)
•
A p
erim
eter
suba
queo
us b
erm
was
pl
aced
prio
r to
plac
emen
t of 5
m
illio
n cy
of c
onta
min
ated
se
dim
ents
(27)
•
Prov
ides
hab
itat f
or e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s (C
alifo
rnia
leas
e te
rn) (
27,
38)
• C
ap c
over
ed a
des
igna
ted
"hot
sp
ot"
(38)
- P
art 1
is th
e 19
0 ac
re C
AD
whi
ch
rece
ived
con
tam
inat
ed m
ater
ial a
nd
cove
red
exis
ting
cont
amin
ated
m
ater
ial =
a tr
ue C
AD
. Pa
rt 2
is
calle
d th
e 80
-acr
e ex
pans
ion
whi
ch
rece
ived
cle
an d
redg
e m
ater
ial.
Part
3 is
54
acre
s stil
l und
er
cons
truc
tion
and
caps
co
ntam
inat
ed se
dim
ents
alr
eady
in
plac
e w
hich
is a
toxi
c ho
t spo
t (38
)
A, F
F, 2
7,
37, 3
8
23
Port
of L
os A
ngel
es
Shal
low
Wat
er H
abita
t (P
SWH
) Lo
s Ang
eles
, Cal
iforn
ia
(pilo
t CA
D)
Ther
e is
no
pilo
t. Th
is is
pr
obab
ly th
e 19
0-ac
re
Part
1 d
escr
ibed
abo
ve in
#2
2 (3
8)
Lead
, zin
c,
copp
er
12
ft.
(OO
) Sa
nd c
ap o
ver
44 g
eote
xtile
co
ntai
ners
fil
led
with
co
ntam
inat
ed
sedi
men
ts
- Thi
s is t
he
mat
eria
l in
Part
1
desc
ribe
d ab
ove
in #
22
(38)
est.
10 a
cres
(b)
Dre
dgin
g fr
om N
ov. 1
0,
1994
to D
ec.
18, 1
994
•
66,0
00 c
y co
ntam
inat
ed
mai
nten
ance
dre
dged
mat
eria
l fr
om M
arin
a de
l Rey
and
Bal
lona
Fl
ood
Con
trol c
hann
els w
ere
plac
ed in
geo
tube
s
O, F
F, O
O,
27
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
14
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
24
Con
vair
Lago
on
San
Die
go B
ay
San
Die
go, C
alifo
rnia
(I
SC w
ith fo
ragi
ng h
abita
t cr
eatio
n)
PCB
s W
ater
dep
th
10-1
8 ft.
10
-acr
e si
te
2 ft.
sand
ove
r 1
ft. ro
ck
Sand
ove
r cr
ushe
d ro
ck
and
geog
rid
5.7
acre
s O
ct. 1
996
to
mid
-199
8 •
No
chem
ical
mig
ratio
n •
Cap
succ
essf
ully
pla
ced
in
very
shal
low
wat
er
• So
me
chem
ical
s obs
erve
d in
ca
p •
Cou
ld e
xpec
t to
see
som
e ch
emic
als i
n ca
p be
caus
e of
hi
gh e
nerg
y en
viro
nmen
t (s
imila
r to
Ellio
tt B
ay
expe
rienc
es) (
27)
• St
ate-
orde
red
rem
edia
tion
of
PCB
s (27
) •
Ong
oing
mon
itorin
g fo
r 20
to 5
0 ye
ars (
incl
udes
div
er in
spec
tion,
ca
p co
ring,
bio
logi
cal m
onito
ring)
• D
esig
ned
to w
ithst
and
a si
gnifi
cant
seis
mic
eve
nt
• 4
acre
s by
shor
e an
d ou
tfall
had
high
loca
lized
con
cent
ratio
ns o
f PC
Bs,
so a
genc
y di
d no
t wan
t to
dred
ge, b
ut in
stea
d re
quire
d a
cap
(th
in e
noug
h to
pre
serv
e sa
lt w
ater
ha
bita
t but
thic
k en
ough
to
with
stan
d hi
gh e
nerg
y en
viro
nmen
t) •
EPA
wan
ted
geot
extil
e la
yer t
o st
op b
urro
win
g sh
rimp;
som
ehow
, ge
ogrid
was
inst
alle
d in
stea
d (2
7)
• So
me
disa
gree
men
t on
PCB
ac
tion
leve
l bet
wee
n ag
enci
es;
EPA
con
vinc
ed p
roje
ct te
am to
ca
p gr
eate
r are
a w
ith c
lean
sand
(2
7)
A, E
, 27
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
15
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
25
Nor
th E
nerg
y Is
land
B
orro
w P
it C
appi
ng P
ilot
Stud
y Lo
ng B
each
Har
bor,
Cal
iforn
ia
(pilo
t CA
D)
DD
T, m
etal
s, PA
Hs,
othe
rs
(47)
Bor
row
pit
crea
ted
as
resu
lt of
co
nstru
ctio
n of
ene
rgy
isla
nds (
47)
Flat
pit
botto
m, 5
2 to
66
ft. d
eep
0.5
mile
of
fsho
re o
f Lo
ng B
each
(4
7)
3 ft.
min
imum
requ
ired
(47)
4.
9 ft.
max
. (4
7)
Cle
an si
lty
sand
dre
dged
fr
om e
ntra
nce
to L
ong
Bea
ch H
arbo
r (4
7)
100,
000
cy o
f co
ntam
inat
ed
sedi
men
t fro
m
the
LA R
iver
es
tuar
y w
ere
depo
site
d (3
7)in
one
se
gmen
t of
the
pit t
hat
was
alre
ady
segm
ente
d by
be
rms f
rom
a
wat
er li
ne
(47)
9.9
acre
s (47
) En
tire
Pit:
22
0 ac
res
appr
ox. (c
)
disp
osal
in
Aug
. 200
1 (4
7)
c
ap
cons
truct
ion
com
plet
ed in
D
ec. 2
001
2
-3 m
ore
year
s to
stud
y th
e pi
lot C
AD
ce
ll (3
7, 4
7)
• C
onst
ruct
ion
phas
e re
port
expe
cted
in M
arch
•
Pilo
t CA
D c
ell t
o be
clo
sely
st
udie
d (e
.g.,
corin
g, b
enth
ic,
bath
ymet
ry) o
ver n
ext 2
-3
year
s •
One
of t
he b
igge
st q
uest
ions
is
the
degr
ee o
f bio
turb
atio
n th
at w
ill o
ccur
(37)
•
Fine
silts
in th
e pi
t bot
tom
an
d cl
ays c
onso
lidat
ed v
ery
quic
kly,
mak
ing
it di
ffic
ult t
o ac
coun
t for
all
mat
eria
l (47
) •
Mon
itorin
g pl
an is
bei
ng
deve
lope
d no
w (4
7)
- The
one
met
er c
ap lo
oks g
ood
afte
r 2 y
ears
of m
onito
ring
(2
002
and
2003
), 3rd
yea
r co
min
g up
= 2
004
afte
r whi
ch
succ
ess w
ill b
e de
term
ined
(37)
• Th
e LA
Con
tam
inat
ed S
edim
ents
Ta
sk F
orce
is e
valu
atin
g se
vera
l co
ntam
inat
ed se
dim
ent d
ispo
sal
optio
ns fo
r the
regi
on, i
nclu
ding
us
e of
CA
D c
ells
; no
judg
emen
t ha
s bee
n m
ade
to d
ate
and
will
not
fo
r at l
east
ano
ther
2-3
yea
rs (3
7,
47)
• U
SAC
E is
per
form
ing
an E
IS fo
r th
is 1
st m
ulti-
user
CA
D si
te,
whi
ch w
ill c
ap u
p to
7 m
illio
n cy
of
con
tam
inat
ed se
dim
ents
with
cl
ean
sedi
men
t; se
vera
l en
gine
erin
g is
sues
bei
ng
cons
ider
ed (e
.g.,
sepa
rate
cel
ls v
s. la
yerin
g of
pro
ject
sedi
men
ts);
seve
ral o
ther
issu
es b
eing
co
nsid
ered
(con
tam
inan
t lim
its,
max
imum
dur
atio
n of
exp
osur
e)
(27)
•
One
pilo
t stu
dy w
as c
ondu
cted
th
at p
erta
ined
to c
appi
ng; o
ther
pi
lot s
tudi
es w
ere
cond
ucte
d th
at
addr
ess o
ther
eng
inee
ring
topi
cs
(47)
- W
heth
er to
do
CA
D, d
redg
e, o
r tr
eat a
nd re
-use
will
be
deci
ded
afte
r 3rd
yea
r of m
onito
ring
. C
AD
is
last
cho
ice,
but
may
run
out o
f fil
l site
s for
the
dred
ging
opt
ion
whi
ch is
still
the
leas
t exp
ensi
ve.
Tryi
ng to
pro
mot
e tr
eatm
ent a
nd
re-u
se (3
7)
P, 2
7, 3
7, 4
7
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
16
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
26
Palo
s Ver
des S
helf
Sa
n Pe
dro,
Cal
iforn
ia
(pilo
t ISC
)
DD
T an
d PC
Bs
17-s
q.m
i. co
ntin
enta
l sh
elf a
nd
slop
e (3
4)
Cel
l LU
: 15-
45 c
m
Cel
l LD
: <10
cm
C
ell S
U: 1
5 cm
Tw
o ce
lls a
t 15
0 fe
et d
eep
and
one
cell
at 2
13 fe
et
deep
(65)
Cle
an
sedi
men
ts
(two
type
s)
135
acre
s (m
ade
up o
f th
ree
300
x 60
0 m
are
as)
Aug
. 2, 2
000
to S
ept.
14,
2000
Prel
imin
ary
Res
ults
(Ref
. H):
• D
istu
rban
ce o
f con
tam
inat
ed
sedi
men
ts w
as re
lativ
ely
loca
lized
and
dec
reas
ed
subs
tant
ially
afte
r the
initi
al
load
was
pla
ced
• Se
dim
ent p
lum
es c
ause
d by
ca
ppin
g di
d no
t pos
e a
risk
to
near
shor
e ke
lp b
eds
• Sp
read
ing
was
less
dis
rupt
ive
than
con
vent
iona
l pla
cem
ent
• Th
ere
wer
e no
indi
catio
ns o
f m
ass s
edim
ent m
ovem
ent
(suc
h as
mud
wav
es o
r tu
rbid
ity fl
ows)
as a
resu
lt of
ca
ppin
g •
The
pilo
t stu
dy w
ent w
ell;
all
indi
catio
ns sh
ow c
ap w
as
succ
essf
ully
pla
ced;
m
onito
ring
cont
inue
s, an
d in
dica
tes p
ossi
ble
trans
port
of
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts to
ca
p fr
om u
ncap
ped
area
s;
mor
e co
ring
will
be
cond
ucte
d to
stud
y th
is (3
4)
- Pos
t pilo
t cap
mon
itori
ng
show
s the
cap
dis
plac
ed c
lean
se
dim
ent a
nd p
ushe
d co
ntam
inat
ed se
dim
ents
up.
Th
ere
is D
DT
in c
ap su
rfac
e.
(65)
• Th
e fin
al re
port
for s
tudy
may
be
issu
ed in
Mar
ch, 2
002
(34)
•
9/28
/01
Act
ion
Mem
oran
dum
(R
ef. I
) pro
pose
s est
ablis
hing
in
stitu
tiona
l con
trols
(out
reac
h &
ed
ucat
ion,
mon
itorin
g an
d en
forc
emen
t) as
soci
ated
with
co
nsum
ptio
n of
con
tam
inat
ed fi
sh
• EP
A c
ontin
ues t
o ev
alua
te in
-situ
ca
ppin
g an
d ot
her r
emed
ies a
nd
may
issu
e pr
opos
ed a
ltern
ativ
es
by y
ear-
end,
200
2 (3
4)
- No
capp
ing
sinc
e pi
lot i
n 20
00,
still
stud
ying
the
pilo
t cap
. RI/
FS
is
due
out i
n 20
06 (3
4)
- Stil
l mon
itori
ng b
ut n
ot a
co
nvin
cing
succ
ess (
65)
G, H
, I, 3
4 65
27
McC
orm
ick
and
Bax
ter
Old
Mor
mon
Slo
ugh
Stoc
kton
, Cal
iforn
ia
Dio
xins
, PA
Hs
Dea
d-en
d w
ater
way
; 10
ft. d
eep;
m
aint
enan
ce-
dred
ged
for
barg
e ac
cess
; tid
ally
in
fluen
ced
2 ft.
Sa
nd
8.8
acre
s C
onst
ruct
ion
may
beg
in in
20
02 (3
5)
N
ow 2
005
(34)
•
RO
D si
gned
4/9
9 •
Cap
ping
sele
cted
bec
ause
site
is a
t th
e en
d of
a d
ead-
end
slou
gh, s
o ca
p is
unl
ikel
y to
was
h aw
ay (3
5)
AA
, 35
34
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
17
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
28
McC
orm
ick
and
Bax
ter
Will
amet
te R
iver
Po
rtlan
d, O
rego
n (I
SC)
Hea
vy m
etal
s, PA
Hs
15 a
cres
of
near
shor
e se
dim
ents
and
so
ils; d
epth
s to
35
ft.
3 ft.
-
2 fe
et o
f sa
nd.
(66)
Sand
- P
laci
ng
conc
rete
bl
ocks
cab
led
toge
ther
on
top
of sa
nd
cap
= A
CB
=
artic
ulat
ed
conc
rete
bl
ock
with
a
6-in
ch p
rofil
e (6
6)
- Org
anoc
lay
cap
(10)
15 a
cres
(S)
Cap
may
take
17
to 2
2 ac
res,
depe
ndin
g on
ho
w th
ickn
ess
will
var
y (2
1)
- act
ually
23
acre
s (66
)
Aim
ing
for
cons
truct
ion
in 2
004
(21)
Inst
allin
g ca
p th
is su
mm
er
(66)
•
Long
-term
mon
itorin
g, O
MM
P,
and
inst
itutio
nal c
ontro
ls w
ere
also
spec
ified
(A)
• C
ap b
eing
rede
sign
ed n
ow
(rec
ently
dec
ided
to in
stal
l a p
iling
w
all a
roun
d up
land
site
to c
onta
in
NA
PL o
n si
te, t
here
by p
rese
rvin
g tre
atm
ent o
ptio
ns in
the
futu
re -
wai
ting
to se
e ho
w E
agle
Har
bor
wal
l per
form
s) (2
1)
• H
abita
t will
be
cons
ider
ed,
parti
cula
rly fo
r juv
enile
salm
on
(21)
- 2
are
as o
f org
anic
cla
y pl
acem
ent
to c
ontr
ol N
APL
(cre
osot
e) se
eps
cove
ring
less
than
1 a
cre.
(66)
- E
stim
ated
cos
t of $
9 m
illio
n (1
0)
A, E
, S, 2
1
66, 1
0
29
Ros
s Isl
and
Lago
on/
Port
of P
ortla
nd
Portl
and
Ore
gon
(CA
D)
Met
als,
TBT,
PA
Hs,
PCB
s (4
1); s
ome
CO
Cs m
ore
prev
alen
t in
certa
in c
ells
(5
7)
lago
on; n
o si
gnifi
cant
cu
rren
t (57
);
first
CA
D c
ell
dept
h: ~
80
ft.; o
ther
CA
D
cell
dept
hs: 0
-30
ft. (
57)
1 ft.
(41)
1
ft. m
inim
um
for C
ells
1-4
; 2
to 1
0+ ft
. fo
r Cel
l 5 (6
1) So
me
disc
ussi
on in
la
te 1
990s
ab
out
incr
easi
ng c
ap
thic
knes
s;
deta
ils n
ot
prov
ided
(57)
Fine
-gra
ined
m
ater
ial
deriv
ed fr
om
on-s
ite sa
nd
and
grav
el
was
hing
and
pr
oces
sing
op
erat
ions
(3
9)
Mat
eria
l fro
m
Ros
s Isl
and
rock
cru
shin
g se
ttlin
g po
nd
(61)
8.4
acre
s(d)
Dre
dgin
g fr
om 1
992
to
1998
Cel
l 5 w
as
first
to b
e co
nstru
cted
• O
R D
EQ a
ccep
ted
a D
ec.
2000
stud
y sh
owin
g th
at
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts fr
om
Port
faci
litie
s in
capp
ed
disp
osal
are
as d
o no
t pos
e a
thre
at to
hum
an h
ealth
or t
he
envi
ronm
ent (
40)
• C
AD
cel
ls a
re w
orki
ng w
ell;
mod
el d
evel
oped
from
dat
a pr
edic
ts n
o ex
ceed
ance
s of
any
wat
er q
ualit
y cr
iteria
in
the
next
500
yea
rs (5
7)
• A
bar
ge ti
pped
ove
r in
1998
; th
e sp
illed
mat
eria
l was
co
vere
d w
ith a
1-f
t cap
; a
porti
on o
f the
Cel
l 5 c
ap w
as
brea
ched
and
repa
ired
in 1
998
(57,
61)
• In
five
Por
t dre
dgin
g ev
ents
from
19
92 to
199
8, ~
160,
000
cy o
f dr
edge
d m
ater
ial w
ere
trans
porte
d to
the
lago
on fo
r per
mitt
ed
conf
ined
dis
posa
l; R
IS&
G
acce
pted
, pla
ced
and
capp
ed th
e in
-wat
er c
onta
inm
ent c
ells
(39)
•
4 ce
lls a
ccep
ted
mat
eria
l fro
m
navi
gatio
nal d
redg
ing;
1 c
ell
acce
pted
mat
eria
l fro
m th
e Po
rt of
Po
rtlan
d's P
enci
l Pitc
h sp
ill (5
7)
• So
me
disc
ussi
on a
bout
low
erin
g di
ke b
etw
een
two
isla
nds;
cur
rent
hy
drol
ogy
stud
y is
stud
ying
po
ssib
le e
ffec
ts o
n ca
p in
tegr
ity
(57)
D, T
, 39,
40,
41
, 57,
61
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
18
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
30
Inle
t Bas
in
Soda
Lak
e, W
yom
ing
(cas
e st
udy)
PAH
s, be
nzen
e,
met
als,
NA
PL N
atur
al p
laya
ba
sin,
2-1
2 ft.
de
ep;
rech
arge
s ea
ch y
ear b
y ru
noff
and
dr
ies l
ater
in
the
year
(H)
1.5
ft.
Nat
ive
sand
5.
6 ac
res
Bef
ore
June
15
, 200
0 an
d A
ug. 3
1, 2
000
• A
fter 3
mon
ths,
the
uppe
r 2
feet
of c
ap c
onta
ined
no
orga
nic
cont
amin
ants
in
exce
ss o
f scr
eeni
ng le
vels
•
Shor
t-ter
m e
ffec
ts fr
om c
ap
plac
emen
t wer
e m
inim
al
• Lo
ng-te
rm in
tegr
ity a
lso
eval
uate
d
• Th
e D
raft
Fina
l Rem
edy
Dec
isio
n da
ted
Oct
. 29.
200
1 do
es n
ot
prop
ose
capp
ing,
but
inst
ead
prop
oses
exc
avat
ion
• Th
e W
Y D
EQ c
oncl
uded
that
the
best
alte
rnat
ive
wou
ld b
e to
ex
cava
te th
e sl
udge
and
pla
ce it
in
a lin
ed c
orre
ctiv
e ac
tion
man
agem
ent u
nit.
Cap
ping
was
no
t im
plem
ente
d. (1
7)
- The
cap
is n
ot p
erfo
rmin
g be
caus
e a f
ter t
he p
ilot s
tudy
the
cap
was
allo
wed
to d
ry u
p. T
he d
ecis
ion
was
dri
ven
by a
que
stio
n of
long
te
rm e
ffec
tiven
ess a
nd n
ot le
avin
g w
aste
s beh
ind
for f
utur
e ge
nera
tions
. The
WYD
EQ
wan
ts
the
cont
amin
ants
out
of t
he
envi
ronm
ent.
The
inle
t bas
in h
as
been
in th
e dr
ying
pro
cess
. E
xcav
atio
ns a
re e
xpec
ted
to g
o fu
ll sc
ale
this
fall
and
hope
to fi
nish
by
Spri
ng 2
005.
(17)
H, L
, 17
Gre
at L
akes
31
U
pper
Riv
er se
ctio
n Sh
eboy
gan
Riv
er,
Wis
cons
in
(pilo
t)
PCB
s 9
hots
pots
to
talin
g 1,
200
sq. y
ds.
1 ft.
of c
oars
e m
ater
ial a
nd
uppe
r ge
otex
tile
over
low
er
geot
extil
e fa
bric
Arm
ored
st
one
com
posi
te
0.25
acr
e 19
89-1
990
• N
o m
onito
ring
data
•
Cap
app
ears
to b
e in
tact
with
si
gnifi
cant
silti
ng-o
ver a
nd
thus
add
ition
al st
abili
zatio
n •
Und
eter
min
ed c
ap
effe
ctiv
enes
s •
Som
e er
osio
n of
fine
-gra
ined
m
ater
ial
• C
ompo
site
arm
ored
cap
requ
ired
beca
use
of lo
catio
n in
hig
h-en
ergy
riv
er e
nviro
nmen
t. G
abio
ns
plac
ed a
t cor
ners
for a
ncho
ring.
A
dditi
onal
cou
rse
mat
eria
l pla
ced
in v
oids
and
gap
s.
• A
199
0 be
nch-
scal
e ar
mor
ing
stud
y by
Ens
eco,
Inc.
indi
cate
d th
at c
appi
ng h
ad a
sign
ifica
nt
effe
ct o
n re
duci
ng P
CB
co
ncen
tratio
n m
easu
red
in
expo
sed
aqua
tic o
rgan
ism
s (E)
.
A, E
, D
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
19
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Che
mic
als o
f C
once
rn
Site
C
ondi
tions
D
esig
n T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a D
ate
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
32
Are
as C
and
D
Man
istiq
ue, M
ichi
gan
PCB
s
2.7
ft.
Com
posi
te
17 a
cres
Plan
ned,
but
no
t im
plem
ente
d (s
ite
rem
edia
tion
was
dre
dgin
g) •
Proj
ect n
ot b
uilt
• C
ompo
site
cap
ove
r a 1
7-ac
re si
te
incl
udes
arm
orin
g an
d ge
otex
tiles
A
33
Man
istiq
ue C
appi
ng
Proj
ect
Mic
higa
n
(ISC
)
PCB
s Sh
oal i
n riv
er
with
dep
ths o
f 10
-15
ft.
40-m
il
(0.1
ft.)
HD
PE
0.6
acre
19
93
• Ph
ysic
al in
spec
tion
of
tem
pora
ry c
ap a
ppro
xim
atel
y 1
year
afte
r ins
talla
tion
show
ed c
ap to
be
phys
ical
ly
inta
ct w
ith m
ost a
ncho
rs in
pl
ace
• A
240
ft. b
y 10
0 ft.
HD
PE
tem
pora
ry c
ap w
as a
ncho
red
by
38 2
-ton
conc
rete
blo
cks p
lace
d ar
ound
the
perim
eter
of t
he c
ap
• Th
is te
mpo
rary
cap
was
inst
alle
d to
pre
vent
ero
sion
of
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts w
ithin
a
river
hot
spot
with
ele
vate
d su
rfac
e co
ncen
tratio
ns
A, B
34
Ham
ilton
Har
bor
Ont
ario
, Can
ada
(ISC
dem
onst
ratio
n)
PAH
s, m
etal
s, nu
trien
ts
Lacu
strin
e w
ater
body
1.
6 ft.
C
lean
sand
2.
5 ac
res
1995
•
Sign
ifica
nt re
duct
ions
in th
e flu
x of
site
con
tam
inan
ts w
ere
obse
rved
afte
r cap
ping
(D)
• C
appi
ng se
lect
ed b
ecau
se o
f im
prac
tical
ity o
f dre
dgin
g an
d up
land
dis
posa
l due
to la
rge
sedi
men
t vol
umes
(E)
A, B
, D, E
35
Mad
ison
Met
ropo
litan
Se
wer
age
Dis
trict
La
goon
s M
adis
on, W
isco
nsin
PCB
(gre
ater
th
an 5
0 m
g/kg
)
2 sl
udge
la
goon
s in
wet
land
s 14
1-ac
re si
te
1 ft.
G
eote
xtile
an
d lig
htw
eigh
t so
ils
• Pl
anne
d in
RO
D
• A
ccor
ding
to th
e R
OD
(dat
ed
Mar
ch 3
1, 1
997)
, the
fina
l site
re
med
y in
clud
es th
e se
greg
atio
n an
d in
-situ
con
tain
men
t of s
ludg
e w
ith P
CB
s > 5
0 m
g/kg
. The
soil
will
be
seed
ed.
E
36
Oxb
ow L
ake
near
Rib
R
iver
W
ausa
u, W
isco
nsin
(I
SC)
(“Sn
ow C
ap”
proj
ect)
Lead
Sh
allo
w, 4
-ac
re o
xbow
la
ke a
t for
mer
ba
ttery
re
clai
min
g si
te; i
mpo
rtant
br
eedi
ng
habi
tat f
or
smal
l fis
h
4-
laye
r co
mpo
site
cap
(g
eote
xtile
an
d sa
nd
blan
ket,
w/
2nd
laye
r of
geot
extil
e an
d ro
ck
“isl
ands
”);
then
snow
W
inte
r, 19
97,
to ta
ke
adva
ntag
e of
sn
ow a
nd ic
e
• D
ata
from
5 lo
catio
ns d
urin
g M
ar. 1
999
foun
d cu
rren
t lea
d co
ncen
tratio
ns in
the
wat
er
colu
mn
to b
e at
bac
kgro
und
or n
on-d
etec
t lev
els
• B
enth
ic o
rgan
ism
pop
ulat
ions
no
ted
in sh
allo
w w
ater
; ve
geta
tion
beco
min
g es
tabl
ishe
d on
the
new
su
bstra
te
• Th
is n
ew m
etho
d co
st
sign
ifica
ntly
less
than
“c
onve
ntio
nal (
and
envi
ronm
enta
lly in
vasi
ve)
sedi
men
t dre
dgin
g in
term
s of
both
fund
ing
and
time
reso
urce
s”
• Th
e te
chni
que
offe
rs th
e ad
vant
age
of p
rovi
ding
a sa
fe
habi
tat f
or e
xist
ing
fish
popu
latio
ns
• Th
e ap
proa
ch c
osts
one
-third
the
cost
to re
mov
e se
dim
ents
V
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
20
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
37
Otta
wa
Riv
er
Tole
do, O
hio
(ISC
Dem
onst
ratio
n)
PCB
s 0.
2 m
ile
stre
tch;
es
tuar
y w
ith
low
flow
s; 8
ft.
dee
p
0.33
to 0
.66
ft.
Aqu
aBlo
kTM
(cla
y-m
iner
al
aggr
egat
e),
with
or
with
out
geot
extil
e
2.5
acre
s 19
99
• M
onito
ring
resu
lts li
mite
d (E
)•
Ohi
o EP
A c
ompl
eted
a
bent
hic
com
mun
ity st
udy
befo
re A
quaB
lokTM
appl
icat
ion
and
foun
d th
e si
te
to b
e st
erile
; the
re a
re p
lans
to
cond
uct a
follo
w-u
p st
udy
in
2001
, but
impr
ovem
ents
may
no
t be
seen
bec
ause
of
ongo
ing
cont
amin
atio
n fr
om a
ne
arby
Sup
erfu
nd si
te (4
5)
• Th
e go
al o
f the
dem
onst
ratio
n w
as to
ass
ess a
pplic
atio
n m
etho
ds, n
ot n
eces
saril
y pr
ovid
e pe
rman
ent r
emed
iatio
n (4
5)
• Th
e O
ttaw
a R
iver
has
a 1
00-y
ear
flow
vel
ocity
of 4
.8 ft
/sec
for
appr
ox. 1
hou
r. Fl
ume
test
s of
sim
ilar A
quaB
lok
TM
com
posi
tions
with
stoo
d w
ater
ve
loci
ties o
f 6 ft
/sec
for 5
0 ho
urs
with
an
appr
oxim
ate
10%
loss
. (4
5)
E, 4
5
38
Tria
ngle
Pon
d To
mm
y Th
omps
on P
ark
Dow
nsvi
ew, O
ntar
io
Lead
, iro
n, o
il &
gre
ase
Man
-mad
e w
ater
bod
y in
pa
rk
1.6-
9.8
ft.
desi
gn
6.6-
13.1
ft.
actu
al
Cle
an sa
nd
and
fill
2 ac
res
1999
C
, O, U
New
Eng
land
/New
Yor
k 39
St
amfo
rd-N
ew H
aven
-N
New
Hav
en, C
onne
ctic
ut
(Cen
tral L
ong
Isla
nd
Soun
d (C
LIS)
are
a)
Met
als,
PAH
s Fl
at b
otto
m
~65
ft. d
eep
1.6
ft. (A
) U
p to
7-1
0 ft.
(F
)
Sand
1978
1979
(67)
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
• 11
yea
rs o
f mon
itorin
g sh
ow
this
to b
e on
e of
the
mos
t st
able
mou
nds
- Do
not s
ee a
ny v
isua
l pr
oble
ms w
ith 2
004
bath
emet
ry
and
core
s rec
ently
col
lect
ed.
AC
OE
is c
urre
ntly
wor
king
up
the
core
dat
a. (6
7)
• C
ores
col
lect
ed in
199
0
• C
onta
min
ated
sedi
men
t fro
m
Stam
ford
Har
bor w
as c
appe
d w
ith
slig
htly
less
con
tam
inat
ed m
ater
ial
from
New
Hav
en H
arbo
r (FF
)
A, F
, FF
67
40
Stam
ford
-New
Hav
en-S
N
ew H
aven
, Con
nect
icut
(C
LIS
area
)
Met
als,
PAH
s Fl
at b
otto
m
~70
ft. d
eep
1.6
ft. (A
) U
p to
13
ft.
(F)
Silt
19
78
19
79 (6
7)
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
• 11
yea
rs o
f mon
itorin
g sh
ow
this
to b
e on
e of
the
mos
t st
able
mou
nds
• C
ores
col
lect
ed in
199
0 •
Con
tam
inat
ed se
dim
ent f
rom
St
amfo
rd H
arbo
r was
cap
ped
with
sl
ight
ly le
ss c
onta
min
ated
mat
eria
l fr
om N
ew H
aven
Har
bor (
FF)
- Con
tinue
d ba
them
etry
in 2
002
for
Nor
th a
nd S
outh
and
ote
rs a
nd
noth
ing
unus
ual n
otic
ed (
67)
A, F
, FF
67
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
21
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
41
New
Yor
k M
ud D
ump
Dis
posa
l Site
(a
.k.a
. “N
ew Y
ork
Big
ht”
or “
Long
Isla
nd B
ight
”)
Met
als i
n si
lt an
d cl
ay
dred
ged
from
6
proj
ects
in
NY
Har
bor
(E)
Flat
bot
tom
80
-90
ft. d
eep
(F)
3-4
ft. a
vg.
5-9
ft.
max
.(F)
Mud
(120
,300
cy
) Sa
nd
(1,2
00,7
00
cy) (
E)
19
80
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion
Mon
itore
d in
200
2 an
d it
look
s fin
e. (7
2)
• C
ores
take
n in
199
3 (3
.5 y
ears
la
ter)
show
ed c
ap in
tegr
ity o
ver
relo
cate
d se
dim
ents
in 8
0 ft.
of
wat
er (A
) •
Sim
ulta
neou
s with
the
Mud
Dum
p Si
te c
losu
re, t
he si
te a
nd v
icin
ity
will
be
rede
sign
ated
as t
he
His
toric
Are
a R
emed
iatio
n Si
te
(HA
RS)
•
A p
ortio
n of
HA
RS
will
be
rem
edia
ted,
with
app
roxi
mat
ely
1 m
of c
appe
d cl
ean
dred
ged
mat
eria
l (E)
- T
his s
ite is
now
con
side
red
part
of
the
HA
RS
and
calle
d th
e “f
orm
er
mud
dum
p si
te”.
(72)
A, E
, W
72
42
New
Yor
k M
ud D
ump
Cap
ping
Pro
ject
N
ew Y
ork,
New
Yor
k (C
AD
)
Trac
e di
oxin
O
pen
wat
er
sedi
men
t di
spos
al si
te
(500
,000
cy)
3.2
ft.
Cle
an sa
nd
19
93-1
994
• Lo
ng-te
rm m
onito
ring
bein
g co
nduc
ted
• En
gine
erin
g of
cap
co
nstru
ctio
n co
nsid
ered
a
succ
ess
Mon
itore
d in
200
2 an
d it
look
s fin
e. (7
2)
- Thi
s site
is n
ow c
onsi
dere
d pa
rt o
f th
e H
AR
S an
d ca
lled
the
“for
mer
m
ud d
ump
site
”. (
72)
D
72
43
His
toric
Are
a R
emed
iatio
n Si
te (H
AR
S)
(for
mer
Mud
Dum
p re
gion
)
PAH
s, PC
Bs,
DD
T, d
ioxi
n,
met
als
HA
RS
is 1
5 sq
. nau
tical
m
iles;
wat
er
dept
hs: 4
0 -
138
ft.
3.2
ft.
Rel
ativ
ely
clea
n dr
edge
d se
dim
ents
9.0
squa
re
naut
ical
mile
s (7
638
acre
s)
To b
e co
nstru
cted
St
arte
d in
19
97, l
arge
r ar
ea st
arte
d in
199
8 (7
2)
Mon
itore
d in
200
2 an
d it
look
s fin
e. (7
2)
Req
uire
d un
der p
ropo
sed
rule
in 4
0 C
FR 2
28
- Con
trov
ersi
al b
ecau
se d
redg
e m
ater
ial w
as u
sed
as c
ap m
ater
ial.
Cle
an m
ater
ial t
o be
add
ed, w
hich
w
ill c
ontin
ue fo
r 10
year
s with
the
goal
to c
over
with
at l
east
1.0
met
er
of c
lean
sand
ove
r the
ent
ire
HA
RS
area
(72)
LL, M
M
72
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
22
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
44
Mill
-Qui
nnip
iac
Riv
er
(MQ
R)
Con
nect
icut
(C
LIS
area
)
Met
als,
PAH
s Fl
at b
otto
m
~65
ft. d
eep
1.6
ft. (A
) 6-
10 ft
. avg
. (F
) 4.
9 ft.
as o
f 8/
91 (P
P)
9.8
ft. a
s of
9/93
(RR
, SS)
Silt
10.7
(e)
1981
-198
2 19
82-1
983
1993
-199
4 (S
S)
• D
ue to
slow
, ret
rogr
ade
reco
loni
zatio
n ra
tes,
core
s w
ere
colle
cted
in 1
991
-sh
owed
pre
senc
e of
PA
Hs i
n th
e ca
p (P
P)
• O
ne y
ear l
ater
, ben
thic
im
prov
emen
ts w
ere
note
d (Q
Q)
• In
Sep
t. 19
93, m
ore
cap
mat
eria
l was
pla
ced.
July
19
94 m
onito
ring
show
ed th
at
the
mou
nd h
eigh
t had
in
crea
sed
by a
noth
er 1
.5 m
, th
e di
amet
er h
ad n
ot c
hang
ed,
and
reco
loni
zatio
n ra
tes m
et
or e
xcee
ded
the
targ
eted
rate
s (R
R)
• Sm
all t
o m
oder
ate
pock
ets o
f co
nsol
idat
ion
near
the
apex
an
d SW
flan
k w
ere
note
d (S
S)
• PA
Hs w
ere
not i
nclu
ded
in th
e pr
otoc
ols i
n 19
82 w
hen
the
first
ca
p w
as p
lace
d. (P
AH
s wer
e in
clud
ed in
the
prot
ocol
star
ting
in
1989
). - A
2x1
nau
tical
mile
site
all
rece
ived
bat
hem
etry
in 2
002
whi
ch
cont
inue
s reg
ular
ly b
ut le
ss th
an
annu
ally
. Th
ere
does
not
app
ear t
o be
any
pro
blem
s. M
ore
mat
eria
l w
as a
dded
in th
e la
st 5
-7 y
ears
(67
)
A, F
, PP,
Q
Q, R
R, S
S 67
45
Nor
wal
k, C
onne
ctic
ut
(CLI
S ar
ea)
Met
als,
PAH
s Fl
at b
otto
m
~65
ft. d
eep
1.6
ft. (A
) up
to 6
-7 ft
. (F
)
Silt
19
81
• N
o pr
oble
ms
• R
outin
e m
onito
ring
- 200
2 ba
them
etry
surv
ey (6
7)
A, F
67
46
Cen
tral L
ong
Isla
nd
Soun
d D
ispo
sal S
ite (C
LIS)
Lo
ng Is
land
, New
Yor
k
PCB
s met
als,
oil &
gre
ase
Mul
tiple
se
dim
ent
disp
osal
m
ound
s
20 -4
1 cm
(A)
0.5
- 3 ft
. ty
pica
l (PP
, Q
Q, R
R, S
S)
Cou
rse
sand
an
d sh
ell
frag
men
ts
- var
ies i
n m
ater
ial a
nd
grai
n si
ze
(67)
Var
ies
- cap
are
a gr
owin
g (6
7)
1979
-198
3 (A
) C
ontin
ued
wel
l int
o th
e 19
90s (
SS)
and
prob
ably
st
ill a
ctiv
e
- stil
l act
ive
in
2004
(67)
• So
me
core
s sho
w u
nifo
rm
stru
ctur
e w
ith lo
w-le
vel
chem
ical
s and
oth
ers s
how
no
chem
ical
mig
ratio
n •
Som
e sl
umpi
ng n
oted
(A)
• A
s of 1
996,
no
evid
ence
of
parti
cle
re-s
uspe
nsio
n or
cap
er
osio
n; st
able
ben
thic
co
mm
uniti
es o
ver t
he
maj
ority
of s
tatio
ns sa
mpl
ed;
effe
cts o
f sea
sona
l hyp
oxia
re
cogn
ized
at o
ther
stat
ions
(S
S)
• Ex
tens
ive
corin
g st
udy
at m
ultip
le
mou
nds s
how
ed c
ap st
able
at
man
y lo
catio
ns
• Po
or re
colo
niza
tion
in m
any
area
s•
Mos
t cap
ele
vatio
n ch
ange
s due
to
cons
olid
atio
n, n
ot e
rosi
on
• Ea
rly 1
990
corin
g re
sults
indi
cate
th
at th
e ca
p la
yers
con
tinue
to
isol
ate
cont
amin
ants
from
wat
er
colu
mn
(B)
- 200
2 ba
them
etry
(67)
A, E
, PP,
Q
Q, R
R, S
S 67
47
Cap
Site
1
Con
nect
icut
(C
LIS
area
)
Met
als,
PAH
s G
ener
ally
flat
~6
0 ft.
dee
p 1.
6 ft.
Si
lt
1983
•
No
chem
ical
mig
ratio
n •
Cor
es c
olle
cted
in 1
990
- CLI
S A
rea
had
bath
emet
ry su
rvey
20
02 a
nd 2
003
(67)
A, F
67
48
Cap
Site
2
Con
nect
icut
(C
LIS
area
)
Met
als,
PAH
s G
ener
ally
flat
~5
6 ft.
dee
p 1.
6 ft.
(A)
0.6-
4.5
ft. (
F)
Sand
1983
•
Req
uire
d ad
ditio
nal c
ap
• O
ne o
f the
mor
e su
cces
sful
m
ound
s
• C
ores
col
lect
ed in
199
0 - C
LIS
Are
a ha
d ba
them
etry
surv
ey
2002
and
200
3 (6
7)
A, F
, FF
67
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
23
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
49
Expe
rimen
tal M
ud D
am
New
Yor
k (C
AD
) M
etal
s, PA
Hs
3.
3 ft.
Sa
nd
19
83
• N
o ch
emic
al m
igra
tion;
min
or
cap
eros
ion
(FF)
•
Cor
es c
olle
cted
in 1
990
- Tru
ly e
xper
imen
tal a
nd n
ot
cons
ider
ed a
site
. Lik
ely
now
par
t of
the
HA
RS
liste
d ab
ove
(#’s
41-
43) (
72)
A, F
F 72
50
New
Hav
en H
arbo
r N
ew H
aven
, Con
nect
icut
N
HA
V 9
3 (C
LIS
area
)
Met
als,
PAH
s G
ener
ally
flat
60
ft. d
eep;
pa
rt of
a
larg
e-sc
ale
CA
D p
roje
ct
1.6
ft. (A
) 1.
6 - 3
.2 ft
. (T
T)
Silt
50.0
acr
es
(UD
M d
epos
it its
elf)
and
70
- 124
acr
es
(tota
l mou
nd)
(est
imat
ed
from
Ref
. TT)
1993
-199
4 •
No
chem
ical
mig
ratio
n (A
) •
July
199
4 m
onito
ring
note
d no
maj
or to
pogr
aphi
c ch
ange
s an
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f min
imum
re
quire
d th
ickn
ess o
f 0.5
m
(ave
rage
thic
knes
s was
0.7
5 m
alo
ng m
argi
ns o
f the
UD
M
depo
sit,
and
1.25
m a
t cen
ter
(RR
) •
Targ
et re
colo
niza
tion
rate
s w
ere
met
or e
xcee
ded
in m
ost
area
s, ex
cept
for t
hree
; Sep
t. 19
94 te
sts d
emon
stra
ted
that
ca
p su
pple
men
tatio
n w
as n
ot
requ
ired
(RR
) •
Aug
. 199
5-Se
pt. 1
995
mon
itorin
g sh
owed
mod
erat
e am
ount
s of c
onso
lidat
ion
(0.2
5 m
ove
r mos
t of c
ap, a
nd
0.5
m n
ear c
ente
r); 1
996
mon
itorin
g no
ted
0.25
to 0
.75
m o
f con
solid
atio
n ov
er
maj
ority
of m
ound
with
littl
e ch
ange
in si
ze o
r sha
pe, a
nd
that
ben
thic
com
mun
ity
cont
inue
d to
reco
ver (
SS)
• Fr
om 1
984
to 1
992,
con
tam
inat
ed
sedi
men
ts w
ere
disp
osed
in 7
se
para
te m
ound
s tha
t wer
e lo
cate
d to
form
a ri
ng (U
U)
• In
199
3, se
dim
ents
from
New
H
aven
Har
bor a
nd fi
ve p
rivat
e m
arin
as w
ere
plac
ed in
the
mid
dle
of th
e rin
g an
d la
ter c
appe
d.
Sign
ifica
nt c
onso
lidat
ion
was
no
ted
befo
re c
appi
ng to
ok
plac
e(TT
)
• C
appi
ng w
as c
ompl
eted
by
Mar
. 19
94 (R
R)
- CLI
S A
rea
had
bath
emet
ry su
rvey
20
02 a
nd 2
003
(67)
- S
edim
ent p
rofil
es a
roun
d 20
00
show
ed th
e to
p 15
-20
cent
imet
ers
reco
veri
ng b
iolo
gica
lly b
ased
on
visu
al o
bser
vatio
ns o
f soi
l (67
)
A, F
F, R
R,
SS, T
T, U
U
67
51
CLI
S 94
Mou
nd
CLI
S A
rea
1.6
to 3
.2 ft
. D
redg
ed
mat
eria
l 43
acr
es(f
)
Jan.
199
5 to
M
ay 1
995
(UU
)
• Se
pt. 1
995
mon
itorin
g sh
owed
goo
d be
nthi
c re
cove
ry d
espi
te a
dded
stre
ss
of se
ason
al h
ypox
ia a
nd
rece
nt im
pact
of d
ispo
sal
(UU
) •
July
199
6 m
onito
ring
show
ed
cont
inue
d be
nthi
c re
cove
ry,
high
er d
isso
lved
oxy
gen
and
seve
ral p
ocke
ts o
f co
nsol
idat
ion
at a
pex
(0.2
5 to
0.
5 m
) (SS
)
• Th
is m
ound
form
s the
beg
inni
ng
of th
e se
cond
pla
cem
ent r
ing
whi
ch w
ill e
vent
ually
bec
ome
a C
AD
•
This
mou
nd c
ompl
etel
y en
velo
pes
the
CS-
90-1
mou
nd (U
U)
- Thi
s CLI
S A
rea
had
bath
emet
ry
surv
ey 2
002
and
2004
(67)
SS, U
U
67
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
24
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
52
CLI
S 95
Mou
nd
CLI
S A
rea
Sm
all,
capp
ed,
dred
ged
disp
osal
m
ound
5.2
ft.
(est
imat
ed
from
vol
ume
and
area
) (SS
)
Dre
dged
m
ater
ial
7.8
acre
s(g)
Sept
. 1, 1
995
(SS)
- And
199
6 (6
7)
• R
apid
reco
loni
zatio
n of
se
dim
ents
obs
erve
d (S
S)
• Sl
ight
ly ir
regu
lar s
hape
, due
to
botto
m sl
ope
and
dist
ribut
ion
of
capp
ing
mat
eria
l (SS
) •
The
CD
M:U
DM
ratio
is 3
.1:1
.0
(SS)
- M
ore
cap
mat
eria
l add
ed in
199
6 (6
7)
SS
67
53
Port
New
ark/
Eliz
abet
h Pr
ojec
t N
ew Y
ork
Met
als,
PAH
s, lo
w le
vels
of
diox
in (F
F)
5.
3 ft.
1
m
desi
gn(F
F)
Sand
19
8(b)
1993
•
No
chem
ical
mig
ratio
n - 2
002
Mon
itori
ng sh
ows t
he
cap
to b
e at
the
sam
e th
ickn
ess
with
no
prob
lem
s. (7
2)
• Ex
tens
ive
corin
g st
udy
A, F
F 72
54
52 S
mal
ler P
roje
cts
New
Eng
land
M
etal
s, PA
Hs
1.
6 ft.
Si
lt
1980
-199
5 •
No
chem
ical
mig
ratio
n •
Rou
tine
mon
itorin
g - c
appi
ng o
ngoi
ng in
200
4 (6
7)
A
67
55
New
Lon
don
Dis
posa
l Si
te, T
ham
es R
iver
, C
onne
ctic
ut
49
ft. d
eep
Irre
gula
r, 10
to
70
cm
Cle
an
sedi
men
t
19
88-1
989
C, F
F
56
S-90
-1 H
arbo
r V
illag
e/B
ranf
ord
Riv
er
(CLI
S ar
ea)
G
ener
ally
flat
60
ft. d
eep
Inco
mpl
ete
cove
rage
; se
vera
l di
stin
ct c
ap
mou
nds 0
.6 to
2
ft. th
ick
1989
-199
0
FF
57
Mas
sach
uset
ts B
ay
Dis
posa
l Site
M
assa
chus
etts
(D
emon
stra
tion)
- D
emon
stra
tion
of
capp
ing
(67)
90
mile
s dee
p;
22 n
aut.
mi
ENE
from
B
osto
n - 9
0 m
eter
s no
t mile
s (67
)
C
lean
se
dim
ent
19
98-2
000
(67)
- Dem
onst
ratio
n sh
owed
that
ca
ppin
g ca
n be
acc
ompl
ishe
d at
th
is d
epth
(67)
C 67
58
Portl
and
Dis
posa
l Site
Y
arm
outh
, Mai
ne
Met
als,
PAH
s 17
7 ft.
and
de
eper
Fine
-gra
ined
dr
edge
d se
dim
ent &
sa
ndy
mat
eria
l
O
ct. 1
991
to
June
199
2 •
Sedi
men
t che
mis
try d
ata
show
ed th
at th
e ca
p ef
fect
ivel
y is
olat
es
cont
amin
ants
- Irr
egul
ar m
onito
ring
. The
last
m
onito
ring
may
hav
e oc
curr
ed in
19
97 (6
7)
VV
67
59
Portl
and
Dis
posa
l Site
Y
arm
outh
, Mai
ne
(Dem
onst
ratio
n Pr
ojec
t)
Met
als,
PAH
s D
eep
wat
er
ocea
n di
spos
al si
te;
210
ft. d
eep
1.6
ft.
0.7
ft. (W
W)
1995
-199
7 (6
7)
• Pr
ojec
t sho
wed
that
dre
dged
m
ater
ial m
ay b
e ef
fect
ivel
y pl
aced
, cap
ped,
and
m
onito
red
at d
eep
wat
er
disp
osal
site
s (W
W)
• "A
tigh
tly c
ontro
lled,
clo
sely
m
onito
red
deep
-wat
er
dem
onst
ratio
n ca
ppin
g pr
ojec
t in
whi
ch c
lean
sedi
men
t was
cap
ped
with
20
cm o
f cle
an se
dim
ent"
(W
W)
II, W
W
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
25
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
60
Gen
eral
Mot
ors
Supe
rfun
d Si
te
St. L
awre
nce
Riv
er
Mas
sena
, New
Yor
k
PCB
s 11
-acr
e ne
ar
shor
e si
te;
dept
h of
rive
r at
cap
no
deep
er th
an 4
ft.
(XX
)
1.5
ft.
Sand
, gra
vel
and
arm
or
ston
e
1.7
acre
19
95
• In
199
9, a
rmor
ed c
ap
appe
ared
inta
ct w
ith m
inim
al
dist
urba
nce;
no
rout
ine
mai
nten
ance
requ
ired;
ho
wev
er, a
dditi
onal
arm
or
mat
eria
l add
ed in
199
8 to
re
stor
e m
inor
nea
rsho
re a
reas
(D
) •
The
cap
is w
orki
ng v
ery
wel
l, ba
sed
on y
early
insp
ectio
ns.
In th
e fir
st y
ear,
min
or re
pairs
w
ere
requ
ired
(mor
e fil
l roc
k)
(XX
)
• C
appi
ng u
sed
whe
re re
peat
ed
dred
ging
faile
d •
As o
f 199
6, c
ap h
as m
aint
aine
d its
in
tegr
ity a
s a w
hole
. D
irect
co
mpa
rison
of p
re-r
emed
iatio
n fis
h da
ta w
ith p
ost-r
emed
iatio
n da
ta is
com
plic
ated
by
unce
rtain
ties a
bout
col
lect
ion
loca
tions
for t
he p
re-r
emed
iatio
n fis
h. T
here
are
dat
a an
omal
ies.
(Z)
• W
ater
vel
ociti
es in
the
Riv
er
rang
e fr
om 2
.75
to 4
.42
ft/se
c (D
) •
Cap
con
sist
ed o
f san
d, a
ctiv
ated
ca
rbon
and
gra
vel (
24)
B, E
, Z, X
X,
24
61
Rey
nold
s Met
als C
o.
Mas
sena
, New
Yor
k PC
Bs,
PAH
s, le
ad, o
ther
or
gani
cs,
othe
r met
als
(60)
Nov
. 200
1 (5
9)
•
Mes
sage
left
with
EPA
Reg
ion
2 •
RO
D a
bstra
ct st
ates
that
unt
reat
ed
sedi
men
t and
trea
ted
resi
dual
s will
be
dis
pose
d on
site
in th
e B
lack
M
ud P
ond
and
that
the
Pond
will
be
cap
ped
59, 6
0
62
ALC
OA
G
rass
e R
iver
M
asse
na, N
ew Y
ork
(Pilo
t stu
dy)
PCB
s B
ackw
ater
to
St. L
awre
nce
Riv
er; a
ppro
x.
20 ft
. dee
p;
stud
y co
vere
d 75
0 ft.
sect
ion
(26)
Te
st
mat
eria
ls:
• 1:
1 sa
nd/to
psoi
l m
ixtu
re
• gr
anul
ated
be
nton
ite
(cla
y)
mat
eria
l •
Aqu
aBlo
k TM
(th
ese
3 te
st
mat
eria
ls
wer
e us
ed
alon
e or
in
com
bina
tion)
(2
6)
App
rox.
7.5
to
8 a
cres
(25)
July
9, 2
001
to O
ct. 1
9,
2001
• Ex
tens
ive
mon
itorin
g co
nduc
ted
prio
r to,
th
roug
hout
, and
afte
r the
ca
ppin
g pi
lot s
tudy
wor
k(26
) •
The
stud
y co
nclu
ded
that
a
cap
to c
over
the
PCB
-co
ntai
ning
sedi
men
ts c
an b
e su
cces
sful
ly c
onst
ruct
ed in
th
e Lo
wer
Gra
sse
Riv
er (2
6)
• O
ptim
al re
sults
ach
ieve
d w
ith
a 1:
1 sa
nd/to
psoi
l cap
app
lied
via
a cl
amsh
ell a
ttach
ed to
a
barg
e-m
ount
ed c
rane
(26)
•
Littl
e ap
pare
nt sh
ort-t
erm
im
pact
s not
ed d
urin
g pi
lot
proj
ect;
negl
igib
le w
ater
qu
ality
impa
cts;
mon
itorin
g w
ill c
ontin
ue in
200
2 (2
6)
• C
appi
ng w
ill b
e ca
rrie
d in
to
the
Feas
ibili
ty S
tudy
, bot
h si
ngly
, and
in c
ombi
natio
n w
ith o
ther
rem
edie
s (25
)
• C
appi
ng is
one
of t
he c
lean
up
alte
rnat
ives
bei
ng e
valu
ated
for
rem
edia
tion
of c
onta
min
ated
se
dim
ents
in th
e Lo
wer
Gra
sse
Riv
er
• Th
e st
udy
was
con
duct
ed to
bet
ter
unde
rsta
nd h
ow d
iffer
ent c
appi
ng
mat
eria
ls c
ould
be
inst
alle
d on
the
river
bot
tom
usi
ng v
ario
us
plac
emen
t tec
hniq
ues (
26)
• C
appi
ng w
as p
erfo
rmed
in tw
o ph
ases
: in
itial
"Tes
t Cel
l " to
test
po
tent
ial m
ater
ials
and
pla
cem
ent
tech
niqu
es; r
eal-t
ime
resu
lts fr
om
the
Test
Cel
ls w
ere
eval
uate
d an
d se
lect
cap
ping
tech
niqu
es a
nd
mat
eria
ls w
ere
then
use
d in
larg
er
"Pilo
t Cel
ls"
(26)
•
Stee
p si
de sl
opes
wer
e a
parti
cula
r co
ncer
n (2
5)
15, 2
5, 2
6
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
26
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
63
Mar
atho
n B
atte
ry
Supe
rfun
d Si
te
East
Fou
ndry
Cov
e M
arsh
C
old
Sprin
g, N
ew Y
ork
(cap
and
hab
itat
rest
orat
ion)
Cad
miu
m,
nick
el, c
obal
t Sh
allo
w
estu
arin
e
1-2
ft. c
over
so
il (1
1)
Ben
toM
at (1
in
. Ben
toni
te
clay
bet
wee
n 2
laye
rs o
f ge
otex
tiles
, m
ater
ial
expa
nds w
hen
wet
); 1
-2 ft
. of
cle
an fi
ll on
top
(11)
12 a
cres
(11)
A
pril
1995
(A
A)
• In
crea
ses i
n se
dim
ent C
d co
ncen
tratio
ns p
roba
bly
due
to c
yclic
floo
ding
of m
arsh
du
ring
high
tide
(D)
• Se
vera
l pro
blem
s exp
erie
nced
(e
.g.,
repl
antin
g di
ffic
ultie
s du
e to
ice
(in fi
rst y
ear,
bad
ice
flow
des
troye
d ca
ttails
), ge
ese
(whi
ch e
at th
e yo
ung
shoo
ts),
tida
l vel
ociti
es th
at
prev
ent s
eed
settl
ing)
(11
) •
Snow
fenc
es a
nd o
ther
m
easu
res i
mpl
emen
ted
(11)
• H
ighe
st c
onta
min
atio
n le
vels
in
East
Fou
ndry
Cov
e M
arsh
nea
r th
e pl
ant’s
form
er o
utfa
ll:
171,
000,
156
,000
and
6,7
00
mg/
kg fo
r Cd,
Ni,
and
Co,
re
spec
tivel
y (1
2)
• M
ean
Cd
conc
entra
tion:
27,
799
ppm
(D)
• Se
dim
ents
wer
e ex
cava
ted
(ave
rage
pos
t-exc
avat
ion
conc
entra
tion
was
app
rox.
25
ppm
fo
r Cd,
with
no
sam
ple
exce
edin
g 10
0 pp
m c
lean
up g
oal)
• Th
e ar
ea w
as su
bseq
uent
ly c
appe
d to
isol
ate
resi
dual
Cd
from
hy
drol
ogic
and
bio
logi
c pr
oces
ses,
and
to re
stor
e ha
bita
t (11
, 13)
D, A
A, 1
1,
12, 1
3
64
Rho
de Is
land
Sou
nd
a.k.
a. B
rent
on R
eef
Dis
posa
l Site
(67)
10
8-11
5 ft.
de
ep; <
0.5
ft/s
botto
m
curr
ents
Irre
gula
r, w
ith
som
e ba
ld
spot
s <17
.4 ft
.
Com
pact
ed
silts
and
sand
Late
196
0s
(67)
- One
of t
he fi
rst c
appi
ng si
tes (
67)
C
67
65
Bos
ton
Har
bor N
avig
atio
n Im
prov
emen
t Pro
ject
M
assa
chus
etts
(C
AD
)
Mul
tiple
M
ystic
Riv
er:
40 ft
. MLL
W
Che
lsea
C
reek
: 38
ft.
MLL
W
8+ ft
. tid
e (8
)
3 ft.
for e
ach
CA
D c
ell (
8)
Cle
an sa
nd
from
Cap
e C
od C
anal
2.4
acre
s (h)
1997
: 1
CA
D
Cel
l at C
onle
y Te
rmin
al
19
98-2
000:
7
CA
D c
ells
in
Mys
tic R
iver
, in
clud
ing
one
“Sup
er C
ell”
2000
-200
1: 1
C
AD
cel
l in
Che
lsea
Cre
ek
(8)
• K
ey le
sson
lear
ned:
allo
w th
e co
ntam
inat
ed m
ater
ials
to
cons
olid
ate
for s
ever
al
mon
ths o
r mor
e be
fore
ca
ppin
g (C
C)
• Lo
nges
t con
solid
atio
n pe
riod
was
200
day
s (8)
•
Oth
er le
sson
s lea
rned
: how
fa
r cel
ls c
ould
be
fille
d be
fore
ca
usin
g “s
lop
out”
(8)
• C
orps
orig
inal
ly p
lann
ed to
ha
ve 6
0 sh
allo
w c
ells
, no
deep
er th
an 2
0 ft.
eac
h, b
ut
mod
ified
pla
n to
hav
e fe
wer
, de
eper
cel
ls (s
ome
as d
eep
as
80 fe
et) (
8)
• 40
to 6
0 ft.
dee
p pi
ts d
ug to
co
ntai
n co
ntam
inat
ed se
dim
ents
•
The
Con
ley
Term
inal
CA
D c
ell
was
a te
st c
ase
and
Bos
ton’
s firs
t ca
ppin
g pr
ojec
t •
Bec
ause
ben
thic
com
mun
ity
retu
rned
with
out c
ap, t
hat C
AD
ce
ll w
as n
ot c
appe
d •
Less
ons l
earn
ed fr
om th
at si
te
wer
e ap
plie
d to
subs
eque
nt C
AD
ce
lls (8
) •
Che
lsea
Cre
ek C
AD
cel
l stil
l has
50
,000
cy
capa
city
to b
e fil
led,
so
will
pro
babl
y re
mai
n un
capp
ed fo
r 5
year
s •
A v
esse
l pas
sage
stud
y w
as
cond
ucte
d to
ens
ure
that
the
deep
est a
nd m
ost p
ower
ful s
hips
in
cha
nnel
wou
ld n
ot p
ull s
ilt o
ut-
CA
D c
ells
per
form
ed q
uite
wel
l in
test
s (8)
- B
athe
met
ry su
rvey
in 2
004,
and
pr
ior m
onito
ring
was
com
plet
ed
(67)
J, T,
CC
, H
H, J
J, 8
67
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
27
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
66
Upp
er A
cush
net R
iver
Es
tuar
y/
New
Bed
ford
Har
bor
Mas
sach
uset
ts
(pilo
t CA
D)
PCB
s, he
avy
met
als
Estu
ary;
pilo
t te
st si
te w
as
smal
l cov
e no
rth o
f C
ogge
shal
l St
. Brid
ge;
dept
h ra
nged
fr
om 0
.0 to
0.
5 ft.
(MLW
)
2 ft.
C
lean
se
dim
ent
prod
uced
du
ring
pilo
t st
udy
CA
D c
ell
mea
sure
d 18
0 ft.
by
140
ft.
(25,
200
sq.
ft., 0
.6 a
cre)
Jan.
198
9 to
Fe
b. 1
989
• A
naly
sis o
f six
sedi
men
t co
res t
aken
on
June
22,
198
9,
reve
aled
ele
vate
d le
vels
of
PCB
s in
the
surf
ace
laye
rs o
f se
dim
ent,
indi
catin
g th
at
capp
ing
effo
rts w
ere
unsu
cces
sful
. The
resu
lts
poin
ted
out t
he n
eed
for a
hi
gh d
egre
e of
con
trol o
n th
e po
sitio
ning
and
mov
emen
t of
the
disc
harg
e po
int w
ithin
the
CA
D c
ell.
The
posi
tion
of th
e di
ffus
er w
ithin
2 fe
et o
f the
co
ntam
inat
ed se
dim
ent l
ayer
m
ay h
ave
resu
lted
in a
mix
ing
of se
dim
ents
. A d
eepe
r CA
D
cell
wou
ld a
llow
the
diff
user
to
be
sepa
rate
d fr
om th
e co
ntam
inat
ed se
dim
ent l
ayer
w
hile
still
rem
aini
ng w
ithin
th
e co
nfin
es o
f the
cel
l.
• Th
e pi
lot s
tudy
eva
luat
ed th
ree
type
s of h
ydra
ulic
pip
elin
e dr
edge
s, an
d tw
o ty
pes o
f dis
posa
l m
etho
ds (C
AD
s and
CD
Fs)
• Th
e bo
ttom
ele
vatio
n of
the
CA
D
cell
was
app
rox.
-6 ft
. MLW
; W
ithin
the
180
ft. b
y 14
0 ft.
cro
ss
sect
ion,
a 5
0 ft.
by
50 ft
. sec
tion
had
botto
m e
leva
tion
of -8
ft.
MLW
•
Susp
ende
d se
dim
ent a
nd
cont
amin
ant l
evel
s wer
e el
evat
ed
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f the
CA
D c
ell
com
pare
d to
bac
kgro
und
cond
ition
s and
oth
er p
hase
s of t
he
stud
y (a
silt
curta
in w
as n
ot in
use
du
ring
mon
itorin
g)
• A
stat
istic
ally
sign
ifica
nt in
crea
se
in c
onta
min
ant l
evel
s was
not
de
tect
ed a
t the
Cog
gesh
all S
treet
B
ridge
- D
redg
ing
star
ted
in 2
004.
Now
co
ncen
trat
ing
on d
redg
ing
and
not
capp
ing.
RO
D is
spec
ifyin
g dr
edgi
ng <
1 m
illio
n cu
bic
yard
s fo
r off
-site
dis
posa
l. 3
CD
Fs a
re
still
bei
ng c
onsi
dere
d. I
f the
re a
re
CD
Fs,
they
will
be
alon
g th
e sh
orel
ine
and
incl
ude
capp
ing
oper
atio
ns. (
68)
7 68
67
Prov
iden
ce R
iver
and
H
arbo
r Mai
nten
ance
D
redg
ing
(CA
D)
Var
ious
(6)
Cha
nnel
dep
th
35 to
43
ft.
now
(6)
Targ
et
thic
knes
s 1 ft
. m
inim
um;
3 ft.
des
ired
(6)
Suita
ble
sedi
men
ts
from
low
er in
th
e ch
anne
l (6
)
308
acre
s (6)
Po
ssib
ly N
ov.
2002
or s
prin
g or
sum
mer
20
03 (6
) Pr
ojec
t in
final
stag
es o
f co
nstr
uctio
n,
shou
ld b
e co
mpl
eted
in
2 m
onth
s (67
)
•
Five
CA
D c
ells
cur
rent
ly d
esig
ned
for t
he U
pper
Riv
er to
con
tain
1.2
m
illio
n cy
of d
redg
ed m
ater
ial
(sub
ject
to c
hang
e)
• EP
A is
“on
-boa
rd”
with
the
proj
ect
• EP
A c
omm
ents
of 1
0/01
pe
rtain
ing
to d
ilutio
n an
d m
ixin
g zo
ne w
ater
qua
lity
requ
irem
ents
(R
ef. K
) hav
e be
en a
ddre
ssed
; fin
al W
ater
Qua
lity
Cer
tific
atio
n is
pen
ding
- D
redg
ing
sinc
e 20
03 (6
7)
K, 6
67
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
28
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
68
Pine
Stre
et B
arge
Can
al
Bur
lingt
on, V
erm
ont
(ISC
)
PAH
s, m
etal
s, V
OC
s N
orth
ern
end
(turn
ing
basi
n) d
epth
is
8-10
ft.;
Sout
hern
end
de
pth
is 2
-3
ft.; p
ossi
bly
2 ft.
hig
her i
n sp
ring
(5)
Poss
ible
th
ickn
ess i
s 1.
5 to
2 ft
. if
sand
is u
sed;
if
geot
extil
e is
al
so u
sed,
th
ickn
ess m
ay
be le
ss (5
) - 1
.5 to
2 ft
. re
gard
less
in
final
in
stal
latio
n (6
9)
Sand
/silt
, with
or
with
out
geot
extil
e (5
) - A
lso
incl
uded
G
eogr
id (6
9)
5-6
acre
s of
affe
cted
can
al
sedi
men
ts a
nd
2-3
acre
s of
wet
land
s - F
inal
=3-8
ac
res w
etla
nd
4 ac
res
suba
queo
us
(69)
To b
e co
nstru
cted
; m
ay b
e co
mpl
ete
in
2003
(5)
C
ompl
eted
Ju
ly 2
004
(69)
• R
OD
spec
ifies
a c
ap (5
) - N
APL
leak
ing
on o
ne e
dge
surf
aced
alo
ng th
e ca
nal c
ap
edge
that
was
con
trol
led
by
exte
ndin
g ca
p be
yond
can
al
edge
s. Th
e N
APL
that
leak
ed
was
vac
uum
ed o
ff th
e ca
p. (6
9)
• O
rigin
al re
med
ial a
ctio
n re
quire
d dr
edgi
ng; l
ocal
opp
ositi
on, t
hen
publ
ic c
onse
nsus
, led
to
deve
lopm
ent o
f in-
situ
cap
ping
re
med
y - C
ap d
esig
n in
clud
ed a
geo
text
ile
unde
r eve
ryth
ing
and
a ge
ogri
d in
th
e ba
sin
and
cana
l. N
o ge
ogri
d in
th
e w
etla
nds (
69)
E, T
, 5
69
69
Hou
sato
nic
Riv
er, U
pper
1/
2 M
ile
Gen
eral
Ele
ctric
Site
Pi
ttsfie
ld, M
assa
chus
etts
PCB
s W
ater
dep
th
typi
cally
3-4
ft.
(can
rang
e fr
om 2
-10
ft.)
(YY
); av
erag
e flo
w 1
05 c
fs
(AA
)
1 ft.
silty
sa
nd; 1
ft.
arm
or st
one
(62)
Mul
ti-la
yer
river
cap
: ge
otex
tile,
si
lty sa
nd
with
>0.
5 %
TO
C,
geot
extil
e,
Geo
Grid
, ar
mor
ston
e (6
2)
poss
ibly
2-3
ac
res,
base
d on
dra
win
gs
in W
ork
Plan
(6
2)
Com
plet
ed
Sept
embe
r 20
02(7
0)
- Per
form
ing
wel
l bas
ed o
n on
goin
g m
onito
ring
(70)
•
Purp
ose
of c
ap/a
rmor
is to
pro
vide
a
chem
ical
and
phy
sica
l bar
rier
betw
een
the
resi
dual
PC
Bs (
afte
r re
mov
al o
f con
tam
inat
ed
sedi
men
t) an
d th
e ov
erly
ing
wat
er
(62)
•
A 1
2-in
ch th
ick
silty
sand
laye
r w
ith a
0.5
% T
OC
con
cent
ratio
n is
pr
opos
ed fo
r the
maj
ority
of t
he
area
; in
certa
in a
reas
, a 6
-inch
th
ick
silty
sand
laye
r will
be
inst
alle
d w
here
1.5
ft. s
edim
ent
rem
oval
s is p
ropo
sed;
an
18-in
ch
thic
k si
lty sa
nd la
yer w
ill b
e us
ed
in o
ne a
rea
whe
re d
eepe
r ex
cava
tion
is p
ropo
sed
(62)
- M
echa
nica
l exc
avat
ion
of 2
feet
fr
om b
ank
and
3 fe
et b
ank
soils
th
at w
as re
plac
ed w
ith 2
feet
of c
ap.
Vis
ual m
onito
ring
in 2
003
and
2004
. Cor
es p
lane
d af
ter 5
yea
rs =
20
07. (
70)
Y, A
A, Y
Y
70
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
29
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
70
Mes
ser S
treet
Gas
Pla
nt
Win
nipe
sauk
ee R
iver
La
coni
a, N
H
PAH
s D
epth
at
unde
rgro
und
phon
e ca
bles
10
-15
ft.
1 ft.
C
ours
e gr
avel
, si
mila
r to
on-
site
con
ditio
ns
<0.1
acr
e 20
00-2
001
• Pr
ojec
t wen
t wel
l •
Too
early
to id
entif
y an
y is
sues
•
Mon
itorin
g w
ill b
e co
nduc
ted
whe
re fr
ee p
rodu
ct w
as
rem
oved
and
sedi
men
t ex
cava
ted
- Ann
ual v
isua
l mon
itori
ng
from
div
ing
show
s tha
t the
cap
is
hol
ding
up
very
wel
l and
co
nsid
ered
a su
cces
s (71
)
• O
vera
ll de
sign
relie
d m
ore
on
exca
vatio
n th
an c
appi
ng
(“st
abili
zatio
n”)
• St
abili
zatio
n w
as u
sed
prim
arily
in
one
are
a w
here
bur
ied
tele
phon
e ca
bles
cro
ss th
e riv
er
• St
abili
zatio
n sp
ecifi
cally
not
use
d if
free
pro
duct
was
pre
sent
, are
a w
as su
bjec
t to
scou
r, or
dep
th w
as
less
than
10
ft.
• O
ther
isol
ated
por
tions
of t
he 1
8 se
para
te re
med
iatio
n ar
eas m
ay
have
use
d st
abili
zatio
n
4 71
71
Rah
way
Riv
er
Lind
en, N
ew Je
rsey
D
DT,
met
als
RC
RA
C
orre
ctiv
e A
ctio
n at
in
dust
rial
faci
lity
N
onw
oven
ge
otex
tile,
na
tive
sedi
men
t, sa
nd fi
lter
mat
eria
l, se
cond
ge
otex
tile
laye
r, rip
rap
arm
or
0.5
acre
• C
ap c
onst
ruct
ion
is c
ompl
ete
and
has r
ecei
ved
final
clo
sure
ap
prov
al
• M
essa
ge le
ft w
ith th
e N
JDEP
E
Oth
er D
omes
tic P
roje
cts
72
Low
er M
obile
Bay
A
laba
ma
(ISC
) pi
lot
O
pen
ocea
n th
in la
yer
disp
osal
1 ft.
m
axim
um
Silt
mai
nten
ance
dr
edge
d m
ater
ial
<10
acre
s 19
88
• Pr
e-, d
urin
g, a
nd p
ost-p
roje
ct
mon
itorin
g w
as c
ondu
cted
by
the
Mob
ile D
istri
ct (o
f US
AC
E), W
ES, a
nd E
PA
• M
otile
and
non
-mot
ile
orga
nism
impa
cts a
nd
reco
loni
zatio
n an
d w
ater
qu
ality
wer
e m
onito
red
• M
inim
al im
pact
s res
ulte
d,
and
orga
nism
leve
ls w
ere
at
pre-
proj
ect l
evel
s in
6 m
onth
s•
Proj
ect c
onsi
dere
d a
succ
ess
(16)
• En
ergy
sour
ces:
lon
g w
ind
fetc
h ac
ross
Mob
ile B
ay a
nd su
rfac
e w
ave
ener
gies
from
boa
ts a
nd
natu
ral c
ondi
tions
(16)
W, 1
6
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
30
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
73
Ana
cost
ia W
ater
shed
Pr
ince
Geo
rge’
s Cou
nty,
M
aryl
and
(pilo
t)
PCB
s, PA
Hs,
pest
icid
es,
met
als
15-2
0 ft.
de
pths
; nea
r sh
ore
site
with
he
avy
prop
elle
r w
ash
10,0
00 sq
.ft.
To b
e co
nstru
cted
(d
esig
n sh
ould
st
art t
his
sum
mer
)
• Fu
ll co
mm
itmen
t mad
e to
co
nduc
t pilo
t stu
dy
• B
ecau
se th
ere
are
a nu
mbe
r of
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
t site
s on
the
Ana
cost
ia R
iver
, the
ent
ire
wat
ersh
ed w
ill b
e ad
dres
sed
in it
s en
tiret
y, w
ith st
akeh
olde
r inp
ut
• Fi
nal r
emed
y an
ticip
ated
to b
e re
activ
e ca
p
14
74
Kop
pers
Sup
erfu
nd S
ite
Cha
rlest
on, S
outh
C
arol
ina
(I
SC)
PAH
s, pe
ntac
horo
- ph
enol
, tra
ce
diox
in, l
ead,
ar
seni
c
Ash
ley
Riv
er;
inte
rtida
l sy
stem
; 1,5
00
ft. re
ach;
cap
m
ostly
in
inte
rtida
l zo
ne; u
nder
6
ft. o
f wat
er a
t hi
gh ti
de (1
8)
1.5
ft.
min
imum
G
eote
xtile
an
d m
inim
um
of 1
8 in
. san
d (1
8)
3 ac
res (
18)
Dec
. 200
1 (1
8)
- Mon
itori
ng e
very
6 m
onth
s sh
ows t
hat t
he so
uthe
rn
port
ion
is b
eing
ero
ded
slow
ly
away
from
the
tide
actio
n, b
ut
this
is v
iew
ed a
s a m
inor
issu
e an
d re
pair
will
occ
ur w
ith ri
p ra
p. A
ll el
se is
wor
king
and
ve
geta
ting
wel
l on
its o
n (1
8)
• O
rigin
ally
, onl
y se
dim
ents
in th
e B
arge
Can
al w
ere
to b
e ca
pped
, an
d en
hanc
ed n
atur
al
sedi
men
tatio
n w
as to
be
used
in
the
Ash
ley
Riv
er
• D
ue to
pub
lic c
once
rn w
ith sh
eet
pile
s sur
roun
ding
pro
perty
acc
ess,
and
agen
cy’s
des
ire to
avo
id
dela
ys, E
PA d
ecid
ed to
cap
the
Ash
ley
Riv
er
• A
ppro
x. 2
ft. o
f sed
imen
t has
al
read
y na
tura
lly d
epos
ited
on th
e B
arge
Can
al, b
ut E
PA w
ill
cont
inue
to e
valu
ate
the
rem
edy
for t
he B
arge
Can
al (1
8)
• Se
dim
ents
in th
e B
arge
Can
al a
re
“mar
gina
lly to
xic”
(AA
)
AA
, 18
75
Cal
houn
Par
k/A
quar
ium
C
harle
ston
, Sou
th
Car
olin
a
PAH
s (f
orm
er c
oal
gas
man
ufac
tu-
ring
plan
t)
Coo
per R
iver
in
terti
dal a
rea;
po
rtion
abo
ve
wat
er li
ne a
t lo
w ti
de; a
po
rtion
co
ntin
ually
su
bmer
ged
(19)
3 ft.
C
lean
sand
0.
5 - 0
.75
acre
, es
timat
ed (1
9)
1996
•
Sand
cap
an
inte
rim m
easu
re,
not a
form
al re
med
y •
Som
e sc
ourin
g an
d m
ound
ing
note
d •
Ver
y dy
nam
ic e
nviro
nmen
t (1
9)
- Mon
itori
ng sh
ows t
hat s
ome
mai
nten
ance
is n
eede
d bu
t do
not k
now
how
muc
h ye
t (18
)
• A
n aq
uariu
m w
as p
ropo
sed
to b
e bu
ilt o
n th
e si
te. T
o av
oid
resu
spen
sion
of P
AH
s dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
of 3
00 p
iling
s, 3
ft.
of c
lean
sand
was
firs
t lai
d (w
ithou
t geo
text
ile) (
18)
• Ec
olog
ical
risk
ass
essm
ent
war
rant
s fur
ther
eva
luat
ion
of
form
al re
med
y, a
lthou
gh
aqua
rium
and
Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e bo
at d
ock
pres
ent p
hysi
cal
cons
train
ts (1
9)
- Stil
l dis
cuss
ing
addi
tion
of m
ore
capp
ing
but n
one
adde
d ye
t sin
ce
cons
truc
tion
(18)
18, 1
9
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
31
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
76
War
d C
ove
Ket
chik
an, A
lask
a (th
in-la
yer c
appi
ng)
Am
mon
ia,
sulfi
de, a
nd 4
-m
ethy
lphe
nol
(AA
) (g
ener
ated
in
plac
e fr
om
exis
ting
cont
ami-
natio
n)
Dee
p es
tuar
y,
1 m
i. lo
ng &
0.
5 m
i wid
e;
wat
er d
epth
at
prop
osed
ca
ppin
g ar
eas:
-1
0 to
-110
ft.
MLL
W (A
A)
Ver
y so
ft or
gani
c se
dim
ents
; 80
-acr
e A
OC
(X
)
0.5
- 1 ft
. 0.
5 -0
.75
ft.
(X)
Cle
an sa
nd
from
upl
and
borr
ow so
urce
(1
0)
27 a
cres
(10)
Fe
b. 2
001
• A
ll se
dim
ent t
arge
ted
for
capp
ing
was
cov
ered
by
a th
in-la
yer c
ap (1
0)
• Th
e pr
ojec
t wen
t ver
y sm
ooth
ly; t
he A
OC
will
be
sam
pled
eve
ry th
ird Ju
ly o
r un
til re
med
ial o
bjec
tives
are
ac
hiev
ed (1
) •
Con
tract
or h
ad to
ver
ify th
at
cap
was
pro
perly
pla
ced
(10)
•
Firs
t mon
itorin
g ev
ent w
ill
take
pla
ce in
200
4 (c
hem
ical
m
onito
ring
and
bioa
ssay
s will
be
con
duct
ed) (
10)
• Le
sson
s lea
rned
: (1)
pos
sibl
e to
pla
ce u
nifo
rm c
ap o
n so
ft se
dim
ents
with
cla
msh
ell,
(2)
use
a tri
al a
nd e
rror
app
roac
h,
(3) s
ucce
ss w
hen
a cl
ose
owne
r/con
tract
or/re
gula
tor
wor
king
rela
tions
hip
is in
pl
ace
to a
llow
fiel
d m
odifi
catio
ns to
mee
t cle
an-
up o
bjec
tives
(X)
• O
rigin
ally
, 21
acre
s wer
e go
ing
to
be c
over
ed b
y a
thin
cap
and
5 ft
. of
mou
ndin
g w
ould
be
used
on
anot
her 6
acr
es.
The
mou
nd
capp
ing
was
not
requ
ired
sinc
e th
in-la
yer c
aps c
ould
be
supp
orte
d by
the
sedi
men
t.
• N
atur
al re
cove
ry w
as u
sed
whe
re
capp
ing
was
infe
asib
le, o
n 53
ac
res o
f the
site
(10)
•
The
thin
laye
r cap
pro
vide
s a
clea
n su
bstra
te fo
r rec
olon
izat
ion
of th
e be
nthi
c co
mm
unity
(10)
- S
tren
gth
test
said
that
the
soft
sedi
men
ts c
ould
not
hol
d th
e sa
nd
cap,
and
the
6-12
inch
es o
f san
d w
ould
fall
thou
gh, b
ut v
isua
l in
spec
tion
show
s the
sand
to b
e in
pl
ace.
Jul
y 20
04 sa
mpl
ing
of
sedi
men
t che
mis
try,
bio
assa
y, a
nd
faun
a. T
he m
onito
ring
repo
rt is
ex
pect
ed to
be
final
in D
ecem
eber
20
04 (1
0)
X, A
A, 1
, 10
77
Eagl
e R
iver
Fla
ts
Fort
Ric
hard
son
Arm
y B
ase
Anc
hora
ge, A
lask
a (p
ilot a
nd fo
llow
-up
stud
y)
Whi
te
phos
phor
us
Estu
arin
e sa
lt m
arsh
nex
t to
form
er a
rmy
firin
g ra
nge
3 to
4 in
ch
laye
r (42
) H
ydra
ted
Aqu
aBlo
kTM
1.2
acre
(199
4 st
udy)
19
93 (p
ilot)
1
994
(def
initi
ve
stud
y)
• Th
e A
quaB
lokTM
im
med
iate
ly a
nd si
gnifi
cant
ly
redu
ced
the
mor
talit
y of
the
duck
test
pop
ulat
ion
(42)
•
Afte
r one
yea
r, th
e tre
ated
ar
ea b
ecam
e re
vege
tate
d an
d su
ppor
ted
bent
hic
life
(42)
•
Afte
r fou
r yea
rs o
f exp
osur
e to
ext
rem
e te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd
tidal
influ
ence
s, th
e tre
ated
ar
ea re
mai
ns c
appe
d (4
2)
• D
ata
colle
cted
to d
ate
indi
cate
s tha
t Aqu
aBlo
kTM
show
s pro
mis
e fo
r red
ucin
g w
ater
fow
l mor
talit
y fr
om
whi
te p
hosp
horo
us p
oiso
ning
(4
3)
• H
igh
wat
erfo
wl m
orta
lity
was
ob
serv
ed in
ear
ly 1
980s
and
trac
ed
to in
gest
ion
of w
hite
pho
spho
rus-
impa
cted
sedi
men
ts
• 19
93 p
ilot s
tudy
indi
cate
d th
at th
e sy
stem
cou
ld re
duce
mor
talit
y of
fo
ragi
ng w
ater
fow
l (43
) •
Def
initi
ve st
udy
cond
ucte
d in
19
94 to
eva
luat
e th
e lo
ngev
ity o
f th
e sy
stem
and
mea
sure
its e
ffec
ts
on w
ater
fow
l for
agin
g be
havi
or
and
mor
talit
y (4
3)
42, 4
3
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
32
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
78
Eagl
e R
iver
Fla
ts
Fort
Ric
hard
son
Arm
y B
ase
Anc
hora
ge, A
lask
a (f
ull-s
cale
)
Whi
te
phos
phor
us
Estu
arin
e sa
lt m
arsh
nex
t to
form
er a
rmy
firin
g ra
nge
•
Pref
erre
d re
med
iatio
n m
etho
d in
O
ct. 1
998
RO
D is
to te
mpo
raril
y dr
ain
pond
s to
allo
w th
e po
nd
sedi
men
ts to
dry
out
and
allo
w
whi
te p
hosp
horo
us to
subl
imat
e an
d ox
idiz
e ov
er a
five
yea
r pe
riod,
and
then
cap
and
fill
area
w
ith A
quaB
lokTM
whe
re w
hite
ph
osph
orou
s exp
osur
e re
mai
ns a
co
ncer
n (4
4)
• A
quaB
lokTM
wou
ld o
nly
be
appl
ied
to sm
all,
deep
por
tions
of
pond
bot
tom
s and
wou
ld n
ot
sign
ifica
ntly
cha
nge
over
all p
ond
dept
hs o
r fee
ding
hab
itat (
44)
44
79
Nom
e, A
lask
a (C
AD
)
Har
bor d
epth
20
ft.
4 ft.
1 ac
re
• Sm
all p
roje
ct si
mila
r to
One
Tre
e Is
land
, in
whi
ch c
onta
min
ated
su
rfac
e la
yer w
as d
ug u
p an
d de
posi
ted
in C
AD
cel
l.
• A
ppro
x. 3
5,00
0 cy
of m
ater
ial
plac
ed in
CA
D c
ell
21
80
ALC
OA
(P
oint
Com
fort)
/Lav
aca
Bay
Site
Po
int C
omfo
rt, T
exas
(th
in la
yer c
appi
ng)
Mer
cury
Tida
l-es
tuar
ine;
al
way
s un
derw
ater
; w
ater
dep
th
appr
ox. 6
-8 ft
.
0.5
ft.
- 1.0
foot
(20
Hop
ing
to
find
a ne
w
clay
mat
eria
l; po
ssib
le u
se
of d
redg
e sp
oils
from
fe
dera
lly
mai
ntai
ned
chan
nel
50 a
cres
es
timat
ed
RO
D si
gned
in
Dec
. 200
1;
cons
truct
ion
may
star
t in
Dec
. 200
2 - N
ow J
une
2005
, stil
l w
orki
ng o
n C
onse
nt
Dec
ree
(20)
•
Rem
edy
will
incl
ude
dred
ging
, ca
ppin
g, a
nd n
atur
al re
cove
ry
• Th
in la
yer c
ap w
ill b
e us
ed to
ac
cele
rate
nat
ural
sedi
men
tatio
n •
Fina
l des
ign
not c
ompl
ete
• M
odel
ing
of C
ateg
ory
5 hu
rric
ane
indi
cate
d w
et d
epos
ition
, not
ex
posu
re o
f dee
per s
edim
ent
- In
Janu
ary
2002
, 200
,000
cub
ic
yard
s of d
redi
ng w
hich
is n
ow
com
plet
e. n
The
final
des
ign
is a
lso
com
plet
e (2
0)
20
81
Hom
este
ad A
ir Fo
rce
Bas
e O
utfa
ll C
anal
(OU
-11
) Fl
orid
a
PAH
s, m
etal
s (2
) C
anal
app
rox.
40
-50
ft.
wid
e, 1
mile
lo
ng a
nd 1
0 ft.
de
ep (2
)
Poss
ibly
2 ft
. (2
) Po
ssib
le:
conc
rete
-in
ject
ed
fabr
ic, u
nder
ge
otex
tile
mat
, und
er
clea
n se
dim
ent f
or
plan
t gro
wth
(2
)
In
the
Prop
osed
Pla
n st
age
of
Supe
rfun
d (2
)
• Th
e ca
ppin
g re
med
y ha
s bee
n ap
prov
ed b
y th
e A
ir Fo
rce,
EP
A, t
he S
tate
and
Dur
ham
C
ount
y (3
)
• Ex
tens
ive
stor
m w
ater
con
veya
nce
syst
em o
f can
als a
nd sw
ales
tra
nspo
rts th
e co
ntam
inan
ts to
the
Can
al
• C
anal
dis
char
ges s
torm
wat
er to
B
isca
yne
Nat
iona
l Par
k, h
ence
the
urge
ncy
to a
ddre
ss th
e se
dim
ents
w
hich
app
ear t
o ha
ve d
amag
ed
flora
and
faun
a ad
jace
nt to
the
mou
th o
f Out
fall
Can
al (2
)
2, 3
Inte
rnat
iona
l Pro
ject
s
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
33
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
82
Rot
terd
am H
arbo
r N
ethe
rland
s (C
AD
)
Oils
W
ater
dep
th
16 -
39 ft
. (A
) 2-
3 ft.
Si
lt/C
lay
sedi
men
ts
Est.
min
imum
of
16.
3 ac
res(i)
1984
•
No
avai
labl
e m
onito
ring
data
•
Gro
undw
ater
pol
lutio
n w
as a
po
tent
ial c
once
rn so
site
was
line
d w
ith c
lay
prio
r to
sedi
men
t di
spos
al a
nd c
appi
ng
A, F
, FF
83
Am
ster
dam
N
ethe
rland
s (C
AD
)
H
arbo
r ba
sins
; m
ultip
le
CA
Ds
KK
84
Ijmui
den
(Ave
rijha
ven)
N
ethe
rland
s (C
AD
)
Ti
dal w
ater
s at
ent
ranc
e to
th
e N
orth
Sea
; 1
CA
D
KK
85
Ijmui
den
(Am
erik
ahav
en)
Net
herla
nds
(CA
D)
N
on-ti
dal
wat
ers i
n m
ain
port
area
; 1 C
AD
KK
86
Julia
naka
naal
N
ethe
rland
s (C
AD
)
Sh
ippi
ng
chan
nel
•
Dee
p pi
ts in
this
cha
nnel
wer
e us
ed fo
r dis
posa
l of c
onta
min
ated
se
dim
ents
from
the
Riv
er M
aas
KK
87
Eitrh
eim
Bay
N
orw
ay
Met
als
Wat
er d
epth
up
to 1
0 m
Geo
text
ile
and
gabi
ons
100,
000
m2
B
88
Kih
ama
Inne
r Lak
e Ja
pan
(I
SC)
Nut
rient
s 3
site
s 5
and
20 c
m
Fine
sand
3,
700
m2
B
, C
89
Aka
noi B
ay
Japa
n N
utrie
nts
3.9
ft. d
eep;
2
site
s 20
cm
Fi
ne sa
nd
20,0
00 m
2
B
, C
90
Hiro
shim
a B
ay
Japa
n
(ISC
)
W
ater
dep
th
70 ft
. 5.
3 ft.
Sa
nd w
ith
shel
l
1983
•
No
avai
labl
e da
ta
A
91
Hiro
shim
a B
ay-P
hase
1
Japa
n
50
cm
Sa
nd
19,2
00 m
2
1979
B
92
Hiro
shim
a B
ay-P
hase
2
Japa
n
30
cm
Sa
nd
44,1
60 m
3
1980
B
93
Lake
Biw
a Ja
pan
20 c
m
Sand
22
,000
m2
B
94
Mat
sush
ima
Bay
Ja
pan
In
clud
ed
dred
ging
30
cm
Sa
nd
675
m2
B
95
Min
ami-k
o Ja
pan
20 c
m
Sand
C
96
Ura
nouc
hi B
ay
Japa
n
20-6
0 ft.
dee
p 15
-20
cm
Sand
17
,400
m2
B
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
34
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
97
Suon
ada
Bay
Ja
pan
3-
16 ft
. dee
p 30
-50
cm
Sand
15
,900
m2
1986
-198
7
B
98
Mik
awa
Bay
Ja
pan
40-1
00 c
m
Sand
14
,100
m2
B
99
Tsud
a B
ay
Japa
n
33-4
9 ft.
dee
p 50
cm
Sa
nd
418,
000
m2
1991
-199
3
B
100
Gok
asho
Bay
Ja
pan
20 c
m
Sand
10
6,90
0 m
2
B
101
Uw
ajim
a B
ay
Japa
n
20
cm
Sa
nd
46,8
00 m
2
B
102
Min
imat
a Si
te
Japa
n M
ercu
ry
2.
8 m
G
eote
xtile
sh
eets
, tw
o ty
pes o
f san
d
B
103
Bel
gium
(C
AD
)
T
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
35
Perf
orm
ance
C
omm
ents
D
ate
Che
mic
als o
f Si
te
Des
ign
Se
dim
ent P
roje
ct
Con
cern
C
ondi
tions
T
hick
ness
C
ap M
ater
ial
Cap
Are
a C
onst
ruct
ed
Ref
eren
ces
104
East
Sha
Cha
u C
onta
min
ated
Mud
Pits
H
ong
Kon
g (C
AD
)
Var
ied
dom
estic
and
in
dust
rial
pollu
tant
s, pa
rticu
larly
m
etal
lic
radi
cals
(c
oppe
r and
ch
rom
ium
)
3
m m
inim
umPi
ts I-
III:
Initi
al
plac
emen
t: ~1
m sa
nd,
then
~2m
cl
ean
capp
ing
mud
One
yea
r lat
er
afte
r pit
infil
l se
ttlin
g:
anot
her 1
-2m
cl
ean
mud
to
brin
g ca
p ba
ck to
leve
l of
su
rrou
ndin
g se
abed
(55)
Pit I
V: 6
m -
8m
Pits
I-II
I: 57
0 ac
res(j)
Pi
t IV
: 50
0 ac
res(j)
Pits
I-II
I: D
ec.
1992
to D
ec.
1997
Pit I
V:
begi
nnin
g in
D
ec. 1
997
• In
depe
nden
t rev
iew
s of
resu
lts in
dica
te a
bsen
ce o
f ad
vers
e an
d/or
cum
ulat
ive
impa
cts,
incl
udin
g ris
ks to
pu
blic
hea
lth a
nd e
colo
gy,
and
conc
lude
that
the
disp
osal
pr
ogra
m h
as e
ffec
tivel
y is
olat
ed c
onta
min
ants
from
th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t (55
) •
The
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
A
sses
smen
t stu
dy fo
r CM
P-
IV d
eter
min
ed th
at e
ven
thou
gh th
e pi
t wou
ld h
ave
larg
er su
rfac
e ar
ea th
an
prev
ious
CM
Ps, u
nacc
epta
ble
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s wou
ld
be u
nlik
ely
as lo
ng a
s the
m
axim
um b
ackf
ill le
vel i
s lim
ited
to -1
4m P
D. W
hile
a
cap
of 3
m w
ould
be
resi
stan
t to
ero
sion
und
er e
xtre
me
stor
m e
vent
s, th
ere
is sp
ace
abov
e th
e 3m
cap
for
plac
emen
t of a
bout
5 m
of
addi
tiona
l cle
an m
ater
ial
givi
ng a
fina
l cap
thic
knes
s of
6-8m
(55)
•
Use
fuln
ess o
f san
d ca
p la
yer
as p
art o
f CM
P-IV
was
re-
asse
ssed
and
det
erm
ined
to b
e un
nece
ssar
y be
caus
e th
e m
ud
cap
laye
rs w
ill b
e pl
aced
by
hydr
aulic
met
hods
and
be
caus
e co
sts d
on't
appe
ar to
be
war
rant
ed -
earli
er c
aps
alw
ays a
reve
aled
a d
istin
ct
boun
dary
bet
wee
n cl
ean
and
cont
amin
ated
mud
(55)
• Pi
ts d
esig
ned
to m
axim
ize
capa
city
whi
le m
inim
izin
g af
fect
ed se
abed
are
a (5
5)
• D
ec. 1
992
to D
ec. 1
997:
thre
e pi
ts
used
[CM
P I,
CM
P II
a-d,
and
C
MP
IIIa
-d] -
thes
e pi
ts w
ere
dred
ged
to b
ase
of th
e so
ft m
arin
e de
posi
ts, n
orm
ally
abo
ut 1
5 m
be
low
seab
ed (5
5)
• D
esig
n pr
oces
s eva
luat
ed e
ffec
ts
of st
orm
-indu
ced
shea
r stre
ss
durin
g a
seas
onal
typh
oon
for
unca
pped
pits
and
com
plet
ed c
ap;
poss
ibili
ty o
f rem
obili
zatio
n an
d lo
ss o
f con
tam
inat
ed se
dim
ent
was
ver
y lo
w if
fille
d de
pth
was
lim
ited
to 9
m b
elow
sea
leve
l; ge
ophy
sica
l sur
veys
show
ed
max
imum
nat
ural
scou
r to
be
~1m
, so
3m c
ap th
ickn
ess u
sed
(55)
•
Des
ign
cap
also
pre
clud
es
burr
owin
g or
gani
sms a
nd a
ncho
rs
of sh
allo
w d
raft
ship
s fro
m
brea
chin
g th
e ca
p (5
5)
• A
fter D
ec. 1
997:
CM
P-IV
use
d;
thes
e w
ere
exha
uste
d m
arin
e sa
nd
borr
ow p
its w
ith e
stim
ated
vo
lum
e of
30
Mm
3 exp
ecte
d (5
5)
• C
apac
ity in
the
4th
pit w
ill b
e ex
haus
ted
in la
te 2
007
(56)
or
2003
at l
east
(55)
•
New
CA
D si
tes a
re b
eing
co
nsid
ered
(BB
, 56)
•
22 M
m3 d
ispo
sed
of fr
om D
ec.
1992
to a
ppro
x. Ja
n. 2
001
(BB
); 40
Mm
3 exp
ecte
d by
200
3 (5
5)
T, B
B, 5
5,
56
105
Lake
Sch
wel
volle
rt Tr
ebni
tz, G
erm
any
(ISC
)
Phen
ols,
amm
oniu
m,
PAH
s
Form
er o
pen
min
ing
pit;
89
ft. d
eep
max
.; 9
hect
ares
DD
, EE
106
Swed
en
(ISC
)
T
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
36
Dat
e C
hem
ical
s of
Site
D
esig
n
Sedi
men
t Pro
ject
C
once
rn
Con
ditio
ns
Thi
ckne
ss
Cap
Mat
eria
lC
ap A
rea
Con
stru
cted
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Com
men
ts
Ref
eren
ces
107
Lake
Tur
inge
n
Swed
en
(pilo
t ISC
)
Mer
cury
19
7 ac
re la
ke,
with
m
axim
um
dept
h of
10
m 3
cm g
el
(Vat
tenr
esur
s A
B p
roce
ss)
Prop
rieta
ry
gel m
ater
ial
("ar
tific
ial
sedi
men
t")
52
108
Lake
Tur
inge
n Sw
eden
(f
ull s
cale
)
Mer
cury
(f
rom
pap
er
mill
rele
ases
fr
om 1
946-
1966
)
197
acre
lake
, w
ith
max
imum
de
pth
of 1
0 m
(5
2)
Phas
e 1:
cap
- no
t spe
cifie
d Ph
ase
2 ca
p: 5
cm
(~2
in.)
(52)
Phas
e 1
cap:
ge
otex
tile
and
"sui
tabl
e cl
ean
tech
nolo
gica
l m
ater
ial"
(53)
Phas
e 2
cap:
pr
oprie
tary
ge
l mat
eria
l ("
artif
icia
l se
dim
ent"
) (5
2)
Phas
e 1
cap:
no
t spe
cifie
d Ph
ase
2 ca
p:
198
acre
s (52
)
Phas
e 2
cap:
to
be
com
plet
ed in
la
te a
utum
n 20
02 (5
2)
•
Phas
e 1:
dre
dge
sedi
men
ts fr
om
the
final
reac
hes o
f Riv
er
Turin
gen
chan
nel a
nd se
ctio
n of
La
ke T
urin
gen
just
out
side
of
mou
th o
f riv
er; "
clea
n" se
vera
l sh
allo
w a
reas
of t
he la
ke n
ear
river
mou
th; s
poils
to b
e re
depo
site
d un
derw
ater
in th
e so
uthe
rn p
art o
f the
lake
; cap
non
-dr
edge
d ar
eas o
f the
lake
nea
r the
riv
er m
outh
(53)
•
Phas
e 2:
cap
the
"rem
aini
ng
accu
mul
atio
n in
the
lake
bot
tom
s w
ith a
rtific
ial g
el"
(53)
•
Vat
tenr
esur
s AB
in S
wed
en
pate
nted
the
Phas
e 2
capp
ing
met
hod
(52)
•
Rac
eway
test
ing
show
s Pha
se 2
ca
p ca
n m
anag
e cu
rren
t of 0
.3 m
/s
(52)
52, 5
3
109
Sørf
jord
en S
ite
Nor
way
Zi
nc, l
ead
(54)
(C
once
ntra
-tio
ns o
f m
etal
s in
sedi
men
t ex
ceed
ed 1
0%
zinc
and
0.9
%
lead
) (54
)
Smal
l bay
ne
ar z
inc
fact
ory;
wat
er
dept
h
< 33
ft.
30-6
0 cm
(B)
30 c
m sa
nd
over
pe
rmea
ble
mem
bran
e (5
4)
Non
wov
en
geom
embr
ane
and
wov
en
poly
este
r ge
otex
tile
and
sand
(B)
17.3
acr
es
(54)
• C
appi
ng w
as se
lect
ed b
ecau
se
of fe
ars o
f gro
ss
cont
amin
atio
n du
ring
dred
ging
and
lack
of s
afe
area
s to
depo
sit s
poils
; the
in
dust
rial w
aste
in b
ay is
a
very
sign
ifica
nt so
urce
of
pollu
tion;
the
cont
amin
ated
m
ater
ial a
t the
shor
elin
e is
ex
pose
d to
tide
s and
wav
es
and
is c
ontin
ually
ero
ded
and
resu
spen
ded;
dur
ing
stor
my
wea
ther
the
entir
e ba
y ha
s be
en c
olor
ed re
d (5
4)
• Th
e ca
p w
ill b
e us
ed in
co
mbi
natio
n w
ith a
pile
d w
all
near
shor
e (5
4)
• Th
e sa
ndy
laye
r on
top
of th
e m
embr
ane
is m
eant
to p
rote
ct th
e m
embr
ane,
to a
dsor
b so
me
of th
e co
ntam
inan
ts th
at a
re tr
ansp
orte
d th
roug
h th
e m
embr
ane,
and
to
arra
nge
for r
ecol
oniz
atio
n of
or
gani
sms;
the
mem
bran
e w
ill
prev
ent b
iotu
rbat
ion
into
the
cont
amin
ated
sedi
men
ts a
nd
eros
ion
of th
e se
dim
ents
dur
ing
stor
my
wea
ther
(54)
B, 5
4
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
37
NO
TE
S A
. R
efer
ence
s in
the
Dra
ft F
easi
bilit
y St
udy
Ver
sion
(Ref
. A):
EPA
, 199
8, M
anis
tique
Riv
er/H
arbo
r AO
C D
raft
Res
pons
iven
ess S
umm
ary,
Sec
tion
4: I
n-pl
ace
Con
tain
men
t at O
ther
Site
s. S
ent b
y Ji
m H
ahne
nber
g of
Uni
ted
Stat
es E
nviro
nmen
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y R
egio
n 5
and
Ed L
ynch
of W
isco
nsin
Dep
artm
ent o
f Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es o
n Se
ptem
ber 2
5, 1
998.
SA
IC, 1
996.
Yea
r 11
Mon
itorin
g of
the
Duw
amis
h C
AD
Site
, Sea
ttle,
Was
hing
ton.
Rep
ort p
repa
red
for t
he U
nite
d St
ates
Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
, Sea
ttle
Dis
trict
by
Scie
nce
App
licat
ions
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
orpo
ratio
n, B
othe
ll, W
ashi
ngto
n.
Sum
eri,
A.,
1984
. Cap
ped
in-w
ater
dis
posa
l of c
onta
min
ated
dre
dged
mat
eria
ls:
Duw
amis
h W
ater
way
site
. In
: Pro
ceed
ings
of t
he C
onfe
renc
e D
redg
ing
‘84,
Dre
dgin
g an
d D
redg
ed M
ater
ial D
ispo
sal,
Vol
ume
2. U
nite
d St
ates
Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
, Sea
ttle
Was
hing
ton.
Tr
uitt,
C.L
., 19
86.
The
Duw
amis
h W
ater
way
Cap
ping
Dem
onst
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ojec
t: E
ngin
eerin
g A
naly
sis a
nd R
esul
ts o
f Phy
sica
l Mon
itorin
g. F
inal
Rep
ort.
Tech
nica
l Rep
ort D
-86-
2. U
nite
d St
ates
Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
Wat
erw
ays E
xper
imen
t Sta
tion,
Vic
ksbu
rg, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
arch
. B
. R
efer
ence
s:
A:
App
endi
x D
of t
he D
raft
Fox
Rive
r Fea
sibi
lity
Stud
y, T
herm
oRet
ec, O
ctob
er 2
001.
At w
ww
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e.w
i.us/
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er/w
m/lo
wer
fox/
rifs/
fs/a
ppen
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sess
men
t and
Rem
edia
tion
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onta
min
ated
Sed
imen
ts (A
RCS)
Pro
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r In-
Situ
Sub
aque
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appi
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ents
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. EPA
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embe
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ww
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edim
ent/i
scm
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inde
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Inte
rnal
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mar
y ta
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ided
by
D. R
eibl
e an
d G
. Kirk
patri
ck
D:
App
endi
x B
of t
he D
raft
Fox
Rive
r Fea
sibi
lity
Stud
y, T
herm
oRet
ec, O
ctob
er 2
001.
At w
ww
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.stat
e.w
i.us/
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wat
er/w
m/lo
wer
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rifs/
fs/a
ppen
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E:
App
endi
x C
(Con
side
ratio
ns fo
r Dev
elop
ing
the
Subm
erge
d Se
dim
ent C
appi
ng A
ltern
ativ
e) o
f the
Dra
ft Al
lied
Pape
r, In
c./P
orta
ge C
reek
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amaz
oo R
iver
Sup
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nd S
ite R
I/FS
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ty S
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ase
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Oct
ober
200
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t ww
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pend
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onm
enta
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cts o
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g, T
echn
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Not
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neer
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ays E
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t Sta
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Feb
ruar
y, 1
987.
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fs/e
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on 9
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g U
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e Pa
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ww
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Proj
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Re:
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ater
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ase
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viro
nmen
tal D
redg
ing:
An
Eval
uatio
n of
Its E
ffect
iven
ess i
n C
ontr
ollin
g Ri
sks,
GEC
and
BB
L, A
ugus
t 200
0. A
t ww
w.h
udso
nvoi
ce.c
om/d
ownl
oads
/whi
tepa
per/D
RED
GE.
AA
: G
E/AE
M/B
BL C
onta
min
ated
Sed
imen
ts D
atab
ase.
At:
ww
w.h
udso
nvoi
ce.c
om/M
CSS
/DO
WN
LOA
D.h
tm
BB
: G
EO In
form
atio
n N
ote
1/20
01 M
arin
e Fi
ll Re
sour
ces
& M
arin
e D
ispo
sal o
f Dre
dged
Mud
. A
t ww
w.in
fo.g
ov/h
k/ce
d/en
g/pu
blic
atio
ns/g
eono
tes/
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C
C:
Amer
ican
’s G
reen
Por
ts, D
redg
ed M
ater
ial D
ispo
sal a
nd C
onta
min
ated
Sed
imen
ts.
At w
ww
.aap
a-po
rts.o
rg/g
ovre
latio
ns/re
sour
ces/
Gre
enPo
rts/1
0.D
redg
ed M
at.1
8-24
pp.p
df
DD
: Th
e La
ke S
chw
elvo
llert
- A
Car
boni
zatio
n W
aste
Wat
er D
epos
it: M
onito
ring
Bio
rem
edia
tion
Proc
esse
s by
Anal
ysis
of t
he D
egra
datio
n Po
tent
ial o
f Het
erot
roph
ic M
icro
bial
Com
mun
ities
, P.M
. B
ecke
r et.
al. A
t ww
w.tu
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lin.d
e/fo
rsch
ung/
IFV
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ser/s
chrif
t/ban
d1/1
-bec
ker.p
df
EE:
Envi
ronm
ent C
anad
a, A
quat
ic E
cosy
stem
Rem
edia
tion
Proj
ect.
At w
ww
.cci
w.c
a/nw
ri/ae
mrb
/aer
p.ht
ml
FF:
U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
, Gui
danc
e fo
r Sub
aque
ous D
redg
ed M
ater
ial C
appi
ng, b
y M
. Pal
erm
o, e
t. al
., Ju
ne 1
998.
At w
ww
.wes
.arm
y.m
il/el
/dot
s/do
er/p
df/tr
doer
1.pd
f G
G:
2001
Env
ironm
enta
l Sur
veys
, Anc
hor E
nviro
nmen
tal.
At w
ww
.djc
.com
/spe
cial
/env
iro20
01/a
ncho
rsur
vey.
htm
l
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
38
HH
: U
S Ar
my
Cor
p of
Eng
inee
rs U
pdat
e Re
port
for M
assa
chus
etts
, 10/
31/0
. A
t ww
w.n
ae.u
sace
.arm
y.m
il/ne
ws/
ma.
II:
Dis
posa
l Are
a M
onito
ring
Sys
tem
(DAM
OS)
Con
trib
utio
n #1
23.
At w
ww
.nae
.usa
ce.a
rmy.
mil/
envi
ronm
/sum
123.
htm
JJ
: D
ispo
sal A
rea
Mon
itori
ng S
yste
m (D
AMO
S) C
ontr
ibut
ion
#124
. At w
ww
.nae
.usa
ce.a
rmy.
mil/
envi
ronm
/sum
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htm
K
K:
The
Prac
tical
ity o
f Cov
erin
g D
rill
Cut
tings
In-S
itu: T
ask
5.1,
ER
M, D
ecem
ber 1
999.
At w
ww
.uko
oa.c
o.uk
/issu
es/d
rillc
uttin
gs/p
dfs/
rd5-
1c.p
df
LL:
U.S
. EPA
Reg
ion
2, S
ite M
anag
emen
t and
Mon
itori
ng P
lan
for t
he H
isto
ric
Area
Rem
edia
tion
Site
. At w
ww
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.gov
/Reg
ion2
/wat
er/d
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e/ha
rssm
mp.
htm
M
M: F
eder
al R
egis
ter d
ated
May
13,
199
7 at
ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/fe
dreg
str/E
PA-W
ATE
R/1
997/
May
/Day
-13/
w12
480.
htm
N
N:
Hud
son
Rive
r PC
Bs R
eass
essm
ent R
I/FS
Phas
e 3
Repo
rt:
Feas
ibili
ty S
tudy
; Dec
embe
r 200
0. A
t ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/h
udso
n/fs
0000
01.p
df
OO
: D
ewat
erin
g Se
wag
e Sl
udge
with
Geo
text
ile T
ubes
. A
t ww
w.g
eote
cass
ocia
tes.c
om/p
ublic
atio
ns/S
ludg
e.pd
f PP
: D
ispo
sal A
rea
Mon
itori
ng S
yste
m (D
AMO
S) C
ontr
ibut
ion
#103
. A
t ww
w.n
ae.u
sace
.arm
y.m
il/en
viro
nm/s
um7.
htm
Q
Q:
Dis
posa
l Are
a M
onito
ring
Sys
tem
(DAM
OS)
Con
trib
utio
n #1
04. A
t ww
w.n
ae.u
sace
.arm
y.m
il/en
viro
nm/s
um6.
htm
R
R:
Dis
posa
l Are
a M
onito
ring
Sys
tem
(DAM
OS)
Con
trib
utio
n #1
17.
At w
ww
.nae
.usa
ce.a
rmy.
mil/
envi
ronm
/sum
117.
htm
SS
: D
ispo
sal A
rea
Mon
itori
ng S
yste
m (D
AMO
S) C
ontr
ibut
ion
#120
. At w
ww
.nae
.usa
ce.a
rmy.
mil/
envi
ronm
/sum
120.
htm
TT
: D
ispo
sal A
rea
Mon
itori
ng S
yste
m (D
AMO
S) C
ontr
ibut
ion
#111
. A
t ww
w.n
ae.u
sace
.arm
y.m
il/en
viro
nm/s
um11
1.ht
m
UU
: D
ispo
sal A
rea
Mon
itori
ng S
yste
m (D
AMO
S) C
ontr
ibut
ion
#118
. At w
ww
.nae
.usa
ce.a
rmy.
mil/
envi
ronm
/sum
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htm
V
V:
Dis
posa
l Are
a M
onito
ring
Sys
tem
(DAM
OS)
Con
trib
utio
n #1
08. A
t ww
w.n
ae.u
sace
.arm
y.m
il/en
viro
nm/s
um2.
htm
W
W:
Dis
posa
l Are
a M
onito
ring
Sys
tem
(DAM
OS)
Con
trib
utio
n #1
23. A
t ww
w.n
ae.u
sace
.arm
y.m
il/en
viro
nm/s
um12
3.ht
m
XX
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith D
an C
asey
(BB
L - a
t BB
L’s f
ield
off
ice
at th
e G
M S
ite, M
asse
na, N
Y)
YY
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith R
. McG
rath
(Roy
F. W
esto
n)
ZZ:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
T. W
ang
(Anc
hor E
nviro
nmen
tal)
1:
Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
W. J
anes
(Ala
ska
Dep
t. of
Env
ironm
enta
l Con
serv
atio
n)
2: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith J.
Cas
pary
(Flo
rida
Dep
t. of
Env
ironm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion)
3:
Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
J. C
rane
(Flo
rida
Dep
t. of
Env
ironm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion)
4:
Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
R. M
inic
ucci
(New
Ham
pshi
re D
ept.
of E
nviro
nmen
tal S
ervi
ces)
5:
Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
K. L
imin
o (E
PA R
egio
n 1)
6:
Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
E. O
’Don
nell
(U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
- N
ew E
ngla
nd)
7: N
ew B
edfo
rd H
arbo
r Sup
erfu
nd P
ilot S
tudy
, Eva
luat
ion
of D
redg
ing
and
Dre
dged
Mat
eria
l Dis
posa
l”, M
ay 1
990.
U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
, New
Eng
land
Div
isio
n.
8: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith M
. Kee
gan
(U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
- N
ew E
ngla
nd)
9: M
onito
ring
of B
osto
n H
arbo
r Con
fined
Aqu
atic
Dis
posa
l Cel
ls, C
ompi
led
by L
. Z. H
ales
, Coa
stal
and
Hyd
raul
ics L
abor
ator
y ER
D/C
HL
TR-0
1-27
, Sep
tem
ber 2
001,
U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
, En
gine
er R
esea
rch
and
Dev
elop
men
t Cen
ter a
t ww
w: u
sace
.arm
y.m
il 10
: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith K
. Kee
ley
(EPA
Reg
ion
10)
(206
)553
-214
1 11
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith P
. Tam
es (E
PA R
egio
n 2)
12
: Su
perf
und
Site
Clo
se-O
ut R
epor
t, M
arat
hon
Batte
ry C
ompa
ny S
ite, P
utna
m C
ount
y, C
old
Sprin
g, N
ew Y
ork
13:
Rec
ord
of D
ecis
ion,
Rem
edia
l Alte
rnat
ive
Sele
ctio
n, M
arat
hon
Bat
tery
Com
pany
Site
, Col
d Sp
ring,
Put
nam
Cou
nty,
New
Yor
k, 9
/30/
86.
14:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
N. D
iNar
do (E
PA R
egio
n 3)
15
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith D
. Tom
chuk
(EPA
Reg
ion
2)
16: P
roce
edin
gs: I
nter
natio
nal W
orks
hop
on D
redg
ed M
ater
ial B
enef
icia
l Use
s, 28
Jul
y - 1
Aug
ust,
1997
, Bal
timor
e M
D a
t ww
w.w
es.a
rmy.
mil/
el/d
ots/
budm
/97w
orks
hop.
17:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
C. A
nder
son
(Wyo
min
g D
epar
tmen
t of E
nviro
nmen
tal Q
ualit
y)
18:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
C. Z
elle
r (EP
A R
egio
n 4)
19
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith T
. Tan
ner (
EPA
Reg
ion
4)
20:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
G. B
aum
garte
n (E
PA R
egio
n 6)
21
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith J.
Mal
ek (E
PA R
egio
n 10
) (20
6)-5
53-1
286
22:
Man
agem
ent o
f Dre
dgin
g Pr
ojec
ts; S
umm
ary
Repo
rt fo
r Tec
hnic
al A
rea
5, c
ompi
led
by L
.Z. H
ales
, Dep
artm
ent o
f the
Arm
y, W
ater
way
s Exp
erim
ent S
tatio
n, C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
, Vic
ksbu
rg,
Dre
dgin
g R
esea
rch
Prog
ram
Tec
hnic
al R
epor
t DR
P-96
-2, F
ebru
ary
1996
; the
repo
rt pr
esen
ts th
e sa
me
info
rmat
ion
as th
at in
Dre
dgin
g Re
sear
ch T
echn
ical
Not
es; S
edim
ent C
hem
istr
y Pr
ofile
s of C
appe
d D
redg
ed S
edim
ent D
epos
its T
aken
3 to
11
Year
s Afte
r Cap
ping
, U.S
. Arm
y En
gine
er W
ater
way
s Exp
erim
ent S
tatio
n, V
icks
burg
, Rep
ort D
RP-
5-09
, May
199
4..
23:
Envi
ronm
enta
l Effe
cts o
f Dre
dgin
g Te
chni
cal N
otes
; Fat
e of
Dre
dged
Mat
eria
l Dur
ing
Ope
n-W
ater
Dis
posa
l, U
.S. A
rmy
Engi
neer
Wat
erw
ays E
xper
imen
t Sta
tion,
Rep
ort E
EDP-
01-2
, Sep
t. 19
86.
24:
Adva
nces
in D
redg
ing
Con
tam
inat
ed S
edim
ent;
New
Tec
hnol
ogie
s and
Exp
erie
nce
Rele
vant
to th
e H
udso
n Ri
ver P
CBs
Site
, Sce
nic
Hud
son,
Apr
il 19
97.
25:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
Mar
y Lo
gan
(EPA
Reg
ion
2)
26:
Alco
a In
c. -
Mas
sena
Wes
t Fac
ility
, Gra
sse
Rive
r Cap
ping
Pilo
t Stu
dy F
act S
heet
, pro
vide
d by
EPA
Reg
ion
2 27
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith B
. Ros
s (EP
A R
egio
n 9)
28
: W
ycko
ff/Ea
gle
Har
bor S
uper
fund
Site
; Har
bor R
emed
iatio
n at
http
://w
ycko
ffsu
perf
und.
com
/har
borr
emed
iatio
n.ht
m
29:
Puge
t Sou
nd N
aval
Shi
pyar
d C
ompl
ex a
vaila
ble
at h
ttp://
yose
mite
.epa
.gov
/regi
on10
30
: D
RAFT
Exp
lana
tion
of S
igni
fican
t Diff
eren
ces M
iddl
e W
ater
way
Com
men
cem
ent B
ay N
ears
hore
/Tid
efla
ts S
uper
fund
Site
, Aug
ust 2
001;
dow
nloa
ded
from
Inte
rnet
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
39
31:
Prod
uctiv
e Re
use
of D
redg
e M
ater
ial,
Cap
ping
of a
Mer
cury
Con
tam
inat
ed S
edim
ent S
ite, b
y J.R
. Ver
duin
, C. H
ilarid
es, B
. Lan
gdon
, and
C. P
atm
ount
at w
ww
. wes
da.o
rg/e
nviro
n_co
mm
issi
on.h
tm
32:
Com
men
cem
ent B
ay, N
ears
hore
/Tid
efla
ts a
vaila
ble
at h
ttp://
yose
mite
.epa
.gov
/r10/
nplp
ad...
33
: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith S
. Tho
mas
(EPA
Reg
ion
10)
34:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
F. S
chau
ffle
r (EP
A R
egio
n 9)
(41
5) 9
72-3
174
35:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
M. L
acey
(EPA
Reg
ion
9)
36:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
K. M
arcy
(EPA
Reg
ion
10)
37:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
M. L
yons
(LA
Reg
iona
l Wat
er Q
ualit
y C
ontro
l Boa
rd) (
213)
576-
6718
38
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith R
. App
ey (P
ort o
f Los
Ang
eles
) (31
0)73
2-34
97
39:
Site
Inve
stig
atio
n Re
port
Sum
mar
y, H
art C
row
ser,
Nov
embe
r 30,
200
0, a
t ww
w.d
eq.st
ate.
or.u
s/nw
r/ri_
Sum
mar
y_fin
al.p
df
40:
New
s Rel
ease
DEQ
Acc
epts
Res
ults
of P
ort o
f Por
tland
Stu
dy o
n C
onfin
ed D
ispo
sal a
t Ros
s Isl
and,
at w
ww
.deq
.stat
e.or
.us/
new
s/re
leas
es/1
29.h
tm
41:
Lette
r fro
m N
OA
A N
atio
nal M
arin
e Fi
sher
ies S
ervi
ce to
L. E
vans
, Cor
ps o
f Eng
inee
rs, P
ortla
nd D
istri
ct, M
ay 1
, 200
0 at
ww
w.n
wr.n
oaa.
gov/
1pub
lcat
/200
0/os
b200
0-00
73.P
DF
42:
Aqua
Blok
TM P
roje
ct, b
y J.
Hul
l, P.
E., H
ull &
Ass
ocia
tes,
Inc.
, at w
ww
.epa
.stat
e.oh
.us/
dsw
/rap/
mau
_pro
fott3
43
: Ev
alua
tion
of A
quaB
lokTM
on
Con
tam
inat
ed S
edim
ent t
o Re
duce
Mor
talit
y of
For
agin
g W
ater
fow
l (19
95),
P. P
ocho
p, J.
Cum
min
gs, a
nd C
. Yod
er, A
bstra
ct, a
t w
ww
.crr
el.u
sace
.arm
y.m
il/er
f/bib
liogr
aphy
/con
tract
s/co
ntra
ct33
.htm
l 44
: R
OD
Abs
tract
(EPA
/541
/R-9
8/18
2, d
ated
9/3
0/98
) for
Ope
rabl
e U
nit C
at w
ww
.epa
.gov
/sup
erfu
nd/s
ites/
rods
ites/
1001
455.
htm
45
: Su
mm
ary
of th
e Re
med
iatio
n Te
chno
logi
es D
evel
opm
ent F
orum
Sed
imen
ts R
emed
iatio
n Ac
tion
Team
Mee
ting,
Cin
cinn
ati,
Ohi
o, M
ay 8
, 200
0, a
t w
ww
.rtdf
.org
/pub
lic/s
edim
ent/m
inut
es/0
5080
0/m
ay8r
vd.h
tm
46:
Thea
Fos
s Wat
erw
ay R
emed
iatio
n: D
esig
n St
atus
Rep
ort,
Proc
eedi
ngs o
f the
Wes
tern
Dre
dgin
g As
soci
atio
n 20
th T
echn
ical
Con
fere
nce
and
32nd
Ann
ual T
exas
A&
M D
redg
ing
Sem
inar
, Jun
e 25
-28,
20
00, W
arw
ick,
Rho
de Is
land
, R. R
anda
ll, E
d., C
DS
Rep
ort N
o. 3
72
47:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
J. F
ield
s (U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f Eng
inee
rs)
48:
Pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion
with
N. H
arne
y (E
PA R
egio
n 10
) 49
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith P
. Con
trera
s (EP
A R
egio
n 10
) 50
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith P
. Pet
erso
n-Le
e (E
PA R
egio
n 10
) 51
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith L
. Mar
shal
l (EP
A R
egio
n 10
) 52
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith S
. Car
lsso
n (V
atte
nres
urs A
B, S
wed
en)
53:
"Lak
e Tu
ringe
n re
med
ial p
roje
ct: i
sola
tion
of m
ercu
ry-c
onta
min
ated
sedi
men
ts",
LIF
E - E
nvir
onm
ent i
n ac
tion;
56
new
succ
ess s
tori
es fo
r Eur
ope'
s env
iron
men
t at
http
://eu
ropa
.eu.
int/c
omm
/life
/env
ir/su
cces
ssto
ries2
001.
54:
"A
revi
ew o
f ass
essm
ent a
nd re
med
iatio
n st
rate
gies
for h
ot sp
ot se
dim
ents
", H
ydro
biol
ogia
, 235
/236
: 62
9-63
8, 1
992.
, J. S
kei,
Nor
weg
ian
Inst
itute
for W
ater
Res
earc
h 55
: "C
onta
min
ated
Mud
in H
ong
Kon
g: A
Cas
e St
udy
of C
onta
ined
Sea
bed
Dis
posa
l", P
roce
edin
gs o
f the
15t
h W
orld
Dre
dgin
g C
ongr
ess,
Vol
ume
2, b
y J.
Shaw
, P. W
hite
side
and
K. N
g, L
as V
egas
, N
evad
a, Ju
ne 2
8-Ju
ly 2
, 199
8, p
ublis
hed
by th
e W
orld
Org
aniz
atio
n of
Dre
dgin
g A
ssoc
iatio
ns, p
p. 7
99-8
10.
56:
Str
ateg
ic A
sses
smen
t and
Site
Sel
ectio
n St
udy
for C
onta
min
ated
Mud
Dis
posa
l, H
ong
Kon
g En
viro
nmen
t and
Foo
d B
urea
u, A
CE-
EIA
Pap
er 4
/200
1, Ju
ne 2
001
at
ww
w.in
fo.g
ov.h
k/ef
b/bo
ard/
eia/
pape
r042
001.
htm
l 57
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith J.
Sut
ter (
Ore
gon
Dep
artm
ent o
f Env
ironm
enta
l Qua
lity)
58
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith L
. Prid
dy (E
PA R
egio
n 10
) 59
: Pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith R
. San
tiago
(Env
ironm
ent C
anad
a)
60:
Rey
nold
s Met
als C
o R
OD
Abs
tract
at w
ww
.epa
.gov
/sup
erfu
nd/s
ites/
rods
ites/
0201
465.
htm
61
: Fa
xed
exce
rpts
from
Site
Inve
stig
atio
n Re
port
, Con
fined
Dre
dge
Faci
lity,
Ros
s Isl
and
Faci
lity,
Nov
embe
r 30,
200
0, b
y H
art C
row
ser
62:
Appe
ndix
F to
Con
sent
Dec
ree,
Rem
oval
Act
ion
Wor
k Pl
an fo
r Upp
er 1
/2 M
ile R
each
of H
ousa
toni
c Ri
ver,
date
d Au
gust
199
9, a
nd E
PA a
ppro
val l
ette
r dat
ed A
ugus
t 5, 1
999,
Oct
ober
, 199
9, B
lasl
and,
B
ouck
& L
ee, I
nc.,
Syra
cuse
, NY
63
: Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
Mic
hael
Sto
ner (
Port
of B
ellin
gham
) (36
0)71
5-73
65
64: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith C
hip
Hila
rdes
(Geo
rgia
Pac
ific)
(360
) 647
-569
5 65
: Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
Car
men
Whi
te (E
PA R
egio
n 9)
(415
) 972
-301
0 66
: Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
She
la E
ckm
an (E
PA R
egio
n 10
) (20
6) 5
53-0
455
67: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith T
om F
rede
tte (A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f Eng
inee
rs –
Con
cord
, MA
) (97
8) 3
18-8
291
68: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith D
ave
Dic
kens
on (E
PA R
egio
n 1)
(617
) 918
-132
9 69
: Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
Chr
isto
pher
Cra
ndel
l (Th
e Jo
hnso
n C
ompa
ny) (
802)
229
-460
0 70
: Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
Dea
n Ta
glia
ferr
o (E
PA R
egio
n 1)
(617
) 918
-128
2 71
: Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
with
Bob
Min
icuc
ci (N
ew H
amps
hire
DE
S) (6
03) 2
71-2
941
72: P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith S
teve
Kno
wle
s (A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f Eng
inee
rs –
New
Yor
k D
istr
ict)
(212
) 264
-185
3
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
40
Rev
isio
n/up
date
–20
05 i
n B
old
Ital
ic
41
C.
Abb
revi
atio
ns:
AO
C
Are
a of
Con
cern
C
AD
C
onfin
ed A
quat
ic D
ispo
sal
CB
/NT
SS
Com
men
cem
ent B
ay N
ears
hore
/Tid
efla
ts S
uper
fund
Site
C
d
Cad
miu
m
CD
F
Con
fined
Dis
posa
l Fac
ility
CD
M
Cap
ping
Dre
dged
Mat
eria
l cf
s
Cub
ic F
eet P
er S
econ
d C
LIS
Cen
tral L
ong
Isla
nd S
ound
C
MP
Con
tam
inat
ed M
ud P
it C
OC
C
hem
ical
of C
once
rn
CSO
C
ombi
ned
Sew
er O
verf
low
cy
Cub
ic Y
ards
D
DT
Dic
hlor
o-di
phen
ol-tr
ichl
oroe
than
e
EIS
En
viro
nmen
tal I
mpa
ct S
tate
men
t EP
A
Uni
ted
Stat
es E
nviro
nmen
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y H
DPE
H
igh
Den
sity
Pol
yeth
ylen
e IS
C
In-S
itu C
appi
ng
MLW
M
ean
Low
Wat
er
MLL
W
Mea
n Lo
wer
Low
Wat
er
NA
PL
Non
-Aqu
eous
-Pha
se L
iqui
d N
PL
Nat
iona
l Prio
ritie
s Lis
t N
UA
D
Not
Sui
tabl
e fo
r Unc
onfin
ed A
quat
ic D
ispo
sal
PAH
Po
lycy
clic
Aro
mat
ic H
ydro
carb
on
PCB
Po
lych
lorin
ated
Bip
heny
l PC
DF
Poly
chlo
rinat
ed D
iben
zofu
ran
RC
RA
R
esou
rce
Con
serv
atio
n an
d R
ecov
ery
Act
R
OD
R
ecor
d of
Dec
isio
n TB
T
Trib
utyl
Tin
TO
C
Tota
l Org
anic
Car
bon
UD
M
Una
ccep
tabl
y C
onta
min
ated
Dre
dged
Mat
eria
l U
SAC
E U
nite
d St
ates
Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
V
OC
V
olat
ile O
rgan
ic C
ompo
und
WES
W
ater
way
s Exp
erim
ent S
tatio
n (U
SAC
E)
D
. Fo
otno
tes:
(a
) Est
imat
ed b
y di
vidi
ng th
e 0.
6 m
thic
knes
s int
o th
e 31
00 m
3 vo
lum
e (R
ef. E
). A
ccor
ding
to J.
Mal
ek (R
ef. 2
1), t
he in
itial
cap
are
a w
as a
ppro
xim
atel
y 0.
7 ac
res.
Bec
ause
too
muc
h m
ater
ial w
as p
lace
d in
too
smal
l a h
ole,
too
quic
kly,
ther
e w
as “
slop
ping
out
”, so
the
actu
al c
ap fe
athe
red
out t
o an
are
a of
app
rox.
1.3
acr
es.
(b) E
stim
ated
from
dia
gram
pro
vide
d at
http
://w
ww
.wes
.arm
y.m
il/el
/dot
s/do
er/p
df/tr
doer
1.pd
f (R
ef. F
F).
B. R
oss (
EPA
Reg
ion
9) b
elie
ves t
hat t
he c
alcu
late
d ar
ea c
ould
be
corr
ect f
or th
e LA
pro
ject
. (c
) Est
imat
ed fr
om d
iagr
am p
rovi
ded
at h
ttp://
ww
w.w
es.a
rmy.
mil/
el/d
ots/
pdfs
/drv
1n2_
3.pd
f (R
ef. P
). A
ppro
x. 0
.25
by 1
.4 m
iles
(d) E
stim
ated
from
dia
gram
pro
vide
d at
http
://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/tio/
tsp/
dow
nloa
d/pa
lerm
o-jo
ints
essi
on.p
df (R
ef. T
) (e
) Est
imat
ed b
y di
vidi
ng th
e 1.
5 m
thic
knes
s (R
ef. P
P) in
to th
e vo
lum
e of
cap
ping
sedi
men
ts, 6
5,00
0 cu
m (R
ef. R
R)
(f) E
stim
ated
bas
ed o
n m
ound
dia
met
er o
f 470
met
ers (
Ref
. UU
) (g
) Est
imat
ed b
ased
on
mou
nd d
iam
eter
of 2
00 m
eter
s (R
ef. S
S)
(h) E
stim
ated
bas
ed o
n di
agra
m p
rovi
ded
(Ref
. 9) f
or th
e M
ystic
Riv
er C
AD
cel
ls
(i) E
stim
ated
from
one
(out
of t
hree
) pit
dim
ensi
ons o
f 550
by
120
met
ers (
Ref
. EE)
(j) E
stim
ated
bas
ed o
n di
agra
m p
rovi
ded
(Ref
. 55)
for t
he E
ast S
ha C
hau
mud
pits
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