Implementation of Almada’s - Tecnalia · 2015-11-04 · Soils of high ecological value Areas at risk of erosion Urban GI Gardens and parks Retention basins Wooded areas and streets,

Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas

municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015

Nuno Lopes, Sara Dionísio, Patrícia Silva & Catarina Freitas

Head of the Environmental Studies and Management Division

Sustainable Environmental Management and Planning Department

City Council of Almada, Portugal

Implementation of Almada’s

Adaptation Strategy: a multi-level

approach.





Topics…

... a glimpse of Almada

... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for

Climate Change

... boosting resilience through ecosystem

based adaptation

… Final remarks





Lisboa

Almada

Tagus River

Atlantic

Ocean

Almada

Coastal southern

European city

1 of 18

municipalities in

Lisbon

Metropolitan Area

Area ~ 70 km2

175 000

inhabitants

35 km Waterfront





White sandy beachfront, fisherie community



Topics…



Climate Change

... improving resilience through ecosystem

based adaptation

… Final remarks



Almada’s starting point on adaptation…

− South bank of Tagus river across Lisbon ► urban pressure

− Highly populated and dense territory

− Vulnerable coastal and riverfront areas to sea level rise, with

high tourist value

− Abusive occupation of high value natural areas, rich

Mediterranean ecosystems at risk

− Ageing society

Long term vision on sustainability from our political leadership

More informed community

Landuse plans under development …



Mitigation Agenda

energy consumption and GHGs emissions

Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility... low carbon city

Adaptation Agenda

Allowing the resilience of our natural, social and

economic systems, providing our communities an

healthy and safe environment to live and work.

... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO2 will

change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)



Mitigation Agenda

energy consumption and GHGs emissions

Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility... low carbon city

Adaptation Agenda

Means to allow the resilience of our natural, social

and economic systems, providing our communities an

healthy and safe environment to live and work.

... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO2 will

change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)

ECCA, European Climate Change Adaptation Conference 2013

Hamburg | 18 – 20 March 2013

Conferência “Roteiro Local para as Alterações Climáticas: Mobilizar, Planear e Agir”

Almada, Portugal | 28 - 29 Maio 2009

Methodology Almada’s Strategy for Climate Change



Adaptation

Downscaling Climate Evolution Scenarios

Monitoring climate change impacts (ex:,

floods, landslides, heat waves, oceanic

overwashes)

Vulnerability Diagnosis (coast, riverfront,

ecosystems, urban water cycle, urban services),

existing and amplified…

Modeling Urban Heat Island Effect

Design Risk Maps

Definition of adaptation goals and

measures

Integrating adaptation goals and measures

in land use planning: Urban Plans and

Master Plan of Almada (currently under

revision)

in Almada’s Strategy

for Climate Change



Almada’s Climate Evolution (2070-2100 scenarios)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Maior temp. máx. registada Média temp. máx. Verão Média temp. diária anual Média temp. mín. Inverno

Te

mp

era

tura

(oC

)

Anomalia das temperaturas para 2070 -2100 em Almada

2000-2006

2070 - 2100

↑ +4,25 oC

↑ +5 oC

↑ +2,5 oC

↑ +4 oC

Variação dos modelos

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

10,0

Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez

Pre

cip

itação

(m

m)

Evolução da precipitação mensal com alterações climáticas

2000 - 2009

2070 - 2100

Temperature

- Annual mean: increases 2,5 ºC

- Tmáx Summer , Winter: rises 4,0 to 5,0 ºC

- Nº of Days/year with >35 ºC:

5-10 ► 20-30

Precipitation

- 55% reduction in Summer precipitation

- 12,5% increase in Winter precipitation

- Decrease of 15 to 55% in

Autumn and Spring

- increase of heavy rainfall events



Almada’s vulnerability to

Natural Hazards

Mass Wasting (rock falls, rock topple, landslides)

Sea Level Rise (coastal erosion)

Storm Surges/overwash

Droughts

Flooding

Salinization of Coastal Aquifers

Forest Fires

Biodiversity loss

Heat waves

Mass Wasting

Coast Erosion



“Boost” resilience in land use planning

Multi-dimension, integrated and multi-level approach:

Detail scale: integration of specific adaptive solutions

(smart urban design) in the development of Local and

Urban Plans (1:1.000)

Municipal scale: define a global territorial adaptation

strategy and establish solutions + regulations for Almada’s

Master Plan (1:10.000)

Improving resilience through

land use planning



F2 - New approaches to resilient

urban planning and design

3 levels of land use planning:

Master Plan (1:10.000)

Urban Plans (1:1.000)

+

Local Plans (1:1.000)

Land use plans are

the most strategic

compulsory plans

that can be develop

at a local level !



Examples Adaptative Measures (Detail scale)

Smart urban design to improve natural cooling and the use

of solar energy in buildings

Conservative average sea-level rise limits incorporated in

urban design

Development of urban green corridors

Coastal dune restoration

Promotion of water infiltration and the use of permeable

pavements

Protection of people and property from flood risk with the

construction of terrace defenses and retention basins

Rehabilitation of streams with riparian vegetation (green

and blue infrastructure)

boosting resilience through land

use planning



recover of the dune

ecosystems

dune reconstitution:

minimum level 12 m

sediment trapping

erosion and slope deposits

control with native plants

urban perimeter

reconfiguration

with retreat from

the risk areas

define a new

ground level: 11 m

(landfill)

building on stilts

elevated pathways

Example: Developing Local Plan of Fonte da Telha

Coastal Adaptation Measures incorporated in the Plan

PROTECT ACCOMMODATE REMOVE



Topics…



Climate Change


based adaptation

… Final remarks



1º Identify different types of hazards in Almada

2º Evaluate how the current hazards will be amplified by

climate change impacts

3º Assess how GI’s environmental services can respond

and mitigate to current and future hazardous/

vulnerabilities

4º Spatial representation of GI’s environmental services

5º Designed ecosystem based projects to address the

hazardous/vulnerabilities

Ecosystem based adaptation



Types of hazards in

Almada

GI’s

environmental

services



GI’s

environmental

services



Nature

conservation Food

Aquifer

recharge Carbon

sequestration

(floods, marine

washover, land slides)

Erosion

control Rain water

permeability

Microclimatic

regulation )

Disease

plagues

control, seed

dispersal



Multifunctional Map of Green

Infrastructures Network

Environmental services

Multifunctionality

(nr. of services)



Example of Almada’s GI application

Mitigation of the Urban Heat Island Effect (~ 4ºC)



High vulnerability to heat waves: evaluate mortality rate increased

in Lisbon Area for the period of the heat wave in 2013 (June 23rd to

July 14th)

Example of GI application

Number of heat wave days for June-July-

August 2013 (NACLIM FP7 Project)

Mortality rate in Lisbon Area (June 23rd and July 14th)



Hazards

Heat island

Effect

Heat waves

Drought

Fires

…

Green Infrastructure

Major GI

Vegetation of conservative value

Water course (bed and banks)

Areas of highest infiltration

Cliffs (protection belts)

Soils of high ecological value

Areas at risk of erosion

Urban GI

Gardens and parks

Retention basins

Wooded areas and streets,

Vegetable gardens …

c

Green

Infrastructure

services

Microclimatic regulation

and reduction of heat

island effects on cities

Flood mitigation during

rainfall peaks

Nutrient recycling and

groundwater supply

Erosion control

Food production

Recreation, Education,…

Example of GI application

Mitigation of Heat Island Effect (temperature; humidity)



Smaller green areas and corridors within the urban areas / native tree species


municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015 Green roofs and walls at the most dense areas Vegetable Gardens; Green Roofs; Vertical Gardens

ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015

Boosting territorial resilience

Example GI + BI multifunctional project

Objectives: Mitigation of flood/erosion hazards; enhance

biodiversity; promotion of local food production

food, biodiversity, runoff water; water infiltration

Present Problem: Erosion events caused by flooding

during heavy rain periods; soil and infrastructure losses;

biodiversity lost; demand for vegetable gardens





Hazards

GI + BI

How can GI + BI and their ecosystem services respond to current

and future hazards/vulnerabilities?

Water course

Water course margins

High permeability areas

Soils of high ecological

value

Vegetation with

conservative value

Vegetable gardens

Wooded areas

Gardens and parks …

Flooding

Erosion

Soil loss

Biodiversity

loss

…

GI + BI Ecosystem Services

Erosion control


rainfall peaks

Food production

Adaptation water cycle

and other urban services

Microclimatic mitigation

and reduction of heat

island effect

Improve air and water

quality …



Solution: Natural stream

restoration (riparian

vegetation)

+

Retention basin (accommodate

stormwater)

+

Vegetable garden




Fruit farm Fruit farm

Picnic Park

Stream

Stream

Riparian vegetation

Hydraulic surface

discharger

Meadow Vegetable plots




75,00 m3 1.152,55 m3 3.460,55 m3 Volume Water

capacity

Flooding area

Bacia de retenção Bacia de retenção Área inundável Nível 1 Nível 2 Nível 3 Nível 4

Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Water Retention

Retain basin Retain basin

Combining green and blue adaptive solutions




Objectives: Mitigation of coastal erosion, restore

dune ecosystems and enhance biodiversity

biodiversity, sediment loss; sedimentary balance

Present Problem: High coast line regression;

degradated dunes; no vegetation; beach sand

nourishment required for inland protection;

biodiversity loss





Hazards

GI + BI

How can GI + BI and their ecosystem services respond to current

and future hazards/vulnerabilities?

Dune relief (beaches, sand

dunes)

Vegetation of conservative

value

Areas of highest infiltration

…

Adverse weather

conditions (storms,

strong winds)

Storm surge

Shoreline retreat

Coastal flood

Overwash

Loss of

Biodiversity

Saline intrusion

…

GI + BI Ecosystem Services


storms

Resilience to disasters

Erosion control

Nature conservation

Genetic resources

Water availability/quality

Tourism

Cultural inheritage …





Solution: ReDuna Project

Soft measures (ecological restoration of coastal

sand dunes)

+

Heavy coastal protection measures (beach sand

nourishment)






ReDuna

→ Erosion control

→ Resilience to disasters

→ Nature conservation

→ Tourism

→ …

sand fences made of

dry willow branches or wicker

permanent fences to regulate the

pedestrian access to the dune

elevated pathways for dune

protection

plantation of native species on

mobile dunes





Topics…



Climate Change


based adaptation

… Final remarks



Final remarks …

Conclusions

Climate Change is a Global phenomena with Local impacts:

adaptation must be addressed at a City level

Adapt Cities to climate change, means addressing the

uncertainty of its impacts (different nature, type, magnitude)

and take decisions, act now

But… Cities are extremely complex systems (mass, energy,

momentum flows…), difficult to manage

So, flexibility and creativity are required in any adaptation

strategy (local management with a global knowledge…)



Final remarks …

Final Remarks

Green Infrastructure as a planning tool is an effective

way to build natural and urban resilience, with short term

benefits with a lower cost than grey infrastructure.

Private engagement should be promoted e.g. economic

valuation of environmental services.

Multi-dimension provision of ecosystem services can

tackle different hazards, with several benefits from win-win

solutions

However, ecosystem based adaptation implies a deep

transformation in urban planning practices



Future challenges…

Future challenges

It is important for Cities to rely on robust (“translated”) data

to useful information, benchmarking studies and practical

solutions. (R&D)

− more regional data about the economic value of

environmental services provided by ecosystems

− evaluate the limits for adaptation (what is the tolerable

risk?)

− more comparative studies on investement and cost

benefits of ecosystem based adaptation





Thank you for your attention!

[email protected]

Documents

Implementation of Almada’s - Tecnalia · 2015-11-04 · Soils of high ecological value Areas at risk of erosion Urban GI Gardens and parks Retention basins Wooded areas and streets,