In clusive education

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

4th National Conference Workshop in Special Education

Ma. Paz A. Manaligod, PhDMiriam College

Inclusion defined:

◦Education of students with disabilities in general

education settings (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2000)

All students with a disability have a right to be

educated in the general education setting with

appropriate support and services.

What is Inclusive Education?

◦ Inclusion means including all children and young people in their

local mainstream school.

◦ Inclusion means young people and adults with disabilities being

included in mainstream society.

◦ Inclusion is an ongoing process.

◦ Inclusive schools help the development of communities where all

people are equally valued and have the same opportunities for

participation.

INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS on INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

◦UN Conventions on the Rights of the Child (1989)

◦World Declaration on Education for All (1990)

◦UNESCO Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action (1994)

“Inclusion and participation are essential to human dignity and to the enjoyment and

exercise of human rights. Within the field of education this is reflected in the development of

strategies to bring about a genuine equalisation of opportunity” (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural

Organisation (UNESCO), 1994:11)

Our EDUCATION POLICIES

◦The right to education is a basic human right.

◦All children and youth shall have access to quality education.

◦Inclusive education shall be concerned with all learners, with focus on those who have traditionally been excluded from educational opportunities.

◦Support system shall be organized and delivered holistically.

PUBLIC POLICY SUPPORT on INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

◦ The 1987 Philippine Constitution Art. IV. Sec 2 mandates the state to encourage non-formal, informal and

indigenous learning systems as well as learning independent and out of school youth study programs and to provide adult citizens, the disabled and OSY with training on civics, vocational efficiency and other skills.

◦ P.D. 603 - The Child and Youth Welfare Code PD 603 (1974) – Article 3 accounts for the rights of the

child.

◦RA. 7610 – Special Protection of Children against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act Art 1 section 2 states that a comprehensive program shall be

formulated to protect children against any form of abuse which endanger child survival and normal development

◦R.A. 7277- The Magna Carta for Disabled Persons amended by R.A 9442 Provides for the rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of society

◦ Policies and Guidelines in Special Education Art 1 Sec 5 states that the ultimate goal of SPED shall

be the integration or mainsteaming of learners with special needs into the regular school system and eventually into the community

Moving towards Inclusion

◦ Human Rights movement in the 1960s.

◦ Changing views on people with disabilities within the wider society.

◦ Focusing on similarities between children with disabilities and other children, rather than differences.

(Frederickson & Cline, 2002)

Research on the advantages of Inclusion (Salend, 2005 & Smith et al., 2006)

◦Students with disabilities who are included in the

general education curricula can benefit socially

and academically without facing the stigma of

segregated or pull-out classrooms.

◦Standards for behavior and instruction are

higher, and students with classifications have

more opportunity to reach higher standards and

become independent learners.

◦Students without disabilities can benefit from

inclusive settings.

Academic performance is equal or superior to

comparative groups of students educated in a

noninclusive setting.

Students with disabilities do not significantly limit

or interrupt instructional time for

nondisabled peers in inclusive settings.

Friendships and awareness of diversity are also

benefits of the inclusive classroom.

◦All students are learners who benefit from a

meaningful, challenging, and appropriate

curriculum and differentiated instruction

techniques that address their unique strengths

and needs (Salend, 2005)

Inclusion education is the collaborative effort of

general educators, parents, related service

providers and all school community members who

share a role in the successful education of

students with special needs.

Inclusive Education and the Research Evidence

◦No evidence that segregated education fosters social or academic progress over mainstream school education.

◦Some studies show advantages to inclusive placements if accompanied by an appropriate individualised programme.

◦Other studies have reported that there is a small to moderate advantage to inclusion on both social and academic outcomes.

( Frederickson & Cline, 2002)

Inclusive Education and the Research Evidence

◦Evidence suggests that inclusion supported progress of children without disabilities.

◦ Inclusion found to have positive impact and facilitates the education of all children.

◦Teacher time not affected by presence of students with special educational needs


The Medical Model of Disability

Child is a problem

Diagnosis

Impairment becomes focus of attention

Assessment, monitoring, programmes of therapy imposed

Segregation and alternative services

‘Ordinary’ needs put on hold

Re-entry if ‘normal’ enough permanent exclusion

The Social Model of Disability

Child is valued

Strengths and needs defined by self and others

OUTCOME based programme designed

Resources made available to ‘ordinary services’

Training for parents and professionals

Relationships nurtured

DIVERSITY WELCOMED

Society evolves

Paz / Introduction 20

Components of Effective Inclusive Education- Research Evidence

◦Strong visionary leadership

◦Flexible pupil groupings and adaptable teaching style

◦High expectations for all pupils

◦Collaboration

◦Community and parental involvement


Curriculum is about relationship; the

interconnectedness of

everything -- Sarah Pirtle

◦ New attitudes and new ways in relating are needed


-Helping the student feel better about herself/ himself

-Making the child realize that her/ his disability does not reflect

who they are as persons

-Enable the child identify her/his strengths, which s/he can use to cope with their daily concerns

Elements of a Successful Teacher-Parent Partnership

1. The existence of a two-way communication.

2. The determination of both to work together to enhance learning at home and at school.

3. The provision of mutual support.

4. The opportunity for both parents and teachers to jointly decide on matters pertaining to the education of the child.

FailureSuccess

Negative Appraisal•Pessimism

•Self-doubt

•Learned helplessness

•Low self-esteem

Negative Behavior•Verbal & Physical Aggression

•Withdrawal

•Avoidance

•Substance Misuse

Negative Beliefs•I’ll never finish it.

•Nothing ever goes right with

me.

•People don’t like me.

Negative Feelings•Anxiety

•Low mood

•Frustrations

•Anger

Positive Appraisal•Optimism

•Self-efficacy

Positive feelings•Optimism

•Enthusiasm

•Buoyancy

Positive thoughts •I can do this.

•It is not beyond me.

•I’ll get there in the end.

•I will manage this.

Positive behavior•Creative

•Islands of Competence


◦

I felt like an outsider, movies

made me feel inside my

own skill set.

Making movies was my great

escape….a lot of energy can

be put to constructive use or

damaging use like bullying.”

Steven Spielberg

Jurassic Park, War Horse, Indiana Jones, ET,

Schindler’s List


Jay Leno has worked very hard all his life. A mild dyslexic, he did not do very well in school getting mainly C’s and D’s.

Jay had his heart set on having a college education

and sat outside the admission officers’ office 12 hours a day 5 days a week until he was accepted into the University.


Mathematics Disorder: Calculation skills are weaker than general ability (Dyscalculia)

Hans Christian Andersen

◦ The Emperor's New Clothes

◦ The Princess and the Pea

◦ Thumbelina

◦ The Snow Queen

◦ The Ugly Duckling

◦ The Little Mermaid

* dyslexia, adhd


◦ Albert Einstein Being one of the most important great minds of his century Albert Einstein is known to suffer from Aspergers Syndrome.

He would not remember the months in the year yet he would succeed in solving some of the most complicated mathematical formulas of the time without any trouble. He may have never learned how to properly tie his shoelaces but his scientific contributions and theories still have a major effect on all of today’s current knowledge of science.

*dyslexia


◦ "The part of other people that has emotional relationships is not part of me." - Dr. Temple Grandin

◦ I THINK IN PICTURES.

Words are like a second language to me. I translate both spoken and written words into full-color movies, complete with sound, which run like a VCR tape in my head. When somebody speaks to me, his words are instantly translated into pictures.

Language-based thinkers often find this phenomenon difficult to understand, but in my job as an equipment designer for the livestock industry, visual thinking is a tremendous advantage.


--film producer-showman, -innovator (animation and theme

park design

- 59 Academy Award nominations - 26 Oscars, - 7 Emmy Awards.* holds the record for the individual with the most awards and the most nominations.

Paz / Introduction39

Phelps was diagnosed with ADHD at a young age.

He started swimming at ageseven, partly to provide him with an outlet for his energy. He excelled as a swimmer, and by the age of 10 held a national record for his age group.

I've gone through a lot of tough times and I've made many mistakes.

I've found those mistakes have enabled me to

become a stronger person and help other people.

It's times like that you need your close friends and

family to support you

Robert Fulghum

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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In clusive education