Classification Test

Multiple Choice

1. According to one classification system, which term includes all of the others? A. algae B. ameba C. protozoaD. protists

2. A modem classification system should reflectA. the types of habitats in which organisms live B. evolutionary relationships C. color and size relationships D. the eating habits of organisms

3. Among many species, those most closely related to each other would probably A. live in the same geographic area B. contain similar enzymes and hormones C. have similar food requirements D. live during the same time period

4. Which two classification groups indicate the scientific name of an organism? A. kingdom and phylum B. class and order C. family and genus D. genus and species

5. The classification group that shows the greatest similarity among its members is the A. phylum B. kingdom C. genus D. species

6. The mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus is most closely related in structure to A. Aedes sollicitans B. Culex pipiensC. Aedes aegyptiD. Anopheles punctulatus

7. In which kingdom is an organism classified if it lacks a membrane separating its genetic material from its cytoplasm?

A. protist B. monera C. plant D. animal

8. Which is true of organisms that are classified in the same genus?A. They must be in the same phylum, but may be of different species.B. They must be of the same species, but may be in different phyla.C. They must be in the same phylum, but may be in different kingdoms.D. They must be in the same kingdom, but may be in different phyla.

9. Which group of organisms in the animal kingdom is characterized by jointed appendages and exoskeletons?

A. arthropods B. chordates C. annelids D. coelenterates

10. The correct order used in classifying organisms isA. phylum, kingdom, genus, speciesB. kingdom, phylum, genus, speciesC. kingdom, species, phylum, genusD. phylum, genus, species, kingdom

11. The scientific classification of animals is based primarily on similarities in A. where the organisms live B. size C. the food the organisms eat D. structure

12. A multicellular photosynthetic organism would probably be classified as a A. moneran B. protist C. plant D. fungus

13. Some characteristics of a recently discovered organism are listed in the following table.

Based on the given characteristics, this organism would be classified in which kingdom?

A. PlantaeB. FungiC. ProtistaD. Bacteria

14. Which kingdoms have photosynthetic organisms?A. fungi and plants c.B. protists and plantsC. fungi and protistsD. plants and animals

15. Why are protists nicknamed the “junk-drawer” kingdom?A. They are the only kingdom to contain both autotrophs and heterotrophs and mobile and non-

mobile organismsB. They are the only kingdom to contain both eukaryotes and prokaryotesC. They actively engulf the excrement of other organismsD. They are multicellular and form box like shapes

16. Archaebacteria that produce methane as a by-product can be foundA. in swampsB. in a cow's stomachC. in marshesD. all of the aboveE. none of the above

17. Prokaryotic organisms that live in environments with high salt concentrations.A. MethanogensB. ThermophilesC. HalophilesD. Faculative AnaerobeE. Obligate Aerobe

18. The separation of the Archaebacteria into a separate domain indicatesA. that these organisms are very different from eubacteria and from eukaryotes

B. that organisms should never be classified according to how they appear (morphological characteristics)

C. that early taxonomists rushed to classify them without closely examining themD. that optical viewing techniques have greatly improved so that we can better view these

microorganismsE. none of the above

19. Spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement are known asA. CyanobacteriaB. Facultative Anaerobe C. SalmonellaD. BacillusE. Spirillum

20. Prokaryotic organisms that are capable of using oxygen for cellular respiration when it is available but can perform fermentation when it is not are known as

A. Obligate Aerobe B. CyanobacteriaC. Facultative Anaerobe D. Methanogen

21. The system for naming species in which two words are used to name an organism is known asA. dichotomous keyingB. cladisticsC. binomial nomenclatureD. fan diagramming Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria

22. Use the following graph to answer the following question.

A common ancestor for species D and C could be at position number:A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

23. Autotrophs that produce energy through the oxidation of inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide.A. ChemoautotrophB. EubacteriaC. PhotoautotrophD. Cyanobacteria

24. Include gram-negative organisms, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs, some are anaerobic, and others aerobic.

A. EubacteriaB. EuglenaC. ArchaebacteriaD. Cyanobacteria

25. Organism that only survives in oxygen-free environments.A. Obligate AerobeB. Obligate AnaerobeC. Facultative AnaerobeD. Saprobe

26. Archaebacteria that live in hot, acidic environments.A. ThermoacidophilesB. Extreme HalophilesC. ChemoautotrophD. Spirochetes

27. Bacteria with thick cell walls containing peptidoglycans; these cells turn purple when stained.A. Gram-positive BacteriaB. CyanobacteriaC. ArchaebacteriaD. Proteobacteria

28. The best classification system is that which most closelyA. unites organisms that possess similar morphologies.B. conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices.C. reflects evolutionary history.D. corroborates the classification scheme in use at the time of Charles Darwin.E. reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes.

29. The fibrillar material found in the rigid cell wall of a fungus isA. SugarB. CelluloseC. ChitinD. Glycogen

30. Which of the following does not possess cilia or flagella?A. AmoebaB. ParameceiumC. DinoflagellateD. Euglena

31. Sexual reproduction in protista takes place by a process ofA. MitosisB. MeiosisC. FissionD. Transduction

32. The group that includes important decomposers and mineralizers of the earth isA. ProtistaB. FungiC. PlantaeD. Monera

33. The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the _____. A. replication of viral DNAB. entry of the phage protein coat into the host cellC. assembly of viral particles into phagesD. the injection of phage DNA into a bacteriumE. rupture of the bacterium

34. As a result of the lytic cycle, _____. A. the host cell is not destroyedB. the host cell's DNA is destroyedC. viral ribosomes are producedD. viral DNA is incorporated into host cell DNAE. a prophage is created

35. In the lysogenic cycle _____. A. host DNA is destroyed and viral DNA is replicated

B. a bacterium replicates without passing viral DNA to its daughter cellsC. viral DNA is destroyed and host DNA is replicatedD. a bacterium divides once before the lytic cycle is initiatedE. viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA

36. The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. A. single-stranded DNAB. single-stranded RNAC. double-stranded DNAD. double-stranded RNAE. none of the above

37. What is the source of a viral envelope? A. host cell DNAB. prophagesC. provirusD. host cell membraneE. viral glycoproteins

38. Which of the following organisms participate in the nitrogen cycle?A. LegumesB. Chemosynthetic bacteriaC. FungiD. All of the aboveE. None of the above

39. Which of these is caused by a prion?A. SyphilisB. HIVC. TuberculosisD. LupusE. Mad Cow Disease

40. HIV has a special contains a special type of enzyme that makes it difficult to classify and develop a vaccine for the virus. The special type of enzyme is___________.

A. PeroxidaseB. Lactose dehydrogenaseC. LuciferaseD. Reverse transcriptase

41. Which of these is NOT a reason why viruses are not considered living?A. Viruses contain either RNA or DNA never bothB. Viruses cannot metabolize nutrients for energyC. Viruses cannot survive without a hostD. Viruses cannot reproduce independently

42. Which of the following is thought to be the common ancestor to plants?A. ChemoautotrophsB. CyanobacteriaC. Brown algaeD. Red and green algaeE. Photoautotrophs

43. Which of the following is thought to be a close relative of animals and fungi?A. DiatomsB. PlantsC. Brown algaeD. AmoebasE. Euglena

44. Which of the following was an evolutionary adaptation vital to the survival of the bryophytes?

A. The switch from the gametophyte to the sporophyte as the dominant generation of the life cycle

B. The development of branched sporophytes

C. The birth of pollination

D. The packaging of gametes into gametangia

E. Evolution of the seed

45. Which of the following is the most specific category of classification?A. ClassB. FamilyC. OrderD. DivisionE. Phylum

46. Thermoacidophiles are grouped into this kingdom that consists of single-celled organisms lacking nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

A. Kingdom Animalia

B. Kingdom Fungi

C. Kingdom Plantae

D. Kingdom Protista

E. Kingdom Monera

47. Arthropods are grouped into this kingdom whose members are multicellular heterotrophs that have the diploid stage as their dominant generation in the life cycle.

A. Kingdom Animalia

B. Kingdom Fungi

C. Kingdom Plantae

D. Kingdom Protista

E. Kingdom Monera

48. This kingdom is divided into plantlike, animallike, and funguslike divisions.

A. Kingdom Animalia

B. Kingdom Fungi

C. Kingdom Plantae

D. Kingdom Protista

E. Kingdom Monera

49. Molds, or deuteromycota, are grouped into this kingdom that consists of mostly multi cellular organisms that are constructed out of hypha.

A. Kingdom Animalia

B. Kingdom Fungi

C. Kingdom Plantae

D. Kingdom Protista

E. Kingdom Monera

50. Two organisms are placed in the same species if they:A. are able to share similar environmentsB. are able to mate and produce fertile offspring C. both require the same food materialsD. both have structures for aerobic respiration

51. Which of the following does not describe plants?A. Non-motileB. PhotosyntheticC. EukaryoticD. Cell wall made of celluloseE. Heterotrophic

52. Which of the following does not describe plants?A. Non-motileB. PhotosyntheticC. EukaryoticD. Cell wall made of celluloseE. Heterotrophic

53. Which of the following does not describe plants?A. Non-motileB. PhotosyntheticC. EukaryoticD. Cell wall made of celluloseE. Heterotrophic

54.55. What characteristic do all living things share?

A. They contain DNA.B. They are made up of many parts.C. They reproduce by mitosis.D. They need oxygen to survive

56. Cells from which of the following organisms would be expected to contain cell walls?A. SpongeB. CricketC. Water lilyD. Paramecium

57. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that —A. prokaryotic cells are always much largerB. prokaryotic cells do not have a plasma membraneC. eukaryotic cells have a smaller cell nucleusD. eukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular organization

58.59. Group of multicellular protists that form kelp and seaweeds

A. Green AlgaeB. CiliatesC. DiatomsD. Brown AlgaeE. Dinoflagellates

60.61. A mushroom and a humpback whale are alike because both are —

A. motileB. heterotrophicC. prokaryoticD. unicellular

62. Which of these organisms contains no specialized cells?A. ParameciumB. SpongeC. JellyfishD. Sea anemone

63. Scientists hypothesize that oxygen began to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere after the appearance of living things with the ability to —A. form tissuesB. reproduce sexuallyC. photosynthesizeD. breathe air

64. An important feature of modern classification systems is that they —A. apply only to organisms that are alive todayB. can incorporate new scientific discoveriesC. group organisms that live in the same habitatD. can predict the discovery of new species

65. A scientist designed an experiment to test the effect of temperature on bacterial growth. He grew three different cultures of the bacterium E. coli under three heat lamps at different temperatures. What was the independent variable in this experiment?

A. Length of the experimentB. Number of bacteriaC. Reproduction rate

D. Temperature66. Some plant roots grow with mycorrhizal fungi. The fungi absorbwater and minerals and pass them on to

the plant and receive carbohydrates from the plant. This is an example of —A. predationB. mutualismC. competitionD. parasitism

67. True multicellularity occurs only inA. animalsB. eukaryotesC. plants and animalsD. plants, animals and protistsE. plants, animals and fungi

68. Viruses are denied a kingdom of their own becauseA. they are too poorly understoodB. they are too smallC. their genetics cannot be determinedD. they are not organisms

69. Of the six kingdoms now recognized,A. two are plants and four are animalsB. four are eukaryotes and two are prokaryotesC. four are macroscopic and two are microscopicD. two are eukaryotes and four are prokaryotesE. two are carnivorous and four are herbivorous

70. Multicellular organisms and unicellular yeasts are contained inA. AnimaliaB. PlantaeC. ProtistaD. FungiE. Eubacteria

71. Which one of the following sequences shows the correct hierarchy of classification, going from the most inclusive to the least inclusive?

A. Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, SpeciesB. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesC. Genus, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, FamilyD. Species, Genus, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, KingdomE. Domain, Phylum, Kingdom, Genus, Species, Family, Order, Class

72.73. The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly

possessed 3-chambered hearts (2 atria, 1 ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having 4-chambered hearts (2 atria, 2 ventricles). The 4-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as

A. structural homologies.B. vestiges.C. homoplasies.D. the result of shared ancestry.E. molecular homologies.

74. If this evolutionary tree is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be correct?

Figure 26.1

A. The entire tree is based on maximum parsimony.B. If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is monophyletic.

C. The last common ancestor of species B and C occurred more recently than the last common ancestor of species D and E.

D. Species A is the direct ancestor of both species B and species C.E. The species present at position 3 is ancestral to C, D, and E.

75. The term that is most appropriately associated with clade isA. paraphyletic.B. polyphyletic.C. monophyletic.

76. A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity.

Figure 26.3What conclusion can be drawn validly from these data?

A. A. Humans and other primates evolved from rabbits within the past 10 million years.B. B. Most of the genes of other organisms are paralogous to human genes, or with

chimpanzee genes.C. C. Among the organisms listed, humans shared a common ancestor most recently with

chimpanzees.D. D. Humans evolved from chimpanzees somewhere in Africa within the last 6 million years.

77. Species that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their

A. plasmids.B. chloroplast genomes.C. mitochondrial genomes.D. homologous genes that are poorly conserved.E. homologous genes that are highly conserved.

78. What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?

A. molecularB. behavioralC. nutritionalD. anatomicalE. ecological

79. What important criterion was used in the late 1960s to distinguish between the three multicellular eukaryotic kingdoms of the five-kingdom classification system?

A. the number of cells present in individual organismsB. the geological stratum in which fossils first appearC. the nutritional modes they employD. the biogeographic province where each first appearsE. the features of their embryos

80. Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

A. PlantaeB. FungiC. AnimaliaD. Protista

E. Monera81. Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. Which of these

observations comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa, well before relevant data from molecular systematics became available?

A. Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls.B. Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals.C. Some have cell walls only for support.D. Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores.E. Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.

82. Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false?A. Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls.B. Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments.C. Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions.D. Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants.E. Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment.

83. Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to other surfaces?

1. capsules2. endospores3. fimbriae4. plasmids5. flagella

A. 1 and 2B. 1 and 3C. 2 and 3D. 3 and 4E. 3 and 5

84. Mixotrophs can be found in which kingdom?A. None of the optionsB. ProtistaC. BacteriaD. PlantaeE. All of the options

85. How did green and red alga come into existence?A. Devolution of slime molds B. Devolution of simple fernsC. Endosymbiosis with heterotrophic eukaryotesD. Endosymbiosis with chemosynthetic prokayotes

86. A(n) _______________ is a series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.

A. molecular clockB. dichotomous keyC. evolutionary classificationD. cladogram

87. Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, so which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin? A) mycoplasmas B) gram-positive bacteria C) archaea D) gram-negative bacteria E) endospore-bearing bacteria

88. In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be A) a transformed bacterium. B) the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat. C) the subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium. D) the production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny. E) the temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome.

89. In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures?1. nucleoid region2. flagellum3. endospore4. fimbriae5. plasmids A)1 only B)1 and 4 C)1 and 5 D)1, 3, and 5 E)2, 4, and 5

90. Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct? A. Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. B. Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids. C. Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, "packed" with a relatively large amount of protein. D. The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but, rather, is found at the

nucleoid region. E. Prokaryotic genomes are composed of linear DNA (that is, DNA existing in the form of a line with

two ends).91. Not present in all bacteria, this cell covering enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host

organisms: A. endospore B. sex pilus C. flagellum D. cell wall E. capsule

92. If this structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain new genetic material: A. endospore B. sex pilus C. flagellum D. cell wall E. capsule

93. Which of the following contains a copy of the chromosome, along with a small amount of dehydrated cytoplasm, within a tough wall?

A. endospore B. sex pilus C. flagellum D. cell wall E. capsule

94. Regarding prokaryotic reproduction, which statement is correct? A. Prokaryotes form gametes by meiosis. B. Prokaryotes feature the union of haploid gametes, as do eukaryotes. C. Prokaryotes exchange some of their genes by conjugation, the union of haploid gametes, and

transduction. D. Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations. E. Mitosis results in increase in cell number.

95. Only certain prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation, but nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes are not known to live inside animals. Thus, how do animals gain access to fixed nitrogen?

A. They may breathe it in from air that has experienced lightning discharges. B. They may ingest nitrogen fixers. C. They may ingest plants that harbor nitrogen fixers, or plants that absorbed fixed nitrogen from

the soil. D. They may ingest other animals that had done either (B) or (C) above. E. Answers (B), (C), and (D) above are all possible.

96. Which of the following are responsible for high levels of O2 in Earth's atmosphere? A. photoautotrophs B. photoheterotrophs

C. chemoautotrophs D. chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition E. parasitic chemoheterotrophs

97. Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?1. composition of the cell wall2. presence of plasma membrane3. lack of a nuclear envelope4. identical rRNA sequences

A. 1 only B. 3 only C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3 E. 2 and 4

98. Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become

A. unable to fix carbon dioxide. B. antibiotic resistant. C. unable to fix nitrogen. D. unable to synthesize peptidoglycan. E. deficient in certain vitamins

99. Which of the following features of prokaryotic biology involves metabolic cooperation among cells? A. binary fission B. endospore formation C. endotoxin release D. biofilms E. photoautotrophy

100.Which of the following is a characteristic of all viruses?A. a nucleic acid genomeB. a protein capsidC. a viral envelopeD. A and B onlyE. A, B, and C