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Important Important Science TopicsScience Topics
An eighth grade science An eighth grade science reviewreview
Science in Our WorldScience in Our World Science starts with a question.Science starts with a question. Questions come from our observations.Questions come from our observations. The ways in which scientists answer The ways in which scientists answer
questions and solve problems are called questions and solve problems are called scientific methods.scientific methods. Ask a questionAsk a question Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis Test the hypothesisTest the hypothesis Analyze the resultsAnalyze the results Draw conclusionsDraw conclusions Communicate resultsCommunicate results
The Flow of Fresh WaterThe Flow of Fresh Water
The water cycle is the continuous The water cycle is the continuous movement of Earth’s water from the movement of Earth’s water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.and back to the ocean. PrecipitationPrecipitation PercolationPercolation Run-offRun-off EvaporationEvaporation CondensationCondensation
The Active RiverThe Active River
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Erosion Erosion TributaryTributary WatershedWatershed DivideDivide Channel Channel LoadLoad GradientGradient DischargeDischarge
Stages of a riverStages of a river Youthful riverYouthful river Mature riverMature river Old riverOld river Rejuvenated riverRejuvenated river
Stream and River Stream and River DepositsDeposits
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary DepositionDeposition Placer depositPlacer deposit Delta Delta Alluvial fanAlluvial fan FloodplainFloodplain
Two ways that the Two ways that the flow of water can flow of water can be controlledbe controlled DamsDams LeveesLevees
Water UndergroundWater Underground Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Water tableWater table Ground waterGround water Zone of aerationZone of aeration Zone of saturationZone of saturation AquiferAquifer PorosityPorosity PermeabilityPermeability FrictionFriction Recharge zoneRecharge zone Artesian springArtesian spring
Difference between a Difference between a spring and a wellspring and a well A spring is a place where A spring is a place where
the water table reaches the water table reaches the surface.the surface.
A well is a human-made A well is a human-made hole dug deeper than the hole dug deeper than the level of the water table.level of the water table.
Underground erosionUnderground erosion Cave formationCave formation
Underground depositionUnderground deposition Stalagmites Stalagmites StalactitesStalactites Dripstone columnsDripstone columns
Using Water WiselyUsing Water Wisely
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Point-source pollutionPoint-source pollution Nonpoint-source Nonpoint-source
pollutionpollution Dissolved oxygenDissolved oxygen Thermal pollutionThermal pollution pHpH TurbidityTurbidity Sewage treatment Sewage treatment
plantplant
Healthy water Healthy water systemssystems Dissolved oxygenDissolved oxygen TemperatureTemperature NitratesNitrates pHpH TurbidityTurbidity
Sewage treatmentSewage treatment Primary treatmentPrimary treatment Secondary treatmentSecondary treatment
Earth’s OceansEarth’s Oceans
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary SalinitySalinity Water cycleWater cycle
Four divisions of Four divisions of global oceanglobal ocean PacificPacific AtlanticAtlantic IndianIndian ArcticArctic
CharacteristicsCharacteristics Dissolved gasesDissolved gases Dissolved solidsDissolved solids SalinitySalinity
Temperature zonesTemperature zones Surface zoneSurface zone ThermaclineThermacline Deep zoneDeep zone
The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor Important Important
vocabularyvocabulary Continental shelfContinental shelf Continental slopeContinental slope Continental riseContinental rise Abyssal plainAbyssal plain Mid-ocean ridgeMid-ocean ridge Rift valley Rift valley SeamountSeamount Ocean trenchOcean trench
Two regions of the Two regions of the ocean floorocean floor Continental marginContinental margin Deep-ocean basinDeep-ocean basin
Underwater Underwater vesselsvessels Piloted vesselsPiloted vessels
AlvinAlvin Deep FlightDeep Flight
Robotic vesselsRobotic vessels JASON IIJASON II MedeaMedea
Life in the OceanLife in the Ocean Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
PlanktonPlankton NektonNekton BenthosBenthos Food webFood web Food chainFood chain Intertidal zoneIntertidal zone Neritic zoneNeritic zone Oceanic zoneOceanic zone Benthic zoneBenthic zone Coral reefCoral reef EstuaryEstuary Mangrove swampsMangrove swamps Sargasso SeaSargasso Sea
Three groups of marine Three groups of marine lifelife Plankton – float or drift Plankton – float or drift
near surfacenear surface Nekton – swim actively in Nekton – swim actively in
the open oceanthe open ocean Benthos – live on or in the Benthos – live on or in the
ocean floorocean floor Marine environmentsMarine environments
Intertidal zone – where Intertidal zone – where ocean meets landocean meets land
Neritic zone – begins Neritic zone – begins where water deepens and where water deepens and floor begins to slope floor begins to slope downwarddownward
Oceanic zone – deep water Oceanic zone – deep water of the open oceanof the open ocean
Benthic zone – ocean floorBenthic zone – ocean floor
Resources from the Resources from the OceanOcean
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary DesalinationDesalination
Living resourcesLiving resources FishFish SeaweedSeaweed
Nonliving resourcesNonliving resources Oil and natural gasOil and natural gas Fresh water through Fresh water through
desalinationdesalination Sea-floor mineralsSea-floor minerals
Tidal energyTidal energy Used to generate Used to generate
electricityelectricity Wave energyWave energy
Clean, renewable Clean, renewable resourceresource
Can be used to Can be used to generate electricitygenerate electricity
Ocean PollutionOcean Pollution
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Nonpoint-source Nonpoint-source
pollutionpollution Point-source pollutionPoint-source pollution
Nonpoint-source Nonpoint-source pollutionpollution Comes from many Comes from many
sources instead of sources instead of one siteone site
Source of most ocean Source of most ocean pollutionpollution
Point-source Point-source pollutionpollution Comes from a Comes from a
specific sitespecific site Trash dumpingTrash dumping Sludge dumpingSludge dumping Oil spillsOil spills
Currents Currents Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Ocean currentOcean current Surface currentSurface current Coriolis effect Coriolis effect Deep currentDeep current
Surface currents are Surface currents are controlled by three controlled by three factorsfactors Global windsGlobal winds Coriolis effectCoriolis effect Continental Continental
deflectionsdeflections
Formation of deep Formation of deep currentscurrents Decreasing Decreasing
temperaturetemperature Increasing salinity Increasing salinity
through freezingthrough freezing Increasing salinity Increasing salinity
through through evaporationevaporation
Currents and ClimateCurrents and Climate Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
UpwellingUpwelling El NinoEl Nino La NinaLa Nina
Warm-water currentsWarm-water currents Create warmer climates Create warmer climates
in coastal areasin coastal areas Gulf StreamGulf Stream
Cold-water currentsCold-water currents Keep coastal climates Keep coastal climates
cooler than inland cooler than inland climatesclimates
Upwelling causes cold, Upwelling causes cold, nutrient-rich water nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean from the deep ocean to rise to the surface.to rise to the surface.
El NinoEl Nino Surface-water Surface-water
temperatures in the temperatures in the South Pacific get South Pacific get warmerwarmer
La NinaLa Nina Surface-water Surface-water
temperatures in the temperatures in the East Pacific get coolerEast Pacific get cooler
Waves Waves Important Important
vocabularyvocabulary UndertowUndertow Longshore currentLongshore current WhitecapWhitecap SwellSwell TsunamiTsunami Storm surgeStorm surge
Parts of a waveParts of a wave Crest – highest pointCrest – highest point Trough – lowest Trough – lowest
pointpoint
Types of wavesTypes of waves Deep-water wavesDeep-water waves Shallow-water Shallow-water
waveswaves Shore currentsShore currents Longshore currentsLongshore currents Open-ocean wavesOpen-ocean waves TsunamisTsunamis Storm surgesStorm surges
Tides Tides
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary TideTide Tidal rangeTidal range Spring tide Spring tide Neap tideNeap tide
Spring tideSpring tide Occurs during the Occurs during the
new and full moonsnew and full moons Tides with the largest Tides with the largest
daily tidal rangedaily tidal range Neap tideNeap tide
Occurs during the Occurs during the first and third first and third quarter moonsquarter moons
Smallest daily tidal Smallest daily tidal rangerange
What is Matter?What is Matter?
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary MatterMatter VolumeVolume MeniscusMeniscus MassMass WeightWeight InertiaInertia
Difference between Difference between mass and weightmass and weight Mass is the measure Mass is the measure
of the amount of of the amount of matter in an object; matter in an object; weight is a measure weight is a measure of the gravitational of the gravitational force on an objectforce on an object
Mass is always Mass is always constant; weight constant; weight changes depending changes depending on locationon location
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Physical propertyPhysical property Density Density Specific heatSpecific heat Physical changePhysical change
ExamplesExamples Thermal conductivityThermal conductivity SolubilitySolubility DuctilityDuctility StateState MagnetismMagnetism DensityDensity malleabilitymalleability
Identifying substances Identifying substances using propertiesusing properties Boiling pointsBoiling points Melting pointsMelting points SolubilitiesSolubilities Specific heatSpecific heat
Physical changes do Physical changes do not form new not form new substancessubstances
Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Chemical propertyChemical property Chemical changeChemical change
Signs of chemical Signs of chemical changechange A change in color or A change in color or
odorodor Release of energy in Release of energy in
the form of heat, the form of heat, sound, or lightsound, or light
Bubbling or clouding of Bubbling or clouding of mixturemixture
Formation of Formation of precipitateprecipitate
Chemical change Chemical change results in a change results in a change in composition; the in composition; the change cannot be change cannot be easily reversed.easily reversed.
Three States of MatterThree States of Matter Important Important
vocabularyvocabulary States of matterStates of matter SolidSolid LiquidLiquid Surface tensionSurface tension ViscosityViscosity GasGas
Two types of solidsTwo types of solids CrystallineCrystalline AmorphousAmorphous
Solids have Solids have definite shape and definite shape and volumevolume
Liquids change Liquids change shape but not shape but not volumevolume
Gases change both Gases change both shape and volumeshape and volume
Changes of StateChanges of State
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Change of stateChange of state MeltingMelting EvaporationEvaporation BoilingBoiling CondensationCondensation SublimationSublimation
MeltingMelting endothermicendothermic
FreezingFreezing ExothermicExothermic
EvaporationEvaporation EndothermicEndothermic
CondensationCondensation ExothermicExothermic
SublimationSublimation Endothermic Endothermic
Elements Elements Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
ElementElement Pure substancePure substance MetalMetal NonmetalNonmetal MetalloidMetalloid
Three categories of Three categories of elementselements Metals Metals
Good conductors of Good conductors of heat and electric heat and electric currentcurrent
MalleableMalleable DuctileDuctile
NonmetalsNonmetals Poor conductorsPoor conductors BrittleBrittle
MetalloidsMetalloids Properties of both Properties of both
metals and nonmetalsmetals and nonmetals
CompoundsCompounds
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary CompoundCompound
Properties used to Properties used to identify identify compoundscompounds Melting pointMelting point DensityDensity colorcolor
WaterWater Sticking to thingsSticking to things Dissolving Dissolving
substancessubstances Heating and Heating and
coolingcooling Floating and Floating and
sinkingsinking
Mixtures Mixtures
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary MixtureMixture SolutionSolution SoluteSolute SolventSolvent ConcentrationConcentration SolubilitySolubility SuspensionSuspension colloidcolloid
Common ways to Common ways to separate mixturesseparate mixtures DistillationDistillation Magnet Magnet CentrifugeCentrifuge
How to dissolve How to dissolve solids fastersolids faster MixingMixing HeatingHeating CrushingCrushing
Arranging the ElementsArranging the Elements
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary PeriodicPeriodic Periodic lawPeriodic law Period Period GroupGroup
Elements are Elements are arranged arranged according to the according to the number of protonsnumber of protons
Decoding the Decoding the Periodic TablePeriodic Table Elements identified Elements identified
by chemical symbolby chemical symbol Rows are called Rows are called
periodsperiods Columns are called Columns are called
groups, or familiesgroups, or families
Grouping the ElementsGrouping the Elements Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Alkali metalsAlkali metals Alkaline-earth metalsAlkaline-earth metals HalogensHalogens Noble gasesNoble gases
Alkali metalsAlkali metals Group 1Group 1 Very reactiveVery reactive Soft enough to cut with Soft enough to cut with
a knifea knife
Alkaline-Earth metalsAlkaline-Earth metals Group 2Group 2 Less reactive than alkali Less reactive than alkali
metalsmetals Higher densities than Higher densities than
alkali metalsalkali metals Transition metals – Transition metals –
groups 3 -12groups 3 -12 Group 13 – Boron groupGroup 13 – Boron group Group 14 – Carbon groupGroup 14 – Carbon group Group 15 – Nitrogen Group 15 – Nitrogen
groupgroup Group 16 – Oxygen Group 16 – Oxygen
groupgroup Group 17 – HalogensGroup 17 – Halogens Group 18 – Noble gasesGroup 18 – Noble gases
Electrons and Chemical Electrons and Chemical BondingBonding
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary Chemical bondingChemical bonding Chemical bondChemical bond Valence electronValence electron
First energy level First energy level Closest to nucleusClosest to nucleus Holds up to 2 electronsHolds up to 2 electrons
Second energy levelSecond energy level Holds up to 8 electronsHolds up to 8 electrons
Group 1 – 1 valence Group 1 – 1 valence electronelectron
Group 2 – 2 valence Group 2 – 2 valence electronselectrons
Groups 13 – 18 have Groups 13 – 18 have 10 fewer valence 10 fewer valence electrons than their electrons than their group numbergroup number
Helium only has 2 Helium only has 2 valence electronsvalence electrons
Ionic BondsIonic Bonds
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Ionic bondIonic bond IonIon Crystal latticeCrystal lattice
To form positive To form positive ion, lose electronsion, lose electrons
To form negative To form negative ion, gain electronsion, gain electrons
Atoms are neutral Atoms are neutral because the because the number of protons number of protons in an atom always in an atom always equals the number equals the number of electrons in the of electrons in the atom.atom.
Covalent and Metallic Covalent and Metallic BondsBonds
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Covalent bondCovalent bond MoleculeMolecule Metallic bondMetallic bond
Covalent bonds Covalent bonds form when atoms form when atoms share electronsshare electrons
Metallic bonds are Metallic bonds are bonds formed by the bonds formed by the attraction between attraction between positively charged positively charged metal ions and the metal ions and the electrons around electrons around them. them.
Properties of metalsProperties of metals Conduct electric Conduct electric
currentcurrent Ductile and malleableDuctile and malleable Bend without breakingBend without breaking
Forming New SubstancesForming New Substances
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Chemical reactionChemical reaction PrecipitatePrecipitate
Signs of Chemical Signs of Chemical ReactionsReactions Gas formationGas formation Solid formationSolid formation Energy changeEnergy change Color changeColor change
For a chemical For a chemical reaction to occur, reaction to occur, the original the original chemical bonds chemical bonds must be broken must be broken and new bonds and new bonds must occur.must occur.
New bonds make New bonds make new substancesnew substances
Chemical Formulas and Chemical Formulas and EquationsEquations
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Chemical formulaChemical formula Chemical equationChemical equation ReactantReactant ProductProduct Law of Law of
conservation of conservation of massmass
Reactants make Reactants make productsproducts
Mass cannot be Mass cannot be created or created or destroyed; destroyed; therefore, the total therefore, the total reactants must reactants must equal the total equal the total productsproducts
Types of Chemical Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Synthesis reactionSynthesis reaction Decomposition Decomposition
reactionreaction Single-displacement Single-displacement
reactionreaction Double-displacement Double-displacement
reactionreaction Synthesis – two or Synthesis – two or
more substances more substances combine to make combine to make one substanceone substance
Decomposition – a Decomposition – a single substance single substance breaks down to form breaks down to form two or more simpler two or more simpler substancessubstances
Single – displacement Single – displacement – one element replaces – one element replaces another element in a another element in a compoundcompound
Double-displacement – Double-displacement – two elements two elements exchange places in exchange places in two compoundstwo compounds
Energy and Rates of Energy and Rates of Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Endothermic Endothermic
reactionreaction Exothermic Exothermic
reactionreaction Law of conservation Law of conservation
of energyof energy Activation energyActivation energy Inhibitor Inhibitor CatalystCatalyst
Energy cannot be Energy cannot be created or created or destroyed; energy destroyed; energy only changes formonly changes form
Factors affecting Factors affecting reaction ratesreaction rates TemperatureTemperature ConcentrationConcentration Surface areaSurface area InhibitorsInhibitors CatalystsCatalysts
Natural and Synthetic Natural and Synthetic ChemicalsChemicals
Natural chemicals Natural chemicals are chemicals that are chemicals that can be found in can be found in nature or that are nature or that are made by natural made by natural processes.processes.
Synthetic Synthetic chemicals are chemicals are chemicals that are chemicals that are not found in nature not found in nature and are not made and are not made by natural by natural processes. processes.
Chemical BenefitsChemical Benefits Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
MedicineMedicine PotencyPotency DoseDose
Kinds of medicineKinds of medicine AnalgesicAnalgesic AntihistamineAntihistamine AntacidAntacid AntibioticAntibiotic HormoneHormone Vaccine Vaccine
Food preservativeFood preservative FertilizersFertilizers PesticidesPesticides SanitationSanitation
Large-scaleLarge-scale Household Household
Chemical RisksChemical Risks Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
CarcinogenCarcinogen Kinds of carcinogensKinds of carcinogens
AsbestosAsbestos Alcoholic beveragesAlcoholic beverages ArsenicArsenic BenzeneBenzene Coal tarCoal tar RadonRadon Environmental (second-Environmental (second-
hand) smokehand) smoke Smokeless tobaccoSmokeless tobacco Tobacco smokeTobacco smoke
Risks due to chemical Risks due to chemical exposureexposure CancerCancer Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases Birth defectsBirth defects DiabetesDiabetes Learning disordersLearning disorders Behavioral disordersBehavioral disorders Kidney diseaseKidney disease Heart diseaseHeart disease AsthmaAsthma
You Are HereYou Are Here
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary MapMap True northTrue north Magnetic Magnetic
declinationdeclination LatitudeLatitude LongitudeLongitude EquatorEquator Prime meridianPrime meridian
True north is the True north is the direction to the direction to the geographic North geographic North Pole.Pole.
Latitude and Latitude and longitude is used to longitude is used to find location on find location on EarthEarth
Compasses are used Compasses are used to find directionto find direction
Mapping the Earth’s Mapping the Earth’s SurfaceSurface
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Cylindrical Cylindrical
projectionprojection Conic projectionConic projection Azimuthal projectionAzimuthal projection
Common map Common map projectionsprojections CylindricalCylindrical ConicConic Azimuthal Azimuthal
Maps should Maps should containcontain A titleA title A scaleA scale A legendA legend A compass roseA compass rose A dateA date
Earth’s StoryEarth’s Story
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary UniformitarianismUniformitarianism CatastrophismCatastrophism PaleontologyPaleontology
Modern geologist Modern geologist believe that neither believe that neither uniformitarianism or uniformitarianism or catastrophism catastrophism accounts for all accounts for all geologic change.geologic change.
The extinction of The extinction of dinosaurs occurred dinosaurs occurred because of global because of global climate change climate change caused by an caused by an asteroid impact.asteroid impact.
Relative DatingRelative Dating Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Relative datingRelative dating SuperpositionSuperposition Geologic columnGeologic column UnconformityUnconformity
Younger rocks lie Younger rocks lie above older rocksabove older rocks
Rock layer are Rock layer are disturbeddisturbed FaultFault IntrusionsIntrusions TiltingTilting Folding Folding
Types of Types of unconformitiesunconformities DisconformityDisconformity NonconformityNonconformity Angular unconformityAngular unconformity
Causes gaps in the Causes gaps in the geologic recordgeologic record
Absolute DatingAbsolute Dating
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Absolute datingAbsolute dating IsotopeIsotope Radioactive decayRadioactive decay Radiometric datingRadiometric dating Half-lifeHalf-life
Types of Types of radiometric datingradiometric dating Potassium-argon Potassium-argon
methodmethod Uranium-lead Uranium-lead
methodmethod Rubidium-strontium Rubidium-strontium
methodmethod Carbon-14 methodCarbon-14 method
Looking at FossilsLooking at Fossils
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary FossilFossil Trace fossilTrace fossil MoldMold CastCast Index fossilIndex fossil
Fossilized Fossilized organismsorganisms Fossils in rocksFossils in rocks Fossils in amberFossils in amber PetrifactionPetrifaction Fossils in asphaltFossils in asphalt Frozen fossilsFrozen fossils Trace fossilsTrace fossils Molds and castsMolds and casts
Time Marches OnTime Marches On
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Geologic time scaleGeologic time scale EonEon EraEra PeriodPeriod EpochEpoch Extinction Extinction
Earth has a 4.6 Earth has a 4.6 billion-year historybillion-year history
Divisions of TimeDivisions of Time EonEon EraEra Periods Periods Epochs Epochs
Restless ContinentsRestless Continents
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary Continental driftContinental drift Sea-floor spreadingSea-floor spreading
Pangaea existed 245 Pangaea existed 245 myamya All landmasses were All landmasses were
connectedconnected Alfred Wegener Alfred Wegener
developed the developed the continental drift continental drift hypothesishypothesis
Continental drift is Continental drift is caused by sea-floor caused by sea-floor spreadingspreading
As new oceanic As new oceanic crust forms, the crust forms, the older crust gets older crust gets pushed awaypushed away
The Theory of Plate The Theory of Plate TectonicsTectonics
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics Convergent boundaryConvergent boundary Divergent boundaryDivergent boundary Transform boundaryTransform boundary
Earth’s lithosphere is Earth’s lithosphere is divided into tectonic divided into tectonic plates that move plates that move around on top of the around on top of the asthenosphereasthenosphere
Driving forcesDriving forces Ridge pushRidge push Slab pullSlab pull Convection Convection
Convergent Convergent Collision of platesCollision of plates continental-continentalcontinental-continental Continental-oceanicContinental-oceanic Oceanic-oceanicOceanic-oceanic
DivergentDivergent Separation of platesSeparation of plates Mid-ocean ridges most Mid-ocean ridges most
commoncommon Transform Transform
Plates slide past each Plates slide past each otherdotherd
Deforming the Earth’s Deforming the Earth’s CrustCrust
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary CompressionCompression TensionTension FoldingFolding FaultFault UpliftUplift SubsidenceSubsidence
Three types of foldsThree types of folds AnticlineAnticline SynclineSyncline monoclinemonocline
Three types of faultsThree types of faults Normal fault – hanging Normal fault – hanging
wall downwall down Reverse fault – hanging Reverse fault – hanging
wall upwall up Strike-slip faultStrike-slip fault
Three types of Three types of mountainsmountains Folded mountainsFolded mountains Fault-block mountainsFault-block mountains Volcanic mountainsVolcanic mountains
The Diversity of CellsThe Diversity of Cells Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
CellCell Cell membraneCell membrane OrganelleOrganelle NucleusNucleus ProkaryoteProkaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
Robert Hooke was the Robert Hooke was the first person to first person to describe cells.describe cells.
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory All organisms are made All organisms are made
of one or more cells.of one or more cells. The cell is the basic The cell is the basic
unit of all living things.unit of all living things. All cells come from All cells come from
existing cells.existing cells. Cell size is limited by Cell size is limited by
its surface area – to – its surface area – to – volume ratio.volume ratio.
Two types of cellsTwo types of cells ProkaryotesProkaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Cell wallCell wall RibosomeRibosome Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum MitochondrionMitochondrion Golgi complexGolgi complex VesicleVesicle LysosomeLysosome
Nucleus – contains DNANucleus – contains DNA Ribosome – makes Ribosome – makes
proteinsproteins Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum
– packages proteins– packages proteins Golgi apparatus – Golgi apparatus –
transports proteinstransports proteins Mitochondrion – energy Mitochondrion – energy
headquarters (ATP)headquarters (ATP) Chloroplast – uses Chloroplast – uses
sunlight to make food in sunlight to make food in plantsplants
Vacuole – storageVacuole – storage Lysosome - digestionLysosome - digestion
The Organization of Living The Organization of Living ThingsThings
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary TissueTissue OrganOrgan Organ systemOrgan system OrganismOrganism StructureStructure FunctionFunction
Benefits of being Benefits of being multicellularmulticellular Larger sizeLarger size Longer lifeLonger life SpecializationSpecialization
Cell → Tissue → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ Organ → Organ systemsystem
Exchange with the Exchange with the EnvironmentEnvironment
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary DiffusionDiffusion OsmosisOsmosis Passive transportPassive transport Active transportActive transport EndocytosisEndocytosis Exocytosis Exocytosis
Diffusion – from high to Diffusion – from high to lowlow
Osmosis – diffusion of Osmosis – diffusion of water from high to lowwater from high to low
Passive transport – high Passive transport – high to lowto low
Active transport – low to Active transport – low to highhigh
Endocytosis – into the Endocytosis – into the cellcell
Exocytosis – out of the Exocytosis – out of the cellcell
Cell EnergyCell Energy
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Cellular respirationCellular respiration FermentationFermentation
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Carbon dioxide + Carbon dioxide +
water + light water + light energy → glucose + energy → glucose + oxygenoxygen
Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration Glucose + oxygen Glucose + oxygen
→ carbon dioxide + → carbon dioxide + water + energy water + energy (ATP)(ATP)
FermentationFermentation One kind produces One kind produces
COCO22
One kind produces One kind produces lactic acidlactic acid
The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Cell cycleCell cycle ChromosomeChromosome Homologous Homologous
chromosomechromosome MitosisMitosis CytokinesisCytokinesis
A cell produces more A cell produces more cells by first copying cells by first copying its DNA.its DNA.
MitosisMitosis Prophase – chromosomes Prophase – chromosomes
become rodsbecome rods Metaphase – Metaphase –
chromosomes line up chromosomes line up along equatoralong equator
Anaphase – chromotids Anaphase – chromotids separate and move to separate and move to opposite sidesopposite sides
Telophase – nuclear Telophase – nuclear membrane forms around membrane forms around each seteach set
Cytokinesis – cells Cytokinesis – cells divide in twodivide in two
What does DNA look What does DNA look like?like?
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary DNADNA NucleotideNucleotide
Nucleotide consists of Nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate, a sugar, a phosphate, and a baseand a base
Four basesFour bases AdenineAdenine GuanineGuanine ThymineThymine Cytosine Cytosine
Adenine = thymineAdenine = thymine Guanine = cytosineGuanine = cytosine Watson and Crick Watson and Crick
discovered that DNA discovered that DNA was a double helix, or was a double helix, or a long twisted laddera long twisted ladder
DNA is copied DNA is copied everytime a cell everytime a cell dividesdivides
How DNA WorksHow DNA Works Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
RNARNA RibosomeRibosome MutationMutation
A gene is a set of A gene is a set of instructions for instructions for assembling a protein. assembling a protein.
DNA is the molecular DNA is the molecular carrier of these genetic carrier of these genetic instructions.instructions.
Proteins are fundamental Proteins are fundamental to the function of cells and to the function of cells and the expression of traits.the expression of traits.
Genes can become Genes can become mutated when the mutated when the order of the bases is order of the bases is changed.changed.
Three types of Three types of mutationsmutations InsertionInsertion DeletionDeletion Substitution Substitution
Protists Protists
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary ProtistProtist ParasiteParasite HeterotrophHeterotroph Host Host
General General characteristicscharacteristics Most are single-celledMost are single-celled Some are producers, Some are producers,
others are consumersothers are consumers Eukaryotic - nucleusEukaryotic - nucleus
Protists are grouped Protists are grouped in their own in their own kingdom because kingdom because they differ from they differ from other organisms in other organisms in many ways.many ways.
ReproductionReproduction SexuallySexually AsexuallyAsexually Sexually and Sexually and
asexuallyasexually
Kinds of ProtistsKinds of Protists
Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary AlgaeAlgae PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
Protist producersProtist producers Algae Algae PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton DiatomsDiatoms DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates Euglenoids – both Euglenoids – both
producer and producer and consumerconsumer
Heterotrophs that Heterotrophs that can movecan move Amoeba – Amoeba –
pseudopodiapseudopodia Zooflagellates – Zooflagellates –
flagellumflagellum Paramecium – ciliaParamecium – cilia
Bacteria Bacteria Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
ProkaryoteProkaryote Binary fissionBinary fission EndosporeEndospore
Two kingdomsTwo kingdoms ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria EubacteriaEubacteria
Shapes of bacteriaShapes of bacteria Bacilli – rodsBacilli – rods Cocci – sphericalCocci – spherical Spirilla - spiralSpirilla - spiral
Single-celled Single-celled organisms with no organisms with no nucleus nucleus
Reproduce through Reproduce through binary fissionbinary fission
Eubacteria have cell Eubacteria have cell walls and are walls and are producers or producers or consumersconsumers
Archaebacteria often Archaebacteria often live in harsh live in harsh conditionsconditions
Bacteria’s Role in the Bacteria’s Role in the WorldWorld
Important Important vocabularyvocabulary BioremediationBioremediation AntibioticAntibiotic Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria
Good for the Good for the environmentenvironment Nitrogen fixationNitrogen fixation RecyclingRecycling BioremediationBioremediation
Good for peopleGood for people Bacteria in foodBacteria in food AntibioticsAntibiotics InsulinInsulin Genetic Genetic
engineeringengineering Pathogenic Pathogenic
bacteria cause bacteria cause diseasedisease
Viruses Viruses Viruses have Viruses have
characteristics of characteristics of living and nonliving living and nonliving things. things.
They reproduce in They reproduce in living cells.living cells.
Basic shapesBasic shapes CrystalCrystal CylinderCylinder SpheresSpheres Spacecraft Spacecraft
Classified by shape, the Classified by shape, the kind of disease they kind of disease they cause, or their life cause, or their life cyclecycle
Viruses reproduce by Viruses reproduce by the lytic cyclethe lytic cycle Enter a cellEnter a cell ReproduceReproduce Break cell openBreak cell open
Lysogenic cycleLysogenic cycle Genes of a virus are Genes of a virus are
incorporated into the incorporated into the genes of the host cellgenes of the host cell
Disease Disease Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary
Noninfectious diseaseNoninfectious disease Infectious diseaseInfectious disease PathogenPathogen ImmunityImmunity
Two typesTwo types NoninfectiousNoninfectious InfectiousInfectious
Fighting pathogensFighting pathogens Pasteurization Pasteurization Vaccines and immunityVaccines and immunity antibioticsantibiotics
Spread of diseaseSpread of disease AirAir Contaminated objectsContaminated objects Person to personPerson to person AnimalsAnimals Food and waterFood and water
Kinds of diseaseKinds of disease Bacterial Bacterial ViralViral ParasiticParasitic ChemicalsChemicals mutagensmutagens
Science EOGScience EOG
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