Importance of Continuous Teacher TrainingChallenges in the Classroom

Teachers are often faced with the challenge of instructing students at various levels of academic progress. Knowing how to connect with all students regardless of their aptitude level is critical to ensuring that the educational material is effectively disseminated to each student, on each level. Ongoing teacher training can be a vital tool in ensuring their success.

Maintaining Academic Standards

Armed with the knowledge of how to instruct students with different capacities for learning, teachers can more readily maintain academic requirements necessary to comply with district and state standards. The resources available at TexasLearn.com can help teachers implement techniques to ensure that less advanced students keep up with the tempo of the class. This results in a more uniform performance and allows schools to uphold their academic integrity.

Advantages for Students

While it's important not to overlook the needs of students who may be lagging behind, it is also important that students who excel are not held back from reaching their full potential. Achieving this balance in the classroom can help teachers become more effective at fostering the academic progress of their students.

TexasLearn.com is a resource committed to helping teachers overcome these and other obstacles. Here teachers can gain valuable training on how to help their students succeed, while enhancing their own professional development.

Benefits for TeachersOvercoming Obstacles

At TexasLearn.com, our goal is to generally increase teacher effectiveness. Our courses are designed to help teachers properly assess and overcome challenges in the classroom in order to become better teachers.

Ongoing Professional Development and Increased Skill Base

Noncertification-based training courses like those at TexasLearn.com allow teachers an affordable way to continuously develop their expertise. Teachers can gain access to unique and specialized material that will expand their overall skill base and help them stay current with educational trends and instructional methods.

Enhanced Professional Performance

Equipped with the necessary skills, teachers can become more proficient in their role as educators. Our courses are a great way to improve overall teacher performance. Teachers can take courses that relate directly to their specialty or broaden their skill base by exploring a new subject.

Satisfaction in Seeing True Student Advancement

At TexasLearn.com, teachers not only acquire skills to develop their expertise, they gain valuable knowledge to help their students progress. Seeing a student succeed is one of the most rewarding aspects of the teaching profession. The resources found here can help you drive your students to advance in measurable ways.

Benefits for Schools and DistrictsIncreased Test Scores Among Students

With more knowledgeable teachers in the classrooms, schools are better prepared to hold their students to the required standards. Test scores among students are generally linked to the overall level of teacher effectiveness. As teachers become more adept at instruction, students are likely to perform better, leading to a rise in the academic distinction of the school and district.

Knowledgeable and Adept Teachers

At TexasLearn.com we are committed to providing the highest standard of noncertification teacher training. Having well-versed teachers in the classroom raises the level of instruction provided and therefore turns out more prepared and educationally advanced students.

Teacher Training CoursesEven though often less acknowledged, the importance of a good teacher is enormous in India.

They play a vital role in the overall development of the students. Not only are they responsible for imparting academic knowledge, but are also responsible for inculcating the right values and principles to their students. The importance of teachers is especially enormous during the formative years of children when they first join school. Therefore it is very important to have professionally qualified teachers to ensure the right development of students. At present there are several colleges and institutes offering Teacher's Training Courses in India.

Since the needs of the primary students are different from the secondary students, the primary teachers and secondary teachers are required to take up different teacher's training courses. Therefore there are different teacher's training institutes offering Basic training certificate (BTC) junior basic training (JBT), Diploma in Education (D.Ed), Primary teachers training (PTT), Bachelor in Education (B.Ed) and several other teachers's training courses.

Institutes offering Teacher's Training Courses in India

There are several teacher's training institutes in India that offer training for pre-primary, primary education as well as higher education. Some of the leading institutes in India are:

Technical Teacher's Training Institute, Bhopal (TTTI) National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh A.S.P.P.T.T.I., Kollam Al-Kateeb Nursery T.T.I, Bangalore, Karnataka Asharafee Teacher Training Institute, Karnataka Children Educational Society's TTI for Women, Karnataka Dattatreya T.T.I., Karnataka Dr.TMA Pai P.P.T.T.I., Kunjibettu, Udupi, Karnataka Indian Association for Pre School Education, Dehradun, (Uttarkhand) Kasturba P.P.T.T., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Nehru Smarak Vidya Kendra Nursery Teachers Training Institute, Bangalore

Qualifications for Teacher Training Courses: Pre Primary and Primary school teachers have to pass 12th standard with at least 50% marks aggregate. In addition to the academic records, the personal aptitude and skills are also important.

To join Secondary and Senior Secondary Teacher Training course, the candidates must have a post graduate degree in the subject they wish to teach in.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the Teacher Training Courses in India -

Elementary Teacher Education Course Basic Teacher Certificate Course Master Of Education Course Diploma in Education Course Junior Basic Training Course

Primary Teachers Training Course Junior Teacher's Training Certificate Courses Physical Teacher Training Courses B.Ed Course

Elementary Teacher Education (ETE) in India

Elementary Education refers to the education imparted to children between the age group of 4 to 14 years. The education system in India is supposed to be the second largest and well-developed after America but in the rural areas, the number of drop-outs at the elementary level is

quite high. The government, however, is taking steps to enhance the scenario and has been creating programs that would make education easily accessible to everyone and also ensure that they continue with higher education. In order to strengthen elementary education in India it is also essential to provide proper training to the teachers entrusted with the duty of educating the students. There are quite a number of institutes that conduct elementary teacher education (ETE) in India.

Elementary Teacher Education (ETE) in India Elementary level education lays the foundation of learning in a child. It is, thus, very important that teachers acquire proper training in order to handle children at the elementary level. The course includes all the major aspects of the field of study. Apart from the theory part, teachers also go through practical training courses. However, candidates willing to pursue an elementary teacher education course in India need to fulfill the admission criteria as mentioned by the respective institutes. Candidates who have qualified their 10+2 examination or equivalent from a recognized board with the minimum percentage of marks are eligible for admission to this course. The growing need for trained teachers for the proper functioning of the schools have compelled private institutions to start various courses in elementary teacher education in India.

Comfortable hours of working and paid vacations are considered to be the main reasons behind the popularity of teaching as a profession. However, teaching when compared to other professions is less lucrative but it is the mental satisfaction attached with the profession that draws the attention of individuals.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the Elementary Teacher Education (ETE) in India-

ETE Training Institutes in Andhra Pradesh

ETE Training Institutes in Delhi ETE Training Institutes in Haryana ETE Training Institutes in Karnataka ETE Training Institutes in Punjab

ETE Training Institutes in Pondicherry ETE Training Institutes in Rajasthan ETE Training Institutes in Tamil Nadu ETE Training Institutes in Uttar

Pradesh

Basic Training Certificate (BTC)The quality of the education system plays a major role in the development of the country

as it builds up the human resource of the future. But the sustenance of a vibrant educational system depends to a large extent on the quality of teaching at the elementary level. In order to improve the quality of the teachers, the government of India has set up various institutes that provide BTC:Basic Training Certificate after the successful completion of a course in teacher's training.

The institutes providing BTC, Basic Training Certificate courses are set up in almost all the states in India so that maximum number of teachers can avail the training and help improve the

quality of education in India. The basic training certificate courses in the field of education are increasingly becoming popular as recruitment boards of primary teachers in various Indian states regard the BTC as a part of the minimum eligibility criteria for appointment of primary teachers.

Institutes offering BTC: Basic Training Certificate Courses in India

There are several institutes that offer Basic Training Certificate, BTC Courses in India for teaching at the elementary stage. Here is a list of some of the institutions offering BTC courses in India:

Vivekanand College of Education, Uttar Pradesh District Institute of Education & Training, Uttaranchal Trident College of Education, Uttar Pradesh Institute Of Teacher Education, Uttar Pradesh District Institute of Education & Training, Uttar Pradesh District Institute Of Education & Training, Almora, UP Lovely Institute of Education, Punjab Cosmos College of Education, Uttar Pradesh Aligarh Muslim University, Department OF Education

On completion of the Basic Training Certificate (BTC) Courses from an institute in India, one can apply to various primary schools.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the JBT-Junior Basic Training in Education courses in different states of India-

BTC Institutes in Punjab

BTC Institutes in Uttranchal

BTC Institutes in Uttar Pradesh

M.Ed (Master of Education)As the education sector is attracting adequate attention in the age of structural adjustment

and economic reform, Master of education (M.Ed.) is increasingly becoming a preferred career course for many Indians. This has also helped in the growth of the M.Ed. Career Colleges in India. The M.Ed Courses in India are generally pursued after the successful completion of the Bachelor of Education (http://www.indiaedu.com/b-ed-colleges/index.html) (B.Ed.) courses. It is a Post Graduate degree course offered at most of the District Institute of Education & Training (DIET) centers across India.

In India M.Ed (Master of Education) is mainly offered by institutions that are recognized by National Council of Teacher Education, New Delhi. It is a government body in charge of improving and implementing teacher education programmes in the country. It is essential to

pursue the M.Ed. courses if you are interested in pursing a teaching career. M.Ed. is considered an important course as it helps the students to learn the education systems and patterns more profoundly and comparatively. In every state in India there are several institutions that offer Master of Education courses. The eligibility criterion for admission to this course is that candidates must pass their Bachelor of Education B.ED from a reputed institution in India.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the M.Ed Teacher Training Courses in different States of India

M.Ed Colleges in Andhra Pradesh M.Ed Colleges in Assam M.Ed Colleges in Arunachal Pradesh M.Ed Colleges in Bihar M.Ed Colleges in Chhattishgarh M.Ed Colleges in Chandigarh M.Ed Colleges in Delhi M.Ed Colleges in Goa M.Ed Colleges in Gujarat M.Ed Colleges in Haryana M.Ed Colleges in Himachal Pradesh M.Ed Colleges in Jammu & Kashmir M.Ed Colleges in Karnataka M.Ed Colleges in Madhya Pradesh

M.Ed Colleges in Maharashtra M.Ed Colleges in Manipur M.Ed Colleges in Meghalaya M.Ed Colleges in Jhakhand M.Ed Colleges in Orissa M.Ed Colleges in Pondicherry M.Ed Colleges in Punjab M.Ed Colleges in Rajasthan M.Ed Colleges in Tamil Nadu M.Ed Colleges in Tripura M.Ed Colleges in Uttar Pradesh M.Ed Colleges in Uttranchal M.Ed Colleges in West Bengal

Diploma in Education (D. Ed.)As elementary education plays a very important role in a person's life and also in the

development of the nation, the need to train the teachers is increasingly been realized. In India there are different institutes that provide Diploma in Education, D.Ed. This diploma in education would help the teachers in developing their cognitive skills and also in taking care of the psychological needs of the students. The D.Ed-Diploma in Education, India is gaining popularity as various states have made it compulsory to have D.Ed to be eligible for appointment as teachers.

Institutions offering D.Ed-Diploma in Education in India

Teacher training in India is offered through a number of institutions across the country. The various institutions offering D.Ed-Diploma in Education, India include the following:

Adarsh Junior College of Education, Maharashtra Adhyapak Vidyalaya, Junior College of Education, Mumbai Aryan Education Society's Vanita, Mumbai Basic Training Institute, Raipur, Madhya Pradesh District Institute of Education & Training, Ambala, Haryana

Hindu College Of Education, Haryana Padmashree Academy for Creative Teaching, Bangalore

Qualification: For admissions to the D.Ed-Diploma in Education at various institutes in India, the minimum qualification required is completion of 12 years of basic education. Also 50% is the minimum marks required in the qualifying examination to be eligible for Diploma in Education.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the DED-Diploma in Education Course in different states of India-

DED Institutes in Goa DED Institutes in Gujarat DED Institutes in Haryana DED Institutes in Madhya Pradesh DED Institutes in Mahrashtra

Junior Basic Training in EducationThe concept of JBT-Junior Basic training in India is a result of the realization that

education received at the elementary level shapes the human personality in more ways than one. It is therefore in the interest of the students that they be taught by trained teachers who can develop the cognitive skills and also take care of the emotional needs of the students. The junior basic training Institutes (JBT) have come up in India mainly to train the teachers who are actively engaged in imparting education to the tender aged children.

Eligibility and Admission Criteria for JBT-Junior Basic Training in IndiaIn some of the states in India the JBT or Junior Basic Training course is conducted for a period of two years. Entrance test is also conducted for the admission of students to this course. Apart from the government institutes there are quite a number of private institutes that conduct junior basic training courses in India. A certain number of seats are also kept reserved as per the rules and regulations mentioned by the government.

Students who have passed their 12th standard board examination or equivalent are eligible for taking admission in this course. In some of the states in India a minimum percentage of 50% marks in 10+2 examination is essential for the students willing to join this course. Candidates with a bachelor's degree seeking admission to this course should have a minimum percentage of 45% marks. Candidates should be between seventeen to twenty eight years of age. Five years maximum relaxation in the upper age limit is given to the reserved category candidates.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the JBT-Junior Basic Training in India.

JBT Institutes in Andman Nicobar

JBT Institutes in Assam

JBT Institutes in Chandigarh

JBT Institutes in Delhi

JBT Institutes in Himachal Pradesh

JBT Institutes in Punjab

Primary Teacher's Training (PTT) in Education, India

Well-trained teachers are capable of improving not only the quality of education in India but also the quality of life as they are actively engaged in building the human resource of the future. Primary Teacher's training is even more important as elementary education plays a very important role in a person's life. As they need to take care of the emotional needs along with developing the cognitive skills of the students primary Teacher's training is regarded as essential. Because of theses reasons Primary Teacher's training (PTT) is made compulsory in various states for appointment as primary teachers.

On this page we have tried to cover the institutes in India that offer the Primary Teacher's Training (PTT) courses.

We have tried to provide as accurate information as possible while compiling this list of PTT institutes in India. However, if you come across any discrepancy or error, do write to us about it. We would welcome any kind of feedback that will improve the quality of this page- a page that concentrates on providing the best information on PTT institutes in India.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the Primary Teacher's Training Institutes in different states of India- --

PTT Institutes in Arunachal Pradesh

PTT Institutes in Bihar

PTT Institutes in Jharkhand

PTT Institutes in Sikkim

PTT Institutes in West Bengal

Junior teacher's Training Certificate Courses in India

As schools bring together students from different sections of the society, training of teachers is very important so that they can take care of the differential needs of the students. Junior teacher's training certificate courses are designed to impart training to the teachers so that they can make the students confident enough to face the challenges of the future. Teachers trained through JTTC are expected to be actively engaged in the whole process of producing enlightened citizens of the country.

On this page we have tried to cover the institutes in India that offer the Junior teacher's Training Certificate Courses (JTTC). We have tried to provide as accurate information as possible while compiling this list of JTTC institutes in India. However, if you come across any discrepancy or error, do write to us about it. We would welcome any kind of feedback that will improve the quality of this page- a page that concentrates on providing the best information on JTTC institutes in India.

Please click on the below mentioned links to know more about the Junior teacher's Training Certificate Courses in different states of India-

JTTC Institutes in Meghalaya

CPED Institutes Gujarat While the Sports Authority of Gujarat provides extensive support to the secondary

schools for organizing sports events, Gujarat Council of Educational Research and Training emphasizes on considerable improvement of mental as well as physical health of a child through training in extra-curricular subjects such as Physical Education since the initial days of schooling. Kids are thus given adequate training in Physical Education apart from general academics in the schools in Gujarat since the elementary level. Thus, jobs for Physical Education instructors are aplenty in this state. You can go for a lucrative career option in Physical Education training after acquiring requisite skills and knowledge in the field. Several institutes across the state offer certificate, higher certificate and diploma courses in Physical Education. If you are interested in studying CPED- a higher certificate course in this field, you will find many options in this state. To know more about CPED Institutes in Gujarat, you can scroll down this page.

Features of CPED Institutes in GujaratSeveral Physical Education Colleges and Education Colleges in Gujarat offers higher certificate course in this field. Interestingly enough many education trusts conduct this course in the state. You can also enroll in a CPED College in the state such as Swaminarayan C.P.Ed. College, which exclusively offers a CPED course. The seat capacity for the course may vary from one institute to another. While the eligibility criteria for admission to this course is a pass in 10+2 level with a minimum of 45% marks for the general candidates, it is 40% for the applicants who have taken part in the sports

events at state or National level.

Below mentioned is a list of Training Institutes offering Certificate Course in Physical Education in Gujarat -

CPED Institutes in Gujarat

Name Address Eligibility Phone/Email

Arya Kanya Shikshan Mahavidyalya Itola Baroda 391240 ******* *******

Sheth C.N. Vyavam Vidya Bhawan

Ambawadi Ellisbridge Ahmedabad 380006 ******* *******

Smt. Manekba Vyavam Vidya Bhawan Adlaj Gandhi Nagar -380006 ******* *******

Bachelor of Education, B.Ed

B.Ed Colleges

Teachers play a very important role in a student's life. It is, to a great extent, the teachers who decide the shape a student's life will take.

So, it is very necessary to be adequately equipped with resources that will make the teacher a perfect role model to the students. To achieve this, Bachelor of Education or B. Ed was introduced, which will teach a person about teaching and the various aspects associated with teaching. Almost every central and state university offers degree in B.Ed.

Once a person completes the Bachelor of Education (B. Ed) coaching or training, then he is awarded with a B. Ed degree. On this page, we have tried to list all the B. Ed colleges that provide teaching training and coaching in India. You can also undergo Bachelor of Education through Distance Learning Degree Programs offered by many distance learning universities. Online Bachelor Degree in Education is also a great idea. If you think you have the qualities to be a teacher, then move forward and complete a year's course on Bachelor of Education (B. Ed).

If you have the passion for teaching and want to take teaching as your profession, this B. Ed degree is considered compulsory. Whether you are an arts or a science graduate, you need to have the Bachelor's degree.

Why study Bachelor of Education?

There are some important reasons as to why one should opt for B. Ed course.

You become efficient in teaching subjects of your specialization on the basis of accepted principles of learning and teaching.

The course develops your skills and widens your understanding so that you can impart quality education to your students.

The course also teaches you about the attitude and makes you skilled in coming up with innovative teaching techniques.

You become more competent in understanding psychological principles of growth and development and individual differences of the students you teach.

There is a separate section in this course where you learn to guide the children and counsel them in solving their personal and academic problems.

Top B.Ed colleges in India:

If you are willing to have a strong foundation of teaching, it is always prudent to seek admission in some of the reputed B. Ed colleges in India.

Jamia Millia Islamia, Maulana Mohammed Ali Jauhar Marg, New Delhi A.G. Teachers College, Ahmedabad Himachal Pradesh University, Department Of Education, Shimla D.M.College of Teacher Education, Imphal Andhra University, Visakhapatanam University of Bombay St. Xaviers College of Education, Patna

College Of Teacher Education, Kozhikode NSS Training College, Pandalam

Indian Universities offering B.Ed course Correspondence courses:

Besides the above mentioned colleges, there are some universities which offer integrated course on Bachelor of Education.

Annamalai University Bangalore University Jamia Millia Islamia Institure of Post Graduate Studies and Research University of Kerala, Institute of Distance Education University of Madras Maharishi Dayananad University Mother Teresa Women's University

Patna University SNDT Women's University

The demand for qualified and trained teachers all over the country has made the students choose B. Ed to ensure a good teaching job.

Teaching Jobs School Teacher Jobs Career in Elementary Education Preschool Teaching Online Teaching Degrees Online Teaching Jobs

Teaching Jobs

Teaching jobs are regarded as the noblest of all the professions in the world. The quality of education in any educational institute hinges on the availability of good teachers. A good teacher not only shows the right path that the students should follow but also prepares the human resource for the further development of the nation.

Therefore, teaching jobs not only offer an opportunity to earn one's living but also to engage in one of the oldest and noblest professions. Some people find teaching jobs appealing also because it entails engagement in various extracurricular and other activities of the institute.

Teaching as a profession has attracted quite a good numbers of young people in the recent years as the number of private and government educational institutes are increasing at a very high pace in India and the world.

As the educational institutes are vying for the best faculty, teaching jobs have become attractive more than ever before as the salaries of teachers are also rising. Apart from being a secure professional career a teacher's job also entails shorter working hours and regular annual vacations. Moreover once you are qualified as a teacher, you can also earn some extra buck by offering private tuitions or opening up a coaching institute. Therefore in this section, we would bring to your notice the teaching jobs that are available in India and teaching jobs available abroad. It would include the details of schoolteacher jobs, College teacher's jobs, jobs in Universities and other teaching jobs in various organizations and institutions.

Teacher Education in China(I) 2004-10-27 A Survey of Teacher Education in China

Teacher education is an important part of Chinese socialist education system. In the last 50 years' of development since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the governments at different levels have given priorities and great cares to teacher education. China has established on the whole a teacher education system that meets the needs of basic education of different types and at different levels. This system fits the specific Chinese situation and consists of independent teacher training institutions as the principle parts supplemented by other educational organizations.

Teacher education in China is composed by two parts that is pre-service education and in-service training. Four-year teacher training institutions including normal universities and colleges, three-year teacher training colleges and secondary teacher training schools primarily conduct pre-service education. They train respectively teachers for senior and junior secondary schools and primary schools kindergartens and special education institutions. In-service training is conducted respectively by education institutes and in service teacher training schools for teachers of secondary and primary school (kindergartens).

In addition, education departments in regular higher education institutions and all kinds of teacher training classes including TV programs were also set up to train secondary school teachers. At the same time, in-service training programs for teachers at secondary and primary schools are provided through correspondence education programs, evening schools, satellite TV education, and examinations for self-directed learners.

Basic Statistics of Specialized Teacher Training Schools in 1998

  Schools Enrollments Freshmen Graduates TeachersNormal universities and colleges 229 693600 251100 196800 76600

Secondary teacher training schools 875 921100 319300 3058000 6340

Educational institutes 190 212000 82200 66200 18700In-service teacher training schools 2087 371000 121600 168200 46300

The State Council promulgated Regulations on Teachers Qualification in December 12th, 1995, in which the standards for recruiting teachers are strictly regulated and teachers must have certificates before taking their jobs. Competent persons in the society and graduates of other specialites should be recruited to teach.

Teacher Education In China(III)                             Pre-service Training of Primary and Secondary School Teachers

General Higher Teacher Education

General higher teacher education in China aims mainly at the training of secondary school teachers. In 1998, there were 229 general higher education institutions in China with an

enrollment of 690,000. Normal universities, teacher-training institutes and teacher training colleges enroll graduates from senior secondary schools. Four-year programs are offered for training senior secondary school teachers,2-year or 3 year programs are mainly to train teachers for junior secondary schools. The specialties are as follows£º Pedagogy, Pre-school Education, Special Education, Psychology, Educational Technology, Chinese Language and Literature, Languages and Literature of Minority Nationalities, Ideological and Political Education, History, English, Russian, Japanese, Mathematics and applied Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, Music, Fine Arts and Physical Education. Besides, postgraduate programs are offered in general higher teacher education institutions. At the same time, general higher teacher education institutions are playing active parts in providing in-service training for secondary school teachers.

Regular Secondary Teacher Education

Regular secondary teacher education aims mainly at training teachers for primary schools, kindergartens and special education. In 1998, there were 875 regular secondary colleges of teacher training in China with 920, 000 enrollments. Out of these 875 colleges, there were 811 regular secondary teacher training schools,61 for pre-school education and 3 for special education.

--The main task for regular secondary teacher education is to prepare teachers for primary school education. They enroll graduates from junior secondary schools, and offer either 3-year programs or 4-year programs. The courses are made up of 4 parts£ºcompulsory courses, optional courses, teaching practice and extracurricular activities. Compulsory courses are£ºIdeological and Political Education, Chinese £¨including Methodology of Chinese Teaching in Primary Schools£©, Mathematics £¨including Methodology of Mathematics Teaching in Primary Schools £©, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, Psychology, Pedagogy for Primary School, Basic Audio-visual Education, Physical Education, Music, Fine Arts, Laboring Skills, and Basics of Computer Application. In accordance with the regional education needs, the optional courses include subjects that help broadening and deepening the students' knowledge and fostering their interests and aptitudes. Furthermore, vocational and technical subjects are offered to meet the requirements of the local economic development. Teaching practice includes visits to primary schools, educational survey, teaching probation and experimental teaching. The extracurricular activities are conducted by means of lectures, organizing special interest groups and conducting social surveys to educate students in disciplines, science and technology, arts and sports. --The main task of secondary pre-school teacher training schools is to educate kindergarten teachers. In 1998, there were 61 secondary pre-school teacher training schools in China with 58,000 enrollments£® In addition, such programs are offered in some regular secondary teacher training colleges and vocational senior secondary schools. Secondary pre-school teacher training schools enroll graduates from junior secondary schools, offering 3-year or 4-year programs. The curriculums consist of 4 parts £ºcompulsory courses, optional courses, teaching practice and extracurricular activities. Compulsory courses include £º Ideological and Political Education, Chinese, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geography,

History, Basic Audio visual Education, Health Protection for Kindergarten Children, preschool Psychology, Survey of Preschool Education, Design and Instructions of Preschool Educational Activities, Music, Fine Arts, Dancing, Physical Education and Laboring Skills. Geared to the requirements of local kindergartens, optional courses are designed to broaden the students, knowledge and develop their interests and special skills. Teaching practice includes visits to local kindergartens, on-the-spot observation of kindergarten children's mental and physical growth, teaching probation and student teaching themselves, and services for kindergartens. Extracurricular activities are intended to promote teaching in science and technology as well as in arts and sports through lectures, get-togethers and social surveys.

-The main task of secondary special teacher- training schools is to educate special education teachers for primary schools. In 1998,there were 33 secondary special education teacher-training institutions in China, 3 out of which were fully devoted to special education institutions. Secondary teacher training institutes for special education offer three specialties£º education for the deaf, for the blind and for the mentally retarded£® Normally, they enroll graduates from junior secondary schools and the schooling lasts either 4 years or 3 years. The courses are made up of 4 parts that are compulsory courses, optional courses, teaching practice and extracurricular activities. The compulsory courses are classified into two categories £º public and specialized compulsory courses. The public ones include Ideological and Political Education, Chinese, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, Music, Physical Education, Fine Arts, Basic Pedagogy, Basic Psychology, Introduction to Special Education and Laboring Skills£® The specialized ones are separately offered for the above-mentioned three specialties. They include Psychology, Pedagogy, Methodology and other courses for prevention and examination of deformity. Altogether there are 22 specialized compulsory courses. The optional courses are based on the local needs for special primary education, including subjects that are helpful to broaden and deepen students' knowledge, to develop their interests and special skills, and vocational and technical subjects to meet the demands of local special education. Teaching practice includes visiting, probating and assisting special education teachers to organize activities, educational surveys and student teaching themselves. Extracurricular activities provide education in science and technology, arts and sports through lectures, get-togethers and social surveys, and through organizing students to coach voluntarily in special schools and local educational organizations.

In addition, optional courses of special education are offered in regular secondary schools of teacher training so as to enable their graduates to meet the future challenges of having handicapped children to study in the main stream.

Teacher Education for Ethnic Minorities

China is a unified multi-ethnic nation with 56 ethnic minority groups£® The population of these minorities is 108 million accounting for 8.98£¥ of the total. Education of minority ethnic. groups constitutes an important part in the national education undertaking. The country encourages the expansion of teacher education for minorities to promote the

development of education in the regions where minority peoples reside. A group of higher teacher training institutions and colleges and secondary teacher training schools are responsible for teaching and training minority teachers. Teacher Training Center in the Northwest and English Teacher Training Center in the Southwest are established in the regions where the minority people concentrate. Parts of the nation's institutions and comprehensive universities also offer programs for training minority education teachers. The reform of minority teacher education is undergoing continuously and it is on the way to train versatile teachers with practical skills.

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