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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 13 (2019) 780-792 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2019.12.005
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design
Stage Using KBIMS Library
Chun-Kyong Lee
R&D Center, LCCKOREA. Co., Ltd., Seoul 06527, Republic of Korea
Abstract: With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, the construction industry has undergone a paradigm shift. The smart construction technology market is expected to grow 12% annually in developed countries due to advanced technology investments. It is expected that businesses requiring highly sophisticated technology, for instance companies that need their old facilities upgraded, will become the main focus of the market. As building information modeling (BIM) design is becoming mandatory, such as in the Korea Public Procurement Service, researches regarding building automation, construction, and operation integration management systems based on BIM are conducted. In addition, for construction projects of over 10 billion won, design value engineering (Design VE) implementation, including life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, is mandatory at the design stage to improve quality and reduce the lifetime costs of buildings. In this study, we propose an improvement plan for LCC analysis at the design stage using the KBIMS library, which is an open BIM library developed by the Korean government and research groups. We analyze the existing LCC method, KBIMS library, and attribute information, and model the process that is applied in the LCC analysis system. This is expected to complement the LCC analysis system and improve work productivity.
Key words: Life cycle costing, building information modeling, design value engineering, automation design, automation analysis.
1. Introduction
The South Korean construction industry is currently
seeking new technologies as the global interest in the
fourth industrial revolution has increased. As a result, a
paradigm shift for the construction industry is expected,
and security mechanisms that apply technologies
capable of automation, customization, and information
sharing to old and traditional industries. These
industries are characterized by labor-intensive and
site-dependent production systems, supplier-oriented
industrial structures, and disconnection of information
among the participating entities. In particular,
digitalization and automation needs are increasing due
to the reduction in the number of skilled personnel and
the rapid progression of in the proportion an aging
workforce [1].
In most countries, the smart construction technology
Corresponding author: Chun Kyong Lee, Dr., general
manager; research fields: facility managment, and life cycle costing. E-mail: [email protected].
market is rapidly growing due to mandatory building
information modeling (BIM) and the investment of
advanced countries in cutting-edge technologies.
Companies, therefore, desire to apply the BIM
technology to all construction stages, to make them
competitive in the global market, and adapt it to
domestic market. Furthermore, BIM can be utilized in
each construction stage according to its design level,
from construction planning to operation management.
In South Korea, BIM is also required for the life
cycle cost (LCC) analysis, in which the selection of the
optimal design at initial stages of the building can be
achieved. This application is one step of the roadmap
that was announced for the design of all customized
target architecture projects to be ordered by the public
procurement service (PPS) of South Korea in 2020.
Individual tasks are, however, still performed by
designers for each work type, estimate offices, and
BIM companies for design, and they are collected to be
evaluated. In addition, the construction statement and
design documents of the facility are prepared by
D DAVID PUBLISHING
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
781
adjusting details due to the nature of the bidding project.
In the LCC analysis, the evaluation of the economic
efficiency of the project is based on accurate design
documents and construction statement. Frequent
design changes are, however, difficult to be performed
as many entities are involved. In addition, accurate
construction information is required due to the nature
of the task and an analysis must be conducted within a
short period of time before bidding.
In this study, the applicability of BIM in the LCC
analysis was examined by reviewing BIM-related
research trends through previous studies. In addition,
the existing LCC analysis methods and the current
KBIMS (Korea Building Information Modeling
Structure) library were examined.
As a result, a method for improving the LCC
analysis at the design stage, with the KBIMS library,
was proposed. It is expected that the results of this
study will suggest opportunities to apply the BIM
technology effectively and efficiently to part of the
optimal alternative selection methods, at the design
stage.
2. Research Trends for LCC and LCC with BIM
2.1 Domestic and Overseas Studies Related to LCC
As shown in Table 1, since the early 2000s, it has
been recognized that the BIM technology can support
the establishment of reasonable and sustainable
operation plans from the perspective of the building
life cycle.
This application can, therefore, be improved
through databases. In particular, the information
required for LCC analysis, which has been manually
prepared, is the construction statement that includes
items and quantities. These data were collected and
shared through all stages of the project, including the
Table 1 Latest studies on LCC analysis.
Research title Author (Publication year)
BIM-based approach including & excluding detailed method
3D linked data and BIM for life cycle information management Bakker, J. et al. (2019)
Buildings life cycle costs information management Filipa Salvado (2019)
Integration of LCA and LCC analysis within a BIM-based environment Santos, R. et al. (2019)
Predicting condition and costs of a property by computer vision Sascha Leiber (2019)
Visual tool to integrated LCA and LCC in the early design stage of housing Miyamoto A., et al. (2019)
BIM-based approach for optimizing life cycle costs of sustainable buildings Marzouk, M., et al. (2018) BIM-based life cycle assessment and costing of buildings; current trends and opportunities
Nwodo, M. N., et al. (2017)
Benchmarking as one of the facility management tools for reduction of life cycle costs of building
Kuda, F., et al. (2015)
LCC method improvement considered other effected factors
Integrated life cycle cost method for sustainable structural design by focusing on a benchmark office building in Australia
Robati, M., et al. (2018)
Development of a new methodology to optimize building life cycle cost, environmental impacts, and occupant satisfaction
Mostavi, E., et al. (2017)
Approaches of the Czech Republic to methodologies for determination of life cycle costs of building assets
Kuda, F., et al. (2015)
The development of life-cycle costing for buildings Goh, Bee Hua, et al. (2016)
Optimization of systematic approach
Optimized maintenance and renovation scheduling in multifamily buildings—a systematic approach based on condition state and LCC of building components
Farahani Abolfazl, et al. (2019)
Building design-space exploration through quasi-optimization of life cycle impacts and costs
Hester, J., et al. (2018)
Optimization approach of balancing LCC and environmental impacts on residential building design
Islam, H., et al. (2015)
Optimizing choices of “building services” for green building: interdependence and life cycle costing
Illankoon, I. M., et al. (2019)
Optimization approach of balancing LCC and environmental impacts on residential building design
Islam, H., et al. (2015)
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
782
maintenance stage. As a result, BIM-based facilities
management (FM) frameworks must be developed to
match the life cycle of the building. Moreover, they
must be systematically well organized and
interoperable through the data integration [2].
In the 2000s, most studies focused on the selection
of optimal alternatives using the LCC analysis method.
Recently, however, studies on the combination of
LCC analysis with BIM or various technologies have
been increasing. A probabilistic LCC model was
proposed by applying a genetic algorithm to BIM [3].
Although it is difficult to apply the model to
deterministic LCC analysis in South Korea,
probabilistic methods can be considered. In a study to
predict LCC using virtual tools [4], steps between
elements and costs, including the total initial and
end-of-life costs, were visualized using the design
information, considering the terrain, optimal design,
and user behavior in the design stage (see Fig. 1).
LCC analysis is possible considering various cost
items, but further research is required on the usability
in addition to visualization of the LCC analysis
combined with BIM.
The information flow process of each task entity
was sometimes defined in framework of the BIM
based LCA/LCC [5], and information compatibility
methods were proposed for this purpose. The
compatibility between data was verified through case
studies; however, the developer was responsible for
the BIM-LCA/LCC system. One of the research [6]
proposed an LCC prediction model for the selection of
optimal alternatives, in which the process for the
compatibility of attribute information was proposed
for selecting the optimal alternatives of the external
insulation system considering LCC (see Fig. 2).
Researches that applied the LCC analysis method
were published; however, studies on the improvement
of the LCC analysis method and on the application of
BIM or artificial intelligence (AI) technology are in
their early stages. Although the linkage of the
construction statement or construction cost calculation,
which are basic data for the LCC analysis, with BIM
technology is still not achieved, it is expected that the
linkage between LCC analysis and BIM technology
will be desired. Nevertheless, it is necessary to
develop technology for information compatibility with
Fig. 1 Workflow considering the visualization of the design process [2].
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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Fig. 2 Information exchange among the individual systems to ensure the best material solution of the building [4].
the analysis target based on the experience gained
during development of the existing LCC analysis
system.
2.2 Domestic and Overseas BIM Technology Status
In the UK, smart construction industry has been
named “Construction 2025” (see Fig. 3) and the
concerns with the expansion of the digital technology
were presented in the construction strategy 2016-2020.
In the US, the improvement of the productivity and
safety has been induced through big data and internet
of things technologies based on the activation of smart
construction technologies developed by the private
sector. In addition, AutoDesk & Bently have analyzed
a BIM that integrates and manages the information in
all construction processes. Moreover, Onuma has been
making 10 million design plans in one hour and
determining optimal design plans with this BIM.
In Japan, the unmanned and automated construction
is being planned through the utilization of new
technologies, such as ICT equipment, and the
introduction of three-dimensional (3D) data, which
will improve the construction productivity by 20%
until 2025. In Singapore, the “Construction 21
movement” and seven core areas, including BIM,
virtual design and construction, automation equipment,
and robots, were announced in the 2016 technology
development roadmap. This will make BIM
mandatory in national construction projects and a 3D
model of the entire city is expected.
In South Korea, the “roadmap for the activation of
smart construction technology” (see Fig. 4) based on
cutting-edge technologies was established and
announced. The goal was set to apply smart
construction technologies to all construction stages. In
the design stage, the optimal design in the 3D virtual
space using BIM automation technology was the
desired goal. The information constructed in the
design stage will be used in all stages and eventually
AI-based facility operation will be developed.
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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Fig. 3 Flow of BIM-based FM-related studies in the UK (Parm & Edwards, 2017).
Fig. 4 Overview of smart construction technology managing the building life cycle.
In South Korea, the PPS (public procurement
service) announced in July 2019 that BIM will be
applied to all customized service projects by 2021.
PPS has already applied BIM in all design phases,
including schematic, intermediate, and working design,
of projects that cost more than 30 billion in 2016. In
other cases, BIM was implemented only in the
schematic design. It has been decided, however, that
the application of BIM will be also used in small and
medium-sized projects costing from 10 to 30 billion
for all phases, including schematic, intermediate, and
working design. In order to consider the burden of
bidders and the domestic infrastructure status,
however, BIM will only be applied to projects
requiring 20 to 30 billion in 2020 and also to projects
requiring 10 to 20 billion in 2021. Bids that have been
limited to large-scale construction projects, including
turn-key and technology proposal bids, will also use
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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smart construction technologies, such as BIM. In
addition, the completeness of the design will be
improved by improving the review process, such as by
evaluating the construction plan at the bidding stage
and generating design environments so that the
corresponding design documents can help improve
construction productivity. In the customized service,
PPS performs the tasks of an ordering agency, such as
planning, design, construction, and post-management,
for the facility construction of an agency lacking
specialized personnel.
LH, a South Korean agency specializing in public
multi-family housing projects, announced at the end
of 2017 that it will expand the introduction of BIM
design methods, making them mandatory in 2020. The
maximization of multi-family housing design
productivity is expected as a result. The main problem
regarding existing 2D-based design methods is the
degradation of housing quality due to the development
and creation of drawings, consistency problem
between drawings, missing building information, and
loss of construction materials at the construction
stage.
The roadmap of the multi-family housing BIM (see
Fig. 5) for the stable introduction of multi-family
housing BIM design has been performed in stages to
increase the proportion of BIM design to 50% in 2019
and to 100% in 2020. To improve the efficiency while
employing BIM software, the standard template and
guidebook on LH multi-family housing BIM design
are provided at no cost.
Moreover, with respect to R&D, constructing open
BIM-based building design standards and infrastructure
was achieved by organizing a research team from the
beginning of 2010 under the supervision of the Ministry
of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT).
Empirical studies on the development of core
technologies for building design are also being
conducted. The KBIMS library, which is an open BIM
library, is the result of the aforementioned project. It is
also an introduction of BIM employed by small and
medium-sized designers as well as designers capable
of constructing their own libraries.
2.3 KBIMS Library Construction Status for Open BIM
The KBIMS library (see Fig. 6), which was
launched in 2000, is composed by approximately
8,200 smaller libraries that focus on architecture and
Fig. 5 Multi-family housing BIM roadmap of LH Corporation.
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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structures. The KMIMS library consists of a single
library and a partially detailed complex library. In the
single library, elements such as foundations, columns,
beams, floors, ceilings, roofs, stairs and doors,
windows, curtain walls, lamps, railings, furniture and
equipment, sanitary equipment, landscaping, and
transport equipment, are presented. The complex
library is composed of combinations; thus, it consists
of floors, walls, ceilings, outer walls, and roofs, which
are the main structures.
KBIMS libraries for mechanical and electrical
equipment are under construction, while 400
mechanical facility libraries are scheduled to be
developed by the end of 2019 (total 800 libraries until
the end of 2020). As a result, electrical equipment is
managed separately because the corresponding
libraries, which will be announced at the end of 2020
or at the beginning of 2021, are being developed by
the Korea Electric Association.
To apply the KBIMS to the LCC analysis, the
repair/replacement criteria of each library must be
mapped first. Foundations, columns, and beams are
non-repair items. As a result, they are excluded from
the repair and replacement cycle mapping targets. In
case of main structures including finishes, such as
floors and walls, repair/replacement criteria are
mapped for most of the items. These criteria are also
mapped for ceilings, roofs, doors/windows, curtain
walls, stairs, lamps, railings, furniture and equipment,
sanitary equipment, and landscaping.
The repair/replacement criteria for the KBIMS have
been fully completed for architecture and structures in
the first half of 2019.
Meanwhile, the same procedure will be applied for
mechanical and electrical equipment in the first half of
2020. In South Korea, the corresponding criteria are
being established based on the service life table of
PPS or the long-term repair plan standards of the
Multi-family Housing Management Act. Other criteria
are set or applied using the experience and know-how
of the LCC analysis. Fig. 7 shows the link between
KBIMS object classification and long-term repair and
replacement plan criteria. This can be applied in
setting standard of repair and replacement criteria.
3. Application of LCC Analysis in the Construction Industry
In the construction industry of South Korea, the
design stage LCC analysis is included in the design
economic evaluation, in which the highest value such
as function of the design with the lowest LCC is
obtained. This is an effort to create alternatives
through the functional analyses of the project and
systematic processes (see Fig. 5) in collaboration with
each area. The design economic evaluation generates
improved ideas for the original design, indicating the
requirements of the users and competent authorities
to consider the intentions of the original designer [7].
Fig. 6 KBIMS library.
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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Fig. 7 Items linking KBIMS object classification with long-term planning criteria.
Fig. 8 Design economic evaluation (including LCC analysis) process.
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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This can help identify the basic functions of the target
facility and improve the design quality as their
quantitative evaluation and the objective evaluation of
the relative value improvement of the alternatives are
possible. In addition, a cost-saving effect can be
generated by reviewing favorable alternatives.
LCC indicates the total cost of the lifecycle of the
facility. The costs of planning, investigation, design,
procurement, construction, operation, maintenance,
and demolition, as well as the residual value, are
included. The costs to be analyzed by comparing the
alternatives of the design economic evaluation also
include costs related to maintenance, management,
and replacement after the completion of the facility.
The LCC analysis method and utilization for each
stage of the building lifecycle are as follows.
3.1 Design Stage
The bidding methods of construction projects in
South Korea are classified as design contest technical
proposal bidding (hereafter, technical proposal),
design-build contract (hereafter, turn-key method),
and design competition bidding (hereafter, design
competition) methods. In the technical proposal
system technical proposals, including measures for
energy saving, LCC improvement, and construction
cost reduction, are submitted with bidding documents,
which can be grouped into basic design technical
proposal and working design technical proposal. LCC
analysis is also conducted for the turn-key method and
design competition for optimal alternatives.
In the design stage, the economic evaluation is
performed using LCC analysis technology to find
improved ideas for the original design and to obtain
the highest value with the lowest LCC. LCC analysis
can be classified as optimal alternative LCC and
detailed LCC, in which analysis of the whole building
is conducted.
The LCC analysis cost items for construction
projects in South Korea consist of the initial
investment, the maintenance, including repair and
replacement, and energy costs. As the items in the
initial construction cost are different at the basic
design and performed stages, the analysis method is
divided according to the design stage (Table 2). In
turn-key projects, the LCC analysis is conducted to
select the optimal alternatives for the original design.
In contrast, for technical proposal projects, this
analysis is conducted for the original design and
proposals as well as for the entire facility based on the
construction statement. This LCC analysis is
conducted at the same time for each major proposal
item. In BTL projects, operation management plans
are used as basic data to recover the investment.
Afterward, the operation cost is calculated, including
general management cost.
For LCC analysis on each facility project, the
service life is set according to the discount rate
suggested by RPF (request for proposal) and the
enforcement regulations of the corporate tax law. In
addition, repair/replacement criteria are applied to
each item that includes quantities for the design plan that
reflected the RFP requirements. The service life table
of PPS or the repair plan standards of the multi-family
Table 2 Comparison of LCC analysis application methods by design bidding projects.
Division Overview LCC analysis method
Design competition Competition between design plans; Selection of an architect and an optimal design plan.
Optimal alternative LCC
Turn-key Construction including design and unification of responsibility; Utilization of the new technologies/methods of the private sector and reduced construction period.
Technical proposal Technical and price proposals are reviewed. A facility with functions/high quality is secured. Detailed LCC optimal
alternative LCC BTL
Contributed acceptance after private investment; Project operator recovers the investment through rents.
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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housing management act are applied. Based on the
LCC results analyzed, the planning is evaluated to
realize the performance required by RFP. As a result,
a reasonable maintenance system can be implemented
from the lifecycle management perspective. Moreover,
the results are used to evaluate the
long-term/preemptive maintenance and safety
management plan, energy-saving plan, and LCC
improvement measures of the corresponding facility.
3.2 Construction Stage
Construction VE (value engineering) for method
and material consists of the same process as the design
stage LCC analysis. The optimal alternative selection
is conducted through construction VE. Furthermore,
the construction statement calculation and LCC
analysis according to the construction method are
repeatedly and manually performed.
3.3 Operation Management
The interest in LCC analysis for public facility
management agencies, such as facility corporations
and urban corporations, is increasing as it is
appropriate to establish a preventive maintenance plan
using the LCC analysis method and the
“appropriateness of the facility maintenance system”
constructed on the basis of the plan is included in the
evaluation items from the management performance
evaluation in 2020. Many public facility operation
management agencies, however, are not satisfied with
the demand of the LCC analysis results as they do not
understand its concept.
As the LCC analysis method and standards of the
operation management stage are not presented
separately, the “LCC analysis and evaluation method”
of MOLIT applied to LCC analysis in the design and
construction stages, ISO 15686-5, and the service life
of PPS (revised in 2018) have been applied. For a
number of public facilities older than 20 years,
however, it is difficult to determine the analysis
objectives and calculate the initial construction cost as
the construction statements or maintenance
construction statements prepared at the time of
completion are not available. As a result, LCC
analysis can be conducted by selecting remodeled,
replaced, or major repair items performed during the
period of use or by selecting items that have large
construction cost scales, receive frequent complaints,
or affect safety. As no standards and examples for the
LCC analysis utilization method in the operation
management stage in South Korea are available, case
studies must be conducted first.
In the operation management stage, three LCC
analysis methods can be employed (see Table 3):
long-term planning, optimal alternative selection, and
business method determination. The maintenance
history, including repairs and replacements that
occurred during the service life, must be reflected, but
this is difficult for most cases. Therefore, establishing
long-term plans based on the LCC analysis of the
existing facilities is not desirable. In contrast, the
optimal alternative selection method can determine the
execution of the corresponding item through regular
and safety inspections and comparisons or design
alternatives after repair or replacement are obtained, if
the long-term plans have been established.
Table 3 LCC analysis application methods in the operation management stage.
Division Method (recommended for application) Conditions
Long-term planning Detailed LCC analysis (easy for new facilities)
Inspection results & initial construction cost data by detailed item are required.
Optimal alternative selection Alternative comparison type LCC analysis (easy for existing facilities)
Cost info is required for each alternative. Replacement/repair criteria, such as the service life table of PPS, are applied.
Business method determination Approximate LCC analysis (easy for aged facilities)
Determination of the degree of aging; Approximate LCC calculation for each method.
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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Finally, the results of the business method
determination can be used as data for determining the
interruption of the facility or the need for a new one
even though the owners and management entities of
public facilities are different in South Korea.
The prevention of disasters and safety accidents for
type 1-3 facilities corresponding to the Special Act on
Safety and Maintenance of Facilities as well as
facilities corresponding to the “act on safety
management for small-scale public facilities” is
emerging as an issue. LCC analysis, therefore, is
conducted and the results are linked with mid-term
plans. In addition, for the establishment of the future
budget, alternatives with the highest value based on
the economic parameters can be selected and reflected
to the budget for repair/replacement items.
Business method determination is not a task
performed by public facility management agencies but
can be used to make proposals to agencies with higher
levels if 70% of the LCC 40-year result is exceeded
because reconstruction or large-scale repair must be
considered.
4. Improvement of LCC Analysis in the Design Stage Using KBIMS
BIM technology has been introduced to the current
design stage. Meanwhile, LCC analysis may be
employed in cases that construction cost calculation
automation is not linked, however, the construction
statement and repair/replacement criteria are
distributed as legacy data, in MicrosoftTM Excel and
Word formats. To use it as a LCC analysis input, the
data must be examined by the designer and
construction company. If a design change occurs, the
data are repeatedly modified manually. In other words,
for optimal alternative selection in the design stage
(AS-IS model in Fig. 9), the entire construction
statement is repeatedly calculated owing to the
alternative selection.
In contrast, for LCC analysis in a case where BIM
is fully introduced in the design stage (TO-BE model
in Fig. 9), the construction statement is automatically
calculated, as the library and attribute information
corresponding to the basic information and the
quantity and breakdown cost of the library applied to
design are linked. As a result, LCC analysis is
conducted based on the automatically calculated
construction statement.
For alternative selection method, it is possible to
automatically remove items that require LCC analysis
from the initial construction cost and extract repair &
non-repair items based on the repair & replacement
criteria. In this case, the objective of the analyst is to
designate LCC analysis targets, such as entire building
and ITEM, to examine the LCC analysis results, and
to accumulate accurate basic information.
As the KBIMS library is mapped to the PPS
standard work code (see Fig. 10), the calculation of
construction cost for PPS bidding can be performed if
the repair/replacement criteria are mapped to the PPS
standard work code. The repair/replacement criteria
consist of the repair cycle and rate, replacement cycle
and rate, and ground. In this case, the repair and
replacement cycles are values and cannot exceed the
service life.
Furthermore, the repair rate should not be 100%
and the replacement rate must be 100%. Values must
be quantified for these four items, however, text is
required for the ground quantity.
On the construction statement, some items must be
included in the initial construction cost. The
non-repair items in a BIM-based LCC analysis,
however, must be determined in advance. If they are
included, manual work is required as the KBIMS
library and attribute information does not support
them. Otherwise, the corresponding initial
construction cost will be different from that on the
construction statement.
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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Fig. 9 Design stage TO-BE LCC analysis process using the KBIMS library.
Fig. 10 Basic information for KBIMS-linked LCC analysis (attribute information and mapping table).
Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library
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The current design stage of the LCC analysis report
consists of a general LCC, a building LCC, and an
LCC classification summary table, as well as an LCC
basic calculation report. The general LCC summary
table shows the summary results of the cost item,
work type, and cost integration method. It has detailed
contents similar to those in the construction statement
form. If the LCC analysis report form is standardized,
and the LCC analysis results for the entire building or
for the comparison of item alternatives are
automatically expressed as the results of LCC analysis
by cost item, then the ITEM, year, and sensitivity
analysis such as discount rate will help in the
understanding of individual entities, such as clients
and designers.
5. Conclusion and Suggestions
In this study, the utilization of BIM for LCC
analysis was examined through previous studies. In
addition, the current LCC analysis methods by facility
project bidding method and building life cycle stage,
as well as the status of KBIMS library development,
were examined. As a result, an improvement in the
efficiency of the LCC analysis process was proposed.
BIM technology utilization in the design stage
requires the full introduction of BIM to the design
stage and the automated construction cost calculation
using BIM. In these conditions, the supplementation
of the design and the update of the construction
statement, which are important for the selection of the
optimal design plan, will be automated. As a result,
the LCC analysis in bidding projects will be facilitated
as items that do not require LCC analysis from the
initial construction cost would be automatically
removed, improving the identification of repair and
non-repair items.
It is necessary, therefore, to continuously improve
and manage the KBIMS library, generating an open
BIM environment and developing an automation data
management and utilization technologies due to the
full introduction of BIM technology. From an LCC
analysis perspective, it is necessary to secure work
efficiency and accuracy compared to the existing LCC
analysis methods through case studies on LCC
analysis that utilized the KBIMS library, and research
on linkage and utilization for the maintenance stage,
such as long-term planning and status evaluation
based on LCC analysis, must be conducted.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a grant
(19AUDP-B127891-03) from the Architecture &
Urban Development Research Program funded by the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the
Korean government.
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