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Importance of AGC for Secondary Control and
Pilot Modalities
Location: Radisson Blu, Bengaluru
Date: Aug 3, 2017
Renewable Integration & Sustainable Energy Initiative
under Greening the Grid (GTG) ProgramA Joint initiative of USAID and Ministry of Power
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• Introduction
• Ancillary Service
• Primary Control
• AGC
• International Experience
• Technical Requirements
• Case Study
OUTLINE
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Convention
GenerationDemand + Losses
Renewables
Ancillary Services
System
Reliability
Introduction
• Ancillary services are value-added services towards supporting and
improving reliability, security and quality of power.
• Owing to increasing competition among power players, deregulation,
restructuring of power sector etc., the role of ancillary services has
become very critical for smooth operation of power systems
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• Load fluctuations
• Inaccurate control of generation
• Sudden outages of interconnectors and generators
• Variable RE generation
Imbalance between load and generation causes frequency variation due to
Why Ancillary Services ?
Frequency deviations have to be corrected quickly so that system can
withstand further problems and weakening of system.
Balancing services are needed to handle imbalances occurring at
different time.
Regulation service provided by generating units should handle rapid
fluctuations in load, unintended variations in generation, should
maintain frequency close to normal, interchange at desired values.
Thus, ancillary services are either related to generation load
balancing issues or network related issues.
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Why Ancillary Services ?
Primary frequency
response (governor
droop service) is
the action by
turbine governor
controls to change
output to balance
generation and
load and ensure
system frequency
returns to a stable
level following a
disturbance
1/3/2019 6Ref: NPTEL Lecture
Primary Control
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ACE-1 ACE-2
Automatic
generation
control is used
to help
continuously
balance the
system,
maintain a
constant
frequency, and
eliminate area
control error.
Ref: NPTEL Lecture
AGC - Secondary Control
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Ref: NREL Report on “Variable Renewable Generation Can Provide Balancing
Control to the Electric Power System”
AGC - Secondary Control
1/3/2019 9Ref: www.ferc.gov
AGC – International Experience
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Reserves
Regulation Reserves Operational Reserves
Resources that
provide Regulation
Reserves adjust their
generation or load
levels in response to
AGC signals provided
by the system
operator.
Spinning
Reserves
Non-Spinning
ReservesRegulation Reserves
typically have the
highest market prices,
followed by Spinning
Reserves and Non-
spinning Reserves.
AGC – International Experience
1/3/2019 11Ref: Frequency regulation basics and trends by Brendan J. Kirby
Service Service Description
Response Speed Duration Cycle Time
Regulation
Reserves
Power sources online, on automatic generation control, that can
respond rapidly to system-operator requests for up and down
movements; used to track the minute-to-minute fluctuations in
system load and to correct for unintended fluctuations
~1 min Minutes Minutes
Spinning
reserve
Power sources online, synchronized to the grid, that can increase
output immediately in response to a major generator or
transmission outage and can reach full output within 10 min
Seconds to <10 min 10 to 120 min Days
Non Spinning
Reserve
Same as spinning reserve, but need not respond immediately; units
can be offline but still must be capable of reaching full output within
the required 10 min
<10 min 10 to 120 min Days
AGC – International Experience
Regulation service compensates for minute-to-minute fluctuations
in total system load and uncontrolled generation.
1/3/2019 12Ref: Frequency regulation basics and trends by Brendan J. Kirby
AGC – International Experience
Ref: Report on “Survey of U.S. Ancillary Services Markets” by Argonne National Laboratory
AGC – International Experience
Ref: Report on “Survey of U.S. Ancillary Services Markets” by Argonne National Laboratory
Summary of the Regulation Reserves Market Data
AGC – International Experience
Ref: Report on “Survey of U.S. Ancillary Services Markets” by Argonne National Laboratory
Seven-day moving average prices in each Regulation Reserves market
AGC – International Experience
Ref: Report on “Survey of U.S. Ancillary Services Markets” by Argonne National Laboratory
AGC – International Experience
1/3/2019 17Ref: GIZ Report on “ Proposed Road Map for Implementing AGC
AG
C P
rinci
ple
absolute power reference
Wind/Solar Plant
delta control or
absolute power reference
AGC - Requirements
1/3/2019 18Ref: GIZ Report on “ Proposed Road Map for Implementing AGC
AGC: Technical Requirements at Plant
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Ref: GIZ Report on “ Proposed Road Map for Implementing AGC
AGC at Wind Turbine level
• Pitch angle control and/or
• Rotor speed control
AGC at Wind Plant level
• Plant-wide tracking of a reference power signal to achieve an overall active power reserve.
AGC at Solar Plant
• Invertor level control
AGC: Technical Requirements at Plant
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Case Study: Base Case
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Case Study: Load increase, frequency with load droop
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Case Study: Load increase, frequency with Gen droop in Area 1
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Case Study: Load increase, frequency with Gen droop in all Areas
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Case Study: Load increase, with AGC
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System Operator
• First-hand exposure to operators on usage of AGC in control centre EMS
Generator
• First hand experience on AGC (ahead of regulated / mandated implementation)
• Ensure no commercial impact on generators for pilot participation.
Regulator
• Insights for phased implementation of AGC and to inform technical and commercial aspects
• To generate use-cases for future alternatives
Stakeholders
Wind & Solar
investors/developers
AGC - Pilot Benefits
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• Due to fact that India is one of the big
synchronous area, it is not Possible to
test the whole AGC functionality only
in one control area.
• This will not be enough to balance the
whole synchronous area and the
frequency will not come back to the
set point.
• Hence this pilot will concentrate only
to compensate the Partial Area
Control Error of Karnataka
Technical Bottlenecks
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-1000.00
-800.00
-600.00
-400.00
-200.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1721
1441
2161
2881
3601
4321
5041
5761
6481
7201
7921
8641
9361
10081
10801
11521
12241
12961
13681
14401
15121
15841
16561
17281
18001
18721
19441
20161
20881
21601
22321
23041
23761
24481
25201
25921
26641
27361
28081
28801
29521
30241
30961
31681
32401
33121
33841
34561
35281
36001
36721
37441
38161
38881
39601
40321
41041
41761
42481
KA_ACE (MW) : June 2017
Automatic Generation Control: KA_ACE
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
<100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 > 700
7133
4199
2048
943526
224 83 41
9640 9609
6047
2155
460 7614 2
No o
f In
cidents
KA_ACE in MW
Regulation Down
Regulation Up
Distribution of KA_ACE: June 2017
• Operation of AGC within the SCADA/EMS system @ SLDC
• The bidirectional telecommunication links between SLDC & power
plants
• Control of the in-feed of the power plants based on AGC set points
• The existence of all needed power measurements at the tie lines
• The needed accuracy of all measurements
• The needed refresh rates of all the measurements
• The computation of the Area Control Error (ACE)
• Participation factor for each participation generation plant
• The correct reaction of the AGC to minimize the ACE
• The visualization in the SCAD/EMS systems
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Pilot Implementation Process
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• T0+2 months
Kick off meetings & initial stakeholders workshop
• T0+5 months
Pre-feasibility analysis to estimate the requirement of Software, hardware and communication facilities
• T0+6 months
Submission of Request for compensation for participation generators to State Regulation Commission
• T0+12 months
Deployment of identified software, hardware and communication systems
AGC Pilot– Implementation Timelines
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• T0+13 months
Test run of AGC pilot with participation generators
• T0+19 months
Implementation of AGC Pilot for 3 or 6 months in Karnataka state to compensate for Karnataka Area Control Error
• T0+24 months
Preparation of Report on pilot outcomes and drafting framework guidelines for Secondary control reserves
• T0+25 monthsPilot Closure
AGC Pilot– Implementation Timelines
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Contact
Monali Zeya Hazra
Senior Clean Energy Specialist
USAID/India
Email: [email protected]
Shubhranshu Patnaik
Chief of Party
USAID GTG-RISE Initiative
Email: [email protected]
