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““In order for a firefighter to In order for a firefighter to survive the dangers of fire survive the dangers of fire fighting, he must know how fighting, he must know how other firefighters have died other firefighters have died or been seriously injured.”or been seriously injured.”
Chief Dunn, FDNYChief Dunn, FDNY
Bottle On….Pass On
Firefighter Fatalities in the Firefighter Fatalities in the United StatesUnited States
020406080
100120140160180
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Bottle On….Pass On
Bottle On….Pass On
Fatalities by Type of DutyFatalities by Type of Duty
Fireground Ops54%
Training3%
Non-Fire6%
After Incident4%
Responding/ Returning
23%
Other10%
Collision10%
Fell or Jumped
4%
Trapped10%
Lost6%
Stress49%
Struck or Contact
with10%
Cause of Fatal Cause of Fatal InjuryInjury
Bottle On….Pass On
Fatalities by Fixed Property Fatalities by Fixed Property UseUse
Bottle On….Pass On
Street5%
Institutional
7%
Storage12%
Public Assembly
2% Residential
37%
Commercial10%
Outdoor Property
27%
Case StudiesCase Studies
Memphis, TNMemphis, TN Biloxi, MIBiloxi, MI Chesapeake, VAChesapeake, VA Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
Bottle On….Pass On
Memphis, TNMemphis, TN
2 Firefighters Killed2 Firefighters Killed Problems:Problems:
– AccountabilityAccountability– Entrapment (Entanglement)Entrapment (Entanglement)– EquipmentEquipment– FlashoverFlashover
Bottle On….Pass On
Biloxi, MIBiloxi, MI
2 Firefighters Killed2 Firefighters Killed Problems:Problems:
– AccountabilityAccountability– FlashoverFlashover– FreelancingFreelancing– No Use of P.A.S.S. DeviceNo Use of P.A.S.S. Device
Bottle On….Pass On
Chesapeake, VAChesapeake, VA
2 Firefighters Killed2 Firefighters Killed Problems:Problems:
– AccountabilityAccountability– Trapped (Collapse)Trapped (Collapse)
Bottle On….Pass On
Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
1 Firefighter Killed1 Firefighter Killed Problems:Problems:
– AccountabilityAccountability– FreelancingFreelancing– Equipment (malfunctioning Equipment (malfunctioning
radio)radio)
Bottle On….Pass On
ObjectiveObjective
Provide personnel with Provide personnel with information related to:information related to:
Fireground AwarenessFireground Awareness Personal EquipmentPersonal Equipment Self-Rescue TechniquesSelf-Rescue Techniques
Bottle On….Pass On
Fireground AwarenessFireground Awareness
Building ConstructionBuilding Construction FlashoverFlashover AccountabilityAccountability
Bottle On….Pass On
Building ConstructionBuilding Construction Size-up - First step toward Size-up - First step toward
avoiding repeat tragediesavoiding repeat tragedies Need to be knowledgeable Need to be knowledgeable
of construction featuresof construction features
Bottle On….Pass On
Bars on WindowsBars on Windows Locked DoorsLocked Doors Building Collapse - Expect Building Collapse - Expect
the Unexpectedthe Unexpected
24.5% of Firefighter Deaths 24.5% of Firefighter Deaths in 1997 Resulted From?in 1997 Resulted From?
Becoming Trapped!
Bottle On….Pass On
FlashoverFlashover Accounted for 5.3% of Firefighter Accounted for 5.3% of Firefighter
Deaths in 1997Deaths in 1997 Flashover Temperature - 2000°FFlashover Temperature - 2000°F
– PBI Affected - 1200°FPBI Affected - 1200°F– Nomex Breaks Down - 750°FNomex Breaks Down - 750°F– Skin Burns - 124°FSkin Burns - 124°F
Bottle On….Pass On
Flashover Survival Flashover Survival TacticsTactics
Understanding Fire BehaviorUnderstanding Fire Behavior Quick Recognition of Potential Quick Recognition of Potential
Flashover ConditionsFlashover Conditions Rapid, Immediate EscapeRapid, Immediate Escape Adequate Ventilation - Adequate Ventilation -
Generally Increases Survival Generally Increases Survival OddsOdds
WATER KILLS FLASHOVER!!WATER KILLS FLASHOVER!!Bottle On….Pass On
Proper Use of P.A.R.S.Proper Use of P.A.R.S. No FreelancingNo Freelancing
– What is my objective?What is my objective?– Where am I suppose to be located?Where am I suppose to be located?– Who am I working for?Who am I working for?
25% of Firefighter Fatalities Due 25% of Firefighter Fatalities Due to a lack of Accountabilityto a lack of Accountability
AccountabilityAccountability
Bottle On….Pass On
Proper Wearing of PPEProper Wearing of PPE Other Essential EquipmentOther Essential Equipment P.A.S.S.P.A.S.S.
– Of the Firefighter Fatalities in 1995, Of the Firefighter Fatalities in 1995, 78% had P.A.S.S Devices Which 78% had P.A.S.S Devices Which Were Not Turned On!Were Not Turned On!
Personal EquipmentPersonal Equipment
Bottle On….Pass On
Warning:Warning:
The self-rescue techniques that will The self-rescue techniques that will be discussed and demonstrated are be discussed and demonstrated are to be only used during to be only used during actualactual fire fire incidents, in which firefighters are incidents, in which firefighters are
placed in an placed in an imminent life-imminent life-threatening situation.threatening situation.
Bottle On….Pass On
DisentanglementDisentanglement– FrontFront– BackBack– Wire CutWire Cut
Ladder SlideLadder Slide Hose SlideHose Slide Hang and DropHang and Drop Drywall BreachDrywall Breach
Self-Rescue TechniquesSelf-Rescue Techniques
Bottle On….Pass On
CREDITSCREDITS
The information for this presentation wasThe information for this presentation wascompiled from the following sources:compiled from the following sources:
“MAYDAY” Firefighter Down (Draft Program),“MAYDAY” Firefighter Down (Draft Program),VA Department of Fire ProgramsVA Department of Fire Programs
Essentials of Safety and Survival Techniques,Essentials of Safety and Survival Techniques,Montgomery County (MD) Fire and RescueMontgomery County (MD) Fire and Rescue
Saving Our Own - Techniques for Firefighter Rescue,Saving Our Own - Techniques for Firefighter Rescue,Illinois Fire Service InstituteIllinois Fire Service Institute
USFAUSFA
Bottle On….Pass On
““In order for a firefighter to In order for a firefighter to survive the dangers of fire survive the dangers of fire fighting, he must know how fighting, he must know how other firefighters have died other firefighters have died or been seriously injured.”or been seriously injured.”
Chief Dunn, FDNYChief Dunn, FDNY
Bottle On….Pass On
Firefighter Fatalities in the Firefighter Fatalities in the United StatesUnited States
Bottle On….Pass On
020406080
100120140160180
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Bottle On….Pass On
Fatalities by Type of Duty
15%
Non-Fire Ops15%
FG Ops47%
Training13%
Other10%
Fatalities by Type of Duty
Responding/Returning
Collision19%
Struck or Contact
with11%
Stress47%
Lost4%
Trapped18%
Fell or Jumped
1%
Cause of Fatal Cause of Fatal InjuryInjury
Bottle On….Pass On
Fatalities by Fixed Property Fatalities by Fixed Property UseUse
Residential40%
Commercial26%
Roadway7%
Storage5%
Manufacturing5%
Outdoor 17%
Bottle On….Pass On
Case Case StudiesStudies
Denver, ColoradoDenver, ColoradoEngineer Mark LangvardtEngineer Mark Langvardt
Firefighter died trying to exit building
•High heat, low visibility•20” x 36” window,high windowsill•28” wide storage room
Bottle On….Pass On
Columbus, OhioColumbus, OhioFirefighter John NanceFirefighter John Nance
•FF fell through hole in floor•No PASS activation•No light
Firefighter fell through hole in floor
Bottle On….Pass On
•Became disoriented •Exit route cut off by collapse •Ran out of air
Los Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles, California
Fire captain separated from his crew
Bottle On….Pass On
Captain Joseph DupeeCaptain Joseph Dupee
ObjectiveObjectiveProvide personnel with information
related to:
•Two In Two Out•Rapid Intervention •Rescuing the Downed Firefighter•SCBA
Bottle On….Pass On
TWO IN...TWO OUTTWO IN...TWO OUT
•Association Procedure 5.5.3-Personnel Deployment During the Initial Stages of Interior Structural Firefighting and IDLH Incident
•Mandated by OSHA
•Recommended by NFPA 1500
Two In...Two OutTwo In...Two Out
Possible exceptions by occupancy;
Residential: In the absence of a report from a responsible person on the scene that everyone is out of the residence, it can be assumed that a life hazard exists or is probable, until the primary search has been completed.
Two In…Two OutTwo In…Two Out
Commercial:Size up
Type of occupancyTime of dayDay of week
Reports from people on the sceneSigns that someone may be in the
building
Bottle On….Pass On
Two In…Two OutTwo In…Two Out
Vacant or Abandoned Buildings:In the absence of clear signs or a report from a responsible person on the scene that people are in the structure, it is to be assumed that no life hazard exists and the interior attack shall not be initiated until four persons arrive on the scene.
Bottle On….Pass On
RAPID INTERVENTIONRAPID INTERVENTION
•Association Procedure 5.5.2 Rapid Intervention Team (RIT)
•Recommended by NFPA 1500
•Mandated by OSHA
Bottle On….Pass On
•Stage two floors below fire floor on high rise buildings. RIT attack line should be connected two floors below.•Large buildings may require more than one RIT in different locations.
•Don’t get involved in operations that will delay your response.
RIT STAGINGRIT STAGING
•Stage close to the command post.
RIT STRATEGYRIT STRATEGY
Obtain a good size-up
Identify all possible entry and exit locations
Stage equipment
Observe fire conditions and monitor radio traffic
Don’t overload the team with equipment. The goal is to be RAPID.
Wire cutters RopeSpare Scba Saw Pike pole WebbingHigh rise pack Irons Cordless Power tools Spanner Door chocks EMS equip
RIT TOOLSRIT TOOLS
Personal Equipment- PPE/Radio/Light/Scba/Pass /Tools
Bottle On….Pass On
RAPID INTERVENTIONRAPID INTERVENTIONCHECK SHEETCHECK SHEET
Size-up
1. Building dimensions- l x w x h
2. Occupancy- residential, commercial, or vacant
3. Construction type - ordinary, LWC or fire resistive
4. Entrance/Egress- bars, screens, gatesBottle On….Pass On
RAPID INTERVENTIONRAPID INTERVENTIONCHECK SHEETCHECK SHEET
Tactics1. Offensive, Defensive, Offensive to Defensive2. Command Operations ( Command, accountability)
3. Deployment of people
4. Knowledge of Truck Company Operations5. Fireground operation time versus progress
RAPID INTERVENTIONRAPID INTERVENTIONCHECK SHEETCHECK SHEET
EquipmentStage equipment based on construction type:
Ordinaryaxe/pikepole
haligan/sledgerope/laddersspare scba
hoseline
Fire resistivemetal cutting saws
chain sawsair bags
hydraulic tools(in addition to the ordinary
list)
SCBASCBAPracticalsPracticals
Hot bottle change
Low profile
Quick fill
Pack exchange
Bottle On….Pass On
Practicals
Denver Drill
Victim drags
Stair carries
Ohio Drill
CREDITS
The information for this presentation wascompiled from the following sources:
“MAYDAY” Firefighter Down (Draft Program),VA Department of Fire Programs
Essentials of Safety and Survival Techniques,Montgomery County (MD) Fire and Rescue
Saving Our Own - Techniques for Firefighter Rescue,Illinois Fire Service Institute
Fire Engineering
American Heat
USFA