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In everyday life, we attempt to achieve as much speed as possible. Stairs. V.S. Elevator/ Lift. Hand Wash. V.S. Washing Machine. Knife. V.S. Blender. Things that speed things up. Chemical Reactions. A. B. C. D. X. Z. Y. So what are those that speed up the reaction called?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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In everyday life, we attempt to achieve as much speed as possible.
Elevator/ LiftStairs V.S
Washing MachineHand Wash V.S
BlenderKnife V.S
Things that speed things up
A
Chemical Reactions
C
X
DB
Y Z
So what are those that speed up the reaction
called?
Catalyst
Definition:A catalyst is a substance which can alter or speed up a chemical reaction, without itself being chemically changed at the end of the reaction.
Decomposition of Potassium chlorate (VII)
white crystalline substance
Potassium chloride
Oxygen
DecompositionThe breakdown of a complex substance into simpler substances
decompose into
Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (VII)
2 KCIO3 2 KCI 3 O2
heated to morePotassium chlorate (VII)
Potassium chloride
Oxygenthan 400 ºC
2 KCIO3 2 KCI 3 O2
Manganese (IV) oxidePotassium chlorate (VII)
Potassium chloride
Oxygen
Gentle heating
CATALYST
With manganese (IV) oxide
Without manganese (IV) oxide
Without manganese (IV) oxide
With manganese (IV) oxide
Temperature
Rate of oxygen production
Manganese (IV) oxide is a catalyst
Catalysts
Inorganic CatalystsInorganic CatalystsE.g. manganese (IV) oxideE.g. manganese (IV) oxide
Organic / BiologicalOrganic / BiologicalCatalysts Catalysts
So what are organic/ biological catalysts?
Enzymes
I. Introduction to
Enzyme …
What are Enzymes
• Made of Protein
• Biological catalysts
• Made in the cytoplasm under instruction from genes which are located on the chromosomes in the nucleus.
What are Enzymes
Definition: Enzymes are biological catalysts made of
protein which speed up the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being changed at the end of the reactions.
So what chemical reactions do the enzymes catalyse?
A C
X
B
Y Z
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Build up substances (Anabolic Reaction)
• Break down substances (Catabolic Reaction)
Enzyme
Enzyme
A DB
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions
CEnzyme
A CB
Build up Substances (Anabolic Reactions)
Definition:
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.
Enzyme
A CB
Build up Substances (Anabolic Reactions)
Examples
Building glycogen from glucose.
Polypeptides ProteinAmino Acids
Building Protein from Amino Acids
Glucose Glycogen
Enzyme
X Y Z
Breakdown of Substances (Catabolic Reactions)
Definition:
Breaking down of large, complex molecules into simpler ones.
Enzyme
X Y Z
Breakdown of Substances(Catabolic Reactions)
ExamplesBreakdown of Glucose during Respiration
Breakdown of poisonous substances to harmless substances (Detoxification)
Hydrogen peroxide Water + Oxygen(poisonous substance) (non-poisonous substances)Catalase
Enzyme
Condensation Hydrolysis
Two simple molecules
Two simple moleculesOne complex molecule
One complex molecule
H20
H20
Recall
synthetase hydrolase
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse
A DB
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions
Definition:
Reactions that proceed in the forward or backward reaction.
CEnzyme
A DB
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions
CEnzyme
With so much chemical reactions and enzymes around the world, how
do we differentiate them?
Enzymes can be classified according to chemical reactions they catalyse:Example:
Hydrolysis – hydrolaseSynthesis – synthetase
Carbohydrases, proteases and lipases are digestive enzymes.
Carbohydrases, proteases and lipases are classified as hydrolases.
Digestion is an example of hydrolysis.
For instance
Classification of Enzymes
Now, how do we name the Enzymes?
ENZYME
• Enzymes are named after the substrate on which they act and with a suffix “-ase”.
Naming of Enzymes
• At first, they were named after scientists that discover them.
• Specific names for each type of nutrient
Naming of Enzymes
• Substrates based on the Type of Nutrient(Carbohydrate, Proteins, Fats)
Carbohydratease
I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Substrate Name+ -ase
Specific Carbohydrate (names ending with “ose”)
Will have their ending of “ose” being replaced with “ase”.
Naming of Enzymes
I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Maltosease Substrate Name +
-ase
I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Cellulosease
I. Name that Enzyme !!!
StarchaseAmylase
I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Proteinase Substrate Name +
-ase
Specific Protein
Names will have “in” as endings.
Naming of Enzymes
Pepsin Renin
Proteins to polypeptides
Polypeptides to amino acids
I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Lipidase Substrate Name+-ase
EnzymeSEnzymeS
Activity:What substrate/ type of nutrient does the enzyme
target?
Maltase
Renin
Amylase
Lipase
Erepsin
Hydrolase
Synthetase
What we learn today.• Definition of Catalysts
• Example of a Catalytic Reaction
• Types of Catalysts
• Definition of Enzymes
• Reactions Catalysed by Enzymes
• Naming of Enzymes