BMT AbstractsInternational Maritime TechnologyVolume 71 Number 1 January 2016

Abstract Numbers 2016010001 – 2016010250

ISSN 2051-7793

BMT ABSTRACTS

Volume 71, Number 1, January 2016 Abstracts 2016010001-2016010250

Compiled and Edited by: Gillian Smith Information Services BMT Group Limited Goodrich House 1 Waldegrave Road Teddington Middlesex TW11 8LZ U.K. Tel: 07909991180 Email: gilliansmith@bmtmail.com

©BMT - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of BMT. The following Abstracts are intended to be fair summaries of the article, but BMT does not accept responsibility for statements made in the originals, nor does it necessarily agree with their contents. The standard form of reference to the source of each Abstract is: Title of Periodical or Publication, Volume (v) number (n), year, and page number (p), followed by the date of issue where appropriate. The length of the article and other bibliographic details are also included. BMT GROUP LIMITED TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICES BMT ABSTRACTS ONLINE The Abstracts from 1982 to the present are also included in a database, called Marine Technology Abstracts, containing over 100,000 abstracts. This is now available online at: http://www.marinetechnologyabstracts.com/ Access and subscription details are available at this website. Searches can also be undertaken by Information Services staff, at a cost of £35.00 for up to 20 references, + £1.00 per additional reference. BMT TECHNICAL INFORMATION ENQUIRY SERVICES The Technical Information Department provides a comprehensive information service: Enquiry desk Library Loan service for BMT Members Literature searches For further information please contact: Gillian Smith, Librarian, BMT Group Limited, Goodrich House, 1 Waldegrave Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 8LZ, U.K. Tel: 07909991180 Fax: + 44 (0)208 943 5347 Email: gilliansmith@bmtmail.com

Abstracts 2016010001-2016010250 Volume 71 – No 1 – January 2016

CONTENTS

Page No.

1. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1.1 Ship/structure description 1 1.2 Design 5 1.3 Shipbuilding technology/constructional techniques 12

2. OPERATION

2.1 Power sources and fuels 14 2.2 Equipment and installations 18 2.3 Maintenance, repair and conversion 20 2.4 Cargoes and cargo handling 21 2.5 Ports and waterways 21 2.6 Coastal/offshore engineering and marine renewable energy 22 2.7 Safety at sea 34 2.8 Environmental protection 37 2.9 General operation 38

3. FLUID MECHANICS

3.1 General hydrodynamics, hydraulics and oceanography 43 3.2 Resistance and propulsive performance 44 3.3 Motion, seakeeping and manoeuvring 57 3.4 Fluid structure interaction 68 3.5 Aerodynamics and wind engineering 79 3.6 Fundamental fluid mechanics 80

4. STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

4.1 Structural response 81 4.2 Properties of materials 88 4.3 Corrosion and fouling 89

5. NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY 90

6. MISCELLANEOUS 93

AUTHOR INDEX A-1

SHIP AND STRUCTURE INDEX S-1

KEYWORD INDEX K-1

ABSTRACTS 1

1.1 SHIP/STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION

2016010001

Take me to the river. Ship & Boat International, September/October 2015, p 30 [3 p, 4 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sbi.html No author given English

A unique self-powered work barge and sister vessel has gone into service on the River Thames. The SCHELDEMOND I and II are available for hire for engineering and construction projects on the river but can also carry large loads to support commercial logistics. Together they provide an alternate means to transport goods and vehicles in London that will keep even more HGVs off the streets, helping to lower carbon emissions in the city. This will significantly improve safety and air quality for cyclists and pedestrians and in particular the local communities around riverside construction sites. The 32.5 metre self-propelled SCHELDEMOND I is the primary vessel of the pair. It connects to the SCHELDEMOND II barge to create a uniquely shaped 54 metre long, 7 metre wide transport and work platform that can operate under its own power, unlike most work barges on the Thames which require a tug to move them.

Barges Vessel descriptions

2016010002

A question of capacity. Ship & Boat International, September/October 2015, p 42 [3 p, 1 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sbi.html No author given English

This article describes the wind farm support vessel SEACAT COURAGEOUS. The 26.77m vessel was constructed by South Boats Isle of Wight and has been built with a modular interior, enabling the operator to determine the number of technician suspension seats – from none to all 24 – depending on the scope of the vessel’s operational requirements.

Catamarans Crew boats Vessel descriptions

2016010003

AMPERE: All-electric ZeroCat 120 provides emission-free ferry service. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 4 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

The all-electric, 350-pax / 120-car ferry AMPERE is described. The vessel has been developed to run solely on battery power, which cuts emissions to practically zero. A general arrangement drawing is given. See also abstract no. 2015081752.

Catamarans Electric batteries Ferries Vessel descriptions

2016010004

AS14: Fast ambulance cat, designed to tackle icy and shallow waters. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 6 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

The first of Thailand-based Albatross Marine Design’s AS14 class fast ambulance cat has made her debut in Russia. The AS14 ambulance catamaran is intended for rescue and onboard paramedical treatment, and has been designed to balance stability and comfort with a top speed of 45knots when fully loaded. Constructed by Russian shipbuilder Aurora Ltd, the AS14’s design is based on a ‘split hull’ catamaran shape, in order to both minimise tunnel wash and ensure a superior fit of the bow ramp, compared to conventional catamaran builds. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Catamarans Medical emergencies Rescue vessels Vessel descriptions

2 ABSTRACTS

2016010005

ATCO NOURA: High-endurance patrol vessel for the Arabian Gulf. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 8 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

This article, which includes a general arrangement drawing, describes the high speed offshore patrol vessel ATCO NOURA. The 45m long vessel will patrol the Arabian Gulf up to 150 nautical miles offshore, with a cruising speed of 18 knots. See also abstract no. 2015092008.

High speed vessels Patrol craft Vessel descriptions

2016010006

BHAGWAN DRYDEN: Dive support cat with ow-fuel burn capability. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 14 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

BJAGWAM DRYDEM is a dive support vessel built by Keppel Singmarine for Australia-based Bhagwan Marine. The 56.8m x 16m vessel has been designed to undertake six key operational functions, namely: dive support, geophysical survey; geotechnical survey; cargo transport; hyberbaric rescue; and safety standby. The vessel has also been designed for efficient operations in shallow waters. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Catamarans Diving support vessels Vessel descriptions

2016010007

Perfect fit. Offshore Marine Technology, 3rd Quarter 2015, p 16 [1 p, 1 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/omt.html No author given English

This article gives a brief description of the wave-piercing crew transfer vessel (CTV) BENREOCH.

The 303m vessel was built by the South African shipyard Veecraft Marine for Nigeria’s Africa Diving Services. The aft working deck of the CTV provides space for a rescue boat, a crane and 53m2 worth of cargo space, providing ample room for 10ft and 20ft containers, should the crew need to take supplies, equipment and gear to their offshore destinations.

Crew boats Vessel descriptions

2016010008

Green PSVs head for Abu Dhabi. Offshore Marine Technology, 3rd Quarter 2015, p 19 [1 p, 1 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/omt.html No author given English

In July 2015 the Dutch vessel factory Shipyard De Hoop delivered the first in a 10-strong PSV order to Abu Dhabi National Oil Company’s operating division Esnaad, in the form of the 70.4m x 15.8m ESNAAD 221. Designed to balance enhanced hull volume with low emissions and fuel consumption, ESNAAD 221 and her forthcoming sisters, are intended to raise the bar in terms of efficiency and environmental standards. The PSV range is designed with a specially adapted bulbous bow, which serves to both counter wave resistance and create more internal volume for cargo. The engines are linked to a power management system, which has been designed to spread the load as equally as possible among the engines, in order to curb NOx emissions and excessive fuel consumption.

Offshore service vessels Vessel descriptions

2016010009

BUGSIER 7: First fruit of Fassmer’s diversification into tug production. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 16 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

This article, which includes a general arrangement drawing, lists the technical particulars of the 32m tug BUGSIER 7. The vessel is the first of two identical tugs ordered by tug owners Bugsier Reederei und Bergungs-Gesellschaft. The vessels were built by Fassmer GmbH & Co.KG shipyard, Germany.

ABSTRACTS 3

BUGSIER 7 has a bollard pull rating of approximately 72 tonnes and a maximum speed of 13 knots.

Tugs Vessel descriptions

2016010010

BURRARD OTTER II: 21st century replacement SeaBus enters service. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 18 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

The 34.29m loa BURRARD OTTER II represents the second replacement SeaBus vessel in the fleet maintained by Translink subsidiary Coast Mountain Bus Company, which provides more than 96% of all water bus services in Canada’s Vancouver region. The passenger space layout has been optimised to facilitate the vessel’s mission profile of loading/unloading a full complement of 395 passengers within a period of three minutes, a feat that is achievable thanks to the ferry’s multiple automatic doors on each side. A list of principal particulars and a general arrangement drawing are included in this article.

Ferries Vessel descriptions

2016010011

CHOWGULE 7: Small-scale open top port feeder, incorporating a streamlined approach to engine room arrangement. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 20 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

The rapid development of container ports and terminals along the coast of India require dedicated vessels for transfer of containers from port to port or shipment of the boxes towards the final destination. The shipbuilding division of the Chowgule Group from India and Groot Ship Design recognized this requirement and together developed a dedicated port feeder able to carry at least 100 TEU. This article describes CHOWGULE 7, the first vessel in this

series. The feeder vessel was developed as an open top container vessel and is one of the smallest open top vessels ever. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Containerships Feeder vessels Oceangoing river vessels Vessel descriptions

2016010012

CWIND SWORD: First in CTruk’s new MPC 22 class, equipped with protected CPP system. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 22 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

The offshore wind support catamaran CWIND SWORD is described. A general arrangement drawing and list of principal particulars is given. See also abstract no. 2014122753.

Catamarans Crew boats Vessel descriptions

2016010013

EDDY 1: Hybrid tug setting new bar for fuel efficiency and energy optimisation. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 26 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

EDDY 1 is the first example of the ‘Efficient Double-ended DYnamic’ (EDDY) tug and workboat series. The tug was built by Holland Shipyards BV at Hardinxveld-Giessendam in the Netherlands. EDDY 1 measures 30.3m in length overall, with a moulded breadth of 12.4m, a bollard pull of 65 tonnes and a maximum speed of 13.4 knots. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Tugs Vessel descriptions

4 ABSTRACTS

2016010014

ELIDA: offshore supply, safety standby and oil recovery unit. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 28 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

This article gives a brief description of ELIDA, a platform supply vessel equipped and designed to undertake operations including standby safety duties, oil recover and transferring equipment to offshore rigs, platforms and support vessels. The 5,160gt vessel was built by Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Korea for BP Shipping. A general arrangement drawing is given.

Offshore service vessels Vessel descriptions

2016010015

HB HYDRA: Diesel-electric push boat enters Brazilian market. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 30 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

The first in a series of eight specialised push boats, built to the specifications of Robert Allan Ltd’s new RApide 4500 class, HB HYDRA was developed to combine the benefits of extreme shallow draught handling, reduced fuel consumption and significant bollard pull into one relatively small vessel. The vessel was built by Uzmar Shipbuilding, Turkey for Hidrovias do Brasil. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Pusher tugs Vessel descriptions

2016010016

HORIZON 9: HSC 2000 Code-compliant monohull makes debut. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 32 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

HORIZON 9 is the first in a series of sister high-speed monohull ferries to stem from a UK-Singapore collaboration between designer BMT Nigel Gee and builder Penguin Shipyard International. Designated the class handle of Flex Ferry, the vessels, ordered by operator Horizon Ferries, are each designed to accommodate a maximum of 8 crew members and 238 passengers. The ferry has a 38.5 m length, 8.7 m breadth and a service speed of 26.5 knots. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Ferries High speed vessels Monohulls Vessel descriptions

2016010017

INVESTIGATOR: Research vessel built for multiple operations and impressive range. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 34 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

This article describes INVESTIGATOR, developed as a flagship for CSIRO, Australia’s leading scientific and research agency. One of the vessel’s more notable features concerns her propulsion motors. The inclusion of dual L3/Indar, 2,600kW units represents the first time that AC motors of this size have been incorporated into a research vessel which was specifically developed to comply with class society DNV’s ‘Silent-R’ requirements for underwater noise radiation. A general arrangement drawing is given.

Research vessels Vessel descriptions

ABSTRACTS 5

2016010018

JEDDAH 53: All-weather oil collection barge hits the Gulf region. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 36 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

Oil collection barges JEDDAH 53 and sister JAZAN 8 were built by Tor Marine, Turkey and delivered to Saudi Port Authority in January 2014. The pair of 46m loa barges are primarily tasked with pollution control and the recovery of leaded oil from port waters, as well as handling oil/water separation duties. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Oil recovery vessels Vessel descriptions

2016010019

KARINA: Customisable hybrid FSIV designed for good seakeeping at any speed. Significant Small Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-32-8. CD-ROM. P 38 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigsmallships.html No author given English

The fast support intervention vessel (FSIV) KARINA is described. The vessel, built by Shipyard De Hoop, the Netherlands, was developed for combined transport of deck cargo and passengers to offshore oil fields. With fuel savings in mind the design incorporates Van Oossanen’s hull vane, which is estimated to be able to attain an 11-15% reduction in power consumption, proportionate to the speed, as well as reduced pitch motions. A general arrangement drawing is given.

Crew boats High speed vessels Vessel descriptions

1.2 DESIGN

2016010020

An optimal design of wind turbine and ship structure based on neuro-response surface method. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 4, December 2015, p 750 [20 p, 17 ref, 26 tab, 16 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-4/ijnaoe-2015-0053/ijnaoe-2015-0053.xml?format=INT Lee, J-C., Shin, S-C., Kim, S-Y. English

The geometry of engineering systems affects their performances. For this reason, the shape of engineering systems needs to be optimised in the initial design stage. However, engineering system design problems consist of multi-objective optimisation and the performance analysis using commercial code or numerical analysis is generally time-consuming. To solve these problems, many engineers perform the optimisation using the approximation model (response surface). The Response Surface Method (RSM) is generally used to predict the system performance in engineering research field, but RSM presents some prediction errors for highly nonlinear systems. The major objective of this research is to establish an optimal design method for multi-objective problems and confirm its applicability. The proposed process is composed of three parts: definition of geometry, generation of response surface, and optimisation process. To reduce the time for performance analysis and minimize the prediction errors, the approximation model is generated using the Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (BPANN) which is considered as Neuro-Response Surface Method (NRSM). The optimisation is done for the generated response surface by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Through case studies of marine system and ship structure (substructure of floating offshore wind turbine considering hydrodynamics performances and bulk carrier bottom stiffened panels considering structure performance), the auhors have confirmed the applicability of the proposed method for multi-objective side constraint optimisation problems.

Bulk carriers Design Optimisation Wind turbines

6 ABSTRACTS

2016010021

Diesel-electric design from SENER. Ship & Boat International, September/October 2015, p 52 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sbi.html No author given English

This article describes a new Multipurpose Subsea Support Vessel specially design for subsea ROV (Remoted Operated Vehicle) light construction duties, for world-wide service. The 5,200dwt vessel will have a length overall of 112.825m, a moulded beam of 22m, depth of 9m to the main deck and a maximum draught of 7.25m. It will be able to accommodate 110 persons on board. The design was conceived as a proactive means of meeting existing offshore market needs, specifically for vessels with greater efficiency and reduced fuel/energy consumption.

Offshore service vessels Ship design

2016010022

Optimisation of diesel electric machinery system configuration in conceptual ship design. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 406-416 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-015-0307-4 Solem, S., Fagerholt, K., Et al English

In this paper an optimisation based decision support model for determining diesel electric machinery system configuration in conceptual ship design is presented. Load distribution on the engines is considered in the model to ensure that required demand is met with sufficient power supply for all future operational states. A method for fuel consumption calculation is presented, based on determining optimal load distribution amongst the engines related to each engines generalized specific fuel consumption curve. Total fuel costs and appropriate NOX taxes are calculated based on the ship’s future operational profiles. A case study is presented to exemplify the use of the model. Results

show that the model might be used to obtain valuable insight to expected operational costs and decision support for selecting machinery system configuration.

Diesel electric propulsion Loads (forces) Machinery arrangements Optimisation

2016010023

Multidisciplinary design optimisation of a sail plan. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 177 [11 p, 10 ref, 1 tab, 4 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Peri, D., Parolini, N., Fossati, F. English

In this paper, multi-disciplinary optimisation techniques are applied to sail design. Two different mathematical models, providing the solution of the fluid-dynamic and the structural problems governing the behaviour of a complete sail plan, are coupled in a fluid-structure interaction scheme, in order to determine the real flying shape of the sails and the forces acting on them. A numerical optimisation algorithm is then applied, optimising the structural pattern of the sail plan in order to maximize the driving force or other significant quantities.

Design Fluid structure interaction Optimisation Sails

2016010024

On the fluid dynamic design and optimisation of sailing yachts’ hull and appendages using a complete pen source framework. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 188 [12 p, 8 ref, 22 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Bailardi, G., Guerrero, J.E. English

Naval Architecture preserves both the sketching

ABSTRACTS 7

conceptualism and the engineering pragmatism. As a matter of fact, the heuristic approach behind a sailing yacht technology comes from a tangible amount of experience and knowledge. In this respect, Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments (DACE) represents an efficient tool for improving the overall knowledge on parameter dependency, while a Multi Objective Optimisation easily reveal the best choice according to specific project constraints. In this work the authors propose a fully automated and parametric simulation framework, entirely based on Open Source technology. From an engineering and practical point of view, it is important to understand the real applicability of these tools on complex engineering tasks, such as evaluating the aero- and hydro-dynamic performance of sailing yachts. Due to its reliability, scalability and cost effectiveness, the use of a simulation and optimisation framework based on Open Source software represents an attractive option for engineers and designers looking for the best return-of-investment. In order to create the parametric geometry the authors use SALOME and OpenVSP, while mesh generation and fluid dynamics simulation are based on OpenFOAM technology. The DACE optimisation loop and the meta-models construction is done using DAKOTA. Finally, data analytics is done using Python and JavaScript languages, allowing interactive selections of data regions and/or single point in the design space. Results are shown in terms of Matrix Scatter Plot, Pearson’s Coefficient Correlation, Coordinates Plot and Pareto Frontier. As examples of possible applications, the optimisation framework applied to a dagger-board, a bulb keel, a rigid sail and a sailing yacht hull is presented.

Computer-aided design Optimisation Sailing yachts

2016010025

Optimisation for ship hulls – design, refit and operation. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 210 [8 p, 9 ref, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Bertram, V., Hochkirch, K. English

This paper gives an overview of the application of formal optimisation in ship design, refit of ships and operational procedures. The application cases are

taken from industrial practice and recent research projects, reflecting the state of the art and near-future trends. In design, the focus is on hull optimisation, based on full-scale free-surface RANSE simulations with working propeller in calm water (“numerical sea trials”). In refits, formal optimisation for bulbous bows for different operational profile (in slow-steaming and partially loaded conditions) is shown to give unexpectedly large saving potential. In operation, trim optimisation and weather routing are widely used applications. Recent progress in prediction of added resistance in waves benefits both weather routing and future hull optimisation under consideration of added resistance in waves.

Energy conservation Optimisation Ship design Trim

2016010026

Parametric-adjoint approach for the efficient optimisation of flow-exposed geometries. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 230 [12 p, 8 ref, 10 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Brenner, M., Harries, S., Et al English

Today, the optimisation of ship hulls and appendages, including energy-saving devices, is typically undertaken by means of coupling parametric modelling (variable geometry) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A relatively new approach is based on parameter-free solutions, solving the adjoint RANS equations for selected objective functions (like drag and lift). Combining parametric and parameter-free solutions is an emerging technique that helps to effectively optimise shapes without leaving the CAD domain of the model, making it easier to integrate in the overall design process. On the basis of the Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software CAESES, a parametric- adjoint approach is presented. The approach is built on concatenating so-called “design velocities” and “adjoint shape sensitivities”. Design velocities yield regions of influence from a pure geometric point of view within a given parametric model. Meanwhile, adjoint shape sensitivities show where and how changes of the surface affect the objective. Overlaying the surface distributions of both the design velocities and the

8 ABSTRACTS

adjoint shape sensitivities result in so-called “parametric sensitivities.” These help to understand the importance of all parameters within the chosen model. This approach is demonstrated on a practical hull form optimisation example.

Computer-aided engineering Computational fluid dynamics Hull form Optimisation

2016010027

RANS-based optimisation of the aft part of ships including free surface effects. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 242 [11 p, 15 ref, 9 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Ploeg, A. van der English

A procedure for optimising the aft body of a ship for minimal power and best wake field quality is described, based on full-scale RANS computations possibly including free-surface effects. A flexible and effective definition of parametric hull form variations is used, based on interpolation between a limited number of basis hull forms. This keeps the dimension of the search space low, which enables to do systematic variations. For a test case in which the ship’s wave making can be neglected it is shown that the grid dependence in the computed trends is low, and for a test case including free-surface effects it is demonstrated how the search space can be set up in such a way that a considerable decrease in required power can be obtained without spoiling the wake quality.

Computational fluid dynamics Optimisation Scale effect Stern form

2016010028

Significance of parametric hull form definition on hydrodynamic performance optimisation. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 254 [12 p, 13 ref, 29 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Brizzolara, S., Vernengo, G., Et al English

Hydrodynamic performance optimisation of ship hulls by CFD methods is becoming popular in modern naval architecture. From local or partial parametric shape optimisation, the current frontline of the research is to solve the global hull shape optimisation by automatic computational procedures. Key of these procedures is in the parametric hull form modification. Two different techniques are considered in this study: Full parametric hull form definition as opposed to the Free Form Deformation technique. After a general definition, pro and contra of both approached are discussed on the basis of the results obtain in a real hydrodynamic hull optimisation example: a high speed round bilge monohulls optimised by means of a panel method for the minimum wave resistance at design speed.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull form Wave resistance

2016010029

Stochastic life cycle ship design optimisation. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 266 [12 p, 15 ref, 4 tab, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Plessas, T., Papanikolaou, A. English

In the presented research study, a parametric model of a bulk carrier design is utilized in order to explore the technical and economic ship design features (design attributes) in the frame of a stochastic optimisation procedure. The life cycle assessment of a newbuilding's investment that includes ship's acquisition and operation cost for ship's life cycle is affected by a variety of cost and other parameters have an inherent uncertainty. The ship design

ABSTRACTS 9

attributes are herein represented by six main ship parameters that define the basic characteristics of a vessel: length, breadth, depth, draft, block coefficient and speed. Among the ship characteristics that are related to high uncertainty are ship's energy consumption in terms of fuel consumption, fuel mix and fuel prices. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate how the uncertainty of estimations of the fuel consumption, fuel mix and prices, which are made at an early stage of ship design, can affect the outcome of the ship design optimisation procedure with respect to ship's life cycle cost. Therefore, a stochastic optimisation procedure is being applied, which is utilizing well established optimisation algorithms and techniques in a robust and efficient manner. Sample results of this stochastic optimisation are compared with solutions of a deterministic optimisation and eventually lead to a rational basis for the decision making regarding the life cycle assessment of ship investments

Life cycle costs Optimisation Ship design Stochastic processes Uncertainty

2016010030

Multi-objective hull-form optimisation using Kriging on noisy computer experiments. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1064 [14 p, 23 ref, 4 tab, 15 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Scholcz, T.P., Gornicz, T., Veldhuis, C. English

Meta-modelling is a key technique for efficient multi-objective optimisation in ship design projects using CFD. However, objective functions computed with CFD are not deterministic functions but contain random scatter about a smooth trend. Kriging is a meta-model technique that is well suited for numerical experiments with deterministic errors that can be perceived as random scatter due to varying input parameters. Simple Kriging, universal kriging and polynomial regression are used to obtain approximate Pareto-fronts from the hull-form optimisation of a chemical tanker including free-

surface effects. Cross-validation is used to assess the quality of the meta-models and the meta- model approximations of the Pareto-fronts are verified. It is found that cross-validation can be used to select the best meta-model but should not be used to estimate the true error of the approximation in case the design of experiment is too coarse. The approach is used in practice in order to accelerate the ship design process and to obtain more efficient ships with less vibration hindrance.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull form Optimisation Ship design

2016010031

Risk assessment for an unmanned merchant ship. TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, v 9 n 3, September 2015, p 357 [8 p, 18 ref, 3 tab, 5 fig] http://www.transnav.eu/Article_Risk_Assessment_for_an_Unmanned_Rødseth,35,593.html Rødseth, Ø.J., Burmeister, H.C. English

The MUNIN project is carrying out a feasibility study on an unmanned bulk carrier on an intercontinental voyage. To develop the technical and operational concepts, MUNIN has used a risk‐based design method, based on the Formal Safety Analysis method which is recommended by the International Maritime Organization. Scenario analysis has been used to identify risks and to simplify operational scope. Systematic hazard identification has been used to find critical safety and security risks and how to address these. Technology and operational concept testing is using a hypothesis‐based test method, where the hypotheses have been created as a result of the risk assessment. Finally, the cost‐benefit assessment will also use results from the risk assessment. This paper describes the risk assessment method, some of the most important results and also describes how the results have been or will be used in the different parts of the project.

Automatic control Bulk carriers Risk analysis Ship design

10 ABSTRACTS

2016010032

Numerical optimisation of an adaptable stern geometry for a RoPax vessel. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1089 [6 p, 4 ref, 1 tab, 5 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Hafermann, D., Frömming, K., Martinsen, K. English

New regulations ruling energy efficiency on board ships and the development of oil prices underline the importance of fuel economy to all commercial ship operations. The design of RoPAX ships is usually optimised for one specific or a small number of operational conditions or load cases which typically yields less than optimal performance for other, off-design operational conditions. Practically, the operational conditions like ship speed and draught vary considerably over time. To obtain an optimal hydrodynamic performance over a range of conditions a hull form which is capable to adapt to different conditions would be desirable. For RoPAX vessels, hydrodynamic model tests have shown that a small change in the aft-hull, especially of the trim-wedge geometry can have a significant influence on the ship’s dynamic trim and reduce the resistance in off-design conditions. Characteristic form data as displacement, longitudinal center of buoyancy, longitudinal centre of floatation are just imperceptively influenced by this change. This calls for the development of a baseline design which allows adapting the form using adaptive structures and materials. The collaborative EU FP7 project ADAM4EVE - Adaptive and smart materials and structures for more efficient vessels - focuses on the development and assessment of applications of adaptive and smart materials and structures in the shipbuilding industry. Within this project, a typical RoPaX vessel was selected as an application case.

Hull form Optimisation Ro/ro ships

2016010033

Stability investigation damaged ships. Journal of Marine Science and Technology Taiwan, v 23 n 4, 2015, p 399 [8 p, 6 ref, 13 tab, 5 fig] http://jmst.ntou.edu.tw/marine/23-4/399-406.pdf Fernández, R.P. English

There are many areas in which naval vessels could improve safety standards, although naval vessels are not necessarily regarded as less secure than the civil vessels. Although the navies never have considered water on deck a problem, it seems that this problem has a critical value in the ship damage stability analysis. As an example, this damage should be investigated if the ship has a low freeboard. For this research various studies and calculations have been carried out on several designed test vessels. It is possible to decide which criteria to use in terms of damages for each type of vessel, for example a landing ship faces more risk having grounding or raking on its bottom. This technical paper concludes with a method that helps and supports the naval architect in the analysis of damage stability. In this way, the naval engineer is able to determine which of the existing criteria fits best with the requirements of the ships function by following these few principles.

Damage stability Ship design Stability

2016010034

An alternative for estimating shipping water height distribution due to green water on a ship without forward speed. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, v 10 n 1, March 2015, pp 38-46 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40868-015-0003-6 Hernández-Fontes, J.V., Vitola, M.A., Et al English

The aim of this paper was to present a practical approach for estimating the distribution of water height on the deck of a ship due to a green water event. This distribution can be used to estimate vertical loading on ship and platform decks in the early design phase. The present approach is an extension of the methodology proposed by Ogawa et al. (1997) for estimating that distribution on a ship with advance speed. In this study, the methodology was adapted for application to a ship without forward speed. The analytical formulation is presented, followed by a parametric study to evaluate the

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influence of the main input parameters in the results. The results are compared with experimental data from Buchner (1995) and numerical results from Nielsen (2003). It is observed that the parameters with the greatest influence on the resultant water height distribution are the initial water height at the stem of the ship and the breadth of the incoming volume of water. A smaller influence is observed for the other input parameters. The results indicate potential for the adapted model to estimate shipping water height distributions due to green water events, at least in early design stages.

Deck wetness Distribution Height Water

2016010035

A parametric model for operability of offshore support vessels via configuration-based design. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, v 10 n 1, March 2015, pp 47-59 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40868-015-0001-8 Vidal, H.L., Gaspar, H.M., Et al English

The purpose of offshore support vessels (OSVs) is to support the oil industry in many sea activities, such as supply, anchor handling, towing, and construction. For a proper operation, a vessel requires different installed capabilities on board, and the availability and capacity of these capabilities are directly connected to the operational level of the vessel. In this work, a parametric model of an OSV is developed, taking into account the vessel capabilities and its connection to the main operations that these vessels can perform. Designs are ranked according to their operability score and capital cost. The model consists of parametric equations based on regression analysis from similar vessels and a preliminary configuration-based approach for specific modules, such as cranes, extra accommodation, and larger propulsion. The model takes into account different contexts in which the vessel will operate (e.g., North Sea, Arctic, and Brazil) for the scenario generation.

Offshore service vessels Ship design Ship operation

2016010036

Numerical models for ship dynamic positioning. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1078 [11 p, 9 ref, 11fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Donnarumma, S., Martelli, M., Vignolo, S. English

One of the best ways to design marine control systems before the construction of a ship is the use of simulation techniques. The paper presents two numerical models used to develop and test, in the preliminary design phase, a dynamic positioning (DP) system for marine vehicles. In particular, it refers to a surface vessel equipped with a conventional propulsion configuration, consisting of two controllable pitch propellers, two rudders and a single bow-thruster. For such a vessel, the DP system is required to manage the actuators in order to obtain a good dynamic positioning performance at zero-speed with moderate weather conditions. In order to verify control and allocation logics, two numerical models, with different degrees of details, have been developed and used in distinct steps. Several sub-systems as ship dynamics, propulsion plant, controller and environmental disturbances have been implemented making use of suitable mathematical models linked each other in order to take into account their mutual interactions. Eventually, simulation results are shown and critically compared in order to better understand the points of strength and weakness of the two proposed models.

Dynamic positioning Numerical models Ship design

12 ABSTRACTS

2016010037

Prediction of ship-engine-propeller simultaneous matching and development of a propeller and engine selecting system. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1095 [9 p, 7 ref, 4 tab, 10 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Lin, S., Sun, J., Xie, D. English

A process to design ship-engine-propeller simultaneous matching is proposed in this paper. The design process treats the whole system as an assembly of the ship-propeller subsystem and the engine-propeller subsystem in which relationships between rotational speed of the propeller and advancing speed of the ship are found and expressed as N-V curves. Furthermore, databases of propellers and engines are established and connected to self-developed user interface to calculate simultaneous matching conditions in loops and the matching points are collected to form a selection pool where user can conduct selection. An example to select a propeller and an engine for a 25,000t bulk carrier using the developed selecting system is described and the outputs are listed and analysed. The selected pair of the propeller and the engine is efficient and comprehensive compared with other instances in the databases.

Power plant selection Ship design

1.3 SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY/CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES

2016010038

Numerical and experimental studies of residual stresses in multipass welding of high strength shipbuilding steel. Journal of Ship Research, v 59 n 3, September 2015, pp 133-144 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jsr/2015/00000059/00000003/art00001 Fu, G., Gurova, T., Et al English

The article contributes, through numerical simulation based on models calibrated by experimental results,

to better estimate residual stresses and distortions in welded structures representatives of ships and offshore platforms considering welding procedures relevant to shipyard current practices. A multipass welding is carried out to investigate the residual stresses in laboratory tests. The temperature at several positions on a plate sample is recorded with thermocouples and residual stresses are measured using an x-ray diffraction technique. Finite element (FE) models are developed in this study and experimentally validated. The three dimensional (3D) moving Goldak's double-ellipsoidal heat source model is employed in the simulations. A Levenberg‐Marquardt neural network algorithm is employed to determine the geometric parameters of the heat source model. The technique based on neural network is applied to dimension the heat source later employed in the thermal analysis using 2D FE model to reduce the computer time of the numerical simulation and to make it feasible for shipbuilding industry applications. The numerical results of temperature and residual stress distribution are correlated with the experimental measurements. Finally, the effects of preheat and interpass temperatures on the residual stresses are investigated using numerical simulation. The effects of the transient releasing temperature on the residual stresses are also discussed.

Distortion High strength steel Residual stress Welding

2016010039

Optimising the ship constructions by automatic line heating forming process based in numerical simulation and artificial intelligence. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 218 [12 p, 15 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Souto Grela, J., Otero, J., Et al English

This paper presents the development of a novel automatic line heating forming machine based on intensive application of the numerical simulation and artificial intelligence. The forming of certain parts of the shell of the ships can be done by heating forming or mechanical forming. Line heating forming is usually a more flexible process, and therefore, it is

ABSTRACTS 13

more useful. The principal problem with line heating forming is that it is very time consuming, manual and needs very qualified workers. In this research, line heating forming is studied looking for the best way to automate the process. Numerical models were developed based on finite element methods to simulate the process of heating, cooling and finally forming of the plates. The models were tested and validated against experimental test over small plates. However, as numerical models have extremely long computational times demanding high computational capacities; they are not directly applicable in a real time scenario, as it is needed. Finally, software based on artificial intelligence was developed. Using an informed heuristic search strategy, this software predicts the optimal set of heating lines, their sequence and velocity to be applied over the plate to obtain the final shape. The developed system was tested to show its feasibility. As a consequence, there is a significant reduction in computational time allowing the system to be applied in a soft real-time environment. This model will help shipyard manufacturers determine the positions and trajectory of torch for the flame heating lines and their heating parameters to form a desired shape of plate.

Artificial intelligence Finite element method Forming techniques Line heating

2016010040

Cumulative angular distortion curve of multi-pass welding. Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering, v 1 n 2, 2015, p 106 [9 p, 7 ref, 2 tab, 8 fig] http://www.jaroe.org/sub/issues/issues.html?icode=20 Ha, Y., Choi, J. English

In the fabrication of offshore oil and gas facilities, the significance of dimension control is growing continuously. But, it is difficult to determine the deformation of the structure during fabrication by simple lab tests due to the large size and the complicated shape. Strain-boundary method (a kind of shrinkage method) based on the shell element was proposed to predict the welding distortion of a structure effectively. Modeling of weld geometry in shell element is still a difficult task. In this paper, a concept of imaginary temperature pair is introduced to handle the effect of geometric factors such as groove shape, plate thickness and pass number, etc. Single pass imaginary temperature pair formula is

derived from the relation between the groove area and the FE mesh size. By considering the contribution of each weld layer to the whole weldment, multi-pass imaginary temperature is also derived. Since the temperature difference represents the distortion increment, cumulative distortion curve can be drawn by integrating the temperature difference. This curve will be a useful solution when engineers meet some problems occurred in the shipyard. A typical example is shown about utilization of this curve. Several verifications are con-ducted to examine the validity of the proposed methodology. The applicability of the model is also demonstrated by applying it to the fabrication process of the heavy ship block. It is expected that the imaginary temperature model can effectively solve the modeling problem in shell element. It is also expected that the cumulative distortion curve derived from the imaginary temperature can offer useful qualitative information about angular distortion without FE analysis.

Butt welds Distortion Offshore structures

2016010041

A manufacturing planning management system based on IoT in shipbuilding. ICTDIC 2014, International Conference on Transportation Systems and Intelligent Control: 18-19 July 2014; Bangkok, Thailand. Published by WIT Press, Southampton, UK; ISBN 978-1-78466-075-8 [7 p] http://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-engineering-sciences/104/33960 Cao, P., Bu, F., Cai, H. English

For shipbuilding, as the unique process of its manufacturing, the quantity of each kind of resource is not that large scale compared to other industries. It's essential to monitor every resource generated through the whole manufacturing life cycle. Before the blocks are assembled into the final vessel, an arrangement of the resources in temporary area has to be made. Apparently, visualization of the resources must be enabled during the dispatch. The data of the resources can be gathered by using Internet of Things (IoT). This paper introduces a synthetic monitoring system to solve the problem. First, as the resource varies after each machining process. An intelligent method of tracking the ascendants and descendants of manufacturing resource is proposed. Second, a heuristic algorithm is designed to minimize the moving distance of resource in temporary area so that

14 ABSTRACTS

the cost it causes can be reduced in an effective way. A modified a-star algorithm suggested the path planning of the resource. Finally, all the information is presented in the front-end and collected by sensors such as RFID (radio frequency identification) and wireless location chips. It is shown that the system proves both effectiveness and efficiency.

Manufacturing Planning Shipbuilding

2.1 POWER SOURCES AND FUELS

2016010042

An overview of systems supplying water into the combustion chamber of diesel engines to decrease the amount of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 393-405 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-015-0303-8 Chybowski, L., Laskowski, R., Et al English

The paper analyses legal requirements for the composition of exhaust gas emitted by ships, marine engines including. The background for this paper is the increasingly stricter limits set for the emission of the toxic exhaust gas components by marine engines. Legal requirements force designers to search for new constructions of marine propulsion systems and constantly improve the existing ones. One of the solutions is supplying water into the combustion chambers of diesel engines - the solution widely known for many years now wins favour and, according to the authors, has a chance to gain competitive advantage over alternative constructions. A special attention has been paid to the allowed amount of nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides in exhaust gas resulting from the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. So far, one, global evaluation of brand new and retrofitted marine propulsion system designs presenting this issue thoroughly has not been done. The authors’ interest in the issue derives from this fact and has been confirmed by many papers. The mechanism of decreasing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas by means of water supply into the combustion chambers of diesel engines is shown. An overview of designs which might be used to retrofit vessels already in operation or introduced at the stage of vessel construction in the shipyard is given. The paper also contains an evaluation of the described

designs. The following systems are discussed: continuous water injection into the scavenging air, humid air motor, direct water injection with the use of combined nozzles, water-cooled residual gas system and fuel–water emulsion supply system using emulsifiers or devices of high-pressure water injection into fuel. A comparison is made of the effectiveness of different methods used to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides. Advantages and disadvantages of supplying water into the combustion chambers of diesel engines are shown together with the comparison of the range of changes in their construction. The authors indicate potential opportunities derived from injecting Brown’s gas into the combustion chamber in order to change the composition of the exhaust gas. As a consequence, it will also affect the natural environment where vessels operate.

Diesel engines Emissions Water fuel emulsions Water injection

2016010043

Assessment of energy savings on power factor improvement of marine electrical systems. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 475-486 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-014-0300-3 Lee, C-H., Hsu, S-H. English

The matter of poor power factor for marine electrical systems due to motor loads is often overlooked and can be improved by adding power factor correction capacitors, resulting in energy savings. This study examines two alternative methods for predicting alternator fuel consumption in vessels, and the obtained results are verified by field measurements. Moreover, a return-on-investment period of installing power factor correction on two fishing vessels is analysed to determine the critical parameters governing economics of power factor correction in marine electrical systems. Test results show the payback period on installing power factor correction will significantly depend on the alternator running hours per year and the price of fuel oils.

Diesel engines Energy conservation Ship electric power systems

ABSTRACTS 15

2016010044

Design and evaluation of an Integrated SCR and exhaust Muffler from marine diesels. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 505-519 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-014-0302-1 Chen, Y., Lu, L. English

Integrated, compact, diesel after treatment system that combines selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOX control with a reactive muffler to reduce exhaust noise was designed and evaluated under various conditions. Considering the installation size, noise reduction, performance of SCR, exhaust back pressure and its effects on engine performance, it provides the basis for the design of the Integrated SCR–Muffler. Based on the two-load method and engine model established by AVL/Boost, the source impedance of engine has been found out. The transfer matrix of exhaust system was calculated from three-dimension finite element method which used equivalent fluid to describe the problem of wave propagation in the catalyst. On the basis of computational results, comprehensive analysis of noise reduction was made, the computed insertion loss of original muffler, SCR and Integrated SCR–Muffler was 32.1, 23.5 and 32.8 dB(A), respectively. The CFD simulation results prove that the Integrated SCR–Muffler is capable of increasing homogeneity of NH3 and improving NOX reduction efficiency due to the effect of silencing elements including perforated pipe and perforated plate, even though the pressure loss increased considerably when compared with SCR. Furthermore, the numerical results from simulations are compared with test. For most investigated operating conditions of D2 driving cycle, simulated emission results show a good consistency with experimental data. The Integrated SCR–Muffler shows a better performance than original muffler and SCR as far as IL, NOX reduction efficiency and pressure loss are concerned.

Catalysts Diesel engines Emissions Noise reduction

2016010045

Primary and backup protection for fault current limited MVDC shipboard power systems. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 40-47 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157859&filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29 Deng, Q., Liu, X., Et al English

Robust management of short-circuit faults in MVDC systems must rely on a combination of communication-dependent and communication-independent methods. In one approach, an MVDC system is designed to operate without breakers, so both methods rely on coordinated control of power converters and non-fault-breaking mechanical disconnect switches to effect the fault clearance process-fault detection and localization, complete de-energizing of the system, isolation of faulted branch and re-energizing of the system. The Centralized Fault Management (CFM) method depends on communication between distributed sensors and a central decision-making authority to achieve fastest primary protection. It is backed up by a local response function, Localized Fault Management (LFM) that takes over in case of failure in the primary method. To validate not only that the CFM and LFM can work independently but also that they can perfectly integrate and are compatible with each other, an overall shipboard power system was first modeled and simulated within a MATLAB-Simulink environment and partially implemented in a Hardware in Loop environment.

Faults Ship electric power systems Short circuits

16 ABSTRACTS

2016010046

Studies on asymmetrical short circuit currents in shipboard medium voltage direct current distribution systems fed by AC generators. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 48-53 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157860&filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29 Vicenzutti, A., Tosato, F., Et al English

DC distribution is a promising technology for addressing incoming issues in AC conventional distribution. In marine power systems, given the high power requirements of electric propelled vessels, Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) distribution is on study. Among all the relevant issues of DC distribution, short circuit currents definition and interruption is the most problematic now. Rail-to-rail faults are commonly studied, and models and methods to address their calculation are present in literature. Conversely, rail-to-ground faults are more complex to assess. Indeed, their fault loop also includes AC generation systems, so their grounding configuration must be considered. Moreover, rail-to-ground faults produce currents that can be non-symmetrical and non-sinusoidal on AC side, depending on DC side grounding configuration, rendering unsuitable common system models and methods to assess fault currents. In this paper, a study on fault currents in a shipboard power system with different DC side grounding configurations has been done, highlighting when the resulting currents are symmetrical or not. Considerations about practical applicability of the proposed configurations have been also done, pointing out pros and cons and defining the most recommendable practices.

Alternating current generators Electric power distribution Ship electric power systems Short circuits

2016010047

Optimal retrofitting of a hybrid propulsion system using NSGA-II algorithm for trailing suction hopper dredger. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 201-206 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157888&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Zhan, K., Gao, H., Et al English

Traditional trailing suction hopper dredgers (TSHDs) are generally equipped with diesel engines as single power source. The diesel engines must be sized to cater for the maximum power demand, so they are significantly oversized most of the time. To solve this problem, an optimal retrofitting concept is proposed for matching main power equipment in hybrid propulsion system for a TSHD. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is adopted to optimise the hybrid propulsion system design. Power equipment here includes main engine, Variable Speed Drive (VSD), battery bank. The optimisation is concerned with minimization of total installation weight and fuel consumption, also with limiting the value of State of Charge (SOC) by using graduated system of punishment. The different solutions are reflected in final Pareto front.

Hopper dredgers Hybrid propulsion Retrofitting Suction dredgers

2016010048

Comparison of ship power systems from an optimal economic operation point of view. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 256-260 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157900&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Michalopoulos, P., Prousalidis, J.M., Et al English

For many years, the predominant concept on board ships was to have separate propulsion and generator engines. However, more recently, the adoption of

ABSTRACTS 17

hybrid installations with shaft generators is becoming increasingly common. In this paper, a case study is presented where measurements from actual equipment are used to compare the propulsion and power plants of a typical ship to a hybrid one. Also, a new algorithm for electrical load distribution is introduced and examined in this case.

Cost comparison Economic analysis Hybrid propulsion Propulsion systems Ship power plants

2016010049

High voltage ship-to-shore connection for electric power supply support in landing operations: An analysis. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 364-369 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157920&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Vicenzutti, A., Tosato, F., Et al English

The increasing presence of HVSC connection onboard ships opens the path for innovative applications, such as ship-to-shore connection. Indeed, it is possible to supply power to land during emergency (mainly to deployed camps/bases), thanks to the electric power generation capabilities of modern all electric ships. However, the use of the same system to provide both the HVSC and ship-to-shore connection functions require a careful assessment of the equipment to be installed both onboard and on land. To achieve that, ship-to-shore connection requires a shore side mobile substation, containing all the necessary equipment for the land power distribution, and a ship side substation, either implemented in shipboard power system or installable at need. To successfully implement such a system, an appropriate design of protection systems is required, assuring proper protection to equipment and people. Moreover, the capability of the ship-to-shore connection to supply an existing land power system implies a high rate of adaptability, and a careful assessment of the land power system's grounding and

protections. The development of such technology will be relevant for military applications, but civilian application is possible and foreseen in future (dual-use technology). In this paper, an analysis of possible ship-to-shore connection configurations is made, together with considerations about protection of both the connection equipment and the supplied land power systems.

Electric power High voltage Power supplies Ship to shore

2016010050

LNG as an alternative fuel: the steps towards European implementation. 5th International Conference on Energy and Sustainability; 16-18 December 2014; Putrajaya, Malaysia. Published by WIT Press, Southampton, UK; ISBN 978-1-84564-837-4 [12 p] http://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-the-environment/186/32800 Simmer, L., Aschauer, G., Et al English

In the current discussion about alternative energy supply and strategies in Europe, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) comes to the fore. Today the LNG share in global gas trading is at about 30%, in Europe at only 15.5%. Most notably LNG is used in industry and pipeline feeding. For the use of LNG as fuel, which could reduce the dependence on oil, there are currently only limited supply options for end users. The infrastructure is still in a developing stage. The aim of this work is a detailed analysis and assessment of the developments around the implementation and applications of LNG. With specific focus, the potential of LNG as an alternative fuel for vehicle fleets and ships is being investigated. For this purpose, extensive literature research was carried out as the first step. There is an impressive amount of work and projects that aim to break through these barriers and to implement LNG as alternative energy and fuel source. Currently in Europe there are about 40 LNG filling stations, which supply about 200 trucks and buses. Due to stringent emissions requirements, the LNG-powered ship market has grown in the last decade. About 20 ships are already in transit on the coast of Norway. For inland vessels, LNG as a fuel in Europe is still banned, but

18 ABSTRACTS

nevertheless there are currently two barges operating with a certificate of exemption between Basel and Rotterdam. The results of this paper should point to the problem areas as well as the potentials for LNG as a fuel and make a significant contribution towards further implementation steps.

Alternative fuels Liquefied natural gas

2016010051

Fuel-cell integration on board surface ships. Ship Science & Technology, v 8 n 16, January 2015, p 19 [10 p, 7 ref, 2 tab, 6 fig] http://www.shipjournal.co/index.php/sst/article/view/108 Fuentes, D.I., Lavalle Pérez, H. de English

The naval construction industry is committed to the scientific search for new forms of alternative and clean energy to be in tune with the 1973 international convention to prevent pollution from ships, which was modified by the 1978 protocol, also known as MARPOL 73/78. The final objective is a zero-emissions ship; in as much as this progress is produced, interest for fuel cell technology has extended significantly. An increasing number of research groups have felt the need to participate in said projects, their need for a single, complete, and up-to-date exposition to the technology and its applications have become evident, and it is widely registered in research on the theme around the world in different disciplines. While fuel cells are the key component to develop the production of a cleaner energy alternative, it is essential to understand their characteristics. This article discusses how fuel cells function; why fuel cells should be used; types of fuel cells; their application and environmental impact.

Alternative energy sources Fuel cells

2.2 EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS

2016010052

Working conditions for the low location lighting system on passenger ships. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 115 n 43, 2015, p 125 [6 p, 6 ref, 11 fig] http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/769 Zalesińska, M., Wandachowicz, K. English

An emergency escape lighting system based on Low Location Lighting on passenger ships is required to ensure proper visual guidance to allow safe egress routes for evacuation of the ship’s deck, even in very dense smoke. LLL system components must be installed in specific locations of the escape route, as well as exhibiting the required photometric characteristics within a specified time after triggering. The luminance decrease curve for materials used for the surfaces of LLL system components depends on a number of factors, e.g. spectral distribution of light sources and light exposure parameters. Ascertaining the influence of specific factors allows optimisation of the proper means of material exposure to achieve the required photometric characteristics. This article presents the normative requirements for LLL systems installed on passenger ships regarding their placement and photometric characteristics. It presents actual working conditions for LLL systems and laboratory test results for two photoluminescent materials, as well as formulating recommendations to ensure proper working conditions for the LLL system.

Lighting Passenger ships

2016010053

The vibration based diagnostics of ship propulsion system. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 535 [11 p, 6 ref, 1 tab, 12 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Korczewski, Z., Rudnicki, J. English

The paper is based on a report devoted to the conducted diagnostic investigations of the ship main propulsion unit’s mechanical system. Diagnostic tests

ABSTRACTS 19

involved measurements and analyses of the vibration signals generated in selected constructional kinematic pairs of the identical (twin) starboard and portside marine propulsion lines. The vibration signals have been registered at the representative load ranges. In this way the stability of the considered mechanical unit has been estimated both in a global and local sense. Appearing at that time the resonance phenomena which result in a kinetic energy dissipation of the ship main propulsion unit’s masses being in a rotational movement have been identified. There have also been localized places of the largest growth of the changeable internal tensions’ amplitudes, what considerably constrains cycle’s number of the load alterations at which elements transmitting the propulsion torque from engines to propellers crack, as a result of the material fatigue phenomenon. The most probable reasons of the mechanical unit’s enlarged vibration level have been pointed out on the basis of a carried out analysis of the alignment results, the specification of the applied main engine running on the partial loads as well as the range of constructional changes that had been made during the propulsion unit’s overhaul. Results of the repeated diagnostic sea trials, carried out after the reduction gears’ modification recommended by the Authors, confirmed a relevance of the earlier formulated diagnosis. The modification works aimed to perform a resonance offset by the damping correction of hydraulic devices additionally founded on the gears frames. A technology of the marine propulsion shaft line’s transverse and longitudinal vibration measurements carried out by means of the portable vibration register as well as a method of the vibration spectral analysis have been focused within the program description of the performed diagnostic investigations. They represented the base for a diagnostic inference about the considered mechanical unit’s dynamic state.

Diagnostics Propulsion systems Vibration analysis Vibration measurement

2016010054

An integrated multicriteria decision making methodology using compromise solution methods for prioritising risk of marine machinery systems. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 92-103 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002486 Emovon, I., Norman, R.A., Et al English

One of the most popular tools used for risk assessment of marine machinery systems is Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). With this analysis tool, risk is represented in the form of a risk priority number (RPN) which is computed by multiplying the severity rating (S) by the occurrence probability (O) and the detection rating (D) for all failure modes of the system. This conventional FMEA has been criticised as having several limitations such as inability to aggregate imprecise ratings of multiple experts and inability to incorporate more than three risk criteria. These challenges have been addressed in this paper by developing two novel methodologies for prioritising the risk of failure modes for marine machinery systems. The first methodology integrates an averaging technique with VIKOR (Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija Ikompromisno Resenje, meaning: Multicriteria Optimisation and Compromise Solution). The second methodology integrates an averaging technique with the Compromise Programming (CP) technique. While the averaging technique is applied as a means of aggregating imprecise risk criteria ratings from multiple experts, VIKOR and CP are used in the ranking of risk of failure modes. The applicability and suitability of these methodologies for risk prioritisation is demonstrated using two case studies.

Decision theory Machinery failure Risk analysis

20 ABSTRACTS

2.3 MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND CONVERSION

2016010055

Development of maintenance system for equipments of offshore plant. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume IV, p 442 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Kim, J-W., Lee, S-S., Et al English

A maintenance system for an offshore plant uses an optimal maintenance method, process, and period based on operation information data and economic evaluation techniques. Maintenance is performed after one or more indicators show that equipment is going to fail or that equipment performance is deteriorating. A maintenance system is based on the use of real-time data to prioritize and optimise the LNG-FPSO topside equipment resources. In this paper, a maintenance system is designed for LNG-FPSO topside equipment based on the IDEF0 and UML methodologies. First, the system is designed from the user requirements. Then, a standardized development environment and tools are selected. These tools are used to define and evaluate the core application technologies for the system development.

Equipment maintenance FPSOs Maintenance Offshore plant facilities

2016010056

Using engineering data comparison method for condition based maintenance system of offshore platform. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume IV, p 455 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Gim, H.S., Song, D.Y., Et al English

When considering offshore platforms lifetime management, the platforms age and degradation or deterioration loads based on a specific environment needs to be regarded. This study explains the trend of

life time management in the oil and gas industry, especially for offshore platforms, and introduces a Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) system to integrate information related to diagnosis, assessment, prognosis and maintenance for the offshore platform’s state on the basis of engineering data comparison methodology. With a traditional approach, it took months to make a report for the behaviour based load analysis, based on data obtained from IMMS (month / quarter / half year / year). With the CBM concept system, especially the data comparison method, the design, operation and maintenance department can analyse fatigue life and predict the residual life within a week so that all interested parties can reduce costs and time through an effective decision process.

Condition monitoring Fatigue life Maintenance Offshore platforms

2016010057

Introduction to a condition-based maintenance solution for offshore platforms. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume IV, p 460 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Hwang, H-J. English

It is a trend to construct and operate with complex and large-sized offshore platforms. Offshore platforms are operated for a long time over 20-30 years. Moreover, more costs and efforts are invested in the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase than in the construction phase. Oil majors and operating companies recently focuses on huge costs for O&M. They would have an interest in efficient operation and appropriate maintenance to ensure facility integrity. A modernized and optimised maintenance methodology would be on the rise to business competitiveness. A Condition-based Maintenance (CBM) is the key solution for these requirements. The author defines the process of prediction of residual life based on conditions and proposes the system configuration of CBM solution. The paper introduces the CBM solution for offshore platforms. CBM would be defined by the maintenance plan that predicts a lifetime of equipment via expert diagnosis with operating conditions and ensures the seamless operation by repairing them before breakdowns or

ABSTRACTS 21

faults. The CBM solution would be a decision-making support solution to preserve facilities before breakdown. It would expertly diagnose equipment states based on data gathered by SCADA system and predict accurately a residual lifetime by measuring and reasoning of deterioration.

Condition monitoring Maintenance Offshore platforms

2.4 CARGOES AND CARGO HANDLING

2016010058

An integrated container management model for optimising slot allocation plan and empty container repositioning. Maritime Economics & Logistics, v 17 n 3, September 2015, pp 315-340 http://www.palgrave-journals.com/mel/journal/v17/n3/abs/mel201423a.html Chang, C-h., Lan, L.W., Lee, M. English

This article proposes an integrated container management model to jointly optimise slot allocation plan for loaded containers and reposition for empty containers in a shipping network. The proposed model employs linear programming to formulate loaded and empty container shipping problems in a bi-level structure. In upper level the loaded container slot allocation plan aims to maximize operational profits for each service route; whereas in lower level the reposition of empty containers aims to minimize transportation costs for the entire shipping network. The surplus or deficient empty containers resulted from the upper problem are fed into the lower problem. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model, a real case of an intra-Asian short-sea container carrier is presented. The results show that the proposed model can serve as a decision support tool to facilitate the liner to ship the loaded and empty containers in a coordinative way.

Allocations Container control Container operations

2016010059

Numerical modelling of granular cargo on bulk carriers in seaway. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 514 [12 p, 24 ref, 3 tab, 5 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Wriggers, W.R., Rung, T. English

This paper outlines the development of a numerical model for granular cargo on bulk carriers. In order to study the vessel behaviour including the motion of the load, a monolithic approach is chosen to model the fully coupled problem. The formulation of the granular material therefore has to be fully Eulerian. A nonlinear elastic solid phase is implemented in the Finite Volume solver FreSCo+ following the approach of Richter et. al [2010] and Sugyiama et. al [2011]. The method is then verified with the help of different Fluid-Structure interaction test cases.

Bulk cargo Fluid structure interaction Granular materials Numerical models

2.5 PORTS AND WATERWAYS

2016010060

Experimental study on wave height in harbours and wave overtopping by different wharf structures. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume III, p 1495 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Zhang, Y-f., Wang, C., Yan, B. English

By physical experiment, the harbours wave height distribution and the wave overtopping of different wharf structural form were studied. With the example of one wharf extension project, the wave heights in harbours and the wave overtopping in different wharf surface elevation were compared between ordinary and perforated caisson wharf. The result shows that, the perforated caisson wharf has more advantages to control the wave height and reduce the wave

22 ABSTRACTS

overtopping than ordinary caisson wharf. The wharf surface elevation is an important influence factor for wave overtopping. In order to reduce the wave height and wave overtopping, the perforated caisson wharf should be preferentially considered, and the wharf surface elevation should be as much as possible under economic conditions available.

Harbours Wave height Wave overtopping Wharfs

2016010061

Port and coastal logistics infrastructure development on the shelf of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1833 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Pavlenko, V.I., Glukhareva, E.K., Kutsenko, S.Yu. English

The Arctic attracts world attention with its abundant natural resources. This activates the transport issues of industrial activity in the macro-region. Industrial exploitation of oil and natural gas deposits in Russia's Arctic becomes very significant. Reserves of hydrocarbons of the Russian shelf in the Arctic Ocean is estimated around 100 milliard tons of standard coal. In this connection the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as transcontinental corridor with its ports and coastal logistics infrastructure is of great importance. It is possible to transport hydrocarbons via the NSR from the Barents, Pechora and Kara Seas to Europe and to Asian-Pacific Region. The authors study peculiarities of port and coastal infrastructure of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). The article presents data and characteristics which describe existing ports and ports under construction as integral parts of the NSR. These ports can be also integrated in the world trading and transport system and consolidate the status of the NSR as national Euro-Asian marine transport corridor.

Arctic regions Port planning and development

2.6 COASTAL/OFFSHORE ENGINEERING AND MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY

2016010062

Linear parametric hydrodynamic models for ocean wave energy converters identified from numerical wave tank experiments. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 31-39 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001432 Davidson, J., Giorgi, S., Ringwood, J.V. English

Mathematical modelling of wave energy devices has many uses, including power production assessment, simulation of device motion and as a basis for model-based control design. Apart from computationally heavy approaches, such as those based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH), the vast majority of models employed in the simulation and analysis of wave energy converters (WECs) are based on boundary-element methods (BEMs). While BEM models have been shown to be useful, they have the inherent limitation that they are linearised around the still water level, with validity only on the immediate vicinity of this equilibrium point. In this paper a new modelling methodology is developed, which combines the fidelity of CFD models with the computational attractiveness of BEM-type models. This flexible methodology can give representative linear models, or be extended into the nonlinear domain, as desired.

Computational fluid dynamics Mathematical models System identification Wave energy conversion

2016010063

Simulating and forecasting ocean wave energy in western Canada. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 223-236 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001687 Reikard, G., Robertson, B., Et al English

While the technology now exists to harvest wave energy in coastal regions, the capital expenditures for wave farms can be substantial, so it is important to be able to simulate the power in advance. Further, to integrate wave energy into the grid, utilities need to

ABSTRACTS 23

forecast over short horizons and calculate reserve requirements. Wave farms are simulated at three locations in British Columbia, Canada. Power series are calculated for six types of wave energy converters (WECs), four that operate in deep water, and two in shallow water. Forecasts are run using a physics-based model and statistical models. Five major conclusions emerge from the analysis. First, given the intermittency of buoy data, physics model hindcasts are an effective method of interpolating missing values. Second, the power output from converters does not have the same properties as the wave energy flux. Instead, the power output is a nonlinear function of the wave height and period, with fewer large outliers. Third, time series models predict well over near-term horizons while physics models forecast more accurately over longer horizons. The convergence point, at which the two types of models achieve comparable degrees of accuracy, is in the area of 2–3 h in these data sets, lower than in most prior studies. The recommendation is to use time series methods to forecast at the horizons required for reserves, and physics models for long-term planning. Fourth, the predictability of the power output can differ substantially for individual converters. Finally, wave energy is found to be significantly less costly in terms of reserves than wind and solar.

Forecasting Simulation Wave energy

2016010064

Marine renewable energy mix for hybrid power generation. Sea Technology, v 56 n 8, August 2015, p 43 [3 p, 3 fig] http://www.sea-technology.com/ Yoder, B. English

This article describes the MLiner concept, a movable and compact floating structure used to produce electricity from several energy sources and to transfer the power to a network ashore. The MLiner can also store energy. Even if there are no waves, wind, current or sun on a particular day, the MLiner can still put out energy because of its power reservoir. This is beneficial because things do not always go as desired, and the weather can be very unpredictable. Having a backup plan ensures that a power outage will not happen. The MLiner’s main generator is a simple

and robust wave motion generator inside the vessel. The ship’s hull does not have any holes, so the wave motion motor operates in a closed circuit, which is divided into several compartments partially filled with liquid. The to-and-fro wave movements cause the liquid to pass from one compartment to the next through check valves; this creates kinetic energy within the central structure. Lastly, a turbine integrated in the central structure captures this kinetic energy and converts it into electricity through the generator.

Ocean currents Solar energy Wave energy Wind power generation

2016010065

Numerical and experimental investigation on semi-submersible platform for offshore desalination plant. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 25 [10 p, 8 ref, 4 tab, 14 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Vishwanath, A., Jalihal, P. English

The requirement for offshore desalination is a stable all weather platform to house the plant, a large cold water conduit and station keeping /mooring for the platform and an inter connecting mechanism between conduit and platform to withstand the differential loads as well as to provide ease of disconnection if required. The numerical study on various semi-submersible type platforms were carried out in the commercial potential/diffraction marine analysis tool, MOSES. Based on the functional requirements of the desalination plant, nine different semisubmersible configurations were developed. The different configurations studied included four and six rectangular column ring pontoon type semi-submersible. Based on motion response results from the software, the best possible platform configuration was chosen and an experimental study on motion response of the same was carried out in a wave flume. A physical model of this configuration with four corner columns and ring pontoon with a scale factor

24 ABSTRACTS

of 1:100 was fabricated for testing in a wave flume. The experimental results obtained were compared with numerical simulations for motion response validation. The paper discusses the studies on various configurations and the comparison between the experimental and numerical results.

Desalination Model tests Numerical analysis Offshore platforms Semisubmersibles

2016010066

Spectral analysis of waves produced by HSC for coastal management. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 417-428 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-014-0290-1 Benassai, G., Piscopo, V., Scamardella, A. English

This study focuses on wake wash management in the Bay of Naples by time variant spectral analysis to establish more reliable operational strategies and mitigated measures. The time frequency analysis of several wake wash signals due to high-speed craft (HSC), both catamarans and monohulls, operating in the Gulf of Naples is carried out to derive the time-energy per unit area distribution and better characterize the wake wash event and relevant spectrum. A new spectral analysis procedure, which allows filtering the wind sea wave component, is proposed to evaluate the only wake wash component and to estimate both wake wash height and energy density. In this respect, in fact, the influence of wind sea waves may lead to more reliable coastal management guidelines and wake wash measures, even if the measurement campaign has been carried out under calm met-ocean conditions. A comparative study with wake wash values determined by time history analysis is finally carried out, showing that spectral analysis can be applied with good confidence for coastal management purposes, leading to more accurate and reliable operational strategies.

Coastal engineering High speed vessels Spectrum analysis Wakes

2016010067

Comparison of the extreme responses from different methods of simulating wave kinematics. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 365 [12 p, 22 ref, 4 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Mohd Zaki, N.I., Abu Husain, M.K., Najafian, G. English

Linear random wave theory (LRWT) is frequently used to simulate water particle kinematics at different nodes of an offshore structure from a reference surface elevation record. However, it is well known that LRWT leads to water particle kinematics with exaggerated high-frequency components in the vicinity of mean water level (MWL). Methods have been introduced to overcome this problem of high kinematics above the MWL consists of using linear wave theory (such as Wheeler, vertical stretching, effective node elevation and effective water depth methods) can be used to provide a more realistic representation of near-surface wave kinematics. There is promising as there is some evidence that the water particle kinematics from the Wheeler method are underestimated and that those from the vertical stretching method are somewhat exaggerated. In this paper, the comparisons of the probability distributions of extreme values from different methods of simulation wave kinematics are investigated by using Monte Carlo simulation procedure.

Extreme values Kinematics Monte Carlo method Probability distributions

2016010068

Validating FLNG unit design. Offshore Marine Technology, 3rd Quarter 2015, p 14 [2 p, 1 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/omt.html Sivandran, S. English

The emergence of the floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) concept has seen an unprecedented focus on development activity and has reinforced the commercial interest in these facilities. However, as the industry strives to make the concept a reality, in addition to the already formidable risks resent in conventional projects, a plethora of distinctive risks associated with FLNG have now been added to the

ABSTRACTS 25

mix, with little industry experience to learn from. The author believes that simply adapting risk and safety concepts of land-based LNG developments is not the solution. This article highlights the unique safety concerns which need to be considered and provides insight into the benefits of using computational fluid dynamics to complement physical modelling through wind tunnel testing to ensure oil and gas operators have confidence that the design is fit for purpose in all operating conditions.

Design Floating production systems Liquefied natural gas Safety

2016010069

Weight monitoring and reporting considerations of Liwan 3-1 mega jacket. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1258 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Deng, T., Chen, B., Et al English

This paper provides an overview of the weight monitoring and reporting process of the massive 31375 ton single piece jacket during detailed design and construction phases. Detailed illustration is provided to show how the weight control data is generated by the weight reporting scheme to be used to provide reference for load-out. The method for keeping the jacket weight up-to-date as accurate as possible in the construction phase is highlighted.

Control Jacket structures Monitoring Offshore platforms Weight

2016010070

Parametric sensitivity studies for floatover installation analyses of Lufeng 7-2 topsides using low-deck floatover method. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1271 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm He, C., Yu, W., Et al English

This paper describes parametric sensitivity studies of the effect on fender loads and stabbing cone motions by varying jacket leg stiffness, sway fender stiffness, and LMU horizontal stiffness, with ± 10% variation on the basis of theoretical values during docking, mating and undocking stages. Results from the parametric sensitivity studies have been used to ensure the integrity of the topsides and the pre-installed jacket, as well as the barge HYSY221 in the harsh environment of the South China Sea.

Installing Jacket structures Offshore platforms Sensitivity

2016010071

An experimental study on deepwater crane installation of subsea equipment in waves. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1279 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Nam, B.W., Kim, N.W., Et al English

This paper presents an experimental study on deepwater crane installation operations in waves. Model tests with a crane vessel, manifold and crane system were carried out. To overcome the limitation of water depth in the basin, a new experimental method using a truncated hoisting system is introduced. Lifting and lowering operations were evaluated under both regular and irregular wave conditions. Vessel motion and wire tension responses during deep-water lifting operations were investigated by white noise and regular wave tests. The effect of

26 ABSTRACTS

equipment weight was also studied by a series of tests. Then, a lifting operation with passive heave compensator was considered. The effect of passive heave compensator on hoisting wire tension is discussed. A deepwater lowering operation was also performed under irregular wave conditions.

Deepwater Floating cranes Installing Lifting tasks Model tests

2016010072

Offshore installation of subsea equipment considering elasticity of the crane boom in harsh environment. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1284 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Hong, J-W., Ham, S-H., Et al English

One of the main functions of an Offshore Service Vessel (OSV) is for heavy lifting. Therefore, predicting dynamic loads in various operation conditions is one of the crucial points of the lifting operation of an OSV. To do this, crane-lifting simulation precedes real operation to verify the safety of the lifting operation. This study derives the equations for the motion of a multibody system using a flexible body model for the crane boom based on the finite element in various ocean conditions. The results showed that flexible body models have bigger dynamic factors than do the rigid body models in all cases, which means the flexibility of the crane boom should be considered to accurately estimate the dynamic effect on the OSV lifting simulation.

Elasticity Floating cranes Installing Lifting tasks Offshore service vessels

2016010073

Comparative study of lifting operations of offshore wind turbine monopile and jacket substructures considering vessel shielding effects. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1290 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Li, L., Gao, Z., Moan, T. English

In this paper, the shielding effects from an installation vessel during lifting operations are investigated. The study compared the lifting operations of two commonly used offshore wind turbine substructures: the monopile and the jacket substructure. The fluid characteristics near the vessel are firstly studied in the frequency-domain. The numerical model of the coupled lifting system is established and eigenvalue analysis is carried out. The shielding effects from the floating installation vessel during the lifting operation are accounted for by interpolating wave kinematics between pre-defined wave points near the vessel in the time-domain simulations. The responses of the monopile and the jacket considering shielding effects are compared with that assuming wave kinematics due to incident waves only. The results indicate that a great reduction in the responses can be achieved when the shielding effects are considered during lowering the monopile, while the effects are very limited when installing the jacket foundation. The effects on the monopile and the jacket are compared and discussed in detail.

Heavy lift operations Offshore structures Shielding Time domain Wind turbines

2016010074

High position fabrication method of topside based on transverse loadout. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1299 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Liu, C., Song, Z., Et al English

HZ25-8 DPP is the second heaviest topside and the

ABSTRACTS 27

first topside installed by DP floatover in China. The topside need to be fabricated separately from DSF because of the DSU that located between the topside and DSF and also need to be arranged longitudinally along the skidway due to transverse direction loadout, DSF needs to be fabricated beside (not behind) topside because of the legs of topside is right above the top of the loadout skidways. This paper summarizes a new high position fabrication method of topside based on transverse loadout that has been successfully applied to the fabrication of HZ25-8 DPP topside which weighs 15,086 tons. Authors discuss special issues on the key points of fabrication, including site arrangement of skidway used for topside loadout and DSF transverse dragging, DSF transverse dragging installation, weighing and load transference of the topside and onshore installation of LMU.

Fabrication Installing Offshore platforms

2016010075

The influence of topside on installation design in ultra-shallow sea water. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1304 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Bai, X., Li, D., Et al English

As platforms become larger and heavier, the weight of topsides also increases. Due to the limit of water depth, large cranes cannot operate in ultra-shallow water areas. Based on the new platform of Jinzhou 9-3 adjusted project in the Bohai Sea, the authors analysed the large topside installation mode, choose two four-legs jacket for the platform support, use special deck supporting unit (DSU) and optimise the operation draft, and reviewed the effect of topside float-over installation design on operations in ultra-shallow water areas. The paper brings forward new ideas for marginal oilfield development, and summarizes lessons learnt from the platform design, construction and installation in ultra-shallow sea water.

Installing Offshore platforms Shallow water

2016010076

Geotechnical aspects of North Sea decommissioning. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1308 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Small, A., Cook, G., Et al English

This paper reviews some geotechnical aspects of offshore decommissioning with the aim of highlighting the challenges and importance of understanding the geotechnical conditions early during the engineering phase of the project in order to reduce the likelihood of delays and cost overruns. Discussion is offered regarding current decommissioning practice of various types of subsea structures, moorings and pipelines/cables. Potential solutions for recovery of subsea structures using smaller vessels are presented along with a recent case study for the decommissioning of a piled subsea structure.

Offshore structures Removal Risk Underwater pipelines

2016010077

Design and installation of subsea foundation and protection frame. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1320 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Wu, F., Ci, H., Et al English

With water depths increasing in oilfield development, subsea production systems have been applied widely. Subsea foundation structures and protection frames play an important role in subsea production systems

28 ABSTRACTS

and vary depending on the working conditions, etc. This paper aims to find the best design and installation method based on the specific project of Western South China sea.

Design Foundations Installing Offshore drilling Protection

2016010078

Numerical simulation on hydrodynamic performances of tidal current horizontal axis twin-turbines. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 761 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Jing, F., Ma, W., Et al English

The paper is concerned with the numerical simulation on hydrodynamic performances of tidal current horizontal axis twin turbines. In order to improve the calculation precision, the influence of meshes, turbulence models, boundary condition and solvers on calculation results are discussed. The numerical simulation results are validated by comparison with experimental results. It shows that this numerical simulation method is good to predict the hydrodynamic performance of tidal current turbines. The hydrodynamic performances of horizontal axis twin turbines are calculated and analysed. The influences between twin turbines are analysed. This research is significant for design and application of horizontal axis twin turbines.

Numerical analysis Performance Tidal currents Turbines

2016010079

CFD analysis of devices in oscillating water column – WOC. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 47 [14 p, 11 ref, 1 tab, 14 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Russo, V., Nicolini, D., Crescenzi, T. English

The paper discusses the development of a fluid-dynamic model for simulating the behaviour of a device for the production of electric energy based on an oscillating water column (OWC). First of all it has been developed a 3-D model of the device using a tool in order to create the grid used for the simulation. The code used for the fluid dynamic simulation is OpenFoam, in particular the solver InterFoam suitable for two-phase isothermal flow characterized by immiscible and incompressible fluids; it uses the VOF (Volume of Fluids) model. The aim of this work is the optimisation of the model from the computational point of view, in particular it has been conducted a sensitivity analysis on the processor’s number and on the time step of calculation. In the first phase of the work were taken into account two forcing, approximated with a sinusoidal profile, corresponding to two types of waves more realistic for the site in which it was made the experimental apparatus. Subsequently it has been developed an analysis of the boundary condition in order to simulate in the best way the incident wave. Obviously it is possible to investigate more in detail the model realized in order to optimise the simulation and validate the model with more experimental data.

Wave energy conversion

2016010080

Effect of a negative stiffness mechanism on the performance the WEPTOS rotors. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 58 [15 p, 1 ref, 3 tab, 14 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Peretta, S., Ruol, P., Et al English

The WEPTOS is a well-known wave energy

ABSTRACTS 29

converter, formed by several rotors, with a shape that draws upon the reputable Salters Duck geometry. The WEPTOS has a large efficiency under waves of one particular frequency, i.e. when resonance conditions occur. In order to extend the range of resonance conditions, the possible use of a negative stiffness in the rotor system is analysed. This paper presents some considerations on the effectiveness of negative stiffness based on physical model experiments and on the numerical simulations used to interpret the test results. More specifically, the aim of the work is to evaluate how the WEPTOS performance is affected by the presence of a spring into the system that enhances the rotor oscillations applying a negative (un-stabilizing) torque proportional to the degree of rotation. Experiments were carried out in a deepwater wave basin, on a 1:30 scale model of one rotor of the WEPTOS. Three different configurations were analysed, providing different values of the negative stiffness. A set of 16 regular and 5 irregular wave conditions were tested, with maximum heights up to approximately 6 m at prototype scale, periods ranging from 5 to 9 s. The incident wave characteristics, the device rotations and the power dissipated by a dummy power converter were accurately measured. The effect of the negative stiffness was partly hindered by the presence of friction, so that no conclusive evidence could be drawn. A simple numerical model, where the rotor was interpreted as an oscillating mass-damper-spring system, was set up and calibrated to the experimental results. Reasonably good agreement between predictions and measurements were found at model scale. The numerical simulations at prototype dimensions, where friction effects have a relatively lower importance, revealed that the springs responsible of the negative stiffness increase in fact the efficiency of the device.

Model tests Numerical analysis Rotors Wave energy conversion

2016010081

Experimental test and numerical shape optimisation of a point pivoted absorber for wave energy conversion. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 73 [17 p, 9 ref, 3 tab, 13 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Coiro, D.P., Troise, G., Et al English

This paper presents a numerical study on an innovative system for converting energy from waves. It consists of a point pivoted body which oscillates in presence of waves. The system uses a linear electrical generator which converts floating movements of the buoyant body into electrical power. The buoyant body floats, describing an arc, by means of two hinges. A suitable Power Take-off Device (PTO) is placed between buoy support arms and the fixed structure and has the function to convert the mechanical power of the linear oscillating motion of the connecting piston into electrical power. A design assumption is made on the PTO control system: PTO reaction force is assumed to be linearly dependent on piston oscillation velocity with a given force-speed gain. This coefficient is strictly connected to electrical generator characteristics and its value has an effect on power conversion efficiency. A scaled model of this system has also been tested. A variety of numerical analyses, such as potential flow simulations and Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations, have been performed to predict the system performances. Numerical and experimental analyses have included the performances of the baseline geometry, both in free response and under wave excitation, in order to characterize the response of the system, and results have been used to understand which parameters affect more the power production. Finally a numerical optimisation procedure has been carried out to optimise the shape of the converter with the final

30 ABSTRACTS

objective of increasing the generated power, eventually imposing a constraint on the amount of immersed volume. In this way, a modified configuration has been predicted with higher power output and the same value of submerged volume, but with different shape.

Model tests Numerical analysis Optimisation Wave absorbers Wave energy conversion

2016010082

Integrated simulations of a floating crane installation vessel with DP systems in waves. Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering, v 1 n 2, 2015, p 85 [9 p, 8 ref, 11 fig] http://www.jaroe.org/sub/issues/issues.html?icode=20 Nam, B.W., Hong, S.Y., Et al English

The nonlinear time-domain analysis method was implemented to carry out a series of integrated simulations for a deep-water crane vessel system composed of four sub components, including a floating vessel, lifted equipment, hoisting cable and dynamic positioning (hereinafter DP) system. The analysis of the coupled dynamics consists of the crane vessel and equipment connected using the crane wire, and the DP is modeled according to the wind, wave and current conditions. The DP systems were numerically implemented using a classical PD feedback controller, and various simulations of the deepwater installation were conducted using different conditions in order to evaluate the global performance of the floating crane vessel combined with the DP system.

Deepwater Dynamic positioning Floating cranes Heavy lift operations Installing

2016010083

Design of composite ducted horizontal axis tidal turbine. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 762 [14 p, 14 ref, 7 tab, 12 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Ait Mohammed, M., Tarfaoui, M., Et al English

The marine current turbine is the mechanical device that captures the kinetic energy of marine current to generate electrical power. A panel method program coupled with the blade element momentum theory was used to design a bare tidal turbine which reaches 88% of the Betz limit. The addition of a duct for a same overall cross section area has been investigated. The numerical results show that the ducted turbine’s power coefficient, which was computed using the overall cross section area, can be slightly increased if a camber duct profile with a flare angle is used. The hydrodynamic pressure obtained with the panel method code were then implemented as boundary conditions to a finite element analysis (FEA) in order to compute the mechanical behaviour, stress distribution and deflection of the duct in composite material. The Hashin criterion was used for damage prediction.

Composite materials Tidal power Turbines

2016010084

Winterization of drilling systems and equipment in cold climate conditions. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1867 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Lee, W.H., Dasch, J. English

Oil and gas offshore exploration drilling and production facilities in cold climate and Arctic environmental conditions need various design considerations and operational preparation for intended operations. Offshore winterization of drilling systems and equipment is considered to be one of the essential aspects for ensuring that a facility

ABSTRACTS 31

is capable of and suitably prepared for operations in cold climates. When a facility is in the operational mode at cold temperature for the intended operating site, the drilling systems and equipment essential for safety and commercial operation must remain functioning, and have to be adequately protected to minimize risk of hazards against icing, freezing, dropped objects and material properties. Winterization issues on the drilling systems and equipment are investigated based on system by system review. Risk based methodology and risk reducing hierarchy for winterization consideration are focused on potential hazards to system, equipment and operations in cold climate conditions. The objective of the paper is to identify winterization needs, design considerations and proper safeguards for drilling systems and equipment, considered to be important to safety of the facility, personnel and environment.

Arctic environments Cold weather Offshore drilling

2016010085

Analysis of technical decisions of exploration platforms in shallow waters for the Russian Arctic. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1890 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Bekker, A.T., Sabodash, O.A., Et al English

Development of oil and gas fields in the Russian arctic seas located few hundred miles from shoreline is according to experts’ opinion the most challenging project in the world. The Russian Arctic is believed to be an area with the highest unexplored hydrocarbons potential in the world. About 60% of planned oil and gas production in 2035 will be from fields, not yet discovered and developed. Current production facilities are mostly gravity based structures – steel/concrete, and artificial islands – gravel/concrete blocks. These structures are used in general in deepwater offshore zones. Hence, it is necessary to develop advanced technical solutions of exploration and production mobile platforms for

specific Arctic shallow water conditions where water depths are about 4-17m. In the paper the analysis of technical solutions of exploration platforms in shallow waters for year-round production in the Russian Arctic on weak soils has been made. In this study the review of design solutions of offshore structures in shallow waters of freezing seas has been made. Analysis of ice conditions of the Kara Sea has been carried out. General solutions of exploration platforms in a shallow water zone have been offered. Detailed calculations of stability of platform and foundation under the external loads on the basis of PLAXIS 7.0 software have been fulfilled.

Arctic regions Offshore drilling Shallow water

2016010086

The influence of wind-wave energy spreading on the riser system response of a spread-moored FPSO. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, v 10 n 1, March 2015, pp 26-37 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40868-015-0004-5 Caire, M., Souza, C.E.S. de, Cortina, J.P.R. English

Floating unit, mooring lines and risers comprise an integrated dynamic system that responds to environmental loading due to wind, waves and currents in a complex way. The riser system response of a spread-moored FPSO in deepwater is greatly influenced by first-order wave motions, where the consideration of wind-wave energy spreading may have an important impact on the integrity assessment. A 5-year database generated by a numerical wave model (available from NOAA) provides a proper representation of the wind-wave spreading factor distribution for Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. Based on these data and considering a cos2s formulation for the spreading function, a short-term sensitivity study is performed to evaluate the spreading parameter s influence on the top tension response when the system is subjected to beam seas. The numerical simulations are carried out employing a simultaneous dynamic analysis of the vessel and slender structure system. Second-order loads, which may also be important by inducing mean and slow drift motions, are taken into account with a modification of

32 ABSTRACTS

Newman’s method, where the drift force coefficients are averaged with the squared surface elevation. The results show a significant influence of s on the riser response statistics.

Dynamic response FPSOs Numerical models Spread mooring Wind waves

2016010087

Exploring relationships between organizational factors and hydrocarbon leaks on offshore platform. Safety Science, v 80, December 2015, pp 301-309 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753515001939 Olsen, E., Naess, S., Høyland, S. English

In general, it is important to understand drivers of safety performance. The issue of hydrocarbon leaks on offshore platforms is one of the most important safety performance indicators based on risk related to major accidents. In this study, a longitudinal design was used to investigate the relationships between work climate and hydrocarbon leaks from a broader organizational perspective. Confirmatory factor analyses tested on a sample of offshore workers (N = 3320), supported the validity of the Scandinavian Work Climate Instrument (SWCI). Complementary results also supported the measurement model. Pearson’s correlations indicated significant associations between work climate dimensions and hydrocarbon leaks occurring in the post survey period. All correlations were negative, supporting the proposed hypothesis. Generally, the results supported the assumption and model that guided the overall investigation. Specifically, work climate was associated with safety performance. The findings indicated that several work climate factors could function as leading indicators, implying that the work climate approach has been underestimated in safety research. Correlations with hydrocarbon leaks indicate that the organizational factors explored in this study can predict different levels of leaks. This suggests that the work climate approach used in this study represents an important contribution to

achieving a holistic understanding of safety performance. Future research should replicate the study design in other settings and investigate the possibility of exploring relationships with other types of safety performance indicators using SWCI.

Hydrocarbons Leakage Offshore platforms Risk analysis Safety

2016010088

Effect of a straight coast on the hydrodynamics and performance of the Oscillating Wave Surge Converter. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 25-32 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002097 Sarkar, D., Renzi, E., Dias, F. English

This paper describes the behaviour of a flap-type oscillating wave energy converter near a straight coast. The mathematical formulation is based on a linear potential flow model. Application of Green׳s theorem to a semi-infinite fluid domain yields a hypersingular integral equation for the velocity potential which is solved using a series expansion of Chebyshev polynomials. Extremes in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system are shown to occur at certain wave periods when the device is located at specific distances from the coast. This dynamics can have either detrimental or favourable effects on the performance of the converter, depending on the system parameters. Surprisingly, when the device is located very close to the coast, the qualitative behaviour of the system resembles that of a single device in the open ocean. In addition, the analysis shows that under such circumstances, the device consistently achieves much higher levels of efficiency than it would in an open ocean.

Coasts Hydrodynamics Resonance Wave energy conversion

ABSTRACTS 33

2016010089

Experimental study of a new type of floating breakwater. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 295-303 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002899 Ji, C-Y., Chen, X., Et al English

A new type of floating breakwater (FB) is proposed in this paper. Its hydrodynamic performance has been tested. The structure of the new breakwater named cylindrical floating breakwater (CFB) consists of two parts: a main body of rigid cylinders, and a flexible mesh cage containing a number of suspending balls that are intended to absorb the wave energy into their mechanical energy. A series of experiments were carried out on the new floating breakwater and traditional double pontoons and box floating breakwaters to compare their performances. A two-dimensional wave flume was used in the experiment; the incident and transmitted waves, the tensions on the mooring lines and the motion responses of the floating breakwaters were measured. Results showed that the new floating breakwater had a better performance than the traditional double pontoons and the box floating breakwaters: wave transmission was significantly reduced by the mesh cage with the balls, especially for long waves.

Cylindrical bodies Experimentation Floating breakwaters Mooring forces

2016010090

An overset-grid three-phase flow model for offshore operations. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 943 [12 p, 11 ref, 11fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Völkner, S., Luo, X., Et al English

This work reports on the methodology, validation and application of a computational three-phase flow model for offshore grounding and jacking operations. Such applications feature fluid-soil-body-interaction, topological changes and large relative motions between different parts of the structure, which

requires a well-working mesh update strategy and a soil model. Therefore, an additional granular soil phase is embedded into an efficient, parallel finite-volume Navier-Stokes procedure based on an overset grid approach. The overset grid approach is evaluated with regard to the influence of different interpolation and flux-correction practices. The granular soil model is validated by the simulation of dam break experiments and successfully applied to challenging large-scale offshore simulations.

Computational fluid dynamics Multiphase flow Offshore Operations

2016010091

Global ice loads on the Sakhalin offshore structures: statistical overview by existing design codes. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1746 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Sabodash, O.A. English

In the study, the results of a statistical modelling of global ice loads from drifting ice level fields on the “Molikpaq” (PA-A) ice-class platform for "Sakhalin-II" Project are investigated. The authors have made a statistical analysis of global ice loads on wide structure in the Sea of Okhotsk according to the procedures and guidelines from various Codes. The cumulative distribution functions and design ice loads on this platform have been determined. Recommendations for future estimation of ice loads on Sakhalin offshore platforms have been discussed.

Ice loads Offshore structures Standards Statistical analysis

34 ABSTRACTS

2.7 SAFETY AT SEA

2016010092

Tanker grounding frequency and spills in the Finnish Gulf of Finland. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 115 n 43, 2015, p 108 [7 p, 24 ref, 6 tab, 4 fig] http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/771 Sormunen, O-V., Hänninen, M., Et al English

Groundings and ship collisions are the two most frequent accident types in the Gulf of Finland, which in the past decades has seen an increase in tanker traffic. This has mainly been oil transport from Russia. Both accident types pose a major hazard to the marine ecosystem, as spills of catastrophic magnitude can occur as a consequence. In order to better plan for the response to and/or prevention of accidents, the frequency and size of spills should be known. This paper estimates the expected number of tanker groundings of different tanker types for the busiest tanker ports in the Finnish part of the Gulf of Finland. Furthermore, in this paper statistics of the sizes of chemical, gas and oil tankers visiting Finnish ports is presented. Finally, the expected number and size of spills is estimated based on the expected number of groundings and the tanker sizes using a spill model based on tanker deadweight (DWT).

Groundings Gulfs Oil spills Tanker accidents

2016010093

Risk assessment for fishing vessels at fishing grounds. TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, v 9 n 3, September 2015, p 351 [5 p, 14 ref, 1 fig] http://www.transnav.eu/Article_Risk_Assessment_for_Fishing_Moyseenko,35,592.html Moyseenko, S., Meyler, L., Bondarev, V.A. English

The safety and efficiency of fishing fleet activities depend largely on the quality of management decisions. Cause‐and‐effect relationships of accidents involving fishing vessels were identified by means of an analysis of emergencies and fishing incidents. The suggested method of risks calculation is based on the

use of statistical methods, fuzzy sets/expert estimations method and the probability theory. The following most common tasks are presented and solved: there is an impact of two or more independent negative factors/events on the vessel such as failure of a sonar; a vessel operator error, another vessel operator error; a transport vessel carries out loading and unloading of fishing vessels under different environmental conditions. The value of the risk of an emergency incident is determined; the fishing vessel navigation performs under various meteorological conditions. A priori probability of incident‐free operation is calculated according to expert estimations.

Fishing vessels Risk analysis

2016010094

The influence of operational risks for ice transit simulations. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1829 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Bridges, R., Riska, K. English

Navigation in ice poses a number of hazards, which may have significant consequences if not addressed. Significant efforts are frequently made to ensure the ship is designed and constructed for the anticipated ice conditions, however, operational aspects play a crucial role in mitigating risks and avoiding hazards in ice transits. This paper outlines some of the operational situations that may occur during ice navigation and illustrates the potential risks, and explores some of the elements for the risk management necessary for safe navigation in ice. Further, the paper discusses the influence of the operations with a particular emphasis on how these can be applied to ice transit simulations, with an application case study used as an illustrative example to highlight these elements.

Ice navigation Ice operations Risk analysis Risk management

ABSTRACTS 35

2016010095

A FSA based fuzzy DEMATEL approach for risk assessment of cargo ships at coasts and open seas of Turkey. Safety Science, v 79, November 2015, pp 1-10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753515001253 Mentes, A., Akyildiz, H., Et al English

Risk analysis methods gain more and more acceptance as decision support tools to analyse and reduce risks in engineering applications. Integration of these techniques leads to more reliable and realistic solutions. This paper proposes an integrated methodology to identify and evaluate driving factors like geographical locations at the time of the incident and failure modes causing fatality for cargo ships. The authors aim to develop a risk method for cleaner and safer maritime transport at coast and open seas of Turkey. The formal safety assessment (FSA) based approach combines fuzzy set theory (FST), ordered weighted geometric averaging operator (OWGA) and decision making trial and evaluation laboratory technique (DEMATEL). A case study is carried out to determine the most common causes of unintentional damages on cargo ships at coasts and open seas of Turkey. Finally, some conclusions and suggestions are drawn concerning the needs to reduce the risks and improve certain safety measures.

Cargo ships Decision making Fuzzy sets Risk analysis Safety

2016010096

A hybrid accident analysis method to assess potential navigational contingencies: The case of ship grounding. Safety Science, v 79, November 2015, pp 268-276 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753515001617 Akyuz, E. English

Safety is always critical aspect for marine industry since there are numerous perils at sea and those may result loss of ship, environment pollution, human injury and even loss of life. The studies show that the most of marine accidents are due to decision error (Chauvin et al., 2013) as the human factors are one of the main contributory factors of marine accident particularly grounding of ships at sea. In this context,

maritime authorities struggle to decrease marine accidents at sea by enforcing rules and regulations. However, the marine accidents are still on-going. This paper primarily deals with potential navigational contingencies in particular grounding incident by proposing a hybrid accident analysis method to enhance safety in marine industry. The hybrid approach basically incorporates Accident Analyse Mapping (AcciMap) and Analytical Network Process (ANP) methods to analyse causes of marine accidents analytically. Whilst AcciMap analyses marine accident causes schematically, the ANP technique weights them analytically which can be obtained from the synthesised supermatrix. The proposed hybrid approach is demonstrated with a real-case grounding incident at sea. Thus, prominent accident causes are revealed and necessary preventive measures are proposed in advance. Consequently, the study is expected to contribute maritime safety as well as prevent grounding accidents at sea by encouraging maritime safety engineers and ship operators.

Groundings Hybrid techniques Marine accidents Safety

2016010097

Situation awareness in bridge operations - A study of collisions between attendant vessels and offshore facilities in the North Sea. Safety Science, v 79, November 2015, pp 277-285 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753515001630 Sandhåland, H., Oltedal, H., Eid, J. English

This study examined accident reports (n = 23) for collisions between attendant vessels and offshore facilities on the Norwegian continental shelf during the period of 2001–2011. An initial analysis indicated that the concept of situation awareness (SA) might be useful for providing a more detailed understanding of the processes that lead to collisions. SA is defined as ‘being aware of what is happening around you and understanding what that information means to you now and in the future’ (Endsley, 2012). The first part of the study contains an analysis of accident reports that reveals that the collisions with offshore facilities were preceded by loss of SA on the bridge in 18 of the 23 instances. Three types of SA errors were identified: failure to perceive the situation correctly (Level 1 SA; n = 13), failure to comprehend the situation (Level 2 SA; n = 4), and failure to project the situation into the future (Level 3 SA; n = 1). In the

36 ABSTRACTS

second part of the study, the human, technological and organisational factors described in the accident reports are analysed to evaluate how the factors may have affected the duty officers‘ awareness of the situation. The results indicate that inadequate operation planning, inadequate bridge design, insufficient training, communication failures and distracting elements were the underlying factors that significantly contributed to the collisions.

Accident reports Bridge operation Collisions Safety

2016010098

Quantification of human error probability towards the gas inerting process on-board crude oil tankers. Safety Science, v 80, December 2015, pp 77-86 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753515001824 Akyuz, E. English

This paper presents an approach to quantify human error probability in the gas inerting operation of crude oil tankers since it is one of the most critical processes on-board ships. The maritime regulatory bodies require the application of the use of inert gas on newly built tankers, and most existing tankers over 20,000 dwt, since the gas inerting operation prevents fire and chemical reaction inside the cargo tanks. Despite its operational benefits, it may cause oxygen deficiency inside the tanks and damage human health as well as the marine environment. Therefore, it is quite significant for marine safety practitioners to predict human error probability (HEP) during the gas inerting operation. Unlike conventional HEP assessment methods, this paper contains a quantitative approach to systematically predict human error for designated tasks and ascertain the desired safety control level in crude oil tanker ships. To achieve this goal, a quantification of human error probability approach is proposed. In view of the findings, human error reduction measures are

recommended. As a result, the paper is expected to contribute to the improvement of maritime safety, protection of the environment, and the reduction of loss of life on-board crude oil tankers.

Human error Inert gas systems Risk analysis Tankers

2016010099

Methodological approach for safety assessment of cruise ship in port. Safety Science, v 80, December 2015, pp 189-200 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753515001770 Vidmar, P., Perković, M. English

Cruise ships arriving in ports carry approximately 1000–3000 passengers and crewmembers. Such a concentration of people presents a high degree of risk in the event of a major disaster. To avoid the possibility of hazard events, the safety assessment is a mandatory document for every cruise ship. One of the methodologies for the systematic assessment of risk is a Formal Safety Assessment, a tool to determine and evaluate the risk of potential hazards. Deviations from predicted events could occur underway as well as at a port. Passenger terminals located in close proximity to other cargo terminals are additionally influenced by risks that are not manageable by the cruise ship safety management system. Possible accidents on cargo terminals, oil spills or fires could influence the safety of other ships and environment. A general approach is presented and discussed with particular focus on the specifics of the particular port, where the passenger terminal is close to other cargo terminals. The paper discusses the diverse aspects of safety analysis and methods for evaluation of individual and social risk.

Cruise ships Port safety Risk analysis

ABSTRACTS 37

2016010100

A distributed anti-collision decision support formulation in multi-ship encounter situations under COLREGs. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 336-348 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002978 Zhang, J., Zhang, D., Et al English

A multi-ship anti-collision decision support formulation is studied in a distributed and real time way. Under the general requirements from COLREGs rules and regulations, the performance of course alteration and changing speed in collision avoidance in some typical encounter situations is graphically analysed for both give-way and stand-on ships. Based on the analysis, the initial decision on collision avoidance by course alteration or speed changing is made according to the encounter situation between own ship and target ships. Linear extension algorithms are designed for both course alteration and speed reduction to keep clearance of all the target ships that own ship should avoid. Simulation results indicate that the anti-collision formulation can avoid collision when all ships have complied with COLREGs as well as when some of them do not take actions. The results also show that in multi-ship encounter situations, the violation of COLREGs by one ship can sometimes bring more difficulties to other ships to avoid collision while undesirable manoeuvre actions have to be taken.

Collision avoidance Decision support systems Rules of the road Ship encounters

2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2016010101

Viscous effects for submerged oil leakage from damaged tank of double-hull tankers. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1126 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Lu, J., Yang, Z., Et al English

At present, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic theory

have been applied to the research on submerged oil leakage from damaged tankers, but the effects of viscosity and turbulence are ignored. Nevertheless, a change in viscosity of oil or the inner structure of double bottoms or sloshing leads to significant changes in the behaviour of oil leakage, which confirms the presence of viscous effects. This paper presents a study on viscous effects for submerged oil leakage from the damaged tanks of double-hull tankers. Based on multiphase flow theory and viscous hydrodynamic theory, the mechanism of viscous effects on submerged oil leakage in different leakage stages is explored by experimental investigation. The presented results are beneficial for a better understanding of viscous effects for submerged oil leakage from the damaged tank of a double-hull tanker and an emergency control of crude oil leakage from tankers.

Double hulls Oil leakage Tankers Viscosity

2016010102

Environmental consequences associated with collisions involving double hull oil tanker. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 479-487 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2015.1026762 Kim, Y.S., Youssef, S., Et al English

As the total world trade of oil by tankers grows, the potential risk to the marine environment increases. When oil tankers are involved in accidents (e.g., collision or grounding), a consequence of the resulting damage could be the release of crude oil or petroleum products into the sea. The aim of the present study is to investigate the environmental consequences of the involvement of oil tankers in collision. Using probabilistic approaches, credible scenarios of ship–ship collision are selected to create a representative sample of the most possible ones. The LS-DYNA non-linear finite element method is used to predict the resulting damage or opening associated with the individual scenarios. The environmental consequences are then estimated by

38 ABSTRACTS

calculation of the amount of oil spilled in each scenario. In addition, the potential damage to the environment is presented in terms of monetary units that can be understandable to all stakeholders.

Double hulls Environmental effects Ship collisions Tanker accidents

2.9 GENERAL OPERATION

2016010103

A quantitative approach for delineating principal fairways of ship passages through a strait. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 188-197 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002980181500164X Chen, J., Lu, F., Peng, G. English

Seamen usually select popular routes according to navigational and hydrographical characteristics when passing through a strait with congested traffic. In order to minimise the possibility of collisions, Principal Fairways (PFs) are commonly used by sailors. It is essential to delineate PFs quantitatively and objectively for designing or refining routing measures. In this paper, a space use method found in habitat evaluation of wildlife is applied to extract PFs of ship passages through a strait. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method helps to identify cumulative activity patterns for ship groups derived from mass ship trajectories, and provides a clearer interpretation of shifting space-use patterns within strait corridors. Moreover, it gives a better insight for directional and seasonal factor for PFs in straits. Finally, this novel method is used to extract PFs in western Taiwan Strait and its adjacent sea. The results indicate that the proposed method is helpful to identify gaps between current ship routing system plan and cumulative activity patterns recognised by real ship trajectories.

Navigation channels Ship routing Straits

2016010104

Implications of ballast tank geometry and treatment technology on NIS removal. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 211-222 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001274 Qi, Z., Eames, I. English

Regulation D-1 of the 2004 Ballast Water Management Convention requires that pumping seawater into a ballast tank should achieve a volumetric flushing efficiency of 95%. The IMO criteria for shipboard testing require a NIS removal rate of at least 90%. To examine the influence of tank geometry and treatment technology on satisfying IMO protocols, a general network model is developed and validated to analyse the transport of NIS through a ballast tank. The model is applied to analyse the flushing from typical ballast tanks. For the hopper side and upper wing tank considered, setting a single outlet further from the inlet may effectively improve the flushing efficiency. For the ‘J’-type bottom and side tank considered, the flushing can be relaxed from 3 to 1.7 exchange volumes to save costs. The influence of treatment technology on the NIS removal rate is investigated in the closed-loop system. For the ‘J’-type tank considered, if the treatment efficiency is 70%, 2.4 times circulation is needed to achieve the 90% NIS removal rate.

Ballast tanks Ballast water Water treatment

2016010105

A statistical approach to ship fuel consumption monitoring. Journal of Ship Research, v 59 n 3, September 2015, pp 162-171 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jsr/2015/00000059/00000003/art00003 Bocchetti, D., Lepore, A., Et al English

The reduction of the environmental impact imposed by Kyoto Protocol and the growth of competitiveness imposed by the shipping market have urged shipping companies to pay increasing attention to ship energy efficiency improvement and CO2 emission reduction. According to the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan recommended by the International Maritime Organization, the main scope of this article is in fact to overcome the deterministic limits of the monitoring systems installed in modern ships and

ABSTRACTS 39

support technical management in decision making based on large navigation databases. The proposed statistical approach is founded on a multiple linear regression and allows for both pointwise and interval predictions of the fuel consumption. At the end of each voyage, the model can be used to alert management for a possible change in ship performance in all those situations where the actual fuel consumption lies outside the prediction interval. Moreover, the model can also be utilized to quantify the contribution to the fuel consumption due to the hull and propeller fouling, which is particularly profitable for shipping companies and operators to claim for carbon credits after a specific improvement operation.

Fuel consumption Ship performance monitoring Statistical analysis

2016010106

Initial considerations for operational parameters intended to minimize fuel consumption by ships in real weather conditions. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 115 n 43, 2015, p 9 [6 p, 22 ref, 1 fig] http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/783 Cepowski, T. English

The paper presents the concept of modelling a ship’s operating parameters in order to minimize the fuel consumption in real weather conditions. This is an important innovation because, in ship theory, fuel consumption and speed are usually expressed by average values over longer periods of time, which is a significant limitation. This article presents selected topics of the proposed research such as state-of-the-art, general objectives, scientific and technical expectations, scientific and economic extensions, and environmental impacts. The article also proposes an original method of the research.

Fuel consumption Ship operation

2016010107

A multi-criteria decision method for the analysis of the Motorways of the Sea: the application to the case of France and Spain on the Atlantic Coast. Maritime Policy & Management, v 42 n 6, 2015, pp 608-631 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03088839.2015.1039091 Martínez-López, A., Munín-Doce, A., García-Alonxo, L. English

Despite European Union (EU) political support to identify the most feasible Motorways of the Sea, the final decision can only be made by Private Shipping Companies, which are operators of a unique stretch of the intermodal chain. This paper provides a multi-criteria decision method to identify the most suitable Motorways of the Sea taking into account the competitiveness of whole intermodal routes versus the alternative of road transport from the loader’s perspective. The analysis is carried out assuming a ‘many-to-many’ transport model. Firstly indexes of time and cost were defined and evaluated for every available route in the model in accordance with a multi-criteria decision matrix. Secondly, through a Monte Carlo simulation a sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the influence on the results of the forecast assumed to construct the matrix. The results obtained are not only quantitative, but also qualitative. The development of intermodal routes via Motorways of the Sea is especially relevant for the peripheral EU countries. Due to the relevance of the freight flow between France and Spain and the congestion of their connections through the Pyrenees, the method proposed was applied to the analysis of this particular case

Decision theory Intermodal transportation Routes

2016010108

A comparative study of deterministic and ensemble weather forecasts for weather routing. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 429-441 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-014-0295-9 Skoglund, L., Kuttenkeuler, J., Et al English

This paper presents and discusses the results of a comparison between using deterministic and ensemble weather forecasts for weather routing. The

40 ABSTRACTS

study is based on comparisons between predicted and realised performance of routes suggested by a route optimisation method and focuses on two important performance factors, namely, fuel consumption and late arrival. The study is purely qualitative since the simulations do not include re-routing of the vessel as new forecasts become available. To perform the study a multi-objective dynamic programming method is tailored to the problem and implemented to perform the route optimisation and a ship performance model is used to calculate the additional fuel consumption due to wind and waves acting on the ship. The results show that route optimisation using ensemble weather forecasts has the potential to reduce the risk of late arrival for voyages during periods of harsh weather.

Optimisation Weather forecasting Weather routing

2016010109

Guide for sea trials (progressive speed, manoeuvring and endurance). SNAME T & R Bulletin 3-47, 2015 [111p] http://www.sname.org/pubs No author given English

This guide covers progressive speed, manoeuvring, and endurance sea trials of self-propelled surface ships displacing 300 tonnes or more, powered by hydrocarbon fuels such as petroleum, natural gas or bio fuel, and driven by diesel or Otto cycle engines, gas turbine, or electric motors. References are made to applicable international standards. This Bulletin does not cover dock trials, tests, or demonstrations that can be conducted dockside. This Guide is intended to assist users in applying IMO manoeuvring standards and to allow the owner, designer and builder to rate the vessel’s manoeuvring performance relative to statistical data of vessel manoeuvring characteristics. The Guide summarizes the procedures to be used in assessing a vessel’s manoeuvring performance.

Manoeuvring Recommendations Sea trials Ship speed

2016010110

Ship voyage energy efficiency assessment using ship simulators. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 591 [14 p, 20 ref, 5 tab, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Bassam, A., Phillips, A., Et al English

The increase in global trade is driving growth in both the size and number of ships. However, this increased demand is leading to greater contributions from shipping to air pollution. This is leading designers and operators to propose and adopt novel powering and propulsion systems. However, there is a challenge with assessing the actual benefit from using a certain retrofit technology or changing the operating conditions of their ships, this may be addressed using numerical simulations. This paper presents a time-domain one-degree of freedom ship simulator implemented in MATLAB/Simulink to enable designers to predict the performance of ship propulsion system during voyages. The proposed simulator is used to assess the effectiveness of three different EEDI and SEEMP measures suggested by IMO to increase ship’s propulsion system efficiency which are: voyage execution, slow steaming, and hybrid electric power and propulsion concepts using fuel cells. The developed simulator can be used for further studies and more elements are planned to be added to the ship simulators to make it more generic and capable of testing more propulsion configurations options.

Energy conservation Propulsive efficiency Ship performance Simulation

2016010111

Study on influence of ship speed on local ice loads on bow of the IBRV ARAON. Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering, v 1 n 1, 2015, p 25 [11 p, 12 ref, 2 tab, 14 fig] http://www.jaroe.org/sub/issues/issues.html?icode=19 Kim, T-W., Choi, K., Et al English

This study presents the analysis of relationship between ship speed and local ice load on the Korean

ABSTRACTS 41

Icebreaker ARAON. The relationship curves were made from the data obtained at two areas: the Arctic and the Antarctic; and for two operation condition: the icebreaking condition in sea ice trial and general operation in ice covered sea. The strain data were converted to the equivalent stress value, and the influence of ship speed on the local ice load was analysed and compared each other. These analysis results are useful in working on a statistically valid hull design approach.

Ice loads Icebreakers Ship speed

2016010112

Analysis of outside factors’ influence on perspectives of container traffic development in Arctic region. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1838 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Burmenskiy, A.D., Taranukha, N.A. English

This article is devoted to the analysis of container carriages’ development prospects in arctic region. There is a review of cargo transportation test along the Russian Arctic Coast in the article. The external factors are analysed, which influence the carrier exploitation and the transfer lines organization in the Arctic Region, including the prospects of container transportation development in Arctic. The paper examines external factors that must be considered while justifying the creation of a container transportation system. The classification of those factors is offered.

Arctic regions Containerised shipping

2016010113

Simulating traveling time and exhaust emissions along the Norther Sea route. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1856 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Schröder, C. English

To better understand the environmental impact of shipping in arctic areas, this paper focuses on the development of a tool to determine the traveling time, consumed type of fuel and corresponding exhaust emissions. This tool has been developed during the European Union funded research project ACCESS (Arctic Climate Change, Economy and Society) (HSVA, 2014). The results depend on ship parameters like hull shape, propulsion system, engine characteristic and consumed type of fuel as well as the environmental conditions which are mainly influenced by the climate change.

Arctic regions Emissions Fuel consumption Voyage time

2016010114

Ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches. PIANC InCom report 155, March 2015 http://www.pianc.org/edits/articleshop.php?id=2015155 No author given English

Two previous PIANC reports have focused on navigation locks. The first, the “Final Report of the International Commission for the Study of Locks”, was published in 1986 and provided a very broad overview on different topics concerning the construction of locks. After twenty years it was necessary to provide an update to the older report and this resulted in the report “Innovations in Navigation Lock Design”, which was published as report no 106 in 2009. Afterwards it became obvious for people working in that field that the interaction between the lock and the moving vessel is not sufficiently covered by these two former reports. It is necessary to give designers of locks and organisations that operate locks more insight into the troubles that vessels might encounter when locks are operated and to provide guidance on how to avoid them. Thus, it was decided

42 ABSTRACTS

to set up a follow-up Working Group to fill this gap. The Terms of Reference for this group were defined to investigate and report on: An overview of the current knowledge to evaluate the forces which act on a ship while entering a lock and during the locking process; Methodologies to assess the acceptable levels of these forces; •Guidelines in different countries to handle the design process in order to achieve the desired level of safety. The developed aim of the WG was to give designers and operators an idea as to why the effects of locks on vessels are important and to combine this with the experience from cur-rent lock projects. So, the main questions to be answered were: What are the relevant physical processes? Is there a way to evaluate the forces on the vessel? What is the vessels reaction and is it critical? What to do to prevent problems? And Is there, or should there be, a code or guideline for this problem? During the transit of a ship through a lock and even during normal navigation, ships can be significantly affected by the interaction with the processes induced by a lock. It is relevant to have an idea about the governing processes, as they have an impact both on design and operation of navigation locks. The report is structured from the point of view of the user of the infrastructure. It is based on a timeline of events for the vessel that transits through a lock, i.e. a series of chapters for normal navigation, waiting in front of the entrance, entering the lock, the locking process, and leaving the lock. Additionally, the WG tried to analyse the possible hazards of a lock transit by combining the experience of the members and talking to pilots and captains. This resulted in the narrative in the Foreword of the report. Apart from this, the Working Group performed a Hazard and Operation (HAZOP) study. The purpose of this method is to identify all undesired exceptions of a system or process together with the related causes. The result is given in the annex of the report.

Forces Locks (waterways) Navigation

2016010115

Analysis of noise on board a ship during navigation and manoeuvres. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 256-269 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002838 Borelli, D., Gaggero, T., Et al English

In this study, full-scale noise levels measurements on

board a Ro-Pax ferry have been carried out in various compartments of the ship, both in stationary conditions (navigation) and during manoeuvres. Noise levels have been surveyed in various categories of spaces located in all decks accessible to both passengers and crew, with the purpose of giving a complete and effective picture of the acoustic climate on board. The measured noise levels have been compared with current and proposed limits for working and living spaces, obtaining a clear identification of the most critical spaces on board the ship both in respect to acoustic comfort and noise exposure of crew during working hours. In cabins, different operating conditions for air conditioning have been tested, to analyse the specific contribution to annoyance of the ventilation noise, which turned out to be in many cases determinant. Transient conditions during manoeuvres entering and leaving harbours have been analysed by spectral time histories in cabins and public spaces close to the main propulsion plant and to bow thrusters. These situations correspond to considerably high levels, which may limit significantly operation during night time.

Machinery noise Manoeuvres Noise effects Noise level Ship spaces

2016010116

A study on statistical analysis of local ice loads measured during the Arctic voyage of the IBRV ARAON. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1771 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Kwon, Y-H., Lee, J-H., Et al English

In summer 2010, field measurements of local ice loads were carried out in the Arctic Ocean using the Korean first icebreaking research vessel, ARAON. In some previous studies by the authors, several investigations for the data measured at 2010 including the relationship between the measuring points and ice loads, the possibility for observation of higher ice load and the relationship between the ship speed and ice loads were reported. During 10 days in August 2013, new field measurements were performed in similar waters of the Arctic Ocean using the same

ABSTRACTS 43

vessel, ARAON. The aim of this study is to investigate the statistical properties of 2013 measurements and compare results by two periods.

Ice loads Icebreakers Statistical analysis

3.1 GENERAL HYDRODYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS AND OCEANOGRAPHY

2016010117

Solution and domain decomposition for marine hydrodynamics: RANS and potential flow coupling. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 903 [16 p, 19 ref,64 tab, 5 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Vukčevíc, V., Jasak, H., Malenica, Š. English

This paper presents a CFD decomposition model for free surface, viscous, incompressible flows related to marine hydrodynamics. The solution decomposition is based on Spectral Wave Explicit Navier Stokes Equations (SWENSE), where the primitive variables are written as the combination of incident and diffracted fields. This allows efficient coupling of the discretised Navier–Stokes free surface flow equations with arbitrary potential flow theories. The domain decomposition is achieved with implicit relaxation zones in order to prevent undesirable wave reflection in unbounded domains. Interface capturing is obtained with implicitly re-distanced Level Set (LS) method derived from Phase Field equation. This approach removes the need to re-distance the LS field using conventional re-distancing procedures and reduces mass conservation issues fundamental to the LS method. The numerical model is based on a polyhedral, second-order accurate, col- located finite volume method (FVM). The coupling of primitive variables is obtained via segregated solution algorithm based on SIMPLE and PISO. The model is implemented in OpenFOAM. The verification of the model is performed by a number of two–dimensional (2–D) test cases. The reflection analysis is carried out by changing the relaxation zone length. Mass conservation and preservation of the signed distance LS function is demonstrated with a simulation lasting

50 incident wave periods. A long domain simulation is also carried out to show that the damping of the wave does not occur. Finally, a wave steepness study has been carried out by changing wave height while the wave period was kept fixed. Three–dimensional (3–D) test cases regarding higher order forces on circular cylinder have also been carried out. However, the results will be presented in future work.

Computational fluid dynamics Incompressible flow Potential flow Viscous flow Wave models

2016010118

On the SPH modelling of flow over cylinder beneath to a free-surface. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1104 [12 p, 24 ref, 2 tab, 5 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Ozbulut, M., Tofighi, N., Et al English

This work aims to model flow around rigid cylinder beneath to a free surface by using a particle based Lagrangian method, namely, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has clear advantages on modelling nonlinear violent free surface problems. This problem which is also regarded as 2-d wave making problem in marine hydrodynamics literature is carried out for three different positions of cylinder centre with two different Froude numbers. The fluid motion is governed by continuity and Euler equations while Weakly Compressible SPH (WCSPH) approximation together with artificial viscosity term is employed for the numerical discretization of the problem domain. Hybrid Velocity- updated XSPH and Artificial Particle Displacement (VXSPH+APD) correction algorithm [Ozbulet et al, 2014] and standard density correction treatment is also added into the numerical scheme. The Reynolds number is chosen as close to 200 for all cases where three dimensionality first starts to be effective in the flow domain [Barkley & Henderson, 1996]. As the flow characteristics are metastable [Reichl et al, 1997], the free-surface deformations, drag and the lift force on the body shows periodic variation during the evolution of the flow. Free-surface deformations at the maximum and minimum lift instants are compared with the results of Reichl et.al. for the first

44 ABSTRACTS

two cases. The last case considers a higher Froude number and deeper cylinder position where lift and drag forces are compared with the findings of [Bouscasse, B. et al, 2014]. It is observed that the obtained free-surface profiles, mean values of drag and lift forces give consistent results in a good with the referred literature data.

Cylindrical bodies Free surfaces Numerical analysis Open channel flow

3.2 RESISTANCE AND PROPULSIVE PERFORMANCE

2016010119

Open water performance comparison between hub-type and hubless rim driven thrusters based on CFD method. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 55-63 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001614 Song, B.W., Wang, Y-j., Tian, W-l. English

Rim driven thrusters (RDT) have been designed both in hub-type and hubless type, but few comparison studies have been performed. This paper investigates the difference between open water performance of hub-type and hubless RDT by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations were numerically solved by the commercial code CFX 14.0 with a multiple frames of reference (MFR) method. The accuracy of the numerical method was validated through verification and validation studies. Four pairs of hub-type and hubless rim driven thrusters having different hub radius were tested. The simulation results demonstrate that the hubless RDT efficiency is higher than that of the hub-type RDT. The hubless RDT also has a larger thrust, torque and a smaller thrust ratio. The reasons for the difference are also discussed in the paper. The flow field details are also presented.

Computational fluid dynamics Open water Thrusters

2016010120

Influence of drift angle on the computation of hull–propeller–rudder interaction. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 64-77 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001468 Badoe, C.E., Phillips, A.B., Turnock, S.R. English

The operation of the propeller dominates the flow interaction effects on the upstream hull and a downstream rudder. An investigation is carried out into the sensitivity with which these effects can be resolved when an angle of drift is applied as well as the length of an upstream body is varied. The computed results are compared to a detailed wind tunnel investigation which measured changes in propeller thrust, torque and rudder forces. Variation of the upstream body length and drift angle effectively varies the magnitude of the crossflow and wake at the propeller plane. The time resolved flow was computed around the hull–propeller–rudder configuration using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and an Arbitrary Mesh Interface (AMI) model to account for the motion of the propeller. A mesh sensitivity study quantifies the necessary number of mesh cells to adequately resolve the flow field. Overall, good agreement is found between the experimental and computational results when predicting the change in propulsive efficiency, flow straightening and rudder manoeuvring performance. However, it can be seen that there is a significant computational expense associated with a time resolved propeller interaction and that alternative body force based methods are likely to still be required with the computation of self-propelled ship manoeuvres.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull propeller interaction Manoeuvring Propulsive efficiency Rudders

ABSTRACTS 45

2016010121

Ship scale CFD self-propulsion simulation and its direct comparison with sea trails results. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 18 [8 p, 13 ref, 4 tab, 8 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Ponkratov, D., Zegos, C. English

Although Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes have been validated extensively by developers and researches, most of it is done against model scale experiments. Due to the difference in scale between ships and models it is important to validate against full scale measurements. However, these are scarce and even when available they are usually incomplete for this purpose. Lloyd’s Register Technical Investigation Department has the capability to collect some specific data during operations which even under normal circumstances pose numerous challenges and are costly to acquire. As part of the research work reported here, all these obstacles were overcome to culminate in the successful ship scale validation of the code and methods.

Comparison Computational fluid dynamics Self propulsion Trial data

2016010122

Wake estimation: a comparative study between different solvers. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 19 [6 p, 5 ref, 1 tab, 7 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Saripilli, J.R., Dabbi, P.N., Et al English

The emerging demand for energy efficient ships is constantly driving simulation based design for optimised hull forms with optimised wakes. In the conventional way of estimating wake from model experiments, high uncertainties lie in scaling the wake field from model scale to full scale. These uncertainties escalate with the complexity of the hull geometry, mainly the appendage arrangement. Hence

full scale computation to estimate wake are performed using RANS based CFD solvers. Wake estimation studies are performed on a fully appended twin screw vessel equipped with skeg, two A – brackets arranged in tandem with port-starboard asymmetry in appendage arrangement. Comparative studies are performed on the computed wake field and detailed flow interaction near appendages using two commercial CFD solvers STAR CCM+ and ANSYS CFX. The computational results are later compared with the extrapolated wake measurements from model experiments.

Computational fluid dynamics Wakes

2016010123

Estimation of hull-propeller system performance for variation in pitch-diameter (P/D) ratios. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 29 [8 p, 10 ref, 4 tab, 14 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Khan, M.K., Kumar, A., Et al English

Performance characteristics assessment of propellers using methodical series has been well established over decades for variation in geometric parameters of propellers in open water condition. The main geometric parameters for a propeller with specified diameter are P/D ratios, BAR (Blade area ratio) and blade sectional configuration. Although there is a considerable amount of ease in attaining the open water characteristics for a propeller configuration from series charts rather than model tests, the hull-propeller system model test data for a defined displacement condition can only be generated experimentally through self-propulsion tests. In this paper, an attempt is made to employ an approximate method for predicting the hull propeller system data for a range of P/D ratios for a defined hull displacement condition, when the self-propulsion data for a single P/D ratio is available.

Hull propeller interaction Propeller efficiency

46 ABSTRACTS

2016010124

Experimental and computational study of lift-based flapping foil propulsion system for ships. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 32 [9 p, 13 ref, 5 tab, 16 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Mannam, N.P.B., Panigrahi, P.K. English

Flying and marine animals often use flapping wings, fins, or tails to generate thrust. This was based on law of action and reaction because a force given by swimming animals to a fluid causes a reacting force from the fluid to animals, namely thrust. The entire sub-sea aquatic propulsion modes are classified into four different forms: Lift-based, Drag–Based, Undulation mode and Jet Propulsion. Fluid dynamics related to thrust of swimming animals is discussed. In this paper, the authors used lift-based propulsion modes for 3m ship model. The reciprocating motion consists of yawing and swaying. In this study, the concept design of a flapping foil propulsion boat is done with reference to penguin or turtle propulsion. Resistance tests were carried out in a towing tank with hull and fins attached to the bottom of ship model. The efficiency of lift based bio-mimetic flapping foil propulsion system is presented. Numerical simulations have been carried out in CFD Package Ansys Fluent to analyse the vortices of flapping foils. The authors have studied the thrust generation by dual flapping foils in tandem mode and the results are presented. The staggered array of vortices that forms in the wake of a cylinder (or any bluff body) is von karman vortex street (vks) which is drag. At low flapping amplitude for a fixed strouhal number a forced wake resembling a von karman vortex street. When the amplitude increases the rotation of direction of vortices changes and the flows in the wake transit from von karman (vks) to reverse von karman (rvks) and the mean flow is a typical jet profile which characterizes thrust.

Computational fluid dynamics Flaps (control surfaces) Foils Model tests Propulsion devices

2016010125

Flapping flexible foil propulsion. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 34 [8 p, 10 ref, 15 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Shinde, S.Y., Arakeri, J.H. English

Tis work is an experimental study of an aerofoil flapping and simultaneously moving forward in quiescent water in a tank. The focus here is to study using flow visualizations and PIV how the flexible flap attached at the trailing edge of a rigid aerofoil affects the flow generation. The parameters that were varied were the frequency and amplitude of flapping and forward speed. The Strouhal number based on lateral excursion of the trailing edge is kept around 0.3 in all the experiments. The authors also briefly present the flow in the absence of free-stream velocity or forward speed (Strouhal number = ∞).

Aerofoils Flaps (control surfaces) Flow visualization

2016010126

Calculation of ice clearing resistance using normal vector of hull form and direct calculation of buoyancy force under the hull. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 4, December 2015, p 699 [9 p, 9 ref, 4 tab, 8 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-4/ijnaoe-2015-0049/ijnaoe-2015-0049.xml?format=INT Park, K-D., Kim, M-C., Kim, H-S. English

The ice-resistance estimation technique for icebreaking ships had been studied intensively over recent years to meet the needs of designing Arctic vessels. Before testing in the ice model basin, the estimation of a ship’s ice resistance with high reliability is very important to decide the delivered power necessary for level ice operation. The main idea of previous studies came from several empirical formulas, such as Poznyak and Ionov (1981), Enkvist (1972) and Shimansky (1938) methods, in which ice resistance components such as icebreaking, buoyancy and clearing resistances were represented by the integral equations along the Design Load Water Line

ABSTRACTS 47

(DLWL). The current study pro-poses a few modified methods not only considering the DLWL shape, but also the hull shape under the DLWL. In the proposed methodology, the DLWL shape for icebreaking resistance and the hull shape under the DLWL for buoyancy and clearing resistances can be directly considered in the calculation. Especially, when calculating clearing resistance, the flow pattern of ice particles under the DLWL of ship is assumed to be in accordance with the ice flow observed during ice model testing. This paper also deals with application examples for a few ship designs and its ice model testing programs at the AARC ice model basin. From the comparison of results of the model test and the estimation, the reliability of this estimation technique has been discussed.

Buoyancy Hull form Ice resistance Icebreakers

2016010127

A prediction method of ice breaking resistance using a multiple regression analysis. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 4, December 2015, p 708 [12 p, 19 ref, 14 tab, 4 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-4/ijnaoe-2015-0050/ijnaoe-2015-0050.xml?format=INT Cho, S-R., Lee, S. English

The two most important tasks of icebreakers are first to secure a sailing route by breaking the thick sea ice and second to sail efficiently for purposes of exploration and transportation in the polar seas. The resistance of icebreakers is a priority factor at the preliminary design stage; not only must their sailing efficiency be satisfied, but the design of the propulsion system will be directly affected. Therefore, the performance of icebreakers must be accurately calculated and evaluated through the use of model tests in an ice tank before construction starts. In this paper, a new procedure is developed, based on model tests, to estimate a ship’s ice breaking

resistance during continuous ice-breaking in ice. Some of the factors associated with crushing failures are systematically considered in order to correctly estimate her ice-breaking resistance. This study is intended to contribute to the improvement of the techniques for ice resistance prediction with ice breaking ships.

Ice resistance Icebreakers Model tests Regression analysis

2016010128

A non-geometrically similar model for predicting the wake field of full-scale ships. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 3, September 2015, pp 225-233 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1316-8 Guo, C., Zhang, Q., Shen, Y. English

The scale effect leads to large discrepancies between the wake fields of model-scale and actual ships, and causes differences in cavitation performance and exciting forces tests in predicting the performance of actual ships. Therefore, when test data from ship models are directly applied to predict the performance of actual ships, test results must be subjected to empirical corrections. This study proposes a method for the reverse design of the hull model. Compared to a geometrically similar hull model, the wake field generated by the modified model is closer to that of an actual ship. A non- geometrically similar model of a Korean Research Institute of Ship and Ocean Engineering (KRISO)’s container ship (KCS) was designed. Numerical simulations were performed using this model, and its results were compared with full-scale calculation results. The deformation method of getting the wake field of full-scale ships by the non-geometrically similar model is applied to the KCS successfully.

Containerships Scale effect Wakes

48 ABSTRACTS

2016010129

Cavitation dynamics and underwater radiated noise signature of a ship with a cavitating propeller. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 401 [12 p, 9 ref, 14 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Li, D.Q., Hallander, J., Et al English

The paper presents SSPA’s work in the EU project AQUO to predict underwater radiated noise (URN) generated by a coastal tanker with a cavitating propeller. A CFD method, consisting of a multi-phase Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) and a Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) acoustic analogy, is applied to predict the cavitation, pressure pulses and radiated noise for the ship at model and full scale. In comparison with the data obtained from the model test and full scale measurement, it is found that the predicted sheet cavity correlates quite well with the observed ones in the experiment and sea trial. Some success is made in predicting the collapse and rebound of tip vortex cavitation (TVC) at model scale, yet the extension of TVC is under-predicted. The predicted pressure pulses agree reasonably well with the measured ones at the first three harmonics, deviation becomes larger at higher harmonics. The tonal noise has fairly good agreement with the measured signal at both scales up to 5th harmonics. The simulation however under-predicts part of broadband noise that is caused by the TVC, mainly due to an under-resolution of the flow in the tip region and the propeller wake. The agreement with the data for the model scale case is slightly better than that for the full scale case.

Cavitation noise Propeller cavitation Underwater acoustics

2016010130

Unsteady loading on the propeller at different manoeuvring conditions using hybrid and URANS methods. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 413 [12 p, 8 ref, 3 tab, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Abbas, N., Kornev, N. English

The results of computations of the unsteady wake and unsteady loadings on marine propellers behind the KVLCC2 tanker model under simple manoeuvring conditions (only drift angle) and complete manoeuvring (drift angle and yaw rate) using different numerical methods are presented and analysed. The hybrid URANS-LES model presented in [Kornev, et al (2011) and Abbas & Kornve (2014], the hybrid IDDES and the k-ω-SST model are applied first for the bare hull at different drift angles, and then under complete manoeuvring conditions (different drift angles and yaw rates). The forces and moment coefficients of the bare hull calculations under different drift angels were compared with the experimental results of Kume et al. (2006). In the second series of calculations the arrangement containing both the ship and rotating propeller is computed with consideration of all interaction effects at different drift angles. Under complete manoeuvring condition the whole system (ship, rudder and propeller) was calculated. CFD results for the time averaged thrust were compared with experimental results. Also the comparison for the standard deviations of forces and moments acting on propeller and its appendages with the experimental estimations is presented.

Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvring Propeller loading Unsteady loads Wakes

ABSTRACTS 49

2016010131

Active and passive pitch-controlled flapping wing propulsors; usage of the wake structure as a performance qualifier. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 546 [12 p, 16 ref, 10 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Tsarsitalidis, V., Politis, G., Belibassakis, K. English

Economic and ecological needs dictate for an ever growing need for increased efficiency, both in marine propulsion and energy saving systems. Biomimetic (flapping wing) systems have already shown potential as propulsors and even more so as a mechanism that converts energy from ship motions to thrust. In this paper, the problem of passively (spring loaded) or actively pitched controlled wing is formulated and solved using a free wake 3D Boundary Element Method. For the spring loaded case, the unsteady BEM code is used to calculate the instantaneous forcing (i.e. pitching moment) entered in the nonlinear second order PDE in time, expressing equilibrium of moments including damping and inertia, around the pitch axis. Systematic simulations were conducted for a series of harmonically heaving wings of different aspect ratios, with the instantaneous pitch selected either passively via a spring-damper system or actively using a proper control algorithm. The results regarding developed mean thrust coefficient are presented in the form of systematic diagrams compatible with the design diagrams introduced by Politis & Tsarsitaldis (2014) allowing comparison of the different flapping wing propulsors. Results are also presented for the wake patterns of the different configurations, at similar propulsive conditions, revealing the connection between the propulsive effectiveness and 3D wake structure.

Active systems Flaps (control surfaces) Passive systems Propulsion devices Wings

2016010132

Comparison of unstructured grid and overset grid approaches for flow computations around a ship with an energy-saving duct. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 558 [10 p, 6 ref, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Hino, T., Hirota, M., Et al English

Two approaches for CFD simulations for a complex geometry of a ship with an energy-saving duct are compared. One method is an unstructured grid method in which the single block grid can cover the whole geometry and the other is an overset grid method which uses multiple grid blocks for each component of the complex geometry. The computed results are compared with each other and with the experimental data for the resistance and the self-propulsion factors together with the flow fields. Based on these comparisons, two approaches are assessed from the practical point of view.

Computational fluid dynamics Ducts Energy conservation

2016010133

Design of combined propeller/stator propulsion systems with special attention to scale effects. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 568 [12 p, 13 ref, 3 tab, 10 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Streckwell, H., Xing-Kaeding, Y., Gatchell, S. English

The design of a well performing pre-swirl stator (PSS) should strictly account for the full scale flow environment as met individually by each stator fin. In the European GRIP project an actual design has been delivered for a bulk carrier and was installed for trials. The results of the speed/power measurements could be compared to the trial data obtained 2 weeks earlier, when the stator was not mounted. The power gain with mounted stator was considerable. As the design was adapted to a computed full scale flow environment, the question arises whether such results

50 ABSTRACTS

could have been predicted prior by model tests performed with geometrical similar stator and propeller. For this purpose the model propulsion mode was analysed numerically. In summary the model scale analysis revealed considerable differences to the full scale setup, if the performance of the fins is compared individually. However in this numerical assessment of scale effects, the overall decrease of power at the propeller showed only minor changes between model and full scale. The second question coming up after the trials have been completed addresses the propeller and its drop in RPM, an expected and forecasted result. Such an RPM change in itself will have a positive effect on the required power due to a reduction of viscous effects on torque. On the other hand due to requirements from the engine side it will usually be necessary to adapt the propeller geometry and compensate the RPM drop. To what extent the required power will increase for such an RPM adapted propeller is investigated numerically.

Propellers Scale effect Stators

2016010134

Marine application of Flettner rotors: numerical study on a systematic variation of geometric factor by DOE approach. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 579 [12 p, 13 ref, 3 tab, 10 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Marco, A. de, Mancini, S., Et al English

Flettner Rotors (FR) are spinning cylinders, which produce fluid dynamic lift by using the Magnus Effect. The Magnus force can be much greater in magnitude than the wing lifting force, given the same projected area and dynamic air pressure. The FR was used for ship’s propulsion system in the 1920’s. Nowadays, the FR is being seriously examined due to the necessity of renewable resources use. In this paper, a statistical Design of Experiment (DoE) has been applied to investigate lift, drag and aerodynamic efficiency of a FR. DoE is a statistical methodology

for a systematically approach used for problems with a large number of variables. Moreover, DoE approach is able to predict, economically, accurately and in few experimental runs, the responses of the system by approximate mathematical models.

Computational fluid dynamics Magnus effect Propulsive efficiency Rotors Statistical analysis

2016010135

The development of “ultimate rudder” for EEDI. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 605 [8 p, 3 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Okada, Y., Kawasaki, M., Et al English

The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) became mandatory in January 2013, and ship owners definitely required a higher efficiency propulsion system than ever before. Hence, shipyards have been conducting an optimisation of Energy Saving Device (ESD) system in self-propulsion tests for each project. As a result, shipyards have installed a rudder bulb as an effective ESD. The rudder bulb is a popular ESD system developed many years ago. Mewis (2013) described the rudder bulb developed by Costa in 1952 and the efficiency improvement by the rudder bulb for a container vessel was 1% on average. Fujii et al. (1995) developed the Mitsui Integrated Propeller Boss MIPB) as an advanced rudder bulb. The feature of the MIPB was a streamlined profile from propeller cap to rudder. According to their paper, the efficiency improvement by installing MIPB was 2-4%. Recently, Nakashima Propeller Co., Ltd. developed the ECO-Cap (economical propeller cap) as a new ESD with (Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP). The strength of FRP is higher than that of Nickel Aluminium Bronze (NAB), therefore the ECO-Cap was able to adopt thin fins on propeller caps for low resistance. Although the material used for the energy-saving propeller cap was generally NAB, the research results on FRP showed that FRP could be used as ESD due to properties such as lightweight and

ABSTRACTS 51

flexibility. As explained above, the authors thought that there was a possibility to evolve the rudder bulb profile using the easily moldable FRP compared with NAB. This paper describes the development of the “Ultimate Rudder” of new design concept by FRP. The authors optimised the profile of the “Ultimate Rudder” by CFD and confirmed the efficiency increase from 4.9 to 5.4% in a self-propulsion test.

Energy conservation Propulsive efficiency Rudders

2016010136

A generalised fully unsteady hybrid RANS/BEM model for marine propeller flow simulations. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 613 [14 p, 18 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Salvatore, F., Calcagni, D., Et al English

A generalised hybrid RANSE/BEM model for the analysis of hull/propeller interaction in ship hydrodynamics problems at reduced computational cost is presented. Akin to standard hybrid RANSE/BEM models, the coupling between viscous and inviscid- flow solvers is based on a volume-force/effective-inflow approach. The generalization consists in coupling a time-accurate solution by BEM of the unsteady flow around the rotating propeller with the solution of the surrounding viscous-flow by unsteady RANSE to account for transient-flow propeller perturbation. The methodology is validated through numerical applications to a simple case study describing a propeller in uniform flow conditions. Numerical results by the proposed hybrid RANSE/BEM model are compared with results by full-RANSE simulations and the capability of the methodology to correctly describe transient propeller flow perturbation to a surrounding viscous flow is investigated.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull propeller interaction Propeller flow

2016010137

Analysis of the unsteady wake of a full bottomed ship in shallow water. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 627 [14 p, 18 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Shevchuk, I., Kornev, N. English

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the unsteady hydrodynamic processes taking place in the ship wake under shallow water conditions. The motivation of the research is the determination of the reasons for the rise of strong vibration in the stern of inland cruise ships in waterways with considerable depth restriction. As a research tool the hybrid URANS/LES approach of Kornev et al. [2011] is selected in order to capture the influence of nonstationary vortical structures on the velocity oscillations in the propeller plane. As it will be shown, the URANS method cannot reproduce these flow features. The flow is studied in a single-phase and in a two-phase formulation. Influence of the free surface, depth Froude number and depth to draft ratio on the wake is analysed. The adverse pressure gradient in the stern region causes massive separations of the boundary layer. On account of the separations the velocity oscillations in the wake are turned out to be strongly dependent on the underkeel clearance. On the other hand, it is shown, that at high F rH the wave pattern can significantly influence the viscous wake and cause the suppression of the velocity oscillations due to the decrease of the water level. Possible effect of the wake unsteadiness on the propeller performance in such circumstances is discussed.

Shallow water Wakes

52 ABSTRACTS

2016010138

Detached eddy simulation of blade-pod interactions. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 639 [7 p, 7 ref, 9 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Dong, X.Q., Yang, C.J. English

For the tractor type podded propulsor there is a strong interaction between propeller wake and pod housing, which would cause fluctuation of pod housing forces, even lead to cavitation on pod housing. In this paper, the DES model is employed to simulate the interaction between propeller blade wake and the pod housing for a puller-type podded propulsor. The DES simulation results are compared with those from the RANS simulations using the same grid set. It is shown that propeller and propulsor performances obtained by the two methods are quite similar, however, turbulence model and grid density have a great effect on the average and unsteady fluctuation of pod housing lateral force. Stronger vortexes after propeller are simulated by DES model and fine grid. Especially, at downstream of strut and pod, vortex structures of DES model are more complex, and stronger flow separation happens at the end of strut, cause larger pressure fluctuation near the end of the strut.

Computational fluid dynamics Pods Interactions Propeller races Propulsion devices

2016010139

Numerical simulation of cavitating ship propeller flow and assessment of erosion aggressiveness. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 709 [13 p, 19 ref, 1 tab, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Budich, B.l, Schmidt, S.J., Adams, N.A. English

This paper focuses on the evaluation of cavitation aggressiveness on the cavitating model propeller

VP1304 by numerical simulation. To this respect, the authors employ a density-based, finite volume method, based on a barotropic, homogeneous mixture model. Fully accounting for two-phase compressibility, collapse-induced instantaneous peak pressures and associated wave dynamics are captured by the chosen approach. The maximum instantaneous pressures registered on material surfaces allow for a qualitative identification of erosion-sensitive areas. Furthermore, a collapse detection algorithm is applied for an automated recording of isolated cavity collapse events. Impact load spectra showing rate and intensity distributions of recorded collapses are utilized for a quantitative evaluation of cavitation aggressiveness. While the cavitating tip vortex is stable and does not lead to collapse events in the vicinity of the propeller, material erosion can be expected in the suction side root region due to a highly unsteady root cavitation.

Cavitation erosion Numerical analysis Propeller cavitation

2016010140

Performances analysis of a semi-displacement hull by numerical simulations. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 722 [13 p, 20 ref, 3 tab, 9 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Durante, D., Broglia, R., Bizzarri, G. English

The flow field generated by the towing of a semi-displacement hull, free to heave and pitch, is numerically investigated in the velocity range 18 − 34 Kn. The numerical code adopted is the in-house developed Xnavis, which is a general purpose unsteady RANS based solver; the solver is based on a Finite Volume approach together with a Chimera technique for overlapping grids and a Level Set approach to handle the air/water interface. The generated wave pattern shows many interesting features with an evident wave plunging near the hull

ABSTRACTS 53

bow, while the stern remains completely dry for velocities over 30 Kn. The numerical outcomes are discussed in terms of total resistance, sinkage and trim.

Flow distribution Planing hulls Sinkage Resistance Trim

2016010141

The Kriso Container Ship (KCS) test case: an open source overview. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 735 [15 p, 27 ref, 2 tab, 11 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Gaggero, S., Villa, D., Viviani, M. English

In this work, the analysis of the Kriso Container Ship (KCS) test case using the OpenFOAM RANS solver is proposed. Both ship resistance in calm water, propeller open water performances, self-propulsion calculations are proposed and the numerical results are validated by a comparison with the model scale experiments shared in literature and through workshops. The analyses are carried out applying the open source tools, from pre- to post- processing, available in the OpenFOAM environment, namely snappyHexMesh for the generation of the computational mesh, simpleFoam, pimpleDyMFoam, LTSInterFoam for the solution of the various hydrodynamic problems and Paraview for the post-processing of the results. The comparison with the experimental measurements, finally, demonstrates the maturity of these solvers for a reliable and, from an engineering point of view, accurate prediction of some of the peculiar characteristics of the flow ships and propellers are subjected to.

Computational fluid dynamics Containerships Propeller efficiency Resistance Self propulsion

2016010142

Numerical study on a KVLCC2 model advancing in shallow water. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 1. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Yuan, Z-M., Kellett, P. English

Due to the effects from the bottom of the waterway, advancing ships will sink deeper in shallow water than in deep water. This is known as squat effect, which increases with the speed of the vessel. The aim of this paper is to provide a numerical method to predict the shallow water effects. The 3-D boundary element method is firstly applied to simulate a KVLCC2 model advancing in confined water. The wave-making resistance, as well as the sinkage and trim are calculated at different water depths. In order to verify the predictions from BEM program, CFD calculations in deep water are also conducted and compared. Special efforts are made to calculate the wave elevations. The wave profiles at different water depths and distances are calculated. The comparisons between shallow water and deep water, as well as between the BEM and CFD programs, are also discussed in the present paper. Additionally, some comparison of the wave profiles with available experimental results is presented for validation of the approaches.

Boundary element method Computational fluid dynamics Shallow water effects Squat Wave patterns

2016010143

Analysis of wave-interference effects on the Kelvin wakes of monohull ships and catamarans. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 3. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf He, J., Zhang, C., Et al English

Wave-interference effects on the far-field waves

54 ABSTRACTS

created by a monohull ship of length L, or a catamaran with identical twin hulls of length L separated by a lateral separation distance S, that advances at constant speed along a straight path in calm water of large depth are considered. The study reports the results of systematic computations for seven simple hulls that correspond to a broad range of main hull-shape parameters (beam/length, draft/length, beam/draft, waterline entrance angle) and for a wide range of Froude numbers Fs=V / √gL for monohull ships, or for wide ranges of Froude numbers Fs = V / √gS and of non-dimensional hull spacing for catamarans. Here, g denotes the acceleration of gravity. The dominant ray angles, where the largest waves created by the monohull ships or the catamarans are found, are determined numerically via a realistic yet practical method. This method is based on the numerical determination of the peaks of the amplitude function in the Fourier-Kochin representation of far-field ship waves, evaluated by means of the Hogner approximation, and the stationary-phase approximation. The main general conclusion of the study is that, although the amplitudes of the waves created by a ship are strongly influenced by the hull geometry (as well known), the dominant ray angles associated with the largest waves created by a ship (due to interference effects) only weakly depend on the hull geometry. Thus, the ray angles associated with the dominant waves are mostly a kinematic feature of the waves created by a ship. An important practical consequence of this finding is that the wake angles that correspond to the dominant waves created by a ship can be explicitly determined in terms of the Froude number F for monohull ships, or in terms of the Froude number Fs and the hull spacing s for catamarans, via simple analytical relations. These relations, obtained via systematic numerical computations, are given.

Catamarans Interference Kelvin waves Monohulls Ship waves

2016010144

Experimental and numerical studies on added resistance in different loading conditions. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 7. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Park, D., Seo, M., Et al English

This paper introduces the experimental and numerical studies on added resistance in different loading conditions: full load, ballast, and two intermediate conditions. Towing-tank experiments were carried out for four loading conditions, and numerical computation was performed for the same condition. The numerical computation was performed by Rankine panel method and added resistance was evaluated by the near-field method. Then the experimental and computational results were compared. The considered ship model is KVLCC2 which has a typical tanker hull. The numerical motion responses showed good agreement with the experiment data. Also the added resistance with the Rankine panel method showed reasonable agreement with the experiment in the four loading conditions, but a more accurate computation for lower draft condition seems desirable to handle the large variation of hull geometry near water line.

Added resistance in waves Ballast condition Loaded condition

2016010145

CFD research of ship self-propulsion with body-force propeller model. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 9. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Dai, Y., Chen, Z., Zheng, Y. English

The research of ship self-propulsion performance has important significance in ship-design and hull form optimisation. The paper couples the program using Vortex Lattice Method (VLM) with the program using RANS solver to replace the effect of propeller

ABSTRACTS 55

by body-force method. The viscous flow field with free surface at the model self-propulsion point around MOERI container ship (KCS) is acquired by the secondary development program. The program can adjust the propeller rotation speed to reach the model self-propulsion point automatically. The computed results agree well with the measured data. The method adopted in the paper predicts the performance of self-propulsion accurately and efficiently.

Computational fluid dynamics Propulsive performance Self propulsion

2016010146

Local and adaptive mesh refinement to capture tip vortices on wings and propellers. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 862 [12 p, 15 ref, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Windt, J., Bosschers, J. English

Two different methods to obtain nearly grid independent solutions for tip vortex flow were tested for a wing and a propeller. A priory mesh refinement inside a tube with a helix shaped centre line worked quite well, reducing the grid dependency of the minimum pressure in the vortex core significantly but the accuracy still depends on the initial mesh. Better results were obtained with adaptive mesh refinement using the jump based estimator. Projection of new created nodes to the exact geometry is required to obtain high accuracy.

Computational fluid dynamics Propeller cavitation Propeller flow Tip vortices Wings

2016010147

Numerical studies for verification and validation of open-water propeller rans computations. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 874 [12 p, 5 ref, 7 tab, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Baltazar, J., Rijpkema, D., Campos, J.A.C.F. de English

In this paper, viscous flow calculations using a RANS method are presented for two marine propellers in open-water conditions at model-scale. A verification study from a range of geometrically similar grids with different grid densities is made. The results show that the numerical uncertainties for the propeller forces are in the order of 0.4%-2.2%. The influence of the domain size and boundary conditions on the prediction of the propeller forces is analysed. The numerical predictions are compared with the experimental results. These differences (comparison error) are larger than the numerical uncertainty, suggesting that the comparison error is dominated by the modelling error.

Computational fluid dynamics Open water Propellers Validation Viscous flow

2016010148

The effect of hull emergence angle on the near field formulation of added resistance. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 10-24 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002553 Guha, A., Falzarano, J. English

The added resistance of a ship is an important hydrodynamic parameter which affects the performance of a vessel traveling through ocean waves. A numerical method for estimating the added resistance is developed based on the near field pressure integration method which is then improved to include the effect of the hull flare angle at the mean water surface. The three dimensional free surface Green function source distribution method is used to solve the radiation–diffraction problem within the potential flow assumptions. The developed theory is

56 ABSTRACTS

then applied to develop a new efficient computer program. The validity of the developed code is established through comparison with available numerical and experimental results for a range of structures. This includes comparison with Rankine source based near field and far field methods and recent experimental results. The key finding of the present research is the effect of the hull emergence angle on added resistance which is often ignored in many present numerical methods. Significant differences in predicted added resistance and drift forces are found for a Ro–Ro ship with a non-wall sided hull form.

Added resistance in waves Flare (shape) Forward speed Numerical analysis Oblique seas

2016010149

A numerical method for the design of ships with wind-assisted propulsion. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 33-42 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002528 Viola, I.M., Sacher, M., Et al English

This paper presents a numerical investigation on the potential of wind-assisted propulsion for merchant ships. In particular, a KVLCC2M hull was equipped with a set of wingsails inspired from those used in the 34th America׳s Cup. The combined thrust due to the propeller and the wingsails required to achieve a given cruising speed was computed by solving the equations of motion. For every wind direction, the wingsail trim was optimised with a genetic algorithm in order to minimise the thrust of the propeller. The aerodynamic forces and moments due to the hull and the wingsails were computed with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations, while the hydrodynamic forces on the hull and rudder were computed by adapting formulations developed for manoeuvrability applications. It was found that the aerodynamic efficiency of the wingsails is critical in order to gain a meaningful thrust contribution. The propeller thrust was decreased by about 10% when sailing crosswind and the maximum benefit was achieved by sailing at

low speed in strong wind conditions. The oil saving was found to be particularly sensitive to the wingsail aspect ratio, suggesting that an efficient wingsail should employ several tall wingsails rather than a few short and larger wingsails.

Aerodynamics Numerical analysis Propulsive performance Sail assisted vessels Wind propulsion

2016010150

A scaling procedure for modern propeller designs. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1051 [13 p, 8 ref, 1 tab, 5 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Helma, S. English

The extrapolation procedures currently used to scale propeller characteristics tested at model scale to their full scale performances are either based on a statistical [Kuiper, 1992], the Lerbs-Meyne [Meyne, 1968] or the recently developed strip method [Streckwall et al, 2013]. With the emergence of so-called unconventional propellers and different design strategies associated with them, it has been questioned whether the assumptions used in these scaling methods are still universally valid. E.g. with tip and root unloading employed, the circulation distribution deviates from the optimum, which is assumed by the Lerbs-Meyne method; more modern profiles show a different camber distribution and hence the drag coefficient must be aligned with the hydrodynamic inflow angle and not with the pitch to diameter ratio as assumed by the strip method (and implicitly by the ITTC 1978 method). The work presented still uses the assumption of the equivalent profile and explains a modified scaling procedure showing a way to calculate the hydrodynamic inflow angle solely from one open-water test conducted at a constant Reynolds number. Finally exemplary results comparing a propeller of conventional type with a recent propeller designs are also shown. The new proposed method shows a superior performance when compared to other scaling methods.

Propeller efficiency Scale effect

ABSTRACTS 57

3.3 MOTION, SEAKEEPING AND MANOEUVRING

2016010151

Experimental and CFD simulation of roll motion of ship with bilge keel. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 20 [9 p, 16 ref, 4 tab, 10 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Irkal Mohsin, A.R., Nallayarasu, S., Bhattacharya, S.K. English

Roll motion of ships and ship-like floating bodies is subject of interest since a long time. The roll motion and the related damping become highly unpredictable, unlike other motions. This is mainly due to the non-linear effects arising from the viscous flow around the hull and the appendages attached to it. Various roll motion mitigation devices such as U-tube tanks, active fins and bilge keel are used for stable operation of the ships. Out of these bilge keels turn out to be simple and economical roll damping devices.

Bilge keels Computational fluid dynamics Experimentation Rolling Viscous flow

2016010152

Pitch and heave control of swath using passive fins. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 21 [6 p, 5 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Momin, A., Subramanian, V.A. English

SWATH vessels are inherently more prone to large pitching motions as compared with monohulls due to the characteristic slender water-plane area design feature. The use of canard fins i.e., forward fixed fins, for pitch reduction has been attempted in the past with varying degrees of success. In the initial years,

Lewandowski [1994] established the efficiency through systematic experimental testing when these types of fins are deployed. This work reports the application of CFD modelling and simulation for the similar SWATH form, and comparison of data for verification of the results. The results suggest that damping of pitch motion by canard fins can be obtained and the use of fixed after stabilizer fins, help in good improvement of pitch and heave stabilization. In this study the CFD tool with k - ε turbulent model has been used to analyse the response behaviour of SWATHs. The results obtained as drag, steady running trim moment and sinkage without fins, moving at constant speed, which is free to heave with other motions restricted, are validated with experiments done by Lewandowski for calm water condition. The sensitive analysis of canard fin for ship moving at constant speed is performed to obtain effect on lift coefficient when attached to the hull. The response in calm water and regular waves, with fixed stabilizer fin at a given angle of orientation combined with canard fin at suitable angle shows significant platform stabilization.

Fin stabilizers Heaving Pitching SWATH ships

2016010153

Behaviour of ships under sloshing. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 26 [9 p, 10 ref, 8 tab, 4 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Sajjan, A., Shashikala, A.P. English

Ships and liquid bulk cargo carriers with large ballast tanks are at risk of exposure to sloshing loads during their operational life. Accurate calculation of sloshing loads is an essential element of ship/tank design process. This study deals with the influence of sloshing of fluid in tanks on ship motions. Response analysis of a ship has been carried out using a commercial package, ANSYS AQWA for various forward speeds in different sea states. As sloshing is a resonant phenomenon, amplitude in roll motion at the resonant frequency has been considered and the sloshing in the tank of ship has been evaluated. Sloshing loads have been calculated using a finite volume based solver considering various forward

58 ABSTRACTS

speeds of the ship. Damping moments due to sloshing were generated for rectangular as well as cylindrical tanks and were coupled with the excitation moments to estimate the effect of sloshing on the roll amplitude. It was observed that the frequency of sloshing in the tank is half the frequency of the wave acting on the ship. Considerable amount of reduction in roll amplitude was observed from the coupled analysis. Reduction in roll amplitude observed in the rectangular and cylindrical tanks was compared.

Ship motions Sloshing

2016010154

Estimation of submarine hydrodynamic coefficients from sea trails data using EKF. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 27 [12 p, 32 ref, 10 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Ray, A., Sen, D. English

The System Identification technique of Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been used to estimate values of hydrodynamic coefficients for a submarine from its manoeuvring sea trials data. The results of identification of linear hydrodynamic coefficients and significant motion variables are discussed. The effects of input parameters, such as initial estimates of coefficients and the noise parameters, on the identification process are examined. It is concluded that while system identification techniques may offer impressive results when using simulated data, these techniques may not be reliable for identification of hydrodynamic parameters from noisy full-scale data.

Hydrodynamic coefficients Manoeuvring System identification Submarines Trial data

2016010155

The effect of moonpool and damping plate on damping characteristics of spar hulls using CFD simulation. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 30 [7 p, 13 ref,3 2 tab, 7 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Tom, P.M., Nallayarasu, S. English

Spar platforms used in offshore industry commonly have a moonpool at the centre to accommodate risers and conductors (wells). In order to keep the heave response within acceptable limits, heave damping plates have been introduced in some cases. While the research on damping and response characteristics of Spar hulls has been progressing over the last two decades, literature on the moonpool effect and damping plate is limited, in experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This work is a comparative study of heave and pitch damping characteristics of three Spar hull configurations: (1) Classic Spar and (2) Classic Spar with moonpool (3) Classic Spar with moonpool and damping plate. Free decay tests were carried out in a wave flume of 2 m water depth. The experimental results exhibit an increase in heave damping for the spar model with moonpool. This may be due to the sloshing effects inside the moonpool. The pitch damping is not significantly altered due to the addition of the moonpool. The addition of the damping plate further increases the heave and pitch damping. CFD simulations for the same has been carried out in a numerical wave tank using commercial software Star-CCM+, which is capable of establishing the viscous effects for floating bodies. The numerical investigations further substantiated the findings of the experiment.

Computational fluid dynamics Damping Experimentation Moonpools Platform motions

ABSTRACTS 59

2016010156

Ship-to-ship interaction during overtaking operation in shallow water. Journal of Ship Research, v 59 n 3, September 2015, pp 172-187 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jsr/2015/00000059/00000003/art00004 Yuan, Z-M., He, S., Et al English

Hydrodynamic interaction continues to be a major contributory factor in marine casualties and hazardous incidents, in particular, in the case of overtaking operations. The situation becomes even worse when the overtaking operation occurs in shallow and narrow channels, where the interaction can cause the vessels to collide and, in one case has caused the capsizal of the smaller vessel with loss of life. The aim of this article is to propose a methodology, as well as to discuss the development of a numerical program, to predict the ship-to-ship interaction during overtaking operations in shallow water. Since the vessels involved in this study have different forward speeds, an uncoupled method is used to solve the boundary value problem. The in-house multibody hydrodynamic interaction program MHydro, which is based on the 3D Rankine source method, is used and extended here to investigate the interactive forces and wave patterns between two ships during an overtaking operation. The calculations given in this article are compared with model test results as well as published computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. Very satisfactory agreement has been obtained, which indicates that the proposed methodology and developed program are successfully validated to predict the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships advancing in confined waters. The discussions also highlight the speed effects.

Interactions Overtaking encounters Shallow water Ship to ship

2016010157

Estimating manoeuvring coefficients of a container ship in shallow water using CFD. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 35 [8 p, 12 ref, 7 tab, 5 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Kulshrestha, A., Krishnankutty, P. English

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been keen in dealing with aspects of ship manoeuvrability, which are vital to its objectives of safer shipping and cleaner oceans for the past three decades. The standards specified by IMO on ship manoeuvring are for deep water condition, whereas it becomes more demanding on the designer to come up with a vessel which meets the more stringent requirements of controllability in shallow and confined waterways. The dynamic tests performed on a ship model using PMM in a towing tank yield these hydrodynamic coefficients, both linear and non-linear components in uncoupled and coupled modes of sway and yaw. The objective of this work is to study shallow water effect on the manoeuvring coefficients of a container ship (S 175) model in a numerical towing tank. In dynamic simulations, the prescribed body motions have been imposed on the hull using user-defined field functions within the commercial CFD solver in pure sway and pure yaw mode. The hydrodynamic derivatives have been derived for the shallow water depths and are found to be in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data.

Computational fluid dynamics Containerships Hydrodynamic coefficients Manoeuvring Shallow water

2016010158

Interaction of ships moving in opposing directions among ice floes. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 115 n 43, 2015, p 91 [8 p, 10 ref, 14 fig] http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/773 Goncharov, V., Klementieva, N., Zueva, E. English

During winter in arctic seas, navigation of ships near

60 ABSTRACTS

ports occurs within ice channels created and maintained by icebreakers. Small ice floes fill the relatively narrow navigable channel, and ships are forced to produce the overtaking or opposing separation over short distances and under the action of ice floes. This paper presents an analytical model of the interaction of ships under the conditions just described as well as the results of a simulation. The simulation showed side force and yawing moments were dependent on ice conditions and the ship’s dimensions and motion characteristics.

Ice floes Interactions Passing vessels

2016010159

The overall motion sickness incidence applied to catamarans. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 4, December 2015, p 655 [15 p, 39 ref, 10 tab, 11 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-4/ijnaoe-2015-0046/ijnaoe-2015-0046.xml?format=INT Piscopo, V., Scamardella, A. English

The Overall Motion Sickness Incidence is applied to the hull form optimsation of a wave piercing high-speed catamaran vessel. Parametric hull modelling is applied to generate two families of derived hull forms, the former varying the prismatic coefficient and the position of longitudinal centre of buoyancy, the latter instead the demi-hull separation. Several heading angles are analysed in a seaway, considering all combinations of significant wave height and zero-crossing period under two operating scenarios. The optimum hull is generated and vertical accelerations at some critical points on main deck are compared with the parent ones. Finally a comparative analysis with the results obtained for a similarly sized monohull passenger ship is carried out, in order to quantify, by the OMSI, the relative goodness in terms of wellness onboard of monohulls and catamarans, as a function of sea states and operating scenarios.

Catamarans High speed vessels Hull form Motion sickness Seakeeping

2016010160

Positioning capability of anchor handling vessels in deep water during anchor deployment. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 487-504 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-014-0301-2 Wu, X., Gunnu, G.R.S., Et al English

The aim of this paper is to study anchor handling vessel (AHV) thrust capacity during anchor deployment, especially in a deep water situation when high external forces are expected. The focus is on obtaining realistic external forces and evaluating the positioning capability of an AHV. Wind, wave and current loads on the AHV are considered. Current load on the mooring line, which is usually excluded in practice, is included in the model as well. The thrust utilisation plot, a concept widely used in the Dynamic Positioning system, is proposed to illustrate the positioning capability of an AHV. The Bourbon Dolphin accident was investigated as a case study using the proposed model and methodology. First, load analysis was performed. The results indicated the importance of applying a reasonable current profile and taking the mooring line effect into account. Then, thrust utilisation plots for normal and accident conditions were compared. The comparison showed that the Bourbon Dolphin might have been in the most unfavourable weather direction in terms of position capability during the accident event. Finally, the effect of mooring line configuration was studied. The results signified that a very long mooring line might challenge the propeller thrust capacity and the propeller thrust loss due to lateral thrust usage needs to be considered. Such an analysis and documentation prior to the commencement of the operation can be used for defining vessel specific limitations and selecting the proper vessel for a specific task.

Anchor handling vessels Dynamic positioning Thrust

ABSTRACTS 61

2016010161

The applicability of hydrofoils as a ship control device. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 3, September 2015, pp 244-249 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1314-x Mahmud, M.S. English

Centrifugal forces are commonly created when ships turn, which may cause a ship to capsize in a critical situation. A mathematical model has been developed to optimise the stability coefficients for ship, with the aim to prevent capsizing and to increase ship maneuverability in high-speed water craft. This model can be used to develop algorithms for control system improvement. The mathematical model presented in this paper optimised the use of multipurpose hydrofoils to reduce heeling and the trimming moment, maintaining an upright ship’s position and lessening the resistance via transverse force. Conventionally, the trimming and heeling of a ship are controlled using ballast water; however, under variable sea conditions it is sometimes difficult to control a ship’s motion using ballast water. In this case, a hydrofoil would be more stable and maneuverable than a ballast tank controlled vessel. A movable hydrofoil could theoretically be adapted from moveable aerofoil technology. This study proves the merit of further investigation into this possibility.

Capsizing Hydrofoils Mathematical models Roll stabilizers Stability

2016010162

Numerical simulation of the spreading dynamic responses of the multibody system with a floating base. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 3, September 2015, pp 290-301 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1302-1 Jiang, Z., Shao, L., Shao, F. English

To simulate the dynamic responses of the multibody system with a floating base when the upper parts spread with a certain sequence and relative speed, the homogeneous matrix method is employed to model and simulate a four-body system with a floating base

and the motions are analysed when the upper parts are spread sequentially or synchronously. The rolling, swaying and heaving temporal variations are obtained when the multibody system is under the conditions of the static water along with the wave loads and the mean wind loads or the single pulse wind loads, respectively. The moment variations of each joint under the single pulse wind load are also gained. The numerical results showed that the swaying of the floating base is almost not influenced by the spreading time or form when the upper parts spread sequentially or synchronously, while the rolling and the heaving mainly depend on the spreading time and forms. The swaying and heaving motions are influenced significantly by the mean wind loads. The single pulse wind load also has influences on the dynamic responses. The torque of joint 3 and joint 4 in the single pulse wind environment may be twice that in the windless environment when the system spreads with 60 s duration.

Dynamic response Floating structures Multibody systems Wave loads Wind loads

2016010163

CFD, potential flow and system-based simulations of fully appended free running 5415M in calm water and waves. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 306 [21 p, 31 ref, 8 tab, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Sadat-Hosseini, H., Toxopeus, S.L., Et al English

The seakeeping ability of ships is one of the aspects that need to be assessed during the design phase of ships. Traditionally, potential flow calculations and model tests are employed to investigate whether the ship performs according to specified criteria. With the increase of computational power nowadays, advanced computational tools such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) become within reach of application during the assessment of ship designs. In this paper, a detailed validation study of several computational methods for ship dynamics is presented. These methods range from low-fidelity system-based methods, to potential flow methods, to high-fidelity CFD tools. The ability of the methods to predict

62 ABSTRACTS

motions in calm water as well as in waves is investigated. In calm water, the roll decay behavior of a fully appended self-propelled free running 5415M model is investigated first. Subsequently, forced roll motions simulated by oscillating the rudders or stabilizer fins are studied. Lastly, the paper discusses comparisons between experiments and simulations in waves with varying levels of complexity, i.e. regular head waves, regular beam waves and bi-chromatic waves. The predictions for all methods are validated with an extensive experimental data set for ship motions and loads on appendages such as rudders, fins and bilge keels. Comparisons between the different methods and with the experiments are made for the relevant motions and the high fidelity CFD results are used to explain some of the complex physics. The course keeping and seakeeping of the model, the reduction rate of the roll motion, the effectiveness of the fin stabilizers as roll reduction device and the interaction of the roll motion with other motions are investigated as well. The paper shows that only high-fidelity CFD is able to accurately predict all the relevant physics during roll decay, forced oscillation and sailing in waves.

Computational fluid dynamics Course keeping Potential flow Seakeeping

2016010164

Progress toward direct CFD simulation of manoeuvres in waves. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 327 [12 p, 12 ref, 1 tab, 9 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Carrica, P., Mofidi, A., Martin, E. English

Direct CFD simulation of ship and submarine maneuvers including moving rudders and propellers has become possible though it is still computationally expensive. The inclusion of waves results in further complexity and cost, essentially in the form of finer grids to allow transport of the waves through the domain without unacceptable loss of wave amplitude due to numerical diffusion. A complete turn or zigzag maneuver simulation can take 2 to 6 weeks, depending on the length of the simulation to perform and the computational resources available. This high cost prevents direct CFD simulation from wider

adoption in engineering design. However, use of coarser grids in calm water maneuvers still yields good quality results for forces, moments and motions, at a considerably lower computational cost. This paper presents a series of strategies designed to achieve the goal of dramatically reduce the computational time to perform direct CFD simulation of maneuvers by one order of magnitude or more. These strategies include scalability improvements, decomposition of the overset process, serial performance improvements, single precision floating-point operation, local partially rotating frame for the propeller, etc. These strategies require considerable implementation work but are an additional toward the elusive real time simulation. Demonstrations are performed for KCS in a 30-degree turn in regular and irregular waves.

Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvring

2016010165

DP time domain analysis for HLV loaded with topsides in float-over installation. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1262 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Li, H., Xie, W., Et al English

DP time domain analysis was carried out by using SIMO, a module of SESAM suite, integrated with a Kalman filter to assess the dynamic response of vessel and corresponding thrusters’ forces exerted on the vessel due to the presence of the wave, current and wind corresponding to the specific float-over installation environmental conditions. Thrusters’ utilization rate and motion of stern were evaluated. Maximum values of thruster forces, motion response and thrust utilization rate for the duration of the required installation sea state are calculated using a statistical approach. The DP system is evaluated in the term of maintaining the position and heading during the pre-docking stage.

Dynamic positioning Dynamic response Heavy lift vessels Installing Offshore platforms

ABSTRACTS 63

2016010166

Hydrodynamic simulation for a large self-propelled cutter suction dredger working at sea. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1315 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Chen, X., Yang, Q., Tan, J. English

Longitudinal wave load is the dominant factor of spud breaking for a large cutter suction dredger operating in waves, especially in a swell. Considering the interaction of spud, hull and ladder, a hydrodynamic model of the large self-propelled cutter suction dredger TIAN JING is built to calculate motion response in waves. The multi-body hydrodynamic simulation is carried out in time domain, and the environment loads under different working phase are derived using spectral analysis. The influence of different working conditions on spud reaction force is summarized to provide reference for the design of spud system and flexible spud carrier, equipment selection and working capability assessment.

Multibody systems Self propulsion Ship motions Suction dredgers

2016010167

Coupled motion response of a moored floating body in breaking a mooring line in waves. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1453 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Murai, M., Suyama, N. English

A catenary mooring system has a feature point that is able to make a delay of a propagation of damage on a mooring line to the other lines, on the other hand, it has been said that it is difficult to detect the damage in the system. This paper introduces a hydrodynamic response of a floating body and mooring lines by

numerical simulation results in case that a mooring line contacting the seabed has been broken. Then the difference of the hydrodynamic response before the breakage and after the breakage is discussed.

Coupled motion Floating bodies Mooring lines

2016010168

Heading instability analysis of FPSOs. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1461 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Zangeneh, R., Thiagarajan, K.P. English

Earlier experiments and numerical studies predicted the onset of heading bifurcation for a single-point moored floating platform. The moored vessel was observed to lose heading control in the head sea condition, due to a pitchfork bifurcation that was initiated at a critical wavelength of 0.73L (Thiagarajan et al. 2013). In the present study, the authors aimed to look into the problem theoretically to analyse the heading instability. In this paper, the Cox equations for the mean drift force and moment are applied to find the approximate yaw motion of the system. For treating the nonlinearity of the yaw equation of motion, the method of multiple scales was found suitable. By analysing the state space plots of the approximate response of yaw motion (ψ) in regular sea-state, it is found that the instability occurs when wavelength/ship length equals 0.76. Good agreement has been observed between the present results and the previously published experimental results. The present results show the mean drift force coefficients are key factors for inducing heading instability.

Drift forces FPSOs Stability

64 ABSTRACTS

2016010169

Panel generation framework for seakeeping analysis of multiple bodies and offshore structures. Engineering With Computers, v 31 n 1, January 2015, pp 175-191 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00366-013-0341-y Ko, K.H., Lee, J., Et al English

This paper presents a panel generation framework for seakeeping analysis of multiple bodies and offshore structures. The configurations of multiple bodies and offshore structures are different from those of a single ship. In particular, the topological structure of the free surfaces becomes complicated due to the multiple floating bodies, resulting in multiple classifications for the free surfaces based on their genus. The multi-body configuration consists of two floating bodies placed in two configurations, i.e., side by side and tandem, which would generate two holes in the free surface. For the offshore structure case, multiple holes are generated in the free-surface domain due to the legs of the offshore structure. In this work, strategies for generating body and free-surface panels are provided, and the results are analysed. A software prototype that implements the proposed methods is developed to provide efficient panel generation for multiple bodies and offshore structures. Examples demonstrate that the proposed framework can be successfully used for seakeeping analysis of multiple bodies and offshore structures.

Multibody systems Offshore structures Seakeeping

2016010170

System identification modelling of ship manoeuvring motion based on support vector regression. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Series B, v 27 n 4, October 2015, pp 502-512 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001605815605108 Wang, X-g., Zou, Z-j., Et al English

Based on the ɛ – support vector regression, three modelling methods for the ship manoeuvring motion, i.e., the white-box modelling, the grey-box modelling and the black-box modelling, are investigated. The 10°/10°, 20°/20° zigzag tests and the 35° turning circle manoeuvre are simulated. Part of the simulation data for the 20°/20° zigzag test are used to train the

support vectors, and the trained support vector machine is used to predict the whole 20°/20° zigzag test. Comparison between the simulated and predicted 20°/20° zigzag test shows a good predictive ability of the three modelling methods. Then all mathematical models obtained by the modelling methods are used to predict the 10°/10° zigzag test and 35° turning circle manoeuvre, and the predicted results are compared with those of simulation tests to demonstrate the good generalization performance of the mathematical models. Finally, the modelling methods are analysed and compared with each other in terms of the application conditions, the prediction accuracy and the computation speed. An appropriate modelling method can be chosen according to the intended use of the mathematical models and the available data for the system identification.

Hydrodynamic coefficients Manoeuvring Mathematical models Regression analysis System identification

2016010171

An overview of roll stabilizers and systems for their control. TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, v 9 n 3, September 2015, p 405 [10 p, 37 ref, 11 fig] http://www.transnav.eu/Article_An_Overview_of_Roll_Stabilizers_Kula,35,599.html Kula, K.S. English

Ship roll motion in waves can be characterized as a strongly non‐linear and multivariable dynamic process which is more affected by disturbances, in general, than by the maximal controlling parameter. The article presents methods of roll motion compensation, the majority of which have been used on ships for many years. Although they are not capable of reducing permanently the error to zero, their potential has still not been used to the full. The operational efficiency of roll motion compensators can be improved using control systems. Research activities are in progress to check the applicability of advanced control methods making use of modern computer techniques. Some of them are mentioned in this paper.

Control systems Roll stabilizers Ship motions

ABSTRACTS 65

2016010172

Numerical research on the viscous effect of the bilge keel on the damping moment. Polish Maritime Research, v 22 Special Issue S1, 2015, p 67 [8 p, 35 ref, 1 tab, 9 fig] http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/55ef8240f2d41.pdf Deng, R., Duan, W., Et al English

Bilge keels are effective passive devices in mitigating the rolling motion, and their use covers almost all se going vessels. This paper focuses on the viscous effect of the bilge keel, ignoring the effect of the free surface and the effect of the ship hull, for the general viscous characteristics of the bilge keel. In order to investigate the viscous effect of the bilge keel on the total damping moment, a special 2 dimensional numerical model, which includes a submerged cylinder with and without bilge keels, is designed for the simulation of forced rolling. Three important factors such as bilge keels width, rolling periods, as well as maximal rolling angles are taken into account, and the viscous flow field around the cylinder is simulated by some codes based on the viscous method in different conditions, in which the three factors are coupled. Verification and validation based on the ITTC method are performed for the cylinder without bilge keels in the conditions of different rolling periods and maximal rolling angles. The primary calculation of damping moment induced by the cylinder with 0mm, 4mm, and 10mm width bilge keels shows some interesting results, and a systematic analysis is conducted. The analysis of the damping moment components suggests there is phase difference between the damping moment induced by the cylinder and the bilge keels, and when the bilge keels width reaches a special size, the total damping moment is mitigated. The calculation of the damping moments induced by the cylinder with some larger bilge keels are also performed, and the results suggest that, the damping moment induced by the bilge keels is increased rapidly and becomes the dominant part in the total damping moment while the width of the bilge keels are increased, but the damping moment induced by the cylinder is not changed significantly. Some illustration of the vortices formation and shedding is included, which is the mechanism of the damping moment caused by the bilge keels.

Bilge keels Mathematical models Roll damping

2016010173

Model tests for shallow-water ship manoeuvrability in Three Gorges Reservoir. Polish Maritime Research, v 22 Special Issue S1, 2015, p 136 [5 p, 8 ref,3 tab, 4 fig] http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/55ef8240f2d41.pdf Cai, C., Cai, X., Li, Y. English

This paper conducts calibration tests on the shallow-water maneuverability of 1:100 ship models for the typical navigation fleets in Three Gorges Reservoir. Major influential factors for the maneuverability similitude between models and prototypes and for scale effect were identified. A correction method for model scale was also established through model tests. Test results indicate that, by correcting the model scales of various fleets based on scale effect, the maneuverability indexes K’ (dimensionless of K) and T’ (dimensionless of T) of ship models are suitable for shallow water tests, and properly reflect the maneuvering characteristics of prototypes. The findings provide an experimental basis for the navigation safety in Three Gorges Reservoir.

Manoeuvrability Model tests Shallow water

2016010174

Dynamic estimation of bank-propeller interaction effect on ship manoeuvring using CFD method coupled to 6DOF algorithm. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 658 [12 p, 6 ref, 4 tab, 13 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Kaidi, S., Smaoui, H., Et al English

This paper presents a numerical investigation of ship manoeuvring under the combined effect of the bank and propeller. The incompressible turbulent flow with free surface around the self-propelled hull form is simulated using commercial CFD software (Fluent). In order to estimate the dynamic effect of bank and propeller, the CFD model with the dynamic mesh setting is coupled to the 6DOF module to compute the

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ship motion due to hydrodynamic forces. The numerical simulations are carried using the equivalent experiment conditions. The validation of the CFD model is performed by comparing the numerical results to the experimental data.

Bank suction Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvring Wall effects

2016010175

Investigation of tunnel thruster performance and flow by quasi-steady and unsteady RANS simulations. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 694 [15 p, 12 ref, 1 tab, 4 tab, 19 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Yu, C., Yang, C.J. English

Two numerical models based on the solution of the RANS equations using the SST k-ω turbulence model have been employed to investigate the hydrodynamic performance and flow of tunnel thrusters. The flow passages between adjacent blades are discretized with prismatic cells so that the boundary layer flow is resolved down to the viscous sub-layer. For three impellers covering a range of extended area ratio and pitch ratio the hydrodynamic performances predicted by the quasi-steady model agree well with experimental data. Unsteady simulations are also performed by using the sliding mesh model, and the results are compared with those of the quasi-steady model to investigate the influences of the quasi-steady approximation on predicted loads. Through analysis of the flow field, the reason why the hub of impeller contributes a small amount of thrust, and how the impeller induces an axial force on the hull, which can amount to 40~60% of the impeller thrust, are made clear. Besides, several flow features of interest are investigated based on the simulation results.

Flow distribution Numerical models Performance Thrusters

2016010176

Time domain simulation of dynamic positioning manoeuvres based on impulse response functions. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 750 [12 p, 11 ref, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Detlefsen, O., Theilen, L., Abdel-Maksoud, M. English

The paper focusses on the development of a numerical method to simulate ship motions under arbitrary external forces. Based on impulse response functions, the developed method benefits from the computational efficiency of boundary element methods in frequency domain to determine hydrodynamic forces acting on the vessel. Major non- linear effects are captured directly in time domain. To capture the vessels drift motion, second-order wave excitation is considered. Wind and current induced forces complete the modelling of environmental loads. An interface to MATLAB/SIMULINK simplifies an efficient representation of the vessels control system and the dynamics of its propulsion plant. This finally allows time-domain simulations of complex dynamic positioning manoeuvres in natural seaways.

Dynamic positioning Manoeuvres Seakeeping Time domain

2016010177

Efficient simulation of ship motions in waves under arbitrary external loads using impulse response functions. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 3. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Detlefsen, O., Handschel, S., Et al English

In the paper a description of a new developed simulation method is given. The numerical method is based on impulse response functions, which allow the application of efficient boundary element methods in frequency domain to determine the time domain

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hydrodynamic forces due to ship motions and waves. Major non-linear effects are captured directly in time domain: The hydrostatic restoring forces are evaluated domain with respect to the instantaneous wetted surface to capture their non-linear behavior. Furthermore, quadratic damping forces are considered, namely roll and cross-flow damping contributions. The validation against tank test measurements of a tug model show good agreement. For a future simulation of dynamic positioning manoeuvres, special attention is paid on the modelling of second-order wave drift forces and the influence of current and wind induced loads. To simplify the integration of further external forces as well as the representation of the vessels control system and its propulsion plant dynamics, an interface to MATLAB has been implemented.

Numerical analysis Seakeeping Time domain

2016010178

Manoeuvring prediction based on CFD generated derivatives. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 8. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Kellett, P., He, S., Et al English

This paper presents the numerical prediction of ship manoeuvring based on CFD techniques. An approach applying a model proposed by the Japanese ship manoeuvring Mathematical Modelling Group (MMG) to simulate the standard manoeuvring motions of ships has been developed. The approach was initially developed for 3 degrees of freedom manoeuvring motions in deep water with regression formulae to derive the hydrodynamic derivatives of the vessels. For higher accuracy, several CFD generated derivatives are substituted to replace the regression based ones. This allows for the prediction of manoeuvring capability of a vessel in a variety of scenarios such as shallow water conditions with expected good agreement in practice, which may be significantly more time-consuming if performed using a fully CFD approach. The MOERI KVLCC2 tanker vessel is selected as the sample ship for prediction. Model scale aligned and oblique resistance and Planar Motion Mechanism (PMM)

simulations are carried out using the commercial CFD software StarCCM+. The PMM simulations include pure sway and pure yaw, in order to derive the linear manoeuvring coefficients required by the above mentioned model. The large body of data available for this vessel, from both experimental and numerical sources, allows for validation of the results. The challenges of using a coupled CFD approach in this manner are outlined and discussed.

Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvring Shallow water

2016010179

Large-amplitude time-domain simulation tool for marine and offshore motion prediction. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, v 10 n 1, March 2015, pp 1-17 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40868-015-0002-7 Somayajula, A., Falzarano, J. English

Although linear ship motions theory is sufficiently accurate in predicting the motions of a ship/offshore platform in irregular seas, it cannot capture many of the nonlinear dynamic phenomena (e.g., parametric resonance) which might be very important in the design phase. In order to accurately simulate the motions of a structure, one has to resort to 6 degrees of freedom coupled nonlinear time-domain simulations. This paper presents the theoretical development of such a tool (called SIMDYN) which solves the nonlinear equations of motion while considering the large-amplitude rotations of the body. It also accounts for the nonlinearity of Froude–Krylov and hydrostatic forces. The validity of the developed tool is verified by comparing the predicted motions against the linear theory for small amplitude motions. The paper also shows an example of parametric roll simulation of a container ship to demonstrate the ability of the tool to capture nonlinear phenomena accurately. This tool is then applied to perform 30 3-h coupled simulations of a container ship in head seas, and the resultant time series from each simulation are analysed to study the ergodicity of parametric roll in irregular longitudinal seas.

Platform motions Rolling Ship motions Time domain

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2016010180

Turning ability analysis of a fully appended twin screw vessel by CFD. Part I: Single rudder configuration. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 275-286 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002747 Broglia, R., Dubbioso, G., Et al English

The turning circle manoeuvre of a naval supply vessel (characterized by a block coefficient CB~0.60 CB~0.60) is simulated by the integration of the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes equations coupled with the equations of rigid body motion with six degrees of freedom. The model is equipped with all the appendages, and it is characterised by an unusual single rudder/twin screws configuration. This arrangement causes poor directional stability qualities, which makes the prediction of the trajectory a challenging problem. As already shown in previous works, the treatment of the in-plane loads exerted by the propellers is of paramount importance; to this aim each propeller is simulated by an actuator disk model, properly modified to account for oblique flow effects. The main goal of the present paper is to assess the capability of the CFD tool to accurately predict the trajectory of the ship and to analyse the complex flow field around a vessel performing a turning manoeuvre. Distribution of forces and moments on the main hull, stern appendages and rudder are analysed in order to gain a deeper insight into the dynamic behaviour of the vessel. Validation is provided by the comparison with experimental data from free running tests.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull appendages Manoeuvring Turning circles Twin screws

3.4 FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION

2016010181

Whipping response analysis by one way fluid structure interaction - A case study. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 10-20 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001298 Dhavalikar, S., Awasare, S., Et al English

Accurate prediction of whipping induced hull girder response is important for evaluation of hull girder stresses and fatigue life assessment of ships structure. Traditionally, strip theories and panel methods have been popularly used for seakeeping analyses of ships for evaluating the slamming loads. These loads are used for whipping response prediction by idealizing the ship’s hull as a free–free beam. In this present work, numerical seakeeping computations have been performed assuming ship’s hull as a rigid beam. Wave loads thus computed are applied on to the real flexible structure of the ship to obtain the bending moment response amidships. For this purpose, modal superposition technique is utilized. Interaction of fluid (water) with structure (ship) is accounted only once, i.e. while computing fluid forces the structure is considered as rigid. Whipping response is hence obtained considering one way Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI). The obtained peak values are quite close to the experimental values. It is concluded that added mass effect and damping due to the degree of coupling between fluid and structure plays a vital role in whipping response prediction. The present method being computationally efficient and reasonably accurate can be practically used for whipping response predictions at initial design stage.

Fluid structure interaction Numerical analysis Whipping

2016010182

Experimental study of the effects of surface roughness on the vortex-induced vibration response of a flexible cylinder. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 40-54 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001390 Gao, Y., Fu, S., Et al English

The effects of surface roughness on the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a flexible cylinder have

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been studied experimentally. The drag, lift, tension, vortex-shedding frequency, vibration frequency, and displacement response of cylinders with different degrees of roughness are compared. The results indicate that a pure VIV lock-in phenomenon occurs in the in-line direction earlier than in the cross-flow direction, and thus the VIV response in the in-line direction is larger than in the cross-flow direction in the low-reduced-velocity range. The tension in the cylinder has two peak frequencies. One peak is the dominant frequency, which coincides with the dominant frequency of the drag and is induced by the VIV in the in-line direction. The other peak is at half of the dominant frequency, at the dominant frequency of the lift; it is caused by the VIV in the cross-flow direction. Rough cylinders have a smaller displacement response, a narrower lock-in region, and a higher vortex-shedding frequency than a smooth cylinder.

Cylindrical bodies Experimentation Surface roughness Vortex induced vibration

2016010183

Simulation of hydrodynamic interaction forces acting on a ship sailing across a submerged bank or an approach channel. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 103-113 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001547 Zhou, X., Sutulo, S., Guedes Soares, C. English

A solution is proposed to handle complex water boundaries based on the panelled moving patch method, in which the moving patch on the seabed is dynamically meshed by an optimised version of the paving algorithm and smoothed by a hybrid smoother. Using this approach, two typical hydrodynamic interaction scenarios with the non-even seabed are studied, and numerical results are obtained for a variety of values of the relative ship course as well as of characteristics of the seabed.

Interactions Potential flow Restricted waters

2016010184

Stochastic identification of the structural damage condition of a ship bow section under model uncertainty. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 123-143 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001481 Reed, H.M., Earls, C.J. English

Accurate, quantifiable means of assessing structural damage condition are paramount for maintaining the structural integrity of ship hull forms. Toward this end, precise knowledge of the location and magnitude of any imperfections (i.e. geometric imperfections in the form of denting and corrosion patches) must be determined, along with concomitant uncertainties accompanying such predictions. This paper describes a non-contact approach to identifying and characterizing such imperfections within the submerged bow section of a representative ship hull. By monitoring the pressure field local to the acoustically excited hull section, it is shown how the resulting data can be used to identify the parameters describing the structural damage field. In order to perform the identification, a fluid–structure model that predicts the spatio-temporal pressure field is required. A Bayesian, reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo approach is then used to generate the imperfection parameter estimates and quantify the uncertainty in those estimates. This approach is particularly appealing as it does not allow for the damage model to be explicitly known a priori. Convergence of the Markov chains is assessed, and estimates of the Monte Carlo standard error (MCSE) are provided.

Bows Damage Fluid structure interaction Numerical analysis

2016010185

Possibility of air-filled rubber membrane for reducing hull exciting pressure induced by propeller cavitation. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 160-170 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001602 Lee, J-H., Lee, K-J., Et al English

To mitigate hull excitation induced by the propeller cavity, in previous work the authors proposed a single-nozzle air injection scheme based on the

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principle of acoustic destructive interference. Although inefficient energy consumption in a conventional air-carpet system could be reduced significantly, the proposed method was still hindered by the continuous usage of an air compressor and maintenance of the nozzle exposed to sea water. In this study, the authors take advantage of the acoustic properties of rubber-like materials, which are similar to that of water. Accordingly, a rubber layer existing at the water-to-air interface appears to be transparent in the propagation of acoustic waves. More specifically, a rubber membrane filled with air could be anticipated to act only the role of air-packing without influencing the desired acoustic phenomenon, i.e., destructive interference. Hence, the purpose of this work is to provide analytical evidence to prove that an air-filled rubber membrane is capable of replacing the previous effort of air-injection. A design strategy for tuning the frequency of maximum destructive interference to an exciting frequency is also presented, which can be accomplished by adjusting the rubber membrane size. Finally, two experimental demonstrations conducted in a water tunnel verified the suggested scheme.

Bubbles Interference Membranes Propeller cavitation Rubber

2016010186

Natural vibration analysis of rectangular bottom plate structures in contact with fluid. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 171-179 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001651 Cho, D.S., Kim, B.H., Et al English

A simple and effective procedure for the natural vibration analysis of rectangular bottom plate structures in contact with fluid is presented. Structural part of the coupled hydroelastic problem covers thin and thick rectangular plates and stiffened panels with different framing types. The eigenvalue problem is formulated using Lagrange׳s equation of motion and taking into account potential and kinetic energies of a plate structure and fluid kinetic energy, respectively. Natural frequencies and modes are obtained applying the assumed mode method using the characteristic

polynomials of a Timoshenko beam. Potential flow theory assumptions are adopted for the fluid and the effect of free surface waves is ignored. From the boundary conditions for the fluid and structure the fluid velocity potential is derived and it is utilized for the calculation of added mass using the assumed modes. The developed theoretical model is verified with several numerical examples dealing with the natural vibration of bare plates and stiffened panels in contact with different fluid domains. A comparison of the results with those obtained by a general purpose FEA software showed very good agreement, especially for the lowest natural frequencies that are actually most relevant for the structural design from the viewpoint of vibration.

Added mass Plates Potential flow Vibration analysis

2016010187

Numerical evaluation of sloshing pressure in a rectangular tank fitted in a barge subjected to regular wave excitation. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 22 [9 p, 15 ref, 9 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Stephen, J.J., Sannasiraj, S.A., Sundar, V. English

A numerical study has been carried out to study sloshing pressure in a liquid tank which is fitted inside a barge. Since, numerical evaluation of pressure from the nonlinear simulation of sloshing waves is itself a challenging task, this paper presents the numerical scheme adopted for the evaluation of sloshing pressure. The barge has been subjected to the combined degrees of excitation viz., sway, heave and roll. The analysis is carried out for different barge width to tank length ratios(B/l) for 50% liquid fill level for excitation frequencies raging from first to fifth sloshing frequency. The effects of wave excitation frequencies on the pressure variation have been studied and the results are reported. Since, sloshing is a resonance phenomenon, it is observed to be sensitive near the natural sloshing frequencies and

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so is the sloshing pressure. A hyperbolic variation in sloshing pressure over the tank depth has been observed.

Barge motions Numerical analysis Sloshing Tanks

2016010188

Assessment of slamming dynamics on high speed vessels. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 28 [7 p, 7 ref, 1 tab, 15 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Bansal, D., Subramanian, V.A. English

High speed hull forms encounter direct impact in the forward bottom area as a result of slamming in waves. Code based design rules provide empirical estimation of the slamming impact pressures which form the basis for determining the scantlings and ensuring safety of the hull from impact. This paper presents a method of assessment of slamming loads on a high speed planing hull form using computational fluid dynamics. The simulation for different speeds is done for both calm water condition as well as regular wave condition. As a part of validation, resistance obtained on the basis of numerical simulation, is compared with resistance results obtained from physical tank tests for a feasible range of speeds. This numerical method uses 3D RANSE (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equation) based on volume of fluid (VOF). Trimming mesh and prism layer mesh (adjacent to ship) are adopted to ensure proper simulation of the kinematics and to obtain hydrodynamics forces with good accuracy. The body motion module is used to couple the fluid flow and body motion. The results show reliable capture of running trim and total drag in forward speed conditions and the simulation in waves shows the distribution of peak pressures as a function

of distance along the length of the vessel and as a function of speed. The work demonstrates an application for reliable estimation of stresses at the initial design stage.

Computational fluid dynamics High speed vessels Planing hulls Slamming

2016010189

Slamming kinematics, impulse and energy transfer for wave-piercing catamarans. Journal of Ship Research, v 59 n 3, September 2015, pp 145-161 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jsr/2015/00000059/00000003/art00002 Lavroff, J., Davis, M.R. English

Wave slam on high-speed wave-piercing catamarans involves interaction between unsteady hydrodynamics and structural response. For this class of vessel, the period of whipping and the duration of slam loading are similar, and hydroelastic simulation in model testing is important. The high Froude number results in relatively large heave and pitch motions that influence slamming. The model tests carried out were intended to identify the most severe slams possible. Slam loads increase with wave height and forward speed, and peak slam loading was related most clearly to the maximum relative velocity between bow and water surface. The peak load mostly occurred after the time at which the center bow arched cross section would fill with displaced water when calculated on the basis of the hull cross-section movement relative to the encountered wave and before the top of the arch reached the undisturbed surface of the encountered wave. For a 112-m vessel with 2500 tonnes displacement slams in 5.4 m height, regular waves would reach a maximum force of 2115 tonnes weight with a duration of 1.14 seconds and an impulse of 918 tonne seconds. The energy imparted to structural deformation would reach 3.9 MJ at full scale, of which approximately 1.0 MJ would be transferred into structural whipping. The results obtained in these model tests are broadly consistent with the most severe slam loads observed during sea trials.

Catamarans High speed vessels Kinetic energy Slamming

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2016010190

Numerical analysis for hydrodynamic interaction effects between vessel and semi-circle bank wall. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 4, December 2015, p 691 [8 p, 14 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-4/ijnaoe-2015-0048/ijnaoe-2015-0048.xml?format=INT Lee, C-K., Moon, S-B., Et al English

The hydrodynamic interaction forces and moments induced by the vicinity of bank on a passing vessel are known as wall effects. In this paper, the characteristics of interaction acting on a passing vessel in the proximity of a semi-circle bank wall are described and illustrated, and the effects of ship velocity, water depth and the lateral distance between vessel and semi-circle bank wall are discussed. For spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall (SP) less than about 0.2 L and depth to ship’s draft ratio (h/d) less than around 2.0, the ship-bank interaction effects increase steeply as h/d decreases. However, for spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall (SP) more than about 0.3 L, the ship-bank interaction effects increase slowly as h/d decreases, regardless of the water depth. Also, for spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall (SP) less than about 0.2 L, the hydrodynamic interaction effects acting on large vessel increase largely as ship velocity increases. In the meantime, for spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall (SP) more than 0.3 L, the interaction effects increase slowly as ship velocity increases.

Interactions Numerical analysis Wall effects Water depth

2016010191

Experimental and numerical investigations on vibration characteristics of a loaded ship model. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 3, September 2015, pp 234-243 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1310-1 Liang, P., Hong, M., Wang, Z. English

In this paper, vibration characteristics of the structure in the finite fluid domain are analysed using a coupled finite element method. The added mass matrix is calculated with finite element method (FEM) by 8-node acoustic fluid elements. Vibration

characteristics of the structure in finite fluid domain are calculated combining structure FEM mass matrix. By writing the relevant programs, numerical analysis on vibration characteristics of a submerged cantilever rectangular plate in finite fluid domain and loaded ship model is performed. A modal identification experiment for the loaded ship model in air and in water is conducted and the experiment results verify the reliability of the numerical analysis. The numerical method can be used for further research on vibration characteristics and acoustic radiation problems of the structure in the finite fluid domain.

Finite element method Fluid flow Natural frequency Ship models Vibration

2016010192

Dynamic adaptive finite element analysis of acoustic wave propagation due to underwater explosion for fluid-structure interaction problems. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 3, September 2015, pp 302-315 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1322-x Emamzadeh, S.S., Ahdadi, M.T., Et al English

In this paper, an investigation into the propagation of far field explosion waves in water and their effects on nearby structures are carried out. For the far field structure, the motion of the fluid surrounding the structure may be assumed small, allowing linearization of the governing fluid equations. A complete analysis of the problem must involve simultaneous solution of the dynamic response of the structure and the propagation of explosion wave in the surrounding fluid. In this study, a dynamic adaptive finite element procedure is proposed. Its application to the solution of a 2D fluid-structure interaction is investigated in the time domain. The research includes: a) calculation of the far-field scatter wave due to underwater explosion including solution of the time-depended acoustic wave equation, b) fluid-structure interaction analysis using coupled Euler-Lagrangian approach, and c) adaptive finite element procedures employing error estimates, and re-meshing. The temporal mesh adaptation is achieved by local regeneration of the grid using a

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time-dependent error indicator based on curvature of pressure function. As a result, the overall response is better predicted by a moving mesh than an equivalent uniform mesh. In addition, the cost of computation for large problems is reduced while the accuracy is improved.

Explosions Finite element method Fluid structure interaction Underwater

2016010193

A reduced order model for the simulation of mooring cable dynamics. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 389 [12 p, 20 ref, 1 tab, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Stabile, G., Matthies, H.G., Borri, C. English

In this paper the feasibility of a reduced order model (ROM) for the hydroelastic analysis of mooring lines is analysed. The local response of a piece of cable is studied through high fidelity fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulations. The high fidelity model is built by coupling a computational structural dynamics (CSD) solver with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver using the approach of software components. The ROM is designed in such a way that it can be added to any beam element from a standard CSD solver. From the outside only the beam degrees of freedoms (DOFs) can be seen, the ROM DOFs are all internal. The local response of the cable is analysed and the feasibility of the ROM is discussed

Computational fluid dynamics Fluid structure interaction Hydroelasticity Mooring lines

2016010194

Numerical investigation of nonlinear wave interaction with a submerged body. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 456 [12 p, 14 ref, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Ning, D., Li, Q., Viola, I.M. English

Submerged objects widely occur in ocean and coastal engineering. Their presence influences the neighbouring flow field and even generates higher harmonic waves. A two-dimensional fully nonlinear numerical wave flume, based on a time-domain higher-order boundary element method is developed to investigate nonlinear interactions between regular waves and a submerged object. The incident wave is generated by the inner-source wavemaker. Fully nonlinear kinematics and dynamics boundary conditions are satisfied on the transient free surface. A mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian technique combined with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is used as the time marching process. A four-point method is used to separate bound and free harmonic waves. The proposed model is verified against the experimental and other numerical data for nonlinear waves scattering by a submerged trapezoid and a submerged horizontal cylinder, respectively. Numerical tests are performed to investigate the effects of submergence and characterised length of a submerged object, static water depth on the high free harmonics.

Fluid structure interaction Numerical analysis Regular waves Underwater structures

2016010195

Numerical study of VIV over a flexible riser. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 526 [9 p, 11 ref, 2 tab, 7 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Lothode, C., Fontaine, G., Et al English

This study is based on the simulation of the fluid-structure interaction on risers. The aim is to quantify

74 ABSTRACTS

the structural response of these long flexible pipes, used for the extraction of offshore petroleum when they are subjected to marine currents. The occurring phenomenon is known as Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV). These problems are a relevant challenge for several offshore companies, which are associated with K-Epsilon in a Citeph project. The project's goal is to use the FSI simulation tool developed by K-Epsilon and initially used for the simulation of flexible membranes such as sails, to model these VIV phenomena. The problem of VIV in the case of a riser is a strongly coupled problem, meaning that the added mass is not negligible compared to the mass of the structure. This can be challenging for most fluid-structure interaction software. A strongly coupled algorithm is presented [Durand, 2012]. First, numerical results of fluid around cylinders are presented and compared to experimental results [(Cantwell and Coles, 1983), (Szepessy, and Bearman, 1992)] with several turbulence models, and time step sizes. Then, Chaplin's benchmark is presented with experimental/numerical comparison [Chaplin et al, 2005].

2016010196

Two- and three-dimensional springing analysis of a 16,000 TEU container ship in regular waves. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 498-509 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2015.1014255 Shin, K-H., Jo, J-W., Et al English

In recent years, the increase in world trade has resulted in a large expansion of sea traffic. As a result, market demands are leading to the development of Ultra Large Container Ships (ULCSs), with lengths of up to 400 m and increased flexibility of operational requirements. The multicellular open-decked thin-walled structural design of these ships means that flexible hull girder dynamics become important for the prediction of wave loads. This paper investigates the importance of various hydroelastic modelling approaches on the global symmetric and anti-symmetric response of a 16,000 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) ULCS design. Two- and three-dimensional linear and weakly non-linear flexible fluid–structure interaction models that respectively combine Vlasov beam and three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) structural dynamics with a B-spline Rankine panel and Green's function hydrodynamics are assessed and compared. Comparisons between rigid body and

hydroelastic predictions demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of hull flexibility on the dynamic response and the suitability of different idealisations at preliminary or detailed design stages.

Containerships Hydroelasticity Springing Wave loads on ships

2016010197

Nonlinear impact response analysis of LNG FPSO cargo tank structures under sloshing loads. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 510-532 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2015.1022437 Lee, S.E., Kim, B.J., Et al English

This is a sequel to a previous paper by the same authors, which proposed a probabilistic approach to determine the nominal values of tank sloshing loads in the structural hull design of liquefied natural gas, floating production, storage and offloading units (LNG FPSO or FLNG). This study presents a procedure for the numerical computation of nonlinear impact responses in FLNG cargo tank structures under sloshing loads. The computations are performed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA nonlinear finite element software. Applied examples using a hypothetical FLNG are presented. The insights and conclusions obtained from the study are documented.

Finite element method Impact loads LNG tanks Sloshing Strain rate

2016010198

Laboratory study on the hydrodynamic and structural characteristic of violent sloshing in elastic tanks. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 533-544 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2015.1023067 Jiang, M., Ren, B., Wang, G. English

The hydrodynamic and structural characteristics of violent sloshing in elastic tanks have been studied through a physical model test. Different liquid depths

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and excitation amplitudes are considered to determine the natural frequencies of the liquid in tanks. An image acquisition and data analysis system is designed to obtain the wave profile and elevation. The sloshing pressures and structural strains are measured by the corresponding acquisition systems. Wave shapes in elastic tanks are described first, and then the resonant characteristic and variation of the elevations, pressures and strains are analysed. The time variation and spatial distribution behaviour of the strain are further discussed. It is found that the double-peak phenomenon is observed at the crest of the pressure and the strain, and spectrums of the pressure and the strain are greatly influenced by the double peak. On the tank ceiling, larger strains are more likely to appear in the place near the corner.

Elastic bodies Model tests Sloshing Strains Tanks

2016010199

Simulation of irregular waves in a numerical wave tank. Polish Maritime Research, v 22 Special Issue S1, 2015, p 21 [4 p, 15 ref, 4 fig] http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/55ef8240f2d41.pdf Fu, L-Z., Shi, Y.Y., Et al English

The time domain boundary element method was utilized to simulate the propagation of the irregular waves in a numerical wave tank. The problem was solved in a time-marching scheme, upon the irregular waves being fed through the inflow boundary, in which the theoretical solution was obtained from the wave energy spectrum. The open boundary condition was modeled by the multi transmitting formula (MTF), in which the phase velocity was calculated according to the Sommerfeld’s condition. The velocity potential and wave elevation were directly obtained by integrating the free surface condition twice, with respect to time. The accuracy of the developed numerical scheme was verified by

simulating the propagation of irregular waves. The numerical results show good agreements with the analytical solutions, which prove that the proposed scheme is a promising way to the simulation of wave-body interactions.

Boundary element method Fluid structure interaction Irregular waves Simulation Wave propagation

2016010200

A numerical study of regular wave run-up on a fixed vertical cylinder. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 10. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Sun, M., Incecik, A. English

The design of offshore structures needs an accurate prediction of wave scattering around offshore structures and maximum wave run-up elevation to maintain sufficient air gap below the platform deck. The wave run-up is always underestimated by linear diffraction theory especially in extreme conditions. In this, a three dimensional (3-D) numerical wave tank is established based on Navier-Stokes equations for viscous, incompressible fluid by CFD commercial software FLUENT. VOF method is used to capture the free surface. The adding mass term wave generation method is utilized to simulate regular wave and momentum source terms are added in dissipation domain to reduce wave reflection. 16 different wave measurement points are located within a radial distance around the cylinder and the free-surface wave elevation is investigated. The numerical wave run-up results are compared with experiment data which was conducted by Nielsen (2003). It is found that the CFD and experiment results have a good agreement.

Computational fluid dynamics Cylindrical bodies Regular waves Wave runup

76 ABSTRACTS

2016010201

A study of 2D wedge water-entry based on SPH and ALE methods. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 13. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Lei, Z., Ju, W., Et al English

The essence of structure ditching is a fluid-structure interaction problem with the strongly nonlinear mechanics. In this paper, the model of a 2D wedge water-entry is adopted, which is forced to impact water with a certain velocity6.15m/ s. The water-entry process is simulated based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. The results show that the computed pressure distribution of the wedge lower surface agrees well with analytical solution. Moreover, before the lower surface of the wedge is completely wet, the position of pressure peak is about two fifths distance of fall higher above water level. After the lower surface is completely wet, the pressure on the wetted surface is decreased gradually. Furthermore, during the water-entry process of wedge, the distribution of isobar pressure is an eccentric in the flow field, which provides a reference for the study of aircraft ditching into the water.

Fluid structure interaction Numerical analysis Water entry Wedges

2016010202

GPU-accelerated large-eddy simulation of ship-ice interactions. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 850 [12 p, 32 ref, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Mierke, D., Janßen, C.F., Rung, T. English

This paper reports on the applicability of the Lattice Boltzmann based free surface flow solver elbe to the simulation of complex ship-ice interactions in marine engineering. In order to model the dynamics of these

colliding rigid multi-body systems, elbe is coupled to the ODE physics engine. First, basic validations of the ODE collision and friction models are presented, particularly focusing on interacting triangle meshes that later will serve to describe the ice floes. Then, the basic methodology and initial validation of the fluid-structure coupling of elbe and ODE is presented. Finally, performance is addressed: As elbe uses graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate the numerical calculations, the coupled numerical tool allows for investigations of ship-ice interactions in very competitive computational time and on off-the-shelf desktop hardware.

Computational fluid dynamics Fluid structure interaction Free surfaces

2016010203

A new method for radiation forces for floating platforms in waves. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 43-53 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002668 Sheng, W., Alcorn, R., Lewis, A. English

The performance of wave energy converters and other offshore renewable energy platforms, non-linear effects is frequently assessed in time domain, especially when the nonlinear forces from the large amplitude motions, mooring forces, power take-off or the energy conversion control system are considered. One popular approach in the time-domain analysis is the so-called hybrid frequency–time domain analyses, in which the radiation forces must be calculated through a convolution integral of the motion history and the impulse response function. The direct integration of the convolution is not only time-consuming and inconvenient when a real time control is used, but also needs a storage and renewal of a certain history of motions. To this end, some approximation methods have been developed for calculating the memory effect, and these methods inevitably introduce additional equations into the dynamic system. In this paper, a new method is proposed for calculating the memory effect by extending the conventional Prony׳s function method so that the memory effect calculation can be carried

ABSTRACTS 77

out simply in a recursive manner. As a result of the recursive calculation, only one previous step of the values is needed, which can be renewed automatically in each time step calculation.

Floating structures Fluid structure interaction Wave energy conversion Wave forces on structures

2016010204

Analysis of liquid sloshing in LNG carrier with wedge-shaped tanks. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 304-317 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002875 Zhang, C. English

The LNG carrier with four wedge-shaped tanks is introduced. This design aims to avoid the simultaneous occurrence of the sloshing resonance in all tanks that endangers the ship stability. A numerical strategy with the help of the boundary element method is developed to calculate the natural sloshing frequencies and corresponding modes for these wedge-shaped tanks. The effects of the inclined tank walls on the natural sloshing frequencies/modes are identified. The elevation histories of the sloshing waves in these tanks are further studied, when the carrier is excited by sway, roll, surge or pitch motions at the fundamental natural frequency of each tank. The effectivity of this new design is confirmed from the results.

Boundary element method LNG tanks Resonant frequency Sloshing Wedges

2016010205

Numerical simulation of turbulent free-surface flow in offshore applications. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 963 [18 p, 33 ref, 10 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Veldman, A., Luppes, R., Et al English

To study extreme hydrodynamic wave impact in offshore and coastal engineering, the VOF-based CFD simulation tool ComFLOW is being developed. This paper presents its turbulence modelling. In particular, a blend of a QR-model and a regularization model has been designed. The QR-model belongs to a class of modern eddy- viscosity models, where the amount of turbulent eddy viscosity is kept minimal. Also, to enhance efficiency, local grid refinement has been added. For validation, experiments have been carried out.

Computational fluid dynamics Turbulent flow Wave loads Wave runup

2016010206

Numerical study of vortex induced vibration of circular cylinder. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 981 [6 p, 4 ref, 5 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Lee, S., Son, H., Et al English

In many ocean engineering, vortex induced vibration of slender structures such as a riser has long been a nemesis to be investigated and yet to be fully understood. Numerous experimental and computational studies approaches have reveal the many aspects of the phenomenon and tried different measures for mitigation of the related damages. However, due to complexity of interaction between deformable structure and unsteady hydrodynamic forces, both experimental and computational models are not easy tasks. In this study, a computational fluid model is applied to simulate the unsteady flow

78 ABSTRACTS

passing the circular cross section while the body is freely moving under the influence of hydrodynamic forces caused by vortex shedding. Finite volume method is utilized. In order to implement the movement of the body influenced by the hydrodynamic force, meshes around the moving body are reconfigured considering the new location at every time step of computation. Both mechanical damping and stiffness are assumed when the equation of motion of the oscillatory body is solved at every time step. One degree of freedom with damping and stiffness in cross-flow direction is considered with free oscillation under the influence of hydrodynamic forces caused by vortex shedding. The results show that the maximum amplitude of the cross flow vibration exceeds more than half of the diameter of the cylinder and it can deform the whole system to a great extent. In particular, two distinct periods of fluctuating hydrodynamic forces are identified with smaller periods corresponds to secondary shedding between primary vortex shedding due to shear caused by movement of the body. In addition, vortex shedding of frequency near the natural frequency of the structural system clearly reveals the lock-in behaviour and the large divergent movement is also observed with lower damping.

Computational fluid dynamics Cylindrical bodies Risers Vortex induced vibration

2016010207

The accuracy and efficiency of the efficient time simulation procedure in derivation of the 100-year responses. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 987 [12 p, 17 ref, 2 tab, 4 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Abu Husain, M.K., Mohd Zaki, N.I., Najafian, G. English

Offshore structures are exposed to random wave loading in the ocean environment and hence the probability distribution of the extreme values of their response to wave loading is required for their safe and economical design. To this end, the conventional (Monte Carlo) time simulation technique (CTS) is frequently used for predicting the probability distribution of the extreme values of response. However, this technique suffers from excessive

sampling variability and hence a large number of simulated extreme responses (hundreds of simulated response records) are required to reduce the sampling variability to acceptable levels. In this paper, three different versions of a more efficient time simulation technique (ETS) are compared by exposing a test structure to sea states of different intensity. The three different versions of the ETS technique take advantage of the good correlation between extreme responses and their corresponding surface elevation extreme values, or quasi-static and dynamic linear extreme responses. The accuracy and efficiency of an alternative technique in comparison with the conventional simulation technique is investigated.

Extreme values Monte Carlo method Offshore structures Structural response

2016010208

Sloshing simulations of various types of LNG tanks due to ship motions. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P1027 [12 p, 10 ref, 1 tab, 13 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Ge, Z., Wang, B., Shin, Y. English

The major objective of this study is to investigate sloshing behaviour in various types of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tanks due to ship motions. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package, STAR-CCM+, was used to establish the simulation framework, which was first validated against model test results for wall pressures in a membrane-type prismatic tank. The CFD model was further applied to four types of non- prismatic tanks. In addition to the resolved impact pressure peaks, numerical results demonstrated that the sloshing behaviour is unique to each individual tank type. Numerical results also consistently showed, regardless of the tank type, that the largest wall pressure tends to occur near the original mean liquid surface, where structural analysis should be focused,

ABSTRACTS 79

especially for those tanks with internal members and baffles. The simulation framework developed herein could also be a solid basis for further analyses, including the design of new LNG tanks.

Computational fluid dynamics Impact loads LNG tanks Ship motions Sloshing

2016010209

Tank sloshing simulations in shallow-water approximation. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1039 [12 p, 5ref, 2 tab, 16 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Saburin, D. English

Various fluid oscillations in a closed vessel have been numerically simulated. The statements of the problems correspond to the situations that arise in the fuel tanks of vessels in collisions with ice barriers and movement on the waves. The results, obtained by new numerical method for shallow water (SW) flow simulations, based on a specific form of averaging, or regularization, of SW equations, are in a good agreement with the existing theoretical and experimental data.

Approximation Shallow water Sloshing

3.5 AERODYNAMICS AND WIND ENGINEERING

2016010210

Aerodynamic study of superstructures of mega yachts. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 7. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Trivyza, E., Boulougouris, E. English

The paper provides an insight to the general flow characteristics around a yacht’s superstructure, the air-wake felt by the helicopter at the helipad, with respect to the operational limits and attempts the creation of a database of aerodynamic coefficients, for a range of incident flow angles. The flow is simulated using Star CCM+ solver, with a RANS k-ω SST model, for two different speeds and 5 different incident angles. The flow is observed to be highly rotational, turbulent and with large areas of flow separation. Furthermore, the flow characteristics are magnified as the incident angle increases. It is identified that geometric changes of the superstructure are required to improve the flow and the helicopter operations should be prohibited for the maximum speed, since they fail to comply with the existing regulatory framework. Finally, the human body resilience to wind intensity and turbulence must be introduced into the design process.

Aerodynamics Computational fluid dynamics Motor yachts Superstructures

80 ABSTRACTS

2016010211

Investigation of the effects of the platform motion on the aerodynamics of a floating offshore wind turbine. IWSH 2015, 9th International Workshop on Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics; 26-28 August 2015; Glasgow, UK. Organised by Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Session 4. http://server02.smt.strath.ac.uk/IWSH2015%20Brochure.pdf Liu, Y., Xiao, Q., Et al English

Along with the flourishing of the wind energy industry, floating offshore wind turbines have aroused much interest among the academia as well as enterprises. In this paper, the effects of the supporting platform motion on the aerodynamics of a wind turbine are studied using the open source CFD framework OpenFOAM where the platform motion responses, including surge, heave and pitch, are superimposed onto the rotation of the wind turbine. Thrust and torque on the wind turbine are compared and analysed for cases under different platform motion patterns, together with the flow field. It is shown that the movement of the supporting platform can have large influences on a floating offshore wind turbine and need be considered during the design process.

Aerodynamics Floating structures Offshore structures Platform motions Wind turbines

3.6 FUNDAMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS

2016010212

A next-generation CFD tool for large-eddy simulations on the desktop. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 826 [12 p, 18 ref, 12 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Janßen, C.F., Koliha, N., Rung, T. English

The authors present details of their GPU-accelerated

flow solver for the simulation of non-linear violent flows in marine and coastal engineering. The solver, the efficient lattice boltzmann environment elbe, is accelerated with recent NVIDIA graphics hardware and allows for three-dimensional simulations of complex flows in or near real-time. Details of the very efficient numerical back end, the pre- and post-processing tools and the integrated OpenGL visualizer tool are discussed. Moreover, several applications with marine relevance demonstrate that elbe can be considered as a prototype for next-generation CFD tools for simulation-based design and interactive flow field monitoring on commodity hardware.

Computational fluid dynamics Eddies Simulation

2016010213

Developing spline based overset grid assembling approach and application to unsteady flow around a moving body. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 838 [12 p, 11 ref, 1 tab, 13 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Kobayashi, H., Kodama, Y. English

Overset or Chimera grid approach is one of methods to cope with complex geometries. A spline based overset grid assembling system has been developed. The system is based on structured grid approach and covers comprehensive features for overset assembling, i.e., grid generation, grid modification, and computing Receptor-Donor Connectivity (RDC) for overset interpolation. Ferguson spline curve is used to compute curves through grid points and cell centres for trimming grids and computing RDC robustly and accurately. Flow simulation around Kriso Container Ship with jointed grids shows good continuity of flow field between the grids. The overset grid assembling is enhanced to unsteady problem as dynamic overset approach coupled with a solver which also has been developed in National Maritime Research Institute, Japan. Computed results for pitch up spheroid are compared with measured data and show good agreement in unsteady force

ABSTRACTS 81

acting on the spheroid. It is confirmed that the system has capability to simulate flow field around jointed grids and unsteady flow with dynamic overset assembling approach practically.

Computational fluid dynamics Unsteady flow

2016010214

On the numerical requirements of RANS and hybrid turbulence models. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 886 [17 p, 14 ref, 4 tab, 9 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Pereira, F.S., Vaz, G., Eca, L. English

The evaluation of different mathematical models for the prediction of turbulent flows depends on the ability to reduce the numerical error to negligible levels, i.e. to values clearly below the modelling error. This work assesses the numerical requirements, i.e. grid/time refinement, iterative and statistical convergence levels, to achieve such goals for three different mathematical models: Reynolds-Averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented by an eddy-viscosity model; Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) and eXtra Large Eddy Simulation (XLES). To this end, numerical simulations are performed with RANS and the two hybrid models (blend of RANS and LES) for the flow around a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 3900. The results show that the grid/time refinement and iterative and statistical (for DDES and XLES) convergence levels required to achieve such goal are clearly more demanding than those usually found in the open literature, especially for the two models that simulate directly the large scales of turbulence, DDES and XLES. Nonetheless, the comparison of mean flow quantities with available experimental data suggests that the hybrid models reduce the modelling error when compared to RANS.

Mathematical models Turbulent flow Uncertainty

4.1 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

2016010215

Application of direct hydrodynamic loads in structural analysis. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 17 [7 p, 13 ref, 2 tab, 13 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Parihar, Y., Satsangi, S.K., Kar, A.R. English

Accurate prediction of ship structural response is a key element in the design stage. The conventional design philosophy of predicting loads using empirical relations or first principal based calculation is very well proven. But in the case of novel/complex ship structures, conventional methods may not be able to predict the accurate structural response behaviour. In this context, various classification society rules/standards contain an advance framework to deal with such complex designs. However, to assess the structural strength in veridical manner, it is essential to perform the structural analysis using direct hydrodynamic loads. But, this kind of analysis is not straight forward and only few guidelines explain the methodology. This paper outlines the available numerical methods for hydrodynamic load computation and its applications in finite element analysis of ships. It proposes a direct calculation procedure of determining structure response of ships which can be utilized in realistic fatigue measurement or to assess the direct strength of ships.

Hydrodynamic loads Numerical analysis Structural analysis Structural response

2016010216

Counter-deformed design of ship structural parts using geometric shape deformation based on welding distortion estimation. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 442-453 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-014-0296-8 Cheon, S-U., Kim. B.C., Mun, D. English

The authors introduce a method for designing

82 ABSTRACTS

manufacturing shapes for the structural parts of a ship that considers the weld-induced deformation. In this study, the design shape of a bracket was counter-deformed using a purely geometric method rather than a thermo-elastic method. The deformation quantities were estimated based on data captured in the field, and a manufacturing design shape was obtained by counter-deforming an original design shape using the proposed geometric deformation method. The proposed method was implemented and tested in a shipyard.

Deformation Design Distortion Ship structures Weldments

2016010217

Prediction of the vertical vibration of ship hull based on grey relational analysis and SVM method. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 467-474 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-014-0299-5 Yin, Y-m., Cui, H-y., Et al English

There are certain limitations when empirical formulas are used to predict the ship hull vertical vibration. Natural frequency of ship’s vertical vibration is predicted by support vector machine (SVM), which possesses many characteristics such as small sample learning, global optimisation and strong generalization. Considering the parameters that influence the natural frequency of ship’s vertical vibration are much more, a grey relation model between ship’s main parameters and natural frequency of ship’s vertical vibration is established by grey relational analysis theory to get the grey correlation degree of each parameter. The parameters with greater correlation degree are used as input data and the measured values of natural frequency of vertical vibration are used as output data in SVM to build the nonlinear regression model of the natural frequency of vertical vibration. Natural frequencies of

eight ships’ vertical vibration are predicted by the nonlinear regression model, and the results are coincident with the measured values. The proposed method in this paper is proved to be accurate and feasible, which provides a new idea to the prediction of natural frequency of ship’s overall vertical vibration.

Hull vibration Resonant frequency

2016010218

Cumulative collapse of a ship hull girder under a series of extreme wave loads. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 530-541 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-015-0308-3 Iijima, K., Fujikubo, M. English

This paper addresses the cumulative collapse behavior of a ship hull girder under a series of extreme wave loads. It is a follow-up of the previous work done by the present authors. In the previous work, the post-ultimate strength behavior under a single extreme wave was investigated by using numerical simulations and tank tests. The reduction in the vertical bending moment after reaching the ultimate strength was not reproduced in the scaled model. In the present work, a more realistic hull girder capacity model is employed. The authors introduce a new type of model whose hull girder bending moment capacity decreases after its ultimate strength. A series of the focused waves with the same time history are generated and applied to the scaled model in the tank tests. It is observed that the still-water bending moment decreases with the development of the plastic deformations. The development rate of collapse per one focused wave becomes smaller under a series of focused waves if the reduction rate of the still-water bending moment is larger than the reduction rate of the bending moment capacity after the ultimate strength.

Collapse Extreme waves Hull girders Ultimate strength Wave loads

ABSTRACTS 83

2016010219

Analysis of FPSO topside module beam structures through shell and beam concept modelling technique. Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology, v 2 n 3, 2015, pp 1-8 http://stmjournals.com/tech/index.php?journal=JoOST&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=1090 Patil, R., Kumar, G., Et al English

Some engineering applications like civil structures, marine and offshore structures demand the evaluation of large structures. These large structures experience stress concentrations at the joint interfaces which are major concerns in engineering. The evaluation of large structures is carried out through finite element analysis (FEA) which has drawbacks in modelling efforts, solution time and memory requirement. The large structures are generally modelled using beam elements due to minimum modelling efforts and solution time in FEA. However, it is difficult to capture the correct stress concentrations at critical locations from the beam model. In addition, all the load transfer in the beam element model takes place at the single nodal connection. This study describes a means to reasonably and accurately ascertain the analysis of large beam FPSO topside module structures through concept modelling techniques. Concept modelling is a combined model of 1D beam elements and 2D shell elements. The beam elements are used to model members and shell elements are used to model critical joint locations incorporating stiffeners and weld details. Thus a single model will provide all significant stresses and accurate results which can be useful to investigate structural details for local stress concentration.

Beams (supports) Finite element method FPSOs Stress concentration

2016010220

Modelling structural damage in FPSO collisions. Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology, v 2 n 3, 2015, pp 23-52 http://stmjournals.com/tech/index.php?journal=JoOST&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=1164 Ozguc, O. English

While the oil operators become more interested in developing oil and gas in deeper and more remote offshore locations, there should be further research

and development that focuses on collision assessment of floating structures, especially ship-shaped floating production, storage and offloading units (FPSOs). The focus of this paper is on general methodology and design accident scenarios for FPSOs using more sophisticated tools such as the nonlinear FEM used so that structural responses during and after a collision can be more precisely predicted. The extent of FPSO hull damage due to the different collision scenarios and impact energy levels are determined using the guidelines contained in the NORSOK Standard. The collision scenario is considered for Accidental Limit State (ALS) with 5-years onsite environment in this study. The various collision scenarios are defined such as supply vessel collision bow on, supply vessel collision side on, supply vessel collision stern on, and off take tanker collision bow on. Nonlinear finite element analysis, using large deformation FEM is applied to analyse the damages to FPSO hull structures. Conservatively, the impacting vessel is considered non-deformed during the collision (whole energy absorbed by the FPSO). Damage evaluation to hull parts of FPSO is checked, including flare and flares foundations, aft muster station, offloading reel and piping and green water protections above cargo deck. The reduction of hull girder strength associated to the worst damage resulting from the application of the MARPOL regulation is also evaluated and accounted for, assuming no further escalation of the damage.

Finite element method FPSOs Hull damage Ship collisions Structural response

2016010221

A new method for accidental limit states design of thin-walled structures subjected to hydrocarbon explosion loads. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 460-469 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2015.1031206 Czujko, J., Paik, J.K. English

Design requirements for offshore platform topsides include the assessment of their structural resistance to gas explosions. The design is normally based on loads derived from complex computer fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Dimensioning and design explosion loads for topsides are defined based on probabilistic models of loads, which take into account

84 ABSTRACTS

installation and environmental uncertainties. Design standards and functional specifications from platform operators require that structural safety be implemented and inherent structural robustness documented during the design phase of topsides. This paper presents a reliability-based robustness assessment method for structures designed using accidental limit states to resist hydrocarbon explosion loads. The applicability of the new method is demonstrated by calculation of probability of damage and structural robustness of explosion-resisting walls designed for topsides of offshore platforms.

Gas explosions Offshore platforms Structural response

2016010222

Collisions damage assessment of ships and jack-up rigs. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 470-478 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2014.1003173 Zhang, S., Pedersen, P.T., Ocakli, H. English

Ship collision with offshore installations is one of the key concerns in design and assess of platforms performance and safety. This paper presents an analysis on collision energy and structural damage in ship and offshore platform collisions for various collision scenarios. The platform or rig is treated as either rigid or flexible and its sensitivity on collision energy and structural damage is studied. An application example where an ice-strengthened supply vessel collides against a jack-up rig is analysed and the crushing resistance of the involved thin-walled structures is evaluated.

Collision resistance Damage Energy absorption Jackup platforms Platform rammings

2016010223

Recent advances and future trends in structural crashworthiness of ship structures subjected to impact loads. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 488-497 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2015.1009287 Samuelides, M. English

This paper, which was presented in the 7th International Conference on Thin-Walled Structures, discusses procedures that are applied for the assessment of the crashworthiness of marine structures, in particular ships, when they are subjected to impact loads, such as collisions with other floating or fixed bodies and groundings. The section that follows the introduction presents the methods that have been developed and used for the determination of the damage of ship structures subjected to impact loads. The following section discusses an aspect that is essential for the realistic finite-element simulation of the impacts, namely the modelling of the material behaviour. The last section presents briefly the procedures to assess if a structure is crashworthy and if a measure to reduce the risk related to accidental loads is effective. Aspects that are discussed in the paper are the object of other papers that are presented in the sessions on “Collisions and Groundings” of the Conference.

Collision resistance Impact loads Ship structures Strain rate

2016010224

Analysis method of ultimate hull girder strength under combined loads. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 5, October 2015, pp 587-598 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2015.1045271 Tanaka, Y., Ogawa, H., Et al English

The objective of this study is to propose an analysis method of ultimate hull girder strength under combined bending and torsion. The hull girder is modelled by a series of thin-walled beam elements and the average stress–average strain relationship of plate and stiffened panel elements under axial loads considering the effect of shear stress is implemented in the beam elements. First, a torsional moment is

ABSTRACTS 85

applied to the beam model for a whole model within the elastic range. Then, the ultimate bending strength of cross-sections is calculated applying Smith's method to beam elements considering the warping and shear stresses. The proposed simplified method is applied to the progressive collapse tests of scale models under combined loads. On the other hand, nonlinear explicit finite element method (FEM) is adopted for the analysis of the test models. The effectiveness of the simplified method is discussed comparing with the results of experiments and FEM analysis.

Combined loads Hull girders Hull strength Ultimate strength

2016010225

A study on the structural analysis of jacket type of substructure with respect to 5MW offshore wind power generation. Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering, v 1 n 1, 2015, p 63 [10 p, 11 ref, 6 tab, 9 fig] http://www.jaroe.org/sub/issues/issues.html?icode=19 Sun, M-Y., Lee, K-Y., Moon, B-Y. English

The currently applied structure and fatigue assessment of support structures for offshore wind energy converters was based on common design rules. The accurate evaluation of sea floor environments for the installation of support structures, generator loads, dynamic loads in operation, and offshore environmental loads might be an essential requirement to acquire a safety design for the substructure. This study suggests design methods of structures and estimates their safety in relation to the structural analysis of the substructure requiring high safety to various environmental conditions. Especially, with respect to the 5MW Offshore Wind Power System, this study provides information on major wind directions and duration in combination with the developing wave climate at the test field.

Jacket structures Offshore structures Structural analysis Wind turbines

2016010226

Evaluation of buckling strength for design consideration of offshore structures. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume IV, p 31 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Lee, S-J., Choi, G., Et al English

The buckling strength of irregular shaped members of offshore structures is evaluated by a design guide and numerical methods in this study. The buckling strength of members of offshore structures is calculated by using DNV-RP-C201 which is established for idealized plate structures. Because of irregularity of members, the buckling behavior calculated by the design guide is different from the real behaviour. The result is compared with the buckling strength by classical finite element model using the commercial software ABAQUS in order to check the applicability of the guide. The studies were carried out with three different approaches: (1) the arc-length method, (2) the static stabilizing method with artificial damping for local instability. A well-known buckling problem of circular cylindrical shell under axial compression is also given.

Buckling Finite element method Strength Tension leg platforms

2016010227

Frontal collision of a tanker against a rigid structure. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 1015 [12 p, 13 ref, 1 tab, 10 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Calle, M.A., Oshiro, R.E., Alves, M. English

In this research, an evaluation of a frontal collision of a tanker with bulbous bow against a rigid structure was performed by reproducing experimentally this scenario in reduced scale and by numerical modeling using the finite element method. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the impact force and structural collapse mode of the bulbous bow. A model

86 ABSTRACTS

of an oil tanker in a reduced scale of 1:100 was fabricated for the collision test based on a simplified geometries of naval structures made of mild steel sheets. Similarity laws, developed particularly for structural impact, were presented and employed to predict the mechanical response of a real scale collision accident from the reduced scale test results. Advantages, challenges and limitations in fabrication and employment of reduced scale models were also commented. A finite element model of tanker collision against a rigid wall was also presented. The material model took the mechanical properties of naval steel into account, under static and dynamic loading. The collapse mode appearance of the bulbous bow observed in the numerical modeling resulted to be analogous with experimental results in reduced scale. Furthermore, results obtained from experimental and numerical approaches were compared with empirical formulae of impact force when a ship collides with a bridge pier showing a good agreement and demonstrating the potential of using reduced scale ship models in collision evaluation.

Collapse Finite element method Impact loads Ship collisions

2016010228

Methodology for experimental determination of local ice pressures on flexible hull of platforms and ships. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1739 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Kim, L.V., Kulesh, V.A., Tsuprik, V.G. English

The global ice forces on ice-resistant platforms and ships are greatly dependent from distribution of local ice pressures along ice shield. One of the main factors is flexibility of ice shield. The paper presents the calculation and test procedures for local ice pressures evaluation accounting for

flexibility of structure in interface zone. The problem of redistribution process and ice force concentration is discussed for its dependence from flexibility of ice shield on water level with application to the ice tests in basin. The calculation-experimental method for calibration system by load balancing to avoid measurement errors was proposed.

Experimentation Hulls Ice forces Offshore platforms Pressure

2016010229

Development of methods for modelling dynamic interaction of fixed offshore structures with drifting ice fields and features. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1901 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Shaposhnikov, V., Aleksandrov, A., Et al English

At the present time Russian and foreign normative documents consider loads caused by moving ice fields as dynamic loads on offshore fixed structures. Design loads are presented in the form of contact pressure functions versus ice field speed, ice thickness and physical-mechanical properties, contact area. These functions are obtained based on processing results of multiple full scale tests and model experimental studies. The paper considers modern approaches for calculation of loads under dynamic offshore fixed structure interaction with drifting ice fields and ice formations. Effects of structural shell plating and framing compliance, as well as structural dynamical characteristics as a whole on ice load values are considered.

Ice loads Ice resistance Offshore platforms

ABSTRACTS 87

2016010230

Fatigue analysis of the structural bottom of an aluminium planing craft through vibratory load of the propeller system. Ship Science & Technology, v 8 n 16, January 2015, p 57 [19 p, 14 ref, 7 tab, 15 fig] http://www.shipjournal.co/index.php/sst/article/view/111 Marín, J.R., Cuenca, C.AS. English

This work analyses the structural fatigue of a high-speed craft, which has a propeller system formed by two 493-hp engines connected through speed multipliers to water jet systems. The aluminium alloy structure has combined-type framing. The useful life of the boat’s bottom structure was determined considering the cyclical loads generated by the propulsion system, using the Finite Element method and applying the effort-number method of cycles to failure. For this, a structural model was developed of the selected zone, which was analysed with the SAP2000 program, to obtain complex amplitudes of the stress supported by the structure. Thereafter, with these results the stress range was determined and, then, using S-N curves for aluminium the number of cycles that needed to be carried out by six structural details selected was determined, for its failure. Using Miner’s Rule, combined with the raft’s assumed work modes, the time of the useful life time of the referential details selected during an hour was determined. Finally, if the craft operates for three hours per day, the bottom structure of the boat analysed would have a useful life of 14.5 years, when working principally in low speed rating.

Aluminium alloys Fatigue (materials) High speed vessels Planing hulls Propeller induced vibration

2016010231

Using residual areas for geometrically nonlinear structural analysis. Ocean Engineering, v 105, 1 September 2015, pp 327-335 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815002863 Rezaiee-Pajand, M., Naserian, R. English

Incremental–iterative methods are widely used for tracing the equilibrium paths of structures. To determine the nonlinear structural response, an

iteration process is required. In this paper, some residual areas are employed for the base of iteration steps. By setting each area to zero, and minimizing its perimeter separately, some new constraint equations can be achieved. After developing the related formulations, several geometric nonlinear analyses of frames, shell and trusses are performed to evaluate the robustness of the suggested methods. Findings prove the high capability of the authors׳ first scheme compared to other new proposed methods and cylindrical arc-length technique. Additionally, the capacity of each strategy in passing the limit points is assessed.

Iteration Structural analysis Structural response

2016010232

Impulse model for estimation of local and global ice loads on fixed offshore ice-resistant structures. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1777 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Aleksandrov, A., Matantsev, R. English

Prediction of ice loads, both global and local, remains to be an unresolved issue as yet. In this connection experimental studies were performed to determine local and global ice pressures on a model of ice resistant fixed offshore platform in ice basin. The failure of drifting ice due to interaction with a fixed obstacle is a complicated process involving a number of different failure modes like finely dispersed contact layer, chips, cracks, flaking. Recorded signals of external forces are characterized by variable amplitudes and short-term series of load surges up to peak values with a high frequency of peak fluctuations in time. Based on observations an impulse model of ice deformation and failure is developed to describe experimental relationships. In particular, relationships of local and global loads, patterns of load variation in function of ice thickness and ice field drift speed make it possible to reveal the causes of discrepancies at scaling of local and global loads from model to full size.

Ice loads Ice resistance Offshore structures

88 ABSTRACTS

2016010233

Finite element analysis of new structure against ice impact. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume I, p 1781 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Cao, C. English

This paper presents a new conical structure to resist against ice impact. Different to previous indenters, there are several subsidiary conical entities on the parent conical structure, between up and downward cone boundary. The structure considered in this paper and ice are modelled using finite element analysis. Material non-linearity interaction process of this new conical structure with ice cover was simulated. Contacts, non-linear crushing and fracture behaviour of the structure and ice are captured in the analyses. The optimal results dependence on various parameters was also compared such as different numbers of subsidiary conical entities and wedge angles. The findings and conclusions presented in this paper are expected to give an alternative solution for dealing with ice impact in cold offshore regions and also show advantages of using advanced analysis approach in calculation of offshore structure design.

Conical bodies Finite element method Ice resistance Offshore structures

4.2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

2016010234

A design application of cored polystyrene composite material to naval construction. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 480 [10 p, 8 ref, 3 tab, 14 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Ribeiro, H.J.C., Wahrhaftig, A. de Macêdo., Nascimento, A.N. English

This paper presents a study of the distribution of stresses and strains acting on a prismatic ferry that

makes use of an idealized composite to naval employment. The structural arrangement of the ferry is minimized in order to achieve the limit of the minimum dimensions and thicknesses able to resist deformation and maximum stresses. This minimum structural arrangement was chosen in order to study the limits of the recently developed material. Calculation of stresses and strains on the vessel is conducted with the aid of a software-based on Finite Element method. In order to proceed to the stresses and strains calculations the ferry was subjected to different loading conditions: one of hogging and another of sagging, assuming the same load capacity in both situations. The basic structural arrangement adopted in a base composite element is formed by two faces and an expanded polystyrene core. Equally spaced shear webs connect both laminated faces. These reinforcements and both faces are laminated with fibre glass impregnated with epoxy resin. In defining the minimum dimensions of the elements a rule of thumb is used in order to start to search for the modelling of the minimum geometry and generate the results. Results of stress distribution and deformation of the hull structure are presented. It is also computed the total weight of the structure in order to compare with another structural weight. So, these same dimensions previously defined for the ferry are also used to define a structure based in a core of Divinycell® to compare the total structural weight. Finally, it is concluded that the present structure has a weight consistent with the lower density Divinycell, but with a much lower price than the composite structure cored with Divynicell®.

Composite materials Sandwich structures Strains Stresses

2016010235

Unstable fracture prevention design in large vessels and offshore structures. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, v 25 n 3, September 2015, pp 221-226 http://www.isope.org/publications/journals/ijope-25-3/abst-25-3-p221-oa09-An.pdf An, G.B. English

Recently, the requirements of oil and gas drilling in arctic regions have led to a significant increase in vessel size. This trend has led to increased safety requirements for materials such as high strength, good toughness at low temperature, and good weldability. Furthermore, crack arrestability has been

ABSTRACTS 89

a long-standing key issue for large container ships. Full-thickness weld joints of steel plates with 80-mm thickness were prepared through the use of two welding processes, namely Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) and a combined welding process of Electro Gas Welding (EGW) and FCAW. The effect of the joint design on crack arrestability was investigated to prevent a catastrophic failure along the block joint of the hatch side coaming in the container ship. A brittle crack-arrest technique was developed without a block joint shift on the basis of an arrest weld at the end of the hatch side coaming weld line.

Brittle fracture Containerships Crack arrest Steel structures Welded joints

4.3 CORROSION AND FOULING

2016010236

Acoustic methods for biofouling control: A review. Ocean Engineering, v 103, 15 July 2015, pp 237-247 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001572 Legg, M., Yücel, M., Et al English

Biological fouling is a significant problem to the shipping industry causing significant increases in fuel, maintenance, and downtime costs. Environmental concerns associated with toxic antifouling coatings have led to studies on alternative methods of biofouling control. This paper provides a literature review on laboratory and sea trial studies, which have used acoustic techniques for biofouling control. To the best of the authors׳ knowledge, this is the first in depth literature review on this topic. Applications of the reviewed studies have included the inhibition of biofouling on vessel hulls and pipes and also treatment of ballast water. The studies have used transducers operating in the audio and ultrasonic frequency range and sparkers. Variations were found in these acoustic parameters, which were reported to

provide inhibition. Some have reported that low ultrasonic frequencies (about 20 kHz) may be optimal. The potential effect of marine life is considered. The use of ultrasonic frequencies for biofouling control appears to be more desirable than audio frequencies since they are outside the hearing range of most marine life. More studies are needed on this topic, which are well documented in terms of the parameters used and efficiency of the trials.

Acoustics Biofouling Ultrasonic frequencies

2016010237

Effect of zoning corrosion on the life-time structural reliability of a jacket offshore structure. ISOPE 2015, 25th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2015; Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, US. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0. Volume IV, p 419 http://www.isope.org/publications/publications.htm Zve, E.S., Loukogeorgaki, E., Angelides, D.C. English

Corrosion represents one of the major causes of structural deterioration in offshore structures. Therefore, the investigation of the effect of corrosion in their life-time structural reliability is considered of great importance for the optimisation of the maintenance schemes. In this paper an approach is proposed for the estimation of the long term process of corrosion in offshore structures based on a contemporary long term corrosion model. A specific structure is used for this investigation, where different corrosion zones are considered. The reliability of the structure, expressed through the probability of failure, is evaluated for the main structural components as a function of the exposure period. The effect of corrosion is, also, demonstrated through the displacements of the joints of the structure.

Corrosion Degradation Offshore structures Structural reliability

90 ABSTRACTS

5 NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

2016010238

Numerical investigation of ship airwake over helideck for different configurations of hangar shapes of a generic frigate. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 23 [7 p, 15 ref, 2 tab, 10 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Senthil Prakash, M.N., Jithin, P.N. English

Amongst the roles undertaken by rotor crafts across a wide spectrum of industry operations, helicopter flight operations over the helidecks of warships (other than ships designed specifically for flight operations) is considered to be one of the high risk tasks by pilots. The surging platform with a heli deck at aft presents a challenging environment to the pilots for heli operations for various reasons. The seakeeping motions encountered by a warship in high seas provide the pilots with a non-stationary platform for landing/take off operations. The problems are further compounded by the presence of associated strong wind conditions and a complex air wake over the helideck created by the presence of a bluff body in the form of a superstructure in front. A detailed analysis of the air wake flow characteristics over the helideck is thus a must for enhanced safety of heli operations to be delivered by a good heli deck-superstructure design on warships. In this study, numerical analysis of flow characteristics of the air wake over the helideck of a generic warship has been undertaken in the commercial software FLUENT for certain configurations of heli-hangar shapes. Alternate hangar configurations as compared to the one in general use have been considered for analysis and comparison of flow characteristics with an aim of facilitating easy and measurable identification of changes in major flow parameters. A part of these results are validated against wind tunnel experiments. Measurements in the wind tunnel were carried out using a five-hole pitot probe. Significant flow parameters are identified and compared between the configurations.

Air flow Frigates Ship decks

2016010239

Military ship’s subdivision optimisation for reinforcement of anti-wind capacity after damage. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, v 20 n 3, September 2015, pp 579-589 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00773-015-0313-6 Lyu, Z., Ma, K., Kiu, F. English

A good way of enhancing the survivability of military ships is main hull subdivision optimisation design aiming to improve anti-wind capacity after damage. Beginning with the watertight subdivision, this paper puts forward a method of the transverse watertight bulkhead position optimisation design for improving anti-wind capacity (rated wind velocity) after damage. Taking the most serious three-compartment damage situation into consideration, transverse watertight bulkhead positions serving as design variable, the optimisation model with objective function of “Average Anti-wind Capacity” after damage is established, and genetic algorithm is used to get the optimal solution. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed by a calculation example of one frigate.

Damage stability Naval vessels Optimisation Watertight subdivision Wind

2016010240

A havelock source panel method for near-surface submarines. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 3, September 2015, pp 215-224 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1319-5 Gourlay, T., Dawson, E. English

A panel method is described for calculating potential flow around near-surface submarines. The method uses Havelock sources which automatically satisfy the linearized free-surface boundary condition. Outputs from the method include pressure field, pressure drag, wave resistance, vertical force, trim moment and wave pattern. Comparisons are made with model tests for wave resistance of Series 58 and DARPA SUBOFF hulls, as well as with wave resistance, lift force and trim moment of three length-to-diameter variants of the DSTO Joubert submarine hull. It is found that the Havelock source panel

ABSTRACTS 91

method is capable of determining with reasonable accuracy wave resistance, vertical force and trim moment for submarine hulls. Further experimental data are required in order to assess the accuracy of the method for pressure field and wave pattern prediction. The method is implemented in the computer code “HullWave” and offers potential advantages over RANS-CFD codes in terms of speed, simplicity and robustness.

Numerical analysis Submarines Wave resistance

2016010241

Free running prediction of a fully appended submarine: effects of stern plane configurations. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Proceedings. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-943928-6-3. P 670 [12 p, 17 ref, 5 tab, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Broglia, R., Cannarozzo, M., Et al English

In this paper numerical computations dedicated to the analysis of the manoeuvring behaviour of a fully appended submarine are presented. The work presented here is part of the CNR-INSEAN activities scheduled in the framework of a joint Italian and Norwegian MoDs project, with the partnership of MARINTEK, under the egida of the European Defence Agency. The aim of the project is to exploit the effect of cruciform and X rudder configuration on the turning qualities of the submarine in two operation conditions, namely open water and snorkeling depth. In this paper, the free running turning circle manoeuvre in open water condition is analysed; predictions are achieved by an in-house CFD solver.

Computational fluid dynamics Submarines Turning manoeuvres Turning circles

2016010242

Novel permanent magnet systems for high efficiency electric ships. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 219-223 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157891&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Choi, H., Jasinski, M., Liu, J. English

This paper reviews two special grades of Sm-Co magnets: the ultra-high temperature grade and the sequentially laminated grade, and the advantages of their use in shipboard propulsion systems for Navy electric ships. Three particular major applications of these magnets are discussed: 1) high temperature motors, 2) high temperature magnetic bearings and 3) high speed motors.

Electric propulsion Magnetic motors Naval vessels

2016010243

Design of a notional ship for use in the development of early-stage design tools. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 239-244 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157896&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Chalfant, J., Ferrante, M., Chryssostomidis, C. English

In this paper, current early-stage design tools are used to produce a notional ship that includes leading-edge weapons and sensors. These new systems stress the capabilities of current design tools and demonstrate the need for tools that can address the increasingly integrated, powerful and heat-producing nature of future payloads. The data produced in this process are shown to be the required input to new design tools under development, thus establishing the link

92 ABSTRACTS

between the existing state of the art and tools that provide more advanced capability necessitated by advances in ship system technology. A framework for a semi-automated template-based system arrangement tool is then presented.

Naval vessels Sensors Ship design Weapons

2016010244

Equivalent circuits for common-mode analysis of naval power systems. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 245-250 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157897&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Brovont, A.D., Pekarek, S.D. English

In this research a general and scalable method is proposed to transform differential-mode circuits into their common-mode equivalents for the purpose of modeling common-mode voltage and current in large, complex power systems. The technique is demonstrated for an example dc-based ship power system and validated against a detailed model.

Naval vessels Ship electric power systems

2016010245

System-level analysis of chilled water systems aboard naval ships. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 370-375 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157921&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D4 Babaee, H., Chalfant, J., Et al English

A thermal management simulation tool is required to rapidly and accurately evaluate and mitigate the adverse effects of increased heat loads in the initial stages of design in all-electric ships. By reducing the

dimension of Navier-Stokes and energy equations, the authors have developed one-dimensional partial differential equation models that simulate time-dependent hydrodynamics and heat transport in a piping network system. Besides the steady-state response, the computational model enables us to predict the transient behavior of the cooling system when the operating conditions are time-variant. As a demonstration case, a thermal analysis was performed on a realistic naval ship.

Cooling systems Naval vessels Thermal analysis

2016010246

Modelling and forecast of electromagnetic compatibility of warship. SEEE 2014, Symposium on Electromagnetic and Electronic Engineering 2014; China. Published by WIT Press, Southampton, UK; ISBN 978-1-78466-058-1 [7 p] http://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-engineering-sciences/100/33491 Mao, J., Xiu, Z., Et al English

Electromagnetic interference would deteriorate the performance of ship-borne electronic devices. Based on the analysis of the basic characteristic of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), this paper provides a set of five-step forecasting method to forecast the EMC state of ship-borne electronic devices, the models of each step are offered, respectively, and an example is given to illustrate the effect and practicability of the forecast method.

Electromagnetic compatibility Naval vessels

2016010247

Solution to the anti-aircraft fire control problem on a naval platform using the direct geometric model. Ship Science & Technology, v 8 n 16, January 2015, p 43 [14 p, 23 ref, 11 fig] http://www.shipjournal.co/index.php/sst/article/view/110 Gil, F., Vivas, A. English

To find the kinematic model in applications different from robotics, the free-body diagram and coordinate conversion using Euler angles is frequently used. In

ABSTRACTS 93

robotics the Khalil-Kleinfinger (1986) method is used (and others), which allows coordinate conversions over several joints. In this paper a new application of this method to solve the fire control problem of a naval anti-aircraft gun is proposed. To demonstrate the application a virtual model is built using Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) and controlled by Matlab Simulink. From the direct geometric model the solution of the problem is found, including the detection system, platform, gun and flight of the missile. This model serves as a tool for the design, testing and integration of controllers for the gun and detection system. The prediction algorithms of the trajectory of the target and the missile in flight models can also be integrated. The results show that the geometric model of complex systems with many degrees of freedom can be constructed in a precise, methodical and easy to understand manner.

Control systems Fires Naval vessels Weapons

6 MISCELLANEOUS

2016010248

A risk assessment tool for the ship recycling industry. Disaster Management 2015, 4th International Conference on Disaster Management and Human Health: Reducing Risk, Improving Outcomes; 20-22 May 2015; Istanbul, Turkey. Published by WIT Press, Southampton, UK; ISBN 978-1-84564-926-5 http://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/150/33934 Kurt, R.E.L, McKenna, S.A., Et al English

Ship recycling operations expose workers to a wide range of hazards that can cause a large number of incidents and accidents resulting in ill health, injuries and even death. In order to facilitate effective risk reduction within ship recycling yards, there is a need to develop an appropriate risk assessment method that is supportive and simple to use. In addition, the utilised method should involve end-user participation which is very important in assisting the realisation and acceptance of required health and safety measures. In this paper, a new bespoke risk

assessment methodology for ship recycling, ‘The Three Step Risk Assessment Method for Ship Recycling’ (Three Step Method) is presented which fulfils the criteria’s mentioned above. This paper documents the Three Step Method’s development and explain its various steps of implementation before introducing a case study and feedback of a practical application of the method. Finally, the conclusions that the Three Step Method provides a proven useful dialogue in the identification, assessment and mitigation of hazards and that the method can be easily implemented in the ship repair industry is made.

Hazards Recycling Risk analysis

2016010249

A comprehensive mechanism for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships in the framework of the Hong Kong Convention. MESI 2014, International Conference on Modern Engineering Solutions for the Industry; 16 May 2014; Wuhan, China. Published by WIT Press, Southampton, UK; ISBN 978-1-78466-019-2 http://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-engineering-sciences/97/33602 Xing, H. English

To make the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (the Hong Kong Convention) enter into force as soon as possible so as to promote the standardization of ship recycling activities worldwide, based on the statistics and analysis of relevant data, the forecast on global ship recycling demand and funding needs for green ship recycling was conducted. Considering the dilemma of the Hong Kong Convention and the efforts made by the European Union recently, the establishment of an effective comprehensive mechanism was proposed to accelerate the achievement of green ship recycling. The establishment of a global ship recycling fund in the framework of the Hong Kong Convention was proposed. Meanwhile, effective survey and certification mechanism as well as international and regional cooperation mechanism were highlighted. Through restricting the stakeholders by an effective mechanism design, the global green ship recycling was expected to be achieved as early as possible.

Recycling

94 ABSTRACTS

2016010250

Revolutions can be slow. The Naval Architect, September 2015, p 20 [2 p, 1 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/tna.html Stopford, M. English

In a previous article (see abstract no. 2015041000) the author explained why “smart shipping” offers the prospect of a major technological revolution in the shipping industry on a scale with the steam engine in the 19th century. In this article the author looks at the pace of change.

Digital systems Shipping industry Technological innovation

AUTHOR INDEX A-1

Author Name Abstract No.

Abbas, N. 2016010130 Abdel-Maksoud, M. 2016010176 Abu Husain, M.K. 2016010067 2016010207 Adams, N.A. 2016010139 Ahdadi, M.T. 2016010192 Ait Mohammed, M. 2016010083 Akyildiz, H. 2016010095 Akyuz, E. 2016010096 2016010098 Alcorn, R. 2016010203 Aleksandrov, A. 2016010229 2016010232 Alves, M. 2016010227 An, G.B. 2016010235 Angelides, D.C. 2016010237 Arakeri, J.H. 2016010125 Aschauer, G. 2016010050 Awasare, S. 2016010181 Babaee, H. 2016010245 Badoe, C.E. 2016010120 Bai, X. 2016010075 Bailardi, G. 2016010024 Baltazar, J. 2016010147 Bansal, D. 2016010188 Bassam, A. 2016010110 Bekker, A.T. 2016010085 Belibassakis, K. 2016010131 Benassai, G. 2016010066 Bertram, V. 2016010025 Bhattacharya, S.K. 2016010151 Bizzarri, G. 2016010140 Bocchetti, D. 2016010105 Bondarev, V.A. 2016010093 Borelli, D. 2016010115 Borri, C. 2016010193 Bosschers, J. 2016010146 Boulougouris, E. 2016010210 Brenner, M. 2016010026 Bridges, R. 2016010094 Brizzolara, S. 2016010028 Broglia, R. 2016010140 2016010180 2016010241 Brovont, A.D. 2016010244 Bu, F. 2016010041 Budich, B.l 2016010139 Burmeister, H.C. 2016010031 Burmenskiy, A.D. 2016010112 Cai, C. 2016010173 Cai, H. 2016010041 Cai, X. 2016010173 Caire, M. 2016010086 Calcagni, D. 2016010136

Calle, M.A. 2016010227 Campos, J.A.C.F. de 2016010147 Cannarozzo, M. 2016010241 Cao, C. 2016010233 Cao, P. 2016010041 Carrica, P. 2016010164 Cepowski, T. 2016010106 Chalfant, J. 2016010243 2016010245 Chang, C-h. 2016010058 Chen, B. 2016010069 Chen, J. 2016010103 Chen, X. 2016010089 2016010166 Chen, Y. 2016010044 Chen, Z. 2016010145 Cheon, S-U. 2016010216 Cho, D.S. 2016010186 Cho, S-R. 2016010127 Choi, G. 2016010226 Choi, H. 2016010242 Choi, J. 2016010040 Choi, K. 2016010111 Chryssostomidis, C. 2016010243 Chybowski, L. 2016010042 Ci, H. 2016010077 Coiro, D.P. 2016010081 Cook, G. 2016010076 Cortina, J.P.R. 2016010086 Crescenzi, T. 2016010079 Cuenca, C.AS. 2016010230 Cui, H-y. 2016010217 Czujko, J. 2016010221 Dabbi, P.N. 2016010122 Dai, Y. 2016010145 Dasch, J. 2016010084 Davidson, J. 2016010062 Davis, M.R. 2016010189 Dawson, E. 2016010240 Deng, Q. 2016010045 Deng, R. 2016010172 Deng, T. 2016010069 Detlefsen, O. 2016010176 2016010177 Dhavalikar, S. 2016010181 Dias, F. 2016010088 Dong, X.Q. 2016010138 Donnarumma, S. 2016010036 Duan, W. 2016010172 Dubbioso, G. 2016010180 Durante, D. 2016010140 Eames, I. 2016010104 Earls, C.J. 2016010184 Eca, L. 2016010214

A-2 AUTHOR INDEX

Eid, J. 2016010097 Emamzadeh, S.S. 2016010192 Emovon, I. 2016010054 Fagerholt, K. 2016010022 Falzarano, J. 2016010148 2016010179 Fernández, R.P. 2016010033 Ferrante, M. 2016010243 Fontaine, G. 2016010195 Fossati, F. 2016010023 Frömming, K. 2016010032 Fu, G. 2016010038 Fu, L-Z. 2016010199 Fu, S. 2016010182 Fuentes, D.I. 2016010051 Fujikubo, M. 2016010218 Gaggero, S. 2016010141 Gaggero, T. 2016010115 Gao, H. 2016010047 Gao, Y. 2016010182 Gao, Z. 2016010073 García-Alonxo, L. 2016010107 Gaspar, H.M. 2016010035 Gatchell, S. 2016010133 Ge, Z. 2016010208 Gil, F. 2016010247 Gim, H.S. 2016010056 Giorgi, S. 2016010062 Glukhareva, E.K. 2016010061 Goncharov, V. 2016010158 Gornicz, T. 2016010030 Gourlay, T. 2016010240 Guedes Soares, C. 2016010183 Guerrero, J.E. 2016010024 Guha, A. 2016010148 Gunnu, G.R.S. 2016010160 Guo, C. 2016010128 Gurova, T. 2016010038 Ha, Y. 2016010040 Hafermann, D. 2016010032 Hallander, J. 2016010129 Ham, S-H. 2016010072 Handschel, S. 2016010177 Hänninen, M. 2016010092 Harries, S. 2016010026 He, C. 2016010070 He, J. 2016010143 He, S. 2016010156 2016010178 Helma, S. 2016010150 Hernández-Fontes, J.V. 2016010034 Hino, T. 2016010132 Hirota, M. 2016010132 Hochkirch, K. 2016010025 Hong, J-W. 2016010072 Hong, M. 2016010191

Hong, S.Y. 2016010082 Høyland, S. 2016010087 Hsu, S-H. 2016010043 Hwang, H-J. 2016010057 Iijima, K. 2016010218 Incecik, A. 2016010200 Irkal Mohsin, A.R. 2016010151 Jalihal, P. 2016010065 Janßen, C.F. 2016010202 2016010212 Jasak, H. 2016010117 Jasinski, M. 2016010242 Ji, C-Y. 2016010089 Jiang, M. 2016010198 Jiang, Z. 2016010162 Jing, F. 2016010078 Jithin, P.N. 2016010238 Jo, J-W. 2016010196 Ju, W. 2016010201 Kaidi, S. 2016010174 Kar, A.R. 2016010215 Kawasaki, M. 2016010135 Kellett, P. 2016010142 2016010178 Khan, M.K. 2016010123 Kim, B.H. 2016010186 Kim, B.J. 2016010197 Kim, H-S. 2016010126 Kim, J-W. 2016010055 Kim, L.V. 2016010228 Kim, M-C. 2016010126 Kim, N.W. 2016010071 Kim, S-Y. 2016010020 Kim, T-W. 2016010111 Kim, Y.S. 2016010102 Kim. B.C. 2016010216 Kiu, F. 2016010239 Klementieva, N. 2016010158 Ko, K.H. 2016010169 Kobayashi, H. 2016010213 Kodama, Y. 2016010213 Koliha, N. 2016010212 Korczewski, Z. 2016010053 Kornev, N. 2016010130 2016010137 Krishnankutty, P. 2016010157 Kula, K.S. 2016010171 Kulesh, V.A. 2016010228 Kulshrestha, A. 2016010157 Kumar, A. 2016010123 Kumar, G. 2016010219 Kurt, R.E.L 2016010248 Kutsenko, S.Yu. 2016010061 Kuttenkeuler, J. 2016010108 Kwon, Y-H. 2016010116 Lan, L.W. 2016010058

AUTHOR INDEX A-3

Laskowski, R. 2016010042 Lavalle Pérez, H. de 2016010051 Lavroff, J. 2016010189 Lee, C-H. 2016010043 Lee, C-K. 2016010190 Lee, J. 2016010169 Lee, J-C. 2016010020 Lee, J-H. 2016010116 2016010185 Lee, K-J. 2016010185 Lee, K-Y. 2016010225 Lee, M. 2016010058 Lee, S. 2016010127 2016010206 Lee, S.E. 2016010197 Lee, S-J. 2016010226 Lee, S-S. 2016010055 Lee, W.H. 2016010084 Legg, M. 2016010236 Lei, Z. 2016010201 Lepore, A. 2016010105 Lewis, A. 2016010203 Li, D. 2016010075 Li, D.Q. 2016010129 Li, H. 2016010165 Li, L. 2016010073 Li, Q. 2016010194 Li, Y. 2016010173 Liang, P. 2016010191 Lin, S. 2016010037 Liu, C. 2016010074 Liu, J. 2016010242 Liu, X. 2016010045 Liu, Y. 2016010211 Lothode, C. 2016010195 Loukogeorgaki, E. 2016010237 Lu, F. 2016010103 Lu, J. 2016010101 Lu, L. 2016010044 Luo, X. 2016010090 Luppes, R. 2016010205 Lyu, Z. 2016010239 Ma, K. 2016010239 Ma, W. 2016010078 Mahmud, M.S. 2016010161 Malenica, Š. 2016010117 Mancini, S. 2016010134 Mannam, N.P.B. 2016010124 Mao, J. 2016010246 Marco, A. de 2016010134 Marín, J.R. 2016010230 Martelli, M. 2016010036 Martin, E. 2016010164 Martínez-López, A. 2016010107 Martinsen, K. 2016010032 Matantsev, R. 2016010232

Matthies, H.G. 2016010193 McKenna, S.A. 2016010248 Mentes, A. 2016010095 Meyler, L. 2016010093 Michalopoulos, P. 2016010048 Mierke, D. 2016010202 Moan, T. 2016010073 Mofidi, A. 2016010164 Mohd Zaki, N.I. 2016010067 2016010207 Momin, A. 2016010152 Moon, B-Y. 2016010225 Moon, S-B. 2016010190 Moyseenko, S. 2016010093 Mun, D. 2016010216 Munín-Doce, A. 2016010107 Murai, M. 2016010167 Naess, S. 2016010087 Najafian, G. 2016010067 2016010207 Nallayarasu, S. 2016010151 2016010155 Nam, B.W. 2016010071 2016010082 Nascimento, A.N. 2016010234 Naserian, R. 2016010231 Nicolini, D. 2016010079 Ning, D. 2016010194 Norman, R.A. 2016010054 Ocakli, H. 2016010222 Ogawa, H. 2016010224 Okada, Y. 2016010135 Olsen, E. 2016010087 Oltedal, H. 2016010097 Oshiro, R.E. 2016010227 Otero, J. 2016010039 Ozbulut, M. 2016010118 Ozguc, O. 2016010220 Paik, J.K. 2016010221 Panigrahi, P.K. 2016010124 Papanikolaou, A. 2016010029 Parihar, Y. 2016010215 Park, D. 2016010144 Park, K-D. 2016010126 Parolini, N. 2016010023 Patil, R. 2016010219 Pavlenko, V.I. 2016010061 Pedersen, P.T. 2016010222 Pekarek, S.D. 2016010244 Peng, G. 2016010103 Pereira, F.S. 2016010214 Peretta, S. 2016010080 Peri, D. 2016010023 Perković, M. 2016010099 Phillips, A. 2016010110 Phillips, A.B. 2016010120

A-4 AUTHOR INDEX

Piscopo, V. 2016010066 2016010159 Plessas, T. 2016010029 Ploeg, A. van der 2016010027 Politis, G. 2016010131 Ponkratov, D. 2016010121 Prousalidis, J.M. 2016010048 Qi, Z. 2016010104 Ray, A. 2016010154 Reed, H.M. 2016010184 Reikard, G. 2016010063 Ren, B. 2016010198 Renzi, E. 2016010088 Rezaiee-Pajand, M. 2016010231 Ribeiro, H.J.C. 2016010234 Rijpkema, D. 2016010147 Ringwood, J.V. 2016010062 Riska, K. 2016010094 Robertson, B. 2016010063 Rødseth, Ø.J. 2016010031 Rudnicki, J. 2016010053 Rung, T. 2016010059 2016010202 2016010212 Ruol, P. 2016010080 Russo, V. 2016010079 Sabodash, O.A. 2016010085 2016010091 Saburin, D. 2016010209 Sacher, M. 2016010149 Sadat-Hosseini, H. 2016010163 Sajjan, A. 2016010153 Salvatore, F. 2016010136 Samuelides, M. 2016010223 Sandhåland, H. 2016010097 Sannasiraj, S.A. 2016010187 Saripilli, J.R. 2016010122 Sarkar, D. 2016010088 Satsangi, S.K. 2016010215 Scamardella, A. 2016010066 2016010159 Schmidt, S.J. 2016010139 Scholcz, T.P. 2016010030 Schröder, C. 2016010113 Sen, D. 2016010154 Senthil Prakash, M.N. 2016010238 Seo, M. 2016010144 Shao, F. 2016010162 Shao, L. 2016010162 Shaposhnikov, V. 2016010229 Shashikala, A.P. 2016010153 Shen, Y. 2016010128 Sheng, W. 2016010203 Shevchuk, I. 2016010137 Shi, Y.Y. 2016010199 Shin, K-H. 2016010196

Shin, S-C. 2016010020 Shin, Y. 2016010208 Shinde, S.Y. 2016010125 Simmer, L. 2016010050 Sivandran, S. 2016010068 Skoglund, L. 2016010108 Small, A. 2016010076 Smaoui, H. 2016010174 Solem, S. 2016010022 Somayajula, A. 2016010179 Son, H. 2016010206 Song, B.W. 2016010119 Song, D.Y. 2016010056 Song, Z. 2016010074 Sormunen, O-V. 2016010092 Souto Grela, J. 2016010039 Souza, C.E.S. de 2016010086 Stabile, G. 2016010193 Stephen, J.J. 2016010187 Stopford, M. 2016010250 Streckwell, H. 2016010133 Subramanian, V.A. 2016010152 2016010188 Sun, J. 2016010037 Sun, M. 2016010200 Sun, M-Y. 2016010225 Sundar, V. 2016010187 Sutulo, S. 2016010183 Suyama, N. 2016010167 Tan, J. 2016010166 Tanaka, Y. 2016010224 Taranukha, N.A. 2016010112 Tarfaoui, M. 2016010083 Theilen, L. 2016010176 Thiagarajan, K.P. 2016010168 Tian, W-l. 2016010119 Tofighi, N. 2016010118 Tom, P.M. 2016010155 Tosato, F. 2016010046 2016010049 Toxopeus, S.L. 2016010163 Trivyza, E. 2016010210 Troise, G. 2016010081 Tsarsitalidis, V. 2016010131 Tsuprik, V.G. 2016010228 Turnock, S.R. 2016010120 Vaz, G. 2016010214 Veldhuis, C. 2016010030 Veldman, A. 2016010205 Vernengo, G. 2016010028 Vicenzutti, A. 2016010046 2016010049 Vidal, H.L. 2016010035 Vidmar, P. 2016010099 Vignolo, S. 2016010036 Villa, D. 2016010141

AUTHOR INDEX A-5

Viola, I.M. 2016010149 2016010194 Vishwanath, A. 2016010065 Vitola, M.A. 2016010034 Vivas, A. 2016010247 Viviani, M. 2016010141 Völkner, S. 2016010090 Vukčevíc, V. 2016010117 Wahrhaftig, A. de Macêdo. 2016010234 Wandachowicz, K. 2016010052 Wang, B. 2016010208 Wang, C. 2016010060 Wang, G. 2016010198 Wang, X-g. 2016010170 Wang, Y-j. 2016010119 Wang, Z. 2016010191 Windt, J. 2016010146 Wriggers, W.R. 2016010059 Wu, F. 2016010077 Wu, X. 2016010160 Xiao, Q. 2016010211 Xie, D. 2016010037 Xie, W. 2016010165 Xing, H. 2016010249 Xing-Kaeding, Y. 2016010133 Xiu, Z. 2016010246 Yan, B. 2016010060 Yang, C.J. 2016010138 2016010175 Yang, Q. 2016010166 Yang, Z. 2016010101 Yin, Y-m. 2016010217 Yoder, B. 2016010064 Youssef, S. 2016010102 Yu, C. 2016010175 Yu, W. 2016010070 Yuan, Z-M. 2016010142 2016010156 Yücel, M. 2016010236 Zalesińska, M. 2016010052 Zangeneh, R. 2016010168 Zegos, C. 2016010121 Zhan, K. 2016010047 Zhang, C. 2016010143 2016010204 Zhang, D. 2016010100 Zhang, J. 2016010100 Zhang, Q. 2016010128 Zhang, S. 2016010222 Zhang, Y-f. 2016010060 Zheng, Y. 2016010145 Zhou, X. 2016010183 Zou, Z-j. 2016010170 Zueva, E. 2016010158 Zve, E.S. 2016010237

SHIP AND STRUCTURE NAME INDEX S-1

Ship/Structure Name Abstract No.

Ampere 2016010003 Atco Noura 2016010005 Benreoch 2016010007 Bhagwan Dryden 2016010006 Bugsier 7 2016010009 Bugsier 8 2016010009 Burrard Otter II 2016010010 Chowgule 7 2016010011 Cwind Sword 2016010012 Eddy 1 2016010013 Elida 2016010014 Esnaad 221 2016010008 HN Hydra 2016010015 Horizon 9 2016010016 Investigator 2016010017 Jazan 8 2016010018 Jeddah 53 2016010018 Karina 2016010019 Scheldemond I 2016010001 Scheldemond II 2016010001 Seacat Courageous 2016010002

KEYWORD INDEX K-1

Keyword Abstract No.

Accident reports 2016010097 Acoustics 2016010236 Active systems 2016010131 Added mass 2016010186 Added resistance in waves 2016010144 2016010148 Aerodynamics 2016010149 2016010210 2016010211 Aerofoils 2016010125 Air flow 2016010238 Allocations 2016010058 Alternating current generators 2016010046 Alternative energy sources 2016010051 Alternative fuels 2016010050 Aluminium alloys 2016010230 Anchor handling vessels 2016010160 Approximation 2016010209 Arctic environments 2016010084 Arctic regions 2016010061 2016010085 2016010112 2016010113 Artificial intelligence 2016010039 Automatic control 2016010031 Ballast condition 2016010144 Ballast tanks 2016010104 Ballast water 2016010104 Bank suction 2016010174 Barge motions 2016010187 Barges 2016010001 Beams (supports) 2016010219 Bilge keels 2016010151 2016010172 Biofouling 2016010236 Boundary element method 2016010142 2016010199 2016010204 Bows 2016010184 Bridge operation 2016010097 Brittle fracture 2016010235 Bubbles 2016010185 Buckling 2016010226 Bulk cargo 2016010059 Bulk carriers 2016010020 2016010031 Buoyancy 2016010126 Butt welds 2016010040 Capsizing 2016010161 Cargo ships 2016010095 Catalysts 2016010044 Catamarans 2016010002 2016010003 2016010004

Catamarans 2016010006 2016010012 2016010143 2016010159 2016010189 Cavitation erosion 2016010139 Cavitation noise 2016010129 Coastal engineering 2016010066 Coasts 2016010088 Cold weather 2016010084 Collapse 2016010218 2016010227 Collision avoidance 2016010100 Collision resistance 2016010222 2016010223 Collisions 2016010097 Combined loads 2016010224 Comparison 2016010121 Composite materials 2016010083 2016010234 Computational fluid dynamics 2016010026 2016010027 2016010028 2016010030 2016010062 2016010090 2016010117 2016010119 2016010120 2016010121 2016010122 2016010124 2016010130 2016010132 2016010134 2016010136 2016010138 2016010141 2016010142 2016010145 2016010146 2016010147 2016010151 2016010155 2016010157 2016010163 2016010164 2016010174 2016010178 2016010180 2016010188 2016010193 2016010200 2016010202

K-2 KEYWORD INDEX

Computational fluid dynamics 2016010205 2016010206 2016010208 2016010210 2016010212 2016010213 2016010241 Computer-aided design 2016010024 Computer-aided engineering 2016010026 Condition monitoring 2016010056 2016010057 Conical bodies 2016010233 Container control 2016010058 Container operations 2016010058 Containerised shipping 2016010112 Containerships 2016010011 2016010128 2016010141 2016010157 2016010196 2016010235 Control 2016010069 Control systems 2016010171 2016010247 Cooling systems 2016010245 Corrosion 2016010237 Cost comparison 2016010048 Coupled motion 2016010167 Course keeping 2016010163 Crack arrest 2016010235 Crew boats 2016010002 2016010007 2016010012 2016010019 Cruise ships 2016010099 Cylindrical bodies 2016010089 2016010118 2016010182 2016010200 2016010206 Damage 2016010184 2016010222 Damage stability 2016010033 2016010239 Damping 2016010155 Decision making 2016010095 Decision support systems 2016010100 Decision theory 2016010054 2016010107 Deck wetness 2016010034 Deepwater 2016010071 2016010082 Deformation 2016010216 Degradation 2016010237 Desalination 2016010065 Design 2016010020

Design 2016010023 2016010068 2016010077 2016010216 Diagnostics 2016010053 Diesel electric propulsion 2016010022 Diesel engines 2016010042 2016010043 2016010044 Digital systems 2016010250 Distortion 2016010038 2016010040 2016010216 Distribution 2016010034 Diving support vessels 2016010006 Double hulls 2016010101 2016010102 Drift forces 2016010168 Ducts 2016010132 Dynamic positioning 2016010036 2016010082 2016010160 2016010165 2016010176 Dynamic response 2016010086 2016010162 2016010165 Economic analysis 2016010048 Eddies 2016010212 Elastic bodies 2016010198 Elasticity 2016010072 Electric batteries 2016010003 Electric power 2016010049 Electric power distribution 2016010046 Electric propulsion 2016010242 Electromagnetic compatibility 2016010246 Emissions 2016010042 2016010044 2016010113 Energy absorption 2016010222 Energy conservation 2016010025 2016010043 2016010110 2016010132 2016010135 Environmental effects 2016010102 Equipment maintenance 2016010055 Experimentation 2016010089 2016010151 2016010155 2016010182 2016010228 Explosions 2016010192 Extreme values 2016010067 2016010207 Extreme waves 2016010218

KEYWORD INDEX K-3

Fabrication 2016010074 Fatigue (materials) 2016010230 Fatigue life 2016010056 Faults 2016010045 Feeder vessels 2016010011 Ferries 2016010003 2016010010 2016010016 Fin stabilizers 2016010152 Finite element method 2016010039 2016010191 2016010192 2016010197 2016010219 2016010220 2016010226 2016010227 2016010233 Fires 2016010247 Fishing vessels 2016010093 Flaps (control surfaces) 2016010124 2016010125 2016010131 Flare (shape) 2016010148 Floating bodies 2016010167 Floating breakwaters 2016010089 Floating cranes 2016010071 2016010072 2016010082 Floating production systems 2016010068 Floating structures 2016010162 2016010203 2016010211 Flow distribution 2016010140 2016010175 Flow visualization 2016010125 Fluid flow 2016010191 Fluid structure interaction 2016010023 2016010059 2016010181 2016010184 2016010192 2016010193 2016010194 2016010199 2016010201 2016010202 2016010203 Foils 2016010124 Forces 2016010114 Forecasting 2016010063 Forming techniques 2016010039 Forward speed 2016010148 Foundations 2016010077 FPSOs 2016010055 2016010086

FPSOs 2016010168 2016010219 2016010220 Free surfaces 2016010118 2016010202 Frigates 2016010238 Fuel cells 2016010051 Fuel consumption 2016010105 2016010106 2016010113 Fuzzy sets 2016010095 Gas explosions 2016010221 Granular materials 2016010059 Groundings 2016010092 2016010096 Gulfs 2016010092 Harbours 2016010060 Hazards 2016010248 Heaving 2016010152 Heavy lift operations 2016010073 2016010082 Heavy lift vessels 2016010165 Height 2016010034 High speed vessels 2016010005 2016010016 2016010019 2016010066 2016010159 2016010188 2016010189 2016010230 High strength steel 2016010038 High voltage 2016010049 Hopper dredgers 2016010047 Hull appendages 2016010180 Hull damage 2016010220 Hull form 2016010026 2016010028 2016010030 2016010032 2016010126 2016010159 Hull girders 2016010218 2016010224 Hull propeller interaction 2016010120 2016010123 2016010136 Hull strength 2016010224 Hull vibration 2016010217 Hulls 2016010228 Human error 2016010098 Hybrid propulsion 2016010047 2016010048 Hybrid techniques 2016010096 Hydrocarbons 2016010087 Hydrodynamic coefficients 2016010154

K-4 KEYWORD INDEX

Hydrodynamic coefficients 2016010157 2016010170 Hydrodynamic loads 2016010215 Hydrodynamics 2016010088 Hydroelasticity 2016010193 2016010196 Hydrofoils 2016010161 Ice floes 2016010158 Ice forces 2016010228 Ice loads 2016010091 2016010111 2016010116 2016010229 2016010232 Ice navigation 2016010094 Ice operations 2016010094 Ice resistance 2016010126 2016010127 2016010229 2016010232 2016010233 Icebreakers 2016010111 2016010116 2016010126 2016010127 Impact loads 2016010197 2016010208 2016010223 2016010227 Incompressible flow 2016010117 Inert gas systems 2016010098 Installing 2016010070 2016010071 2016010072 2016010074 2016010075 2016010077 2016010165 2016010082 Interactions 2016010138 2016010156 2016010158 2016010183 2016010190 Interference 2016010143 2016010185 Intermodal transportation 2016010107 Irregular waves 2016010199 Iteration 2016010231 Jacket structures 2016010069 2016010070 2016010225 Jackup platforms 2016010222 Kelvin waves 2016010143 Kinematics 2016010067 Kinetic energy 2016010189

Leakage 2016010087 Life cycle costs 2016010029 Lifting tasks 2016010071 2016010072 Lighting 2016010052 Line heating 2016010039 Liquefied natural gas 2016010050 2016010068 LNG tanks 2016010197 2016010204 2016010208 Loaded condition 2016010144 Loads (forces) 2016010022 Locks (waterways) 2016010114 Machinery arrangements 2016010022 Machinery failure 2016010054 Machinery noise 2016010115 Magnetic motors 2016010242 Magnus effect 2016010134 Maintenance 2016010055 2016010056 2016010057 Manoeuvrability 2016010173 Manoeuvres 2016010115 2016010176 Manoeuvring 2016010109 2016010120 2016010130 2016010154 2016010157 2016010164 2016010170 2016010174 2016010178 2016010180 Manufacturing 2016010041 Marine accidents 2016010096 Mathematical models 2016010062 2016010161 2016010170 2016010172 2016010214 Medical emergencies 2016010004 Membranes 2016010185 Model tests 2016010065 2016010071 2016010080 2016010081 2016010124 2016010127 2016010173 2016010198 Monitoring 2016010069 Monohulls 2016010016 2016010143 Monte Carlo method 2016010067

KEYWORD INDEX K-5

Monte Carlo method 2016010207 Moonpools 2016010155 Mooring forces 2016010089 Mooring lines 2016010167 2016010193 Motion sickness 2016010159 Motor yachts 2016010210 Multibody systems 2016010162 2016010166 2016010169 Multiphase flow 2016010090 Natural frequency 2016010191 Naval vessels 2016010239 2016010242 2016010243 2016010244 2016010245 2016010246 2016010247 Navigation 2016010114 Navigation channels 2016010103 Noise effects 2016010115 Noise level 2016010115 Noise reduction 2016010044 Numerical analysis 2016010065 2016010078 2016010080 2016010081 2016010118 2016010139 2016010148 2016010149 2016010177 2016010181 2016010184 2016010187 2016010190 2016010194 2016010201 2016010215 2016010240 Numerical models 2016010036 2016010059 2016010086 2016010175 Oblique seas 2016010148 Ocean currents 2016010064 Oceangoing river vessels 2016010011 Offshore 2016010090 Offshore drilling 2016010077 2016010084 2016010085 Offshore plant facilities 2016010055 Offshore platforms 2016010056 2016010057 2016010065

Offshore platforms 2016010069 2016010070 2016010074 2016010075 2016010087 2016010165 2016010221 2016010228 2016010229 Offshore service vessels 2016010008 2016010014 2016010021 2016010035 2016010072 Offshore structures 2016010040 2016010073 2016010076 2016010091 2016010169 2016010207 2016010211 2016010225 2016010232 2016010233 2016010237 Oil leakage 2016010101 Oil recovery vessels 2016010018 Oil spills 2016010092 Open channel flow 2016010118 Open water 2016010119 2016010147 Operations 2016010090 Optimisation 2016010020 2016010022 2016010023 2016010024 2016010025 2016010026 2016010027 2016010029 2016010030 2016010032 2016010081 2016010108 2016010239 Overtaking encounters 2016010156 Passenger ships 2016010052 Passing vessels 2016010158 Passive systems 2016010131 Patrol craft 2016010005 Performance 2016010078 2016010175 Pitching 2016010152 Planing hulls 2016010140 2016010188 2016010230

K-6 KEYWORD INDEX

Planning 2016010041 Plates 2016010186 Platform motins 2016010155 Platform motions 2016010179 2016010211 Platform rammings 2016010222 Pods 2016010138 Port planning and development 2016010061 Port safety 2016010099 Potential flow 2016010117 2016010163 2016010183 2016010186 Power plant selection 2016010037 Power supplies 2016010049 Pressure 2016010228 Probability distributions 2016010067 Propeller cavitation 2016010129 2016010139 2016010146 2016010185 Propeller efficiency 2016010123 2016010141 2016010150 Propeller flow 2016010136 2016010146 Propeller induced vibration 2016010230 Propeller loading 2016010130 Propeller races 2016010138 Propellers 2016010133 2016010147 Propulsion devices 2016010124 2016010131 2016010138 Propulsion systems 2016010048 2016010053 Propulsive efficiency 2016010110 2016010120 2016010134 2016010135 Propulsive performance 2016010145 2016010149 Protection 2016010077 Pusher tugs 2016010015 Recommendations 2016010109 Recycling 2016010248 2016010249 Regression analysis 2016010127 2016010170 Regular waves 2016010194 2016010200 Removal 2016010076 Rescue vessels 2016010004 Research vessels 2016010017 Residual stress 2016010038 Resistance 2016010140

Resistance 2016010141 Resonance 2016010088 Resonant frequency 2016010204 2016010217 Restricted waters 2016010183 Retrofitting 2016010047 Risers 2016010206 Risk 2016010076 Risk analysis 2016010031 2016010054 2016010087 2016010093 2016010094 2016010095 2016010098 2016010099 2016010248 Risk management 2016010094 Ro/ro ships 2016010032 Roll damping 2016010172 Roll stabilizers 2016010161 2016010171 Rolling 2016010151 2016010179 Rotors 2016010080 2016010134 Routes 2016010107 Rubber 2016010185 Rudders 2016010120 2016010135 Rules of the road 2016010100 Safety 2016010068 2016010087 2016010095 2016010096 2016010097 Sail assisted vessels 2016010149 Sailing yachts 2016010024 Sails 2016010023 Sandwich structures 2016010234 Scale effect 2016010027 2016010128 2016010133 2016010150 Sea trials 2016010109 Seakeeping 2016010159 2016010163 2016010169 2016010176 2016010177 Self propulsion 2016010121 2016010141 2016010145 2016010166 Semisubmersibles 2016010065 Sensitivity 2016010070

KEYWORD INDEX K-7

Sensors 2016010243 Shallow water 2016010075 2016010085 2016010137 2016010137 2016010156 2016010157 2016010173 2016010178 2016010209 Shallow water effects 2016010142 Shielding 2016010073 Ship collisions 2016010102 2016010220 2016010227 Ship decks 2016010238 Ship design 2016010021 2016010025 2016010029 2016010030 2016010031 2016010033 2016010035 2016010036 2016010037 2016010243 Ship electric power systems 2016010043 2016010045 2016010046 2016010244 Ship encounters 2016010100 Ship models 2016010191 Ship motions 2016010153 2016010166 2016010171 2016010179 2016010208 Ship operation 2016010035 2016010106 Ship performance 2016010110 Ship performance monitoring 2016010105 Ship power plants 2016010048 Ship routing 2016010103 Ship spaces 2016010115 Ship speed 2016010109 2016010111 Ship structures 2016010216 2016010223 Ship to ship 2016010156 Ship to shore 2016010049 Ship waves 2016010143 Shipbuilding 2016010041 Shipping industry 2016010250 Short circuits 2016010045 2016010046 Simulation 2016010110

Simulation 2016010063 2016010199 2016010212 Sinkage 2016010140 Slamming 2016010188 2016010189 Sloshing 2016010153 2016010187 2016010197 2016010198 2016010204 2016010208 2016010209 Solar energy 2016010064 Spectrum analysis 2016010066 Spread mooring 2016010086 Springing 2016010196 Squat 2016010142 Stability 2016010033 2016010161 2016010168 Standards 2016010091 Statistical analysis 2016010091 2016010105 2016010116 2016010134 Stators 2016010133 Steel structures 2016010235 Stern form 2016010027 Stochastic processes 2016010029 Strain rate 2016010197 2016010223 Strains 2016010198 2016010234 Straits 2016010103 Strength 2016010226 Stress concentration 2016010219 Stresses 2016010234 Structural analysis 2016010215 2016010225 2016010231 Structural reliability 2016010237 Structural response 2016010207 2016010215 2016010220 2016010221 2016010231 Submarines 2016010154 2016010240 2016010241 Suction dredgers 2016010047 2016010166 Superstructures 2016010210 Surface roughness 2016010182 SWATH ships 2016010152 System identification 2016010062

K-8 KEYWORD INDEX

System identification 2016010154 2016010170 Tanker accidents 2016010092 2016010102 Tankers 2016010098 2016010101 Tanks 2016010187 2016010198 Technological innovation 2016010250 Tension leg platforms 2016010226 Thermal analysis 2016010245 Thrust 2016010160 Thrusters 2016010119 2016010175 Tidal currents 2016010078 Tidal power 2016010083 Time domain 2016010073 2016010176 2016010177 2016010179 Tip vortices 2016010146 Trial data 2016010121 2016010154 Trim 2016010025 2016010140 Tugs 2016010009 2016010013 Turbines 2016010078 2016010083 Turbulent flow 2016010205 2016010214 Turning circles 2016010180 2016010241 Turning manoeuvres 2016010241 Twin screws 2016010180 Ultimate strength 2016010218 2016010224 Ultrasonic frequencies 2016010236 Uncertainty 2016010029 2016010214 Underwater 2016010192 Underwater acoustics 2016010129 Underwater pipelines 2016010076 Underwater structures 2016010194 Unsteady flow 2016010213 Unsteady loads 2016010130 Validation 2016010147 Vessel descriptions 2016010001 2016010002 2016010003 2016010004 2016010005 2016010006 2016010007 2016010008 2016010009

Vessel descriptions 2016010010 2016010011 2016010012 2016010013 2016010014 2016010015 2016010016 2016010017 2016010018 2016010019 Vibration 2016010191 Vibration analysis 2016010053 2016010186 Vibration measurement 2016010053 Viscosity 2016010101 Viscous flow 2016010117 2016010147 2016010151 Vortex induced vibration 2016010182 2016010206 Voyage time 2016010113 Wakes 2016010066 2016010122 2016010128 2016010130 2016010137 Wall effects 2016010174 2016010190 Water 2016010034 Water depth 2016010190 Water entry 2016010201 Water fuel emulsions 2016010042 Water injection 2016010042 Water treatment 2016010104 Watertight subdivision 2016010239 Wave absorbers 2016010081 Wave energy 2016010063 2016010064 Wave energy conversion 2016010062 2016010079 2016010080 2016010081 2016010088 2016010203 Wave forces on structures 2016010203 Wave height 2016010060 Wave loads 2016010162 2016010205 2016010218 Wave loads on ships 2016010196 Wave models 2016010117 Wave overtopping 2016010060 Wave patterns 2016010142 Wave propagation 2016010199 Wave resistance 2016010028 2016010240

KEYWORD INDEX K-9

Wave runup 2016010200 2016010205 Weapons 2016010243 2016010247 Weather forecasting 2016010108 Weather routing 2016010108 Wedges 2016010201 2016010204 Weight 2016010069 Welded joints 2016010235 Welding 2016010038 Weldments 2016010216 Wharfs 2016010060 Whipping 2016010181 Wind 2016010239 Wind loads 2016010162 Wind power generation 2016010064 Wind propulsion 2016010149 Wind turbines 2016010020 2016010073 2016010211 2016010225 Wind waves 2016010086 Wings 2016010131 2016010146

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