improvement in milk production

7/24/2019 improvement in milk production

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Name-ArchishmaanUdgata

Class- XI

Roll no.- 22

Guided by- Ms B. Sasikala (PGT Biology)

K endr iya V idyalaya,

K andhamal
http://www.pdfdesk.com/


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I M a s t e r A r c h i s h m a a n

U d g a t a w o u l d l i k e t o t a k e t h i s

O p p o r t u n i t y t o t h a n k m y t e a c h e r

M S . B . S a s i k a l a ,

w h o s e u n s t i n t e d support , guid ance

And encouragement has enabled me to complete this

project. I would also like to thank the Santosh Gauda

for his

Co-operation.


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CONTENTS-

Aim

Purpose

Introduction

Successful cattlefarmers

adoption

Conclusion

Bibliography


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PURPOSE-

Milk is source of food which is rich with

various kinds of proteins and minerals. It has

a large role to play in public health.

So, its production has to be increased and as

well as it should be ensured that the milk

contents should be present in its optimum

range so as to provide a healthy milk forsociety.

A goodqualitymilk is defined as follows-

Milk

Milk is the emulsion of fat globules and suspension of caseinmicelles in water.

Milk also contain different bacteria

Milk proteinases plasmin and cathepsin D are also bound into micelles

structure


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C O N T EN T S O F M I L K -

1.Protein 2 .F at 3.Lactose 4.

Minerals 5.Water

PROTIENCONTENTS-

Fraction %.

s1 -casein 34-40

s2 -casein 11-15

-casein 25-35

-casein 8-15

-laktoglobuline 7-12-laktalbumine 2-4

Serum albumine 0.5-2

Immunoglobulines

Enzymes

Theidealmilkshouldcontainthesecomponentsof good

value.


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INTRODUCTION &SUGGESTIONS-

FOR

GOOD AGRI CUL TURAL PRACTICE(GAP)


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Dairy Farming

Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to milk, small/marginal

farmers and agricultural labourers. In addition to the manure from animals provides

a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. The

gobar gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as also for running

engines for drawing water from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural by-

products are gainfully utilised for feeding the animals.

Almost all draught power for farm operations and transportation is supplied by

bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there is a possibility of finding

employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy farming. Thus,

dairy also provides employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of

dairy programmes are small/marginal farmers and landless labourers.

Scopefor Dairy Farming and its National I mportance

India is endowed with the largest livestock population in the world. It accounts forabout 57.3 per cent of the worlds buffalo population and 14.7 per cent of the cattle

population. The value of output of milk is Rs. 3,05,484 crore in 2011-12. The total

milk production in the country is 127.9 million tonnes per annum at the end of the

Eleventh Plan (2011-12) and the demand is expected to be 180 million tonnes by

2020. To achieve this demand annual growth rate in milk production has to be

increased from the present 2.5 % to 5%. The Annual growth rate for production of

milk is about 5% in 2011-12. Thus, there is a tremendous scope/potential for

increasing the milk production through profitable dairy farming.


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Good agricultural practices1. ANIMAL HEALTH

Animals that produce milk need to be healthy and an effective health care programme should be in place.

Good agricultural Examples of suggested measures to achieve GAP Objective/Control measure

practice (GAP)

1.1 Prevent entry 1.1.1 Only buy animals of known disease status and Keep animals healthy

of disease control their introduction onto the farm Comply with national/

onto the farm 1.1.2 Ensure cattle transport on and off the farm does regional animal

not introduce disease movement and disease

1.1.3 Have secure boundaries/fencingcontrols

1.1.4 If possible, limit access of people and wildlife to

the farm

1.1.5 Have a vermin control programme in place

1.1.6 Only use clean equipment from a known source

1.2 Have an 1.2.1 Use an identif ication system that al lows al l Detect animal diseases

eff ective animals to be identified individually from birth early

herd health to death Prevent spread

management

1.2.2 Develop an effective herd health management of disease amongprogramme in

placeprogramme focused on prevent ion that meets animals

the farms needs as well as regional and national Prevent transmission

requirementsof zoonoses

1.2.3 Regularly check animals for signs of disease Ensure traceability

1.2.4 Sick animals should be attended to quickly and

in an appropriate way

1.2.5 Keep sick animals isolated and separate milk

from sick animals and animals under treatment

1.2.6 Keep written records of all treatments and

identify treated animals appropriately

1.2.7 Manage animal diseases that can affect public

health (zoonoses)

1.3 Use all 1.3.1 Use chemicals according to directions, calculate Prevent occurrence of

chemicals and dosages careful ly and observe appropriate chemical residues in

veterinary withholding periods milk

medicines as1.3.2 Only use veterinary medicines as prescribed by

prescribed

veterinarians and observe specified withholding

periods

1.3.3 Store chemicals and veterinary medicines securely

and dispose of them responsibly

1.4 Train people 1.4.1 Have procedures in place for detecting and Follow correct

appropriately handling sick animals and veterinary chemicals procedures

1.4.2 Make sure all people are sufficiently trained to

carry out their tasks

1.4.3 Choose competent sources for advice and

interventions
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2. MILKING HYGIENE

Milk should be harvested and stored under hygienic conditions. Equipment

used to harvest and store milk should be suitable and well maintained.

Good agriculturalExamples of suggested measures to achieveGAP Objectives/Control

practice (GAP) measures

2.1 Ensure milking 2.1.1 Uniquely identify individual animals Use suitable and

routines do2.1.2 Ensure appropriate udder preparation for

well maintained

not injure equipment for milking

cows or milking and milk

introduce 2.1.3 Ensure consistent milking techniques storage

contamination 2.1.4 Separate milk from sick or treated animals

to milk

2.1.5Ensure milking equipment is correctlyinstalled

and maintained

2.1.6 Ensure a sufficient supply of clean water

2.2 Ensure milking 2.2.1Ensure housing environment is clean at alltimes Harvest milk under

is carried out

2.2.2 Ensure milking area is kept clean

hygienic conditions

under hygienic

conditions 2.2.3 Ensure the milkers follow basic hygiene rules

2.3 Ensure milk 2.3.1 Ensure milk is cooled in the specified time Refrigerate and

is handled2.3.2 Ensure milk storage area is clean and tidy

store milk under

properly after hygienic conditions

milking 2.3.3Ensure milk storage equipment is adequateto

hold milk at the specified temperature

2.3.4 Ensure unobstructed access for bulk milk

collection


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3. ANIMAL FEEDING AND WATER

Animals need to be fed and watered with products of suitable quality and safety.

Goodagricultural

Examples of suggested measures to achieveGAP Objectives/Control


3.1. Ensureanimal

3.1.1 Ensure the nutritional needs of animals aremet Keeping animals

feed and 3.1.2 Ensure good quality water supplies areprovided,

healthy with good

water are quality feedregularly checked and maintained

of adequate Preserve water

quality3.1.3 Use different equipment for handlingchemicals

supplies and animaland feed stuffs

feed materials

3.1.4 Ensure chemicals are used appropriately on from chemical

pastures and forage crops contamination3.1.5 Only use approved chemicals for treatmentof Avoid chemical

animal feeds or components of animal feeds contamination due to

and observe withholding periods farming practices

3.2. Control3.2.1 Separate feeds intended for differentspecies

No microbiologicalor

storage 3.2.2 Ensure appropriate storage conditions toavoid

toxin contamination

conditions of or unintended

feedfeed contamination

use of prohibited

3.2.3 Reject mouldy feed feed ingredients

or veterinary

preparations

Keeping animals

healthy with good

quality feed

3.3. Ensure the 3.3.1 All suppliers of animal feeds should have an Quality assurance

traceabilityapproved quality assurance programme inplace programme of feed

of feedstuffs 3.3.2 Maintain records of all feed or feed

ingredients

supplier

bought off received on the farm (specified bills ordelivery

the farmnotes on order)


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4. ANIMAL WELFARE

Animals should be kept according to the following principles:

Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition

Freedom from discomfort

Freedom from pain, injury and disease

Freedom from fear

Freedom to engage in relatively normal patterns of animal behaviour

G ood agricultural Examples of suggested measures to achieve G AP Objectives/Control


4.1 Ensure 4.1.1 Provide sufficient feed (forage and/or fodder) H ealthy, productive

animals and water every day animals

are free4.1.2 Adjust stocking rates and/or supplementary Appropriate feeding

from thirst,feeding to ensure adequate water, feed and and watering of

hunger andfodder supply animals

malnutrition

4.1.3 Protect animals from toxic plants and other

harmful substances

4.1.4 Provide water supplies of good quality that are

regularly checked and maintained

4.2 Ensure 4.2.1 Design and construct buildings to be free of Protection of animals

animals are obstructions and hazards against extremefree from

4.2.2 Where relevant, provide adequate spaceclimate conditions

discomfortallowances and clean bedding Provide a safe

4.2.3 Protect animals from adverse weatherenvironment

conditions and the consequences thereof

4.2.4 Provide housed animals with adequate

ventilation

4.2.5 Provide non-slippery floors

4.3 Ensure 4.3.1 Have an effective herd health management Justified and humane

animals are programme in place and inspect animals actions

free from regularly

Good sanitarypain, injury

4.3.2 Protect against lameness conditionsand disease

4.3.3 Lactating animals should be milked regularly

4.3.4 Do not use procedures and practices that cause

unnecessary pain

4.3.5 Follow appropriate calving and weaning

practices

4.3.6 Have appropriate procedures for marketing

calves

4.3.7 When animals have to be killed on-farm, avoid

unnecessary pain

4.3.8 Avoid poor milking routines as they may injure

cattle

4.4 Ensure 4.4.1 Provide competent animal husbandry skills and Absence of ill-

animals are appropriate training treatment

free from Security of animals

fearand farmer

4.5 Ensure 4.5.1 Have herd management and husbandry Freedom of

animals can procedures that do not unnecessarily movement

engage in compromise social activity Preserve gregarious

relativelybehaviour and other

normalbehaviours, such as

patternspreferred sleeping

of animalposition

behaviour


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5. ENVIRONMENT

Milk production should be managed in balance with the local environment surrounding the farm.

Good agricultural Examples of suggested measures to achieve GAP Objectives/Control

practice (GAP) Measures

5.1 Have an 5.1.1 Ensure wastes are stored to minimize the risk of Limit the potential

appropriate environmental pollution impact of dairy

waste5.1.2 Manage pastures to avoid effluent runoff by

farming practices on

management the environment.

spreading farm manures in accordance withsystem.

local conditions

5.2 Ensure dairy 5.2.1 Contain dairy runoff on-farm Presenting a

farming5.2.2 Use chemicals (fertilizers, agricultural

positive image of

practices do milk production

and veterinary chemicals, pesticides, etc)not have practices.

appropriately to avoid contamination of thean adverse

local environment

impact on

the local 5.2.3 Ensure overall appearance of the dairying

environment operation is appropriate for a facility in which

high quality food is harvested

5.1 Have an 5.1.1 Ensure wastes are stored to minimize the risk of Limit the potential

appropriate environmental pollution impact of dairy

waste5.1.2 Manage pastures to avoid effluent runoff by

farming practices on

management the environment.

spreading farm manures in accordance withsystem.

local conditions


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I ndigenous cattle vari eties

Name Average

yield/lactation

Geographical

range Description (Source)

[2]Other names

Gir 2000-6000 kg Saurashtra, Gujarat

This breed produces the highest yield of milk

amongst all breeds in India. Has been used

extensively to make hybrid varieties, in India and

in other countries like Brazil.

Sahiwal 2000-4000kg Punjab, Uttar

Pradesh, Haryana

The cow is easily identifiable by its prominent

red color

Red Sindhi 2000-4000kg

Originated in Sindh,

Pakistan. Now

widespread.

Rathi 1800-3500 kg Bikaner, Rajasthan,

Haryana, Punjab Type of aw:Zebu cattle.

Bos

primigenius,Bos

taurus,Bos

indicus

Tharparkar 1800-3500 kgSindh (Pakistan),

Kutch, Jaisalmer,

Jodhpur

Bullocks are slow workers. Cows are good

milkers. Same species as Rathi.

Bos

primigenius,Bos

taurus,Bos

indicus

Deoni Marathwada,

Maharashtra

Hariana 1000-2000 kg

Haryana, Uttar

Pradesh, Bihar,

Rajasthan

Bullocks are useful for ploughing and transport.

Cows are good milkers.

Kankrej 1500-4000 kg Bhuj, North Gujarat,

Rajasthan

Bullocks are strong and hard-working.Among

the largest cattle breeds in India

Ongole NA Guntur, Ongole in

Andhra Pradesh

Bullocks are useful for ploughing and cart-work /

transport. Cows are fair milkers.Has natural

resistance to both foot and mouth disease

and mad cow disease

Red

Kandhari NA

Marathwada,

Maharashtra.

Bullocks are good draught animals. Cows are

good milkers.

Nimari NA Khandwa, Madhya

Pradesh

This is a dual purpose milk and draught breed.

Animals are copper colored, with patches ofwhite.


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Malvi NA Madhya Pradesh,

Rajasthan

Bullocks are useful for ploughing. Cows are

average milkers.

Dangi Western

Maharashtra

Especially good for heavy rainfall areas for

draught purpose.

Khillari

cattle

Southern

Maharashtra,

Northern Karnataka

Bullocks are hardy and well-known for being fast

in work.

Amritmahal 1000-1200 kg

per lactation Karnataka

Bullocks are well-known for draught power and

endurance.

Hallikar

Hassan, Mysore,

Tunkur districts of

Karnataka

Draught breed both used for road and field

agricultural operations. Closely related to Amrit

Mahal. However, are much thinner and produce

low yields of milk.

Kangayam Coimbatore, Tamil

Nadu

Bullocks are strong draught animals. Their skin

is very strong and tight.

Nagori Nagore, Rajasthan It is an excellent draught breed. Bullocks are

good for draught purposes.

Baraguru Coimbatore, Tamil

Nadu Bullocks are good work animals.

Kenkatha

Banda, Uttar

Pradesh, Madhya

Pradesh.

Bullocks are small but fairly sturdy animals and

good for cultivation in rocky areas.

Siri

Hills around

Darjeeling and

Sikkim. Originally

from Bhutan.

This breed can stand the rugged conditions of

the mountains very well. Bullocks are eagerly

sought after for draught purposes (ploughing

and transport) due to their reputed great

strength.

Nublaung

(Bhutanese)

Bachaur Sitamarhi, Bihar. Bullocks are used for draught purpose. Cows

are poor milkers.

Kherigarh Kheri, Uttar

Pradesh.

The cattle of this breed are very active and

thrive on grazing only. Bullocks are good for

light draught and quick light transport. The cows

are poor milkers.

Mewati Rajasthan

Mewati cattle are in general sturdy, powerful and

docile and are useful for heavy ploughing,

carting and drawing water from deep wells.

Cows are said to be good milkers.


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Umblachery Thanjavur, Tamil

Nadu

It is a draught breed of the Zebu type, similiar to

Kangayam but smaller. They are gray with white

spots.The bulls are used in the sport of

J allikattu or bull-taming, which is different

from the Spanish custom of matadors and

running of the bulls.

KrishnaValley

Southern border ofMaharashtra and

Andhra Pradesh

Bullocks are powerful and good for heavyploughing and slower draught purpose. Cows

are fair milkers.

Krishna Tira

Ponwar Pilbhit, Uttar

Pradesh Draught purpose. Cows are poor milkers.

Vechur Kerala

Smallest cow breed in the world! Bullocks are

mainly used for draught purpose. Cows are poor

milkers. In the image alongside, the smaller cow

is a 16 year old Vechur cow, while the larger

cow is a 6-year old cross bred cow.

Malenadu

Gidda

Coastal and hilly

areas of Karnataka

Kasaragod[3] Kerala


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A Successful CATTLEFARM ER-

Name- Santosh Gauda

Village-Gudari

Age- 41

Farming type- Diary farming

I ndustry type- Self Owned

Cow details-

I .

productive calves Total15 22 37

II. Productive cow details-

Sl

no.

Cow variety No. of cows Milk production

per cow

(in L)/day

1 jersey 11 15

2 Sindhi 2 14

3 Deshi mix 2 5 to 7

Grand total 15 cows

Seasonal milk giving cows.

In aggregate 12 cows produce milk every day

III. Fodder- (daily consumptions)

Sl no. Name of fodder Consumption/ cow Consumption/calf

1 Corn powder 1.5 kg -----

2 Urad dal 2 kg 0.5 kg

3 Flour 0.5 kg -----

Grand total 15 X 4 = 60 kg 0.5 x 22 = 11 kg

Averagecost = Rs. 40000/ month


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IV. M edicine-

Sl no. Purpose Nameof medicine

1 Health 1. Belamin

2. Tonfoson

3. Mifax2 For milk 1. Leftadin

2. Galactogoguse

3. Vitamin B12 ,D

& Phophorous

3 Disease free 1. Albendazole

2. Melonoxy3. Oxy

4. avil

V. Incomedetails-

Income -

1. Milk 100 L/day @ Rs 35/L

Rs 3500/ day ; Rs 105000/ month

Investment-

2. Fodder- Rs 40000/ month

3. M edicine- Rs 10000 /month

4. Rent pay of cow- Rs 25000/month

Grand total income- Rs 30000 / month


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CONCLUSION-

IT IShereclear that apersonfollowingtheproper

stepswithproper involvement of toolsandideas

strictlywouldbeabletoproducemilkofhigh

nutritional andmarket value.Thecattlefarmers

followingthegivenideasstrictlywouldbeableto

increasetheir incomesandimprovisetheir living

conditions.


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Biblliography-

Offline-

Teachersassistance

Help fromlibrary

Parentssupport

Veterinaryofficer

Farmersknowledge

Online-

Google.com

NABARD.org

Wikipedia.org ZZZ VJX-HGX FRP

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improvement in milk production