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IMPROVING THE FILTER SYSTEM FOR THE EXISTING DOMESTIC
WASTE PRETREATMENT SYSTEM IN KUKTEM
MOHD NAJID BIN JAMALUDIN
A Final Year Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan & Teknologi Malaysia
November 2006
ABSTRACT
Water is the one of the resource that very important in our daily lives. However,
if our water resources uses every day are polluted by contaminants, it can impacts for
ecologies system life cycle and human life. The major pollutants are identified at Sungai
Kiang which the river are polluted by domestic activities around that area. However,
local government was able expense a million Ringgit Malaysia (RM) to built water
treatment system but it must be treated at the beginning point to make sure the water will
exceed the water quality index specification. Therefore, early treatment or first stage of
filter is very important before the domestic waste enter to the rivers. The main purpose
of this study is to identified oil and grease on treated water after filtration process and
propose of reuse water. Scope of this study was started at cafeteria student which oil
interceptor was built. This study also improving the filter system for existing domestic
waste pretreatment system(oil interceptor) that have be adaptation from mineral water
port system that have being change their system. In design of filter, the material use on
this design is defined in various size of aggregate and sand, which is tested to defined
their infiltration rate (in/hr). Hopefully with this study, all parties will take part and
involved in control pollution on our rivers
V
ABSTRAK
Air adalah sumber yang paling penting dalam kehidupan seharian. Namun
demikian, jika sumber air yang digunakan seharian telah tercemar oleh bahan-bahan
yang boleh memberi kemudaratan kepada satu sistem kitaran ekologi dan juga
memberikan kesan keatas kesihatan manusia. Kawasan yang paling teruk melanda
masalah mi adalah di Sungai kiang yang telah dicemari oleh sisa-sisa domestik yang
dibuang dari aktiviti-aktiviti yang dijalankan di kawasan perumahan berdekatan.
Lantaran itu, dalam kajian mi rawatan awal ataupun peringkat penapisan yang pertama
perlu dibuat sebelum dilepaskan ke sungai-sungai. Skop kajian mi dijalankan di
kafeteria pelajar dimana terletaknya sebuah perangkap minyak (penapis air). Dalam
kajian mi juga ada menampilkan rekabentuk perangkap minyak yang diadaptasikan
daripada konsep bekas penapis air dirumah (mineral waterpot system) yang telah diubah
penggunaannya bagi mempertingkatkan sistem penapis yang sedia ada. Bahan-bahan
yang digunakan adalah terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis saiz batu baur dan pasir yang
digunakan untuk penapis, dimana ia akan diuji bagi mendapatkan kadar penyusupan
(in/hr). Di akhir kajian mi diharapkan semua pihak-pihak yang terlibat dapat mengambil
initiatif mi sebagai salah satu peringkat permulaan dalam mengawal pencemaran dan
seterusnya menjaga sungai kita kerana air adalah sumber kehidupan kita.
A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES xviii
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Definitions of Water Quality 3
1.2 Objective of Study 3
1.3 Scope of Study 4
1.4 Problem Statement 4
1.5 Important of Study 4
VII
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Water Pollution 5
2.1.1 Effects of Water Pollution 6
2.2 Wastewater 6
2.3 Wastewater Classification 7
2.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) 9
2.5 Water Pretreatment Process 10
2.5.1 Water Pretreatment System 11
2.5.1.1 History Water Filter 11
2.6 Infiltration 12
2.6.1 Calculating Infiltration 14
2.6.1.1 Horton's Infiltration Model 14
2.6.1.2 Green Ampt Model 17
2.7 Classification of Aggregate 20
2.7.1 Particle Shape and Texture 22
2.8 Classification of Sand 23
2.8.1 Total Available Water Holding Capacity 24
2.8.2 Readily Available Water Holding Capacity 24
III STUDY AREA 26
3.1 Introduction 26
3.1.1 University College of Engineering & Technology 26
Malaysia
3.1.2 Cafeteria Student 30
3.1.3 Existing Oil Interceptor 33
3.1.3.1 Introduction 33
3.1.3.2 Location of Oil Interceptor 35
IV METHODOLOGY 36
4.1 Work Process 38
4.1.1 Survey Study 40
VI"
Ix
4.1.2 Laboratory Analyses 42
4.1.2.1 Oil and Grease Experiment 43
4.1.2.2 Sieve Analysis 46
4.1.2.3 Infiltration Rate 49
V ANALYSIS 51
5.1 Result of Survey Study 51
5.1.1 Types of Business 52
5.1.2 Water Resources 54
5.1.3 Water Usage 54
5.1.4 Oil Usage 55
5.2 Result of Sampling 57
5.3 Design of Domestic Waste Pretreatment System 58
5.3.1 Material 60
5.4 Sieve Analysis 61
5.5 Infiltration Rate 62
5.5.1 Fluid Characteristic 62
5.5.2 Types of Aggregate 63
5.5.3 Types of Sand 65
5.5.4 Graphical Explanations 67
5.5.5 Infiltration Rate Analysis 73
VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 75
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Conclusion 76
6.3 Recommendations 77
REFERENCES 78-79
APPENDICES 80-93
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Assessement of The Occurrence of Chemicals That 2
Can Harm Water Quality
2.1 An Analogy for Infiltration 13
2.2 An Infiltration Model 13
2.3 Typically Capillary Suction Relative Conductivity 15
Moisture Content Relation.
2.4 Horton's Infiltration Curve and Hyctograph. 17
2.5 Definition Sketch for Green Ampt. 19
2.6 Relationship between soil texture, field capacity, permanent 25
wilting point, RAWC and TAWC.
3.1 The Location of Gambang Area 28
x
3.2 The Location Plan of University College of Engineering 29
and Technology Malaysia.
3.3 The Location of Cafeteria Student 32
3.4(i) Trap 1 34
3.4(u) Trap 2 34
3.5 The Location of Oil Interceptor 35
4.1 Methodology Flow Chart 37
4.2 Domestic Waste 38
4.3 Sampling 38
4.4 Oil and Grease Experiment 38
4.5 •Water Pretreatment System 39
4.6 Oil Interceptor 39
4.7 Model of Filter System 39
4.8 Sieve Analysis Laboratory 39
4.9 Process of Interview Section 41
4.10 Oil and Grease Equipments 45
xi
4.11 Sieve Analysis Shaker 48
4.12 Infiltration Tools 50
5.1 Water Usage 54
5.2 Usage Of Cooking Oil for Every Cafeteria 56
5.3 Design of Domestic Waste Pretreatment System 59
5.4 Model of Domestic Waste Pretreatment System 61
5.5 Infiltration Rate at 150mm height (2.0mm) 67
5.6 Infiltration Rate at 300mm height (2.0mm) 68
5.7 Infiltration Rate at 150mm height (1.7mm) 69
5.8 Infiltration Rate at 300mm height (1.7mm) 70
5.9 Infiltration Rate at 150mm height (600 jtm) 71
5.10 Infiltration Rate at 300mm height (600pm) 72
5.11 Infiltration Rate at 150 mm Height 73
5.12 Infiltration rate at 300 mm Height 74
XII
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Typical Values of The Parameters of fo, f, and k of 16
The Horton Model
2.2 Green Ampt Infiltration Parameters for 19
Various Soil Textures Classes
2.3 Classification of Natural Aggregate According to Rock Type 21
2.4 Particle Shape Classification of BS 812 Part 1: 1975 23
With examples
2.5 TAWC of Different Soil Textures 25
3.1 List of Faculties Register in KUKTEM. 30
3.2 Seller at Cafeteria Student 31
5.1 Cafeteria Student 52
5.2(a) Beverage Cafeteria 53
xl"
xiv
5.2(b) Food Cafeteria 53
5.3 Usage of Cooking Oil 55
5.4 Size of Aggregate 62
5.5 Size of Sand 62
5.6(i) Size of Aggregate 19 mm 63
5.6(u) Averages Time 63
5.7(i) Size of Aggregate 14 mm 64
5.7(i) Averages Time 64
5.8(1) Size of Aggregate 12.5 mm 64
5.8(u) Averages Time 64
5.9(1) Size of Sand 2.0 mm 65
5.9(u) Averages Time 65
5.10(i) Size of Sand l.7mm 65
5.10(u) Averages Time 65
5.11(i) Size of Sand 600 jim 66
5.1 1(u) Averages Time 66
xv
67
68
69
70
71
72
5.13(i) Infiltration at height 150mm (2.0mm)
5.13(u) Infiltration at height 300mm (2.0mm)
5.14(i) Infiltration at height 150mm (1.7mm)
5.14(11) Infiltration at height 300mm (1.7mm)
5.15(1) Infiltration at height 150mm (600 gm)
5.15(u) Infiltration at height 300mm (600 pm)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
USM - University Sains Malaysia
REDAC - River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Center.
KUKTEM - Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan & Teknologi Malaysia
WQI - Water Quality Index
DOE - Department of Environmental
DO - Dissolved Oxygen
BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
AN - Ammoniacal Nitrogen
SS - Suspended Solid
pH - Acidity! alkalinity
IMD - Initial Moisture Deficit
RO - Reverse Osmosis
NF - NanoFiltration
MEC - Malaysia Electric Corporation
JBA - Jabatan Bekalan Air Pahang
TAWC - Total Available Water-Holding Capacity
RAWC - Readily Available Water-Holding Capacity
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
f - The infiltration capacity (depth/time)
fc- A final or Equilibrium capacity.
fo - The initial infiltration capacity
k - A constant representing the rate of decrease in f capacity.
KS - Hydraulic Conductivity (cm/hr)
- Porosity
- Wetting Front Suction Head (-cm)
xvii
0 - Moisture Content
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Survey Form 80
B Snapshots of Progress Work 83
C Interim National Water Quality Standard 88
D Reference Value of K 90
E Standard American and British Sieve Sizes 91
F Detail Design of Pretreatment System 92
G Effluent Discharge Standards to Malaysia Inlands Waters 93
xviii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the basic needs for all living things. It is also one of the most
essential elements in the assurance of the success of the human race. An adequate
supply of good quality water is fundamental to the economic and social development of
any society.
One would think that these reserves of fresh water would be quite sufficient for
the world's population, but the great majority of this fresh water is practically useless.
Approximately 70% is bound up in glaciers, about 30% is below ground and only 0.006
% is available in the world's river. (K.M.Adullaev)
Heading towards the 21St century, it is estimated that water will be one of the
most critical source available. Continued population growth, increase in
industrialization, and contamination of both surface and ground waters, uneven
distribution of water resources and periodic droughts are some of the major problems we
face today concerning water.
I
2
According to the 'Secretary-General of United Nations Commission on
Sustainable Development (1997)' it is stated that there is a possibility of no clean water
would be available in neither developed Country nor developing country. This report
also stated that the usage of water has increased more than 3 times than the population if
the earth and this situation are causing shortage of water, pollution of water, health
problems, growth in economy and agricultural limitations which is leading to a negative
impact on the ecosystem.
As the diagram (figure 1.1) above shows, assessment of the occurrence of
chemicals that can harm water quality, such as nutrients and pesticides in water
resources, requires recognition of complicated interconnections among surface water
and ground water, atmospheric contributions, natural landscape features, human
activities, and aquatic health. The vulnerability of surface water and ground water to
degradation depends on a combination of natural landscape features, such as geology,
topography, and soils; climate and atmospheric contributions; and human activities
related to different land uses and land-management practices.
Point-source contamination can be traced to specific points of discharge from wasiewaier
treatment tents and factories or frorncorndsewers.
' Air pollution spreads across the landscape and lsôften overlooked as a major nonpoint
source 01 pollution. Airborne nutrients and ' ps1lctdes can be transported far from their
area of Orion.
,̂Ww 1̂̂ "Y"A k^kllls$
. '
IIl' RUNOFF Eroded soil and sediment 4 can transport considerable
amounts ol some nutrients. such as oigauic nitrogen and phosphorus. and some pesticides, such as DOT,
to rivers and streams.
SEEPAGE GROUND-WATER SEEPAGE
DISCHARGE TO STREAMS /1
Figure 1.1 Assessment of The Occurrence of Chemicals That Can Harm Water
Quality
3
1.1 General Definitions of Water Quality
Water quality is a term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.
Although scientific measurements are used to define water's quality, it's not a simple
thing to say that "this water is good," or "this water is bad." When the average person
asks about water quality, they probably want to know if the water is good enough to use
at home, to play in, to serve in a restaurant, or if the quality of our natural waters is
suitable for aquatic plants and animals (Howard Perlman, 2005).
The definition pretreatment is a method, technique, or process designed to
remove solids and or pollutants from solid waste, waste streams, effluents, and air
emissions.
1.2 Objective of Study
Here, briefly are the objectives of this study:
Improve the filter system for the existing domestic waste pretreatment system in
KUKTEM by making a new design based on existing pretreatment system.
4
1.3 Scope of Study
i. The scopes of study area focus on KUKTEM Student Cafeteria domestic waste
pretreatment system.
ii. Design Model for improve existing filter for domestic waste pretreatment system.
iii. Determine the materials used for filter based on it types and sizes.
1.4 Problem Statement
The domestic waste systems at KUKTEM are not in good condition because
domestic waste not well treated before its release to the main drainage. The domestic
waste content cooking oil and others contaminant that can be danger to the fish and
wildlife if the polluted water released from the drainage to the river.
1.5 Important of Study
The important of this study which is entitled 'Improve the Filter System for the
Existing Domestic Waste Pretreatment System' is to find the solution for reducing the
oil in domestic waste.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Water Pollution
Water pollution has many sources. The most polluting of them are the city
sewage and industrial waste discharged into the rivers. Presently, only about 10% of the
waste water generated is treated, the rest is discharged as it is into our water bodies. Due
to this, pollutants enter groundwater, rivers, and other water bodies. Such water, which
ultimately ends up in our households, is often highly contaminated and carries disease
causing microbes. Agricultural run-off, or the water from the fields that drains into
rivers, is another major water pollutant as it contains fertilizers and pesticides.
2.1.1 Effects of water pollution
Palm oil processing mills produce high temperature water with a high BOD,
which is normally treated in a retention pond before being discharged into rivers.
Nevertheless, the impacts on the rivers are obvious especially during low flow periods.
The water pollution indeces for rivers in Sarawak show that even rivers in areas
with low population densities the rivers are moderately polluted (WQI 60-70%). Rivers
like the Miii river with more human activities are classed as very polluted (WQI <509%).
Generally, all the rivers have been deteriorating since 1995. The point source
discharges, which affect the water catchment area, are much easier to inspect, monitor
and control than the non point source pollution which originates from many different
places.
2.2 Wastewater
Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes. The liquid portion
wastewater is essentially the water supply of the community after it has been fouled by
variety of uses. From the standpoint of sources generation, wastewater maybe defined
as a combination of the liquid or water carried wastes removed from residences,
institutions and commercial and industrial establishments, together with such
groundwater, surface water and storm water as maybe present. (Eddy &Metcalf, 1991)
7
Wastewater is also known as any water derived from one or more previous uses.
it usually had undergone some degradation in quality as a result of use. It may be
furnished untreated or collected and treated for some additional water use. Treatment by
one or several processes results in for the water to be suitable either for discharge or for
reuse.
Untreated wastewater usually contains decomposition of the organic materials,
numerous pathogenic or disease causing microorganisms, nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic plants and it may contain toxic compounds. For these reasons, the
immediate removal of wastewater from its sources of generation, followed by treatment
and reuse or disposal is not only desirable but also necessary in the current industrialized
society.
2.3 Wastewater Classifications
Wastewater can be classified into 4 categories which are:
i. Domestic Wastewater
This type of wastewater is discharged from residential area, commercial,
institutional and recreational facilities.
Today, many people dump their garbage into streams, lakes, rivers, and seas,
thus making water bodies the final resting place of cans, bottles, plastics, and other
8
household products. The various substances that we use for keeping our houses clean
add to water pollution as they contain harmful chemicals. In the past, people mostly
used soaps made from animal and vegetable fat for all types of washing. But most of
today's cleaning products are synthetic detergents and come from the petrochemical
industry. Most detergents and washing powders contain phosphates, which are used to
soften the water among other things. These and other chemicals contained in washing
powders affect the health of all forms of life in the water.
ii. Agricultural Run Off
The use of land for agriculture and the practices followed in cultivation greatly
affect the quality of groundwater. Intensive cultivation of crops causes chemicals from
fertilizers (e.g. nitrate) and pesticides to seep into the groundwater, a process commonly
known as leaching. Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture and
indiscriminate disposal of industrial and domestic wastes are increasingly being
recognized as significant sources of water pollution.
The high nitrate content in groundwater is mainly from irrigation run-off from
agricultural fields where chemical fertilizers have been used indiscriminately.
iii. Industrial Wastewater
It is basically the spent water from industrial operations such as food processing
and many more. This type of wastewater is known to be hazardous towards human's
health and the environment because industrial wastes are more likely to contain toxic
and nonbiodegradable compounds. Industrial pollution from the petroleum industry is a
major threat to coastal ecosystems. Hydrocarbon contamination that enters the food
network of the sea via plankton is accumulated in the lipid fractions of the marine
organisms, and may be responsible for the accumulation of carcinogenic compounds
within the food web. Also of concern are organochioride compounds from herbicide
and pesticide use; unfortunately the concentrations and fates of these pollutants are
unknown.
iv. Municipal Wastewater
It is a combination of domestic and industrial wastewater together with the
groundwater; runoff water and storm water.
2.4 Water Quality Index (WQI)
The parameters chosen for the WQI based on the DoE's formula are DO, BOD, COD,
SS, AN and pH.
formula used in the calculation of the DoE's WQI is:
= 0.22*SIDO + 0.19*SIBOD + 0.16*SICOD + 0..15*SIAN + 0.16*SISS +
O.12*SIpII
