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Implementation of Urban Planning: Zoning and
Subdivision Regulations
Stuart Meck, FAICP
Senior Research Fellow
American Planning Association
Module 2: Spatial Analysis and Urban Land Planning
Legal Authority for Zoning in the U.S.
The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
The Standard City Planning Enabling Act
State enabling legislation Other authority—Municipal
charters
Problems with Early Zoning Legislation
Urban and local orientation Static view of municipal
development A process orientation Optional plan-making
The Zoning Ordinance
District Regulations
•Yards
•Height
•Bulk or Floor Area Ratio
•Maximum lot coverage
•Maximum impervious surface ratio
Floor Area Ratios
Other Regulations
Accessory structures and uses Landscaping Off-street parking and loading Home occupations Conditional uses Signs
Off-street Parking Standards
Nonconforming Uses
Definition Nuisance Lawfully established Vesting Amortization
Enforcement
Zoning and Building Permits Completeness Reviews Enforcement Procedures
• Administrative—Stop work• Criminal• Injunctions
Board of Zoning Appeals
Structure and organization Powers
• Variances• Conditional Uses• Appeals of interpretations,
permit refusals Alternative: Hearing examiner
Zoning Map and Text Amendments
Purposes• Piecemeal amendments• Comprehensive amendments
Map amendment Consistency with comprehensive
plan• Density and intensity,
compatibility• Interpretation of plan text• Proposed public improvements
Subdivision Regulation
Purposes Legal authority Contents
•Submission requirements•Design standards•Engineering Standards•Erosion and sedimentation
control
Subdivision Regulation
Subdivision Review Procedure
Preapplication conference Preliminary plat review Final plat review Public improvement guarantees Time limits Exactions & fees in lieu
• Parks & school sites• Storm drainage
Planned Unit Development
Urban Growth Boundary
Transfer of Development
Rights
Density Bonus
Other Techniques
Adequate public facility ordinances
Impact fees Exclusive farmland districts Traditional neighborhood
development zones Overlay districts
• Critical and sensitive areas• Floodplain zoning
Current Problems in Land-use
Controls Exclusionary zoning Takings Bureaucracy Timeliness of reviews Coordination among
governmental units Gold-plating of development
standards Lack of clear authority for
certain techniques