Improvement in strength properties of packaging paperboard using biopolymer

chitosan following a green approach

Shubhang Bhardwaj, Nishi K. Bhardwaj, Yuvraj. S. Negi

March 8, 2019

Outline

• Introduction

• Objective

• Materials and methods

• Results and discussion

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgements

Introduction

• Paperboard and packaging industry: facing thedevastating effects of plastic/synthetic based packaging

• Food wrapping paper – antibacterial

• Carton box or corrugated board (liner or medium) or carrybag – strength (tear, tensile, burst, stiffness, RCT, CMT etc.)

• Paperboard’s strength: different strength additives(synthetic also) used

• Chemicals used in paperboard and packaging papers:affects the health of consumers and others

• Use of green biopolymer: to enhance the strength andother important properties of recycled/ virgin fiber.

Chemical Effects/risks

Polyacrylamides Potent neurotoxin and carcinogen, when

contaminated with its monomer acrylamide

Polyethylenimines Mutagenic

Polyamides severe skin burns, eye damage, allergic skin

reactions and respiratory tract irritation

Polyamines Elevated levels have been associated with

breast, colon, lung, prostate, and skin

cancers.

Urea Formaldehyde Genotoxic and carcinogen

Polyethylene Oxide Toxic at high, parenteral doses

Synthetic Polymers used in Wet-end and the Possible Risks Associated

What is Chitosan

Chitosan: N-deacetylatedderivative of chitin.

N-glucosamine units inβ-(1→4) linkage

N-deacetylation of chitininto chitosan: achievedby treating with 50%NaOH

Chitosan: A Promising Material

Unique characteristics of chitosan:

❖ Biocompatible

❖ Biodegradable

❖ Non-toxic

❖ Remarkable affinity to proteins

❖ Ability to be functionalized

❖ Renewable

❖ Abundant

Objective

•To explore the potential of chitosan on different types of

OCC pulp and softwood pulp in paperboard making in

terms of strength properties like

✓Tensile index✓Burst factor✓Tear factor✓CMT✓TEA index✓RCT✓Stretch

Pulp stockDisintegration

(3 min)CS or

Chitosan

Sheet formation

CFA

Paperboardanalysis

Retention aid

AKD

Volume make-up

Paperboard making with wet-end additives

ChitosanPaperboard making withoutwet-end additives

Materials and methods

Materials

• Old corrugated containers pulps (OCC-1, OCC-2, OCC-3 and softwood).

Wet-end chemicals used were:

• Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)

• Cationic starch (CS) of 0.020-0.025 degree of substitution

• Low molecular weight cationic polyamine fixing agent (CFA)

• Retention aid, a medium to high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM)

• Chitosan flakes

Analytical techniques

• Charge demand, was measured on Mutek PCD 03 pH Particle

Charge Detector.

• The initial Schopper-Riegler (ºSR) as per TAPPI T 227 om-09.

• Burst index (IS:1060 (Part I))

• Tensile index, stretch and TEA index (IS:1060 (Part I))

• Tear index (IS:1060 (Part I))

• RCT and CMT as per instrumental method (L&W Crush tester)

• Bauer McNett fiber classification: as per TAPPI T 233

Results and discussion

Characterization of Pulp and other Chemicals

Pulp

Properties OCC-1 OCC-2 OCC-3OCC-3

(refined)

SW

(refined)

oSR 22 20 10 30 28

Colloidal charge demand

(μeq/L) 34.8 29.4 20.1 24.4 35.1

Steaming potential, mV -230 -202 -175 -195 -240

pH 7.90 7.85 7.75 7.95 7.80

Evaluation of Wet-end Chemicals

Wet-end chemicals

Colloidal charge

demand, μeq/g

(Nature)

pH

CFA 3050 ( Anionic) 6.2

Retention aid 1490 (Anionic) 4.5

AKD 266 (Anionic) 3.9

Cationic starch 1% in distilled water 60 (Anionic) 6.2

Chitosan 1% solution in 1% acetic acid 6030 (Anionic) 4.2

Classification of Pulp by Bauer McNett Fiber Classifier

Mesh Size OCC-1 OCC-2 OCC-3 OCC-3 (refined) SW (refined)

(Weight %)

+ 28 46.2 52.6 54.4 19.4 77.9

- 28, + 48 19.6 14.6 12.3 12.3 8.5

- 48, + 100 14.5 13.6 7.5 11.4 6.2

-100, + 200 7.9 2.1 4.7 9.7 1.3

-200 11.8 17.1 21.1 47.2 6.1

Pulp

Cationic

starch

(kg/t)

Chitosan

(kg/t)

Wet-end

chemicalsSet

Colloidal charge

demand (μeq/L)

(cationic)

OCC-1

0 0.0 No A* 34.8

30 0.0 Yes B* 8.08

40 0.0 Yes C* 6.06

0 7.5 Yes G 12.6

OCC-20 0.0 No H 29.4

0 1.0 No K 15.4

OCC-3 0 0.0 No L 20.1

0 5.0 No M 7.85

SW (refined)0 0.0 No P 35.1

0 5.0 No Q 18.5

Effect on the Charge Demand of the Paperboard Making System

+26%

+20%

+47%

Effect of Wet-end chemicals, starch or chitosan to OCC-1 pulp ontensile index, burst factor and tear factor of paperboard

Tensile Index, Nm/g Tear Factor Burst Factor

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 30 40 0 0 0 0

Chitosan (kg/t) 0 0 0 1 2.5 5 7.5

Wet-end chemicals No Yes

Effect of addition of wet-end chemicals, starch or chitosanto OCC-1 pulp on CMT and TEA index of paperboard

+85 %

+71 %

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 30 40 0 0 0 0

Chitosan (kg/t) 0 0 0 1 2.5 5 7.5

Wet-end chemicals No Yes

Effect of addition of wet-end chemicals, starch or chitosan to OCC-1pulp on RCT and stretch of paperboard

+43 %

+35 %

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 30 40 0 0 0 0

Chitosan (kg/t) 0 0 0 1 2.5 5 7.5

Wet-end chemicals No Yes

Effect of addition of chitosan to OCC-2 pulp on tensile index,burst factor and tear factor of paperboard

+27%

+12%+13%

Tensile Index, Nm/g Tear Factor Burst Factor

Cationic starch (kg/t)

0 0 0 0

Chitosan (kg/t)

0 0.3 0.5 1

Wet-end chemicals

No

Effect of addition of chitosan to OCC-2 pulp on CMTand TEA index of paperboard

+37%

+30%

Cationic starch (kg/t)

0 0 0 0

Chitosan (kg/t)

0 0.3 0.5 1

Wet-end chemicals

No

+15%

+40%

Effect of addition of chitosan to OCC-2 pulp on RCT and stretch of paperboard

Cationic starch (kg/t)

0 0 0 0

Chitosan (kg/t) 0 0.3 0.5 1

Wet-end chemicals

No

Effect of addition of chitosan to OCC-3 pulp on tensile index, tear factor, burst factor and CMT of paperboard

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 0.0

Chitosan (kg/t) 0 5.0

Wet-end chemicals No

13.722.0

76.6

105.1

12.3 16.1

54.0

95.0

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

100.0110.0

L M

Ten

sile

Ind

ex, T

ear

Fac

tor,

Bu

rst

Fact

or,

CM

TTensile Index, Nm/g Tear Factor Burst Factor CMT, N

+61%

+31%

+76%

+37%

Effect of addition of chitosan to OCC-3 pulp on RCT and stretch of paperboard

0.50.7

1.4

1.8

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

L M

RC

T an

d s

tret

ch

RCT, kN/m Stretch, %

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 0.0

Chitosan (kg/t) 0 5.0

Wet-end chemicals No

+40%

+29%

Effect of addition of chitosan to OCC-3 (refined) pulp on tensileindex, tear factor, burst factor and CMT of paperboard

38.142.0

92.696.6

30.435.4

80.0

96.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

N O

Ten

sile

Ind

ex, T

ear

fac

tor,

Bu

rst

fact

or,

CM

TTensile Index, Nm/g Tear Factor Burst Factor CMT, N

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 0.0Chitosan (kg/t) 0 5.0

Wet-end chemicals No

+10%

+4%

+16%

+20%

Effect of addition of chitosan to OCC-3 (refined)pulp on RCT and stretch of paperboard

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 0.0Chitosan (kg/t) 0 5.0

Wet-end chemicals No

0.81.1

2.6 2.7

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

N O

RC

T an

d S

tret

ch

RCT, kN/m Stretch, %

+38%

+4%

Effect of addition of chitosan to SW pulp on tensileindex, burst factor and CMT of paperboard

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 0.0Chitosan (kg/t) 0 5.0

Wet-end chemicals No

65.771.5

52.262.4

103

121

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

100.0110.0120.0130.0

P Q

Ten

sile

Ind

ex, B

urs

t In

dex

an

d C

MT

Tensile Index, Nm/g Burst Factor CMT, N

+9%+20%

+18%

Effect of addition of chitosan to SW pulp on RCT andstretch of paperboard

Cationic starch (kg/t) 0 0.0Chitosan (kg/t) 0 5.0

Wet-end chemicals No

1.1 1.2

3.53.9

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

P Q

RC

T an

d S

tret

chRCT, kN/m Stretch, %

+9%

+11%

Conclusions• Addition of chitosan to pulp reduced the charge demand of the

paperboard making system

• The °SR of the paperboard making system is not much affected

by the addition of chitosan to the pulp

• Addition of chitosan increased the strength properties like the

tensile index, burst factor, tear factor, CMT, TEA index, RCT and

stretch of the paperboard.

• The short fiber and the long fiber fraction also contribute in the

strength properties of the paperboard

• The chitosan retention which ultimately affects the hydrogen

bonding, the welding and the film forming on the fibers

provides positive impact on the strength properties.

Acknowledgements

✓Suppliers for providing different chemicals

✓Director for providing the opportunity to carry out study at

ACIRD, Yamuna Nagar.

✓Dr. B. Thapliyal, Director, Dr. R. D. Godiyal, Scientist E2 and Dr.

S. Tyagi, Scientist E1 of Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute

(CPPRI), Saharanpur for allowing RCT and CMT analysis at CPPRI

AVANTHA CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (Partners in Industrial Progress for Pulp & Paper and Allied Industries since 1983)

• A leading research institution having state–of–the–art infrastructure

• Centre recognized by Department of Scientific & Industrial Research, Govt. of

India

• Recognized by Punjab Pollution Control Board

• A NABL accredited (ISO 17025: 2005) laboratory for wastewater, coal, air and

paper in chemical and mechanical disciplines

• OHSAS 18001: 2007 certified

• Advanced Centre for Training & Research (recognized by neighbouring

Universities)

• Serving Indian Paper Mills, Chemical/ Enzyme Manufacturers and renowned

National & Multi-national companies

• Research programmes sponsored by Private Companies & Govt. Agencies (DST/

DBT)

• MAJOR ACTIVITES: Contractual Research; Knowledge Process Outsourcing

(KPO); Process Audit & Consultancy; Analytical & Testing Services

Reference

• http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim652.htm

• http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v20je08.htm

• https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71311215#section=Re

lated-Records"

• Nowotarski et al., 2013

• http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc89.htm

• Webster et al., 2009

Thank You