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Imperialism
• Essential Questions:– How did people in Africa
and Asia respond to western imperialism?
– How did imperialism create a western-dominated world economy?
IndustrialRevolution
Source forRawMaterials
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalism
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’sBurden”
SocialDarwinism
The New Imperialism
• Causes of Imperialism in the late 1800’s:– Strengths:• Social Darwinism• Economic prosperity• Self-organized governments• Competition between countries
– Spheres of influence:• Economic control of nations
• More causes…– Industrialization• Necessity of
finding cheaper raw materials for manufacturing in Western factories.
1000 different languages; 1000+ different tribes
The Partition of Africa
• Africa is used as an imperial continent• It is divided among several European
Countries:– Britain– France– Belgium– Germany– Italy
Britain in Africa
• Main motive: protect their trading centers from the French and Germans
British in Africa
• Control of Egypt– Conquered in 1882
• Egypt becomes a “puppet state” of Great Britain
– Wanted to protect trade by way of the Suez Canal
British in Southern Africa
• British traded with the Dutch Afrikaners in S. Africa
• Discovered gold in Witwatersrand…
• British want the land; Dutch refused to give it.
South African (Boer) War
• 1899-1902– Just not enough Boers– British easily win
• In the end, Britain gets gold, diamonds, furs and trade routes
Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds
Effects on Natives
• Britain’s win makes Dutch move inland– Great Trek
• Pushes into Natives• Zulus in particular are
affected
Zulus
• Led by Shaka Zulu– Unites S. African tribes– iklwa
• Fight against the Boers and British– Lost some 80,000 zulus– Protected the Zulu
culture and some land
Berlin Conference of 1884
• Decided that Africa should be “civilized”– Africa is divided by the
participating countries and ruled
• Members:– France, Germany,
Belgium and Britain
• By 1902, 90% of Africa is owned by Europeans
French in Africa
• Conquer and convert– Military occupation
along shore– Missionaries inland
• Trade for Slaves and gold
France in Africa• West to EastColonizing Strategy
Germany in Africa
• Togo, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa, German East Africa
• Jumped in late and took what they could.– (Realpolitik)
• German goods: Sisal, cotton, coffee, rubber.
Belgium
• King Leopold II conquers the Belgian Congo
• Puts harsh racist restrictions on the natives called Apartheids
• Worked natives extensively for raw materials – Vegetable oil– Rubber– Clothing– Bananas/foods– Medicines– Ivory
• Around 10 million killed
VictimsIt is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official
Eventual Independence
Russia vs. British
• Vied for control of Afghanistan and Persia
• Russia searching for a “warm water port”
• British want a buffer– Support free Iranian
state
The British take over India
• What do the British see in India?– –
• British East India Trading Company had conquered India, Bangladesh and Pakistan – Still Allow the Mogul Empire to exist under
guidance of EIC.
• Trade– British take advantage of Indian Culture
(remember social structure and Hinduism)– Indians produce cotton, tobacco, opium, and
precious metals that are exported to Britain
Cultural integration
• Idea: Make India like Britain
• Outlawed many Indian and Hindu customs– Ex. Sati
Simla Karachi, 1896
Victoria Station, Bombay
The British in India
• British built railroad network to transport goods (using Indian Labor)
• The Sepoy– Indian soldiers that
fought for the British– British used them to gain
control over all of India– Fought against other
Indians and in WWI
Sepoy Revolt (1857)
• Sepoys revolt against the British– Story goes…– Also, reports of Racial
Bias– Sepoys quickly gain
society support and territory
Area of Revolt
• Of 140,000 Sepoys, less than 8,000 were loyal to British
• Delhi becomes a disaster
• By 1858, British troops arrive and squelch revolt
Results
• British retaliation– Institute “The Devil’s
Wind”
• Direct British Crown Rule– Queen Victoria “Empress
of India”
The Raj (king)
• British Crown rules from 1857 until 1947– Viceroys
• Economics:– High taxation
• Cultural repercussions– “Divide and rule”
Cambodia and Phnom Pehn
• Siam and Vietnam fight for control in early 1800’s.
• Cambodia becomes a suzerainty protectorate of France.– Lasts from 1863-1957
• King Norodom seen as savior of Cambodia
China and the Opium Wars
• China had practiced Isolationism• When they did open up, they enjoyed a trade
surplus, while Europe suffered a trade deficit• British start trading opium to the Chinese for
tea– China becomes addicted to opium; start running a
deficit to pay for the drug
Indemnity to Britain
• Define indemnity: – payment for loss/casualties
• British defeat Chinese, make China pay– China gives British Hong Kong (which British keep
until 1997)– China must give payments, or indemnities, to the
British– China must open up 5 ports, and grant
extraterritoriality to the British
The Boxer Rebellion
• Uprising by the “Righteous Harmonious Fists” in 1899 (a conservative group nicknamed the Boxers)
• Quickly suppressed by multinational force of:– USA– Japan– British– French– Germans
Imperialist Japan
• Shogun promotes an Isolationist approach through the early 1800’s
• Commodore Matthew Perry opens trade
in 1853
The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868• A powerful group of samurai overthrow the Shogun.
• Sakamoto Ryoma, the hero.
• He helped Japan emerge from feudalism into a unified modern state.
The Emperor Is “Restored” to Power
The Emperor Is “Restored” to Power
MEIJI “Enlightened Rule”
Government
• Adopt a government from the Germans– Promoted equal rights– The Diet- the Japanese
legislature divided into:• The House of
Representatives and…• The House of Peers
– Kept the emperor as head
Japan westernizes
• Economically industrializes– Build RR’s, banks and a postal system– Factories and companies emerge• Ex. Mitsubishi• Zaibatsu rules Japanese economy
• Culturally adopts European or American traditions, clothing and customs
Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?
Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened
Japanese Social Darwinism
• Two Japanese Groups:– junketsu (pure-blood)– konketsu (mixed-blood).[
Japan Annexes KoreaJapan Annexes Korea
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Japanese defeat the Chinese badly
The Battle of Tsushima:The results startled the world!
The Russo-Japanese War:1904-1905
The Russo-Japanese War:1904-1905
• Russia loses to the Japanese
• Sign the Treaty of Portsmouth– Japan gets Manchuria
from the Russians– Japan solidifies control
of Korea
Japan Is a Player in ChinaJapan Is a Player in China
Australia
• A penal colony• Some stats of people that were sent there:– 80% men; 20% women– 70% English– 24% Irish– 5% Scottish– Rest were from British Colonies
Port Arthur
Aborigines
• Indigenous culture of Australia– About 517,000 today
• A culture of 25,000 years!
• A backwards nation when the British bring convicts to Australia…
Ayer’s Rock
Australia
• Declares independence in 1901
• But, still a sphere of influence for Great Britain– We’ll see in WWI (1914-
1918)
In Conclusion:
• The Imperialist movement:– Used Brute force and or economic control to
strengthen European countries (and Japan)– Inspired competition between European countries– Connected the world together economically– Introduced western economics and government to
all parts of the world
