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Asimina Kiourti(1) and Raed M. Shubair(2)
(1) ElectroScience Laboratory (ESL), ECE Dept., The Ohio State University, USA (2) ECE Dept., Khalifa University, UAE & Research Lab of Electronics, MIT, USA
Implantable and Ingestible Sensors for Wireless
Physiological Monitoring: a Review
Copyright
©The use of this work is restricted solely for academic purpose. The author of this work owns the copyright and no reproduction in any form is permitted without written permission by the author.
Abstract
One of the latest applications of wireless biotelemetry is in the field of implantable and ingestible sensors. The former are implanted inside the human body by means of a surgical operation, while the latter are ingested, just like regular pills, and they perform a wide variety of diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Design of implantable and ingestible sensors brings forward several challenges, including miniaturization, powering, patient safety, performance evaluation, etc. Nevertheless, applications of such implantable and ingestible sensors are endless and very-fast growing, thus eliminating any concerns related to the aforementioned challenges and their invasive nature. With such attractive features in mind, this paper provides a review of implantable and ingestible sensors, by discussing the design challenges involved, and highlighting some of the medical applications.
Biography
Raed Shubair (S’85, M’93, SM’01) is a Full Professor of Electrical Engineering. He is a Visiting Scientist at the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA. He is also Full Professor of Electrical Engineering at Khalifa University (formerly Etisalat University College), UAE which he joined in 1993 up 2017. Prof. Shubair received both his B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering (with Distinction and Class Honors) from Kuwait University, Kuwait in June 1989 followed by his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering (with Distinction) from the University of Waterloo, Canada in February 1993. Prof. Shubair research interests include Antennas and Bioelectromagnetics, Terahertz Intrabody Communications, Wireless Nanosensor Networks, Internet of Nano Things, and Signal Processing for Wireless and Medical Applications. He has over 200 publications which include US patents, book chapters, papers in IEEE transactions and international journals, and papers in IEEE conference proceedings. He conducted several tutorials and workshops in international conferences, and delivered numerous invited talks at international academic institutions. Prof. Shubair received, several times since 1993, both the University Teaching Excellence Award and the University Distinguished Service Award. He is also recipient of several international research and professional awards. These include the 2005 Distinguished Service Award from the ACES Society in USA and the 2007 Distinguished Service Award from the Electromagnetics Academy in USA. Prof. Shubair supervised his students to receive several conference awards including the 2015 and 2016 IEEE IIT Conference Best Selected Papers Awards, the 2015 IEEE ICCSPA Conference Best Student Paper Award, and the 2016 IEEE BioSMART Conference Best Paper Award. He also supervised his students to receive several international awards and prestigious distinctions including the 2015 IEEE Student Travel Grants, the 2016 Vanier Canada Doctoral Research Grant Award, the 2016 IEEE Predoctoral Research Grant Award, the 2016 NSF Young Professionals Award, and the 2017 OSA Photonics Research Grant Award. Prof. Shubair has supervised and mentored his students to receive full scholarship postgraduate admissions and research internships at top universities in the USA (MIT, Harvard, Georgia Tech, SUNY), Canada (Waterloo, UBC, Carleton, Concordia), France (UPEM Paris University), as well as other universities in UK, Australia, and Switzerland. Prof. Shubair hosted invited talks by the Presidents and Distinguished Speakers of several IEEE Societies. He delivered many invited talks and seminars in top universities including MIT, Stanford University, Harvard University, University of California at Los Angles (UCLA), University of Waterloo, Carleton University, Ohio State University, University of Central Florida, Imperial College, and Queen Mary University of London. Prof. Shubair organized and chaired numerous technical special sessions in flagship conferences including recently EuCAP2017 and IEEE APS2017. Prof. Shubair is a standing member of the editorial boards of several international journals and serves regularly on the steering, organizing, and technical committees of IEEE flagship conferences in Antennas, Communications, and Signal Processing. He was appointed and serves as a member of the Organizing Committees of several flagship international conference including EuCAP2017, EuCAP2018, IEEE APS2017 and IEEE APS2018, IEEE WCNC2018, and ICASSP2018. He has served as the Technical Program Chair of IEEE MMS2016 Conference. Prof. Shubair holds several appointments in the international professional engineering community. He was appointed and serves currently as the Chair of IEEE APS Educational Initiatives Committee, the Outreach Chair for IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, EuCAP Liaison for Middle East and North Africa. Prof. Shubair was selected to become a Member of the Board for the European School of Antennas (ESoA) since January 2017. He was also appointed as the Regional Director for the IEEE Signal Processing Society in the Middle East. Prof. Shubair is Guest Editor for the IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology. Prof. Shubair is also the Co Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Electromagnetic Research and Application Technologies (FERMAT) founded by the world pioneer in the area and IEEE Life Fellow, Professor Raj Mittra. Based on his distinguished technical and professional contributions and accomplishments, Prof. Shubair is nominated for the 2017 IEEE Distinguished Educator Award.
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Outline
Introduction to Body Area Sensing
Definitions: In-Body vs. On-Body Devices
Technologies Brought Forward in Realizing In-Body Devices
Antennas
Circuits
Materials
Bio-EM and SAR Compliance
Power Harvesting
In-Vitro / In-Vivo Testing
Conclusion
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We are in the Wireless Era
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Smart phones, PDAs,
Laptops, etc.
Wearables
EEG, Motion, Blood glucose, ECG,
Temperature, EMG, Sweat, Blood
pressure, etc.
Data Transfer to
Remote Personnel
harvesting
antennas &
circuits
Power Harvesting
Implants
Communication
Antennas
VISION: Wireless Unobtrusive Healthcare Monitoring
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M.D. Smith, “Best Care at Lower Cost:
The Path to Continuously Learning
Health Care in America,” Institute of
Medicine, 2012.
Healthcare Costs are Rapidly Increasing
1924 today…
The “Radio Doctor” Concept Dates back to 1924
Y.-L. Zheng et al., “Unobtrusive sensing and wearable devices for health informatics,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 61(5): 1538-1554, May 2014.
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Wireless On-/In-Body Devices --- Definitions
On-Body Devices In-Body Devices
E-textiles epidermals
wearables
Focus of this presentation
and Special Session
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In-Body Medical Device Applications
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Implantable and
Ingestible
Medical Devices
Implants and Ingestibles in the Market
RestoreULTRA Neurostimulator
Medtronik
Synchromed Drug Infusion System (intrathecal baclofen)
Nucleus Freedom
Guardian Glucose Monitor
Medtronik
Cochlear Implant
Nucleus Freedom
PillCam Small Bowel Endoscopy System
Given Imaging
SmartPill Wireless Mobility Capsule (measures pH, temperature, pressure)
Given Imaging
Bravo pH Monitoring System
Given Imaging
Minimed Insulin Pump
Medtronik
Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System
Second Sight
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Technologies Brought Forward
Antennas
Circuits
Materials
Bio-EM and SAR
Compliance
Power Harvesting
In-Vitro Testing
In-Vivo Testing
Technologies Brought Forward in Realizing
Wireless Implants and Ingestibles
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Miniaturization Techniques for In-Body Antennas
F
S
F F
S S
F
ground lower patch upper patch
Example 10mm-diameter
implantable antenna for
operation at 402 MHz. εr = 10.2
1 2
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A. Kiourti and Κ.S. Nikita, “Miniature Scalp–Implantable Antennas for Telemetry in the MICS and ISM Bands:
Design, Safety Considerations and Link Budget Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
vol. 60, issue 6, pp. 3568–3575, Aug. 2012.
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Miniaturization of Implantable Antennas
“A Review of
Implantable Patch
Antennas for Biomedical
Telemetry.” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag.,
2012
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Circuit Design for In-Body Devices
Example 2.4/4.8 GHz brain implant employing a simple, miniaturized, and
battery-less circuit design.
A. Kiourti, C. Lee, J. Chae, and J.L. Volakis, “A Wireless Fully-Passive Neural Recording Device
for Unobtrusive Neuropotential Monitoring,” IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 63,
no. 1, pp. 131–137, Jan. 2016
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Biocompatible and Flexible Materials
T. Karacolak, A. Z. Hood, and E. Topsakal, “Design of a Dual-Band Implantable
Antenna and Development of Skin Mimicking Gels for Continuous Glucose
Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 56, 4,
April 2008, pp. 1001-1008
T. Karacolak, R. Cooper, J. Butler, S. Fisher, and E. Topsakal, “In Vivo Verification of Implantable Antennas Using
Rats as Model Animals,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 9, 2010, pp. 334-337.
A. Kiourti and J.L. Volakis, “Stretchable and Flexible E–Fiber Wire Antennas Embedded in Polymer,” IEEE Antennas
and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 1381–1384, Jul. 2014
Biocompatible superstrate Biocompatible encapsulation
Flexible electronics
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Bio-EM and SAR Compliance
Controlled Environment Criteria
ICNIRP (averaged over 10 g of tissue) 10 W/kg
FCC (averaged over 1 g of tissue) 8 W/kg
Uncontrolled Environment Criteria
ICNIRP (averaged over 10 g of tissue) 2 W/kg
FCC (averaged over 1 g of tissue) 1.6 W/kg
*ICNIRP = International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection *FCC = Federal Communications Commission
Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body
when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field
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Power Harvesting Solutions Nanotechnology-enabled flexible and
biocompatible energy harvesting,” Energy and Environmental Science, 2010
Exterior Actuator Implanted Electroactive Pump
Signal
generatorMatching
circuitRectifier
exterior
antenna
implanted
antenna
DC PowerAC Power
Power
management
circuit
Storage
element
skin
Ppy/PCTC
electrodes
electroactive pump
RF Power Harvesting
Harvesting
power from the
human body
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Validation: Phantoms Animals Human Subjects
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Example Tissue Electrical Properties
A. Kiourti, C. Lee, J. Chae, and J.L. Volakis, “A Wireless Fully-Passive Neural Recording Device for Unobtrusive Neuropotential Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on
Biomedical Engineering, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 131–137, Jan. 2016
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@ 402 ΜHz C D
recipe deion. water (41.48%)
sugar (56.18%)
salt (2.33%)
deion. water(47.62%)
glycerol (50.81%)
salt(1.57%)
deion. water(47.42%)
glycerol (44.44%)
salt(1.47%)
agar (4.44%)
polyeth. powder (2.22%)
deion. water (85.97%)
salt (0.56%)
agar (2.67%)
polyeth. powder (8.61%)
TX–151 (2.14%)
natrazid (0.05%)
state liquid semi-solid
tissue skin muscle skin muscle
meas. εr 46.7 58.0 46.0 57.0
meas. σ 0.7 S/m 0.8 S/m 0.7 S/m 1.1 S/m
desired εr 46.7 57.1 46.7 57.1
desired σ 0.7 S/m 0.8 S/m 0.7 S/m 0.8 S/m
Example Phantom “Recipes” at 402 MHz
A. Kiourti, J.R. Costa, C.A.
Fernandes, K.S. Nikita, “A Broadband Implantable and a
Dual-Band On-Body Repeater
Antenna: Design and
Transmission Performance,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.
(under review).
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Medical Monitoring Everywhere & Anytime:
a dream, soon to become a reality
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Asimina Kiourti(1) and Raed M. Shubair(2)
(1) ElectroScience Laboratory (ESL), ECE Dept., The Ohio State University, USA (2) ECE Dept., Khalifa University, UAE & Research Lab of Electronics, MIT, USA
Thank you!
