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In-Class Exercise: Question 1

1. States and revolution Define revolution What factors led to the breakdown of

the old (imperial) regime? How does regime breakdown relate to

revolution?

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States and Social Revolutions

Theda Skocpol: explaining social revolutionsLast class: Breakdown of old state apparatus key

part of revolutionary situation Domestically—domestic rebellion Internationally—defeat in international war

Today: Creation of new political order key part

of successful revolution Ideology Organization Mass support

The Struggle between the KMT and the CCP

Competing to create the new political order

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Themes

Ideological possibilities Liberalism Marxism-Leninism Confucianism Nationalism

Organization Leninist party organizations

“Modern” politics and mass support

In-Class Exercise: Question 2

2. Nationalism According to Wu Guoguang, what are

the key characteristics of May Fourth nationalism? Late 20th C nationalism?

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Chinese nationalism

Following upon a “century of humiliation” How to make China

Wealthy Strong Free from foreign

domination?

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Fate of liberalism

What would be the role of the Chinese people in their own governance? Failed experiment in democracy

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“Modern” politics

Mass political participation Political parties

Ironically, “modern” politics coincided with the Warlord years (1916-1928)

Roots in response to Taiping Rebellion

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“Modern Politics”: 1st elementMass participation

Mass participation Urbanization

especially Shanghai

Literacy use of vernacular

( 白话 baihua) Media

newspapers, magazines

Fostered national awareness, identity

New Youth

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Historical background on “modern era”

May 4, 1919 May 4th Movement

Student protestsMerchant

boycottsLabor strikes

(Reading ques: Saich, #1)

May 30, 1925 General strike in

Shanghai

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“Modern Politics”: 2nd elementPolitical Parties

Development of KMT and CCP Ideology

Distinct ideologies Organization

Both Leninist parties democratic centralism

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Nationalist Party (founded 1912) KMT kuo-min-tang 国民党 guomindang Sun Yat-sen Ideology: Three People’s

Principles Nationalism Democracy People’s livelihood

(Reading Question: Blecher #3)

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Nationalist Party

Organization Leninist party

democratic centralism

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Chiang Kai-shek

In-Class Exercise: Question 3

3. KMT vs. CCP attempts to consolidate power after the revolutionary opening

How effective were KMT attempts to consolidate power?

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Chinese Communist Party (founded 1921) CCP 共产党 gongchandang

Marxism-Leninism Radical, egalitarian Emphasis on

Social transformation

National self-determination

CCP founder Chen Duxiu

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Phases of Chinese Communist Movement in Countryside

Peasant movement (1920s) “Soviet” base areas (1927 ff)

Radical land reform Confiscate land from landlords redistribute

War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-45) Moderate land reform

Reduce land rents Shift tax burden to landlords away from peasants Mutual aid—share tools, draft animals

Civil War (1945-49)

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How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?

Yan’an Era CCP arrived in

Yan’an following the Long March

(1934-35)

Reading question:Blecher #4

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In-Class Exercise: Questions 4-6

4. What types of peasants are most likely to adopt

Predatory strategies? Protective strategies?

5. “Report on Peasant Movement”: Discuss Mao’s analysis of poor, middle, and rich peasants. Can you relate it to Perry’s analysis of predatory and protective strategies?

6. How did the CCP relate to different types of peasants?

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How did the CCP mobilize the peasantry?

Tapped tradition of peasant rebellion CCP peasant organizing

initial rural policies of CCP—very extreme; appeal to poorest

But peasant China very diverse as Perry shows Organizationally diverse Ecologically diverse

CCP adapted rural policies (CCP had to do similar analytical exercise that Perry did in her book Rebels and Revolutionaries)

Implemented more moderate policies to elicit support from less destitute peasants

Redirected rebellion toward revolutionary goals through ideology and organization

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Phases of Chinese Communist Movement in Countryside

Peasant movement (1920s) “Soviet” base areas (1927 ff) War of Resistance Against Japan

(1937-45) Civil War (1945-49)

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How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?

Substantive policies informed by ideology social transformation and rural reform resistance to Japanese occupation

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Liu Shaoqi Organizing Anti-Japanese Resistance

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Anti-Japanese Resistance

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How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?

Organizational techniques Developed propaganda apparatus

grassroots mobilizing Developed repressive measures

1942 “Rectification Campaign”

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How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland?

Organizational techniques Developed propaganda apparatus

grassroots mobilizing Developed repressive measures

1942 “Rectification Campaign” Darker side of Yan’an

Criticism of party restricted Thought reform Struggle sessions

Criticism Self criticism

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Review

Revolutionary change has long-term causes Internal decline

Dynastic cycle Tradition of peasant rebellion

External challenge posed by Western powers and Japan

The two sides in the revolutionary civil war were products of a new modern politics characterized by Mass political participation Political parties: KMT vs. CCP

Shared Leninist organizational models Distinct ideologies

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Review

Consolidation of revolutionary opening through Ideology Organization Mass support

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Review

How did the CCP win the civil war on the mainland? Ideology informed substantive policies

Social transformation and rural reform Moderated policies to increase popular support

Resistance to Japanese occupation Organization: effective organizational

techniques Developed propaganda apparatus

grassroots mobilizing Developed repressive measures

1942 “Rectification Campaign”

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Land Reform