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Marine sand mining activities in Lontar Village have been started legally since 2003 andtemporarily halted in 2013. The locals blamed the activities for severe environmental destruction in almostevery corner of the village such as low productivity ofaquaculture, coastal erosion, and habitat loss. Thispaper has an objective to provide preliminary data and analyses for environmental impact assessment ofmarine sand mining in Serang (Lontar Village). Field investigations were carried out in June 2014 to collectprimary data such as bathymetrical data and water quality parameters in the region to understand theenvironmental conditions after 10 years of marine sand mining activities as well as the characteristicsof localoceanography. Extensive interview with the locals were also conducted to collect information about thesocio-economic conditions of the village. Field findings showed that LontarVillage have experienced criticalenvironmental problems such as coastal erosion, high turbidiy and loss of marine lives. Moreover, we alsofound that the abandoned aquaculture fields have also been converted as sand mining quarries.Recommendations to reduce further environmental damage in Lontar Village are proposed considering bothsocio-economy and physical aspects.
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Bulletin of the Marine Geology, Vol. 29, No. 2, December 2014, pp. 81 to 90
81
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten
Pengaruh Aktifitas Penambangan Pasir Laut Terhadap Komunitas Perkampungan Lontar, Serang, Banten
Semeidi Husrin1, Joko Prihantono2 and Hadi Sofyan1
1Research Institute for Coastal Resources and VulnerabilityMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Jl. Raya Padang-Painan Km.16, Teluk Bungus, Padang 25245, Email: [email protected]
2Research and Development Center for Marine & Coastal Resources, Ministry of Marine & Fisheries Jalan Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur14430 Jakarta – Indonesia, Email: [email protected]
(Received 20 May 2014; in revised form 25 November 2014; accepted 4 December 2014)
ABSTRACT : Marine sand mining activities in Lontar Village have been started legally since 2003 andtemporarily halted in 2013. The locals blamed the activities for severe environmental destruction in almostevery corner of the village such as low productivity ofaquaculture, coastal erosion, and habitat loss. Thispaper has an objective to provide preliminary data and analyses for environmental impact assessment ofmarine sand mining in Serang (Lontar Village). Field investigations were carried out in June 2014 to collectprimary data such as bathymetrical data and water quality parameters in the region to understand theenvironmental conditions after 10 years of marine sand mining activities as well as the characteristicsof localoceanography. Extensive interview with the locals were also conducted to collect information about thesocio-economic conditions of the village. Field findings showed that LontarVillage have experienced criticalenvironmental problems such as coastal erosion, high turbidiy and loss of marine lives. Moreover, we alsofound that the abandoned aquaculture fields have also been converted as sand mining quarries.Recommendations to reduce further environmental damage in Lontar Village are proposed considering bothsocio-economy and physical aspects.
Keywords: sand mining, Lontar village, environmental damage, erosion
ABSTRAK : Aktifitas penambangan pasir laut di Kampung Lontar telah dimulai secara legal sejak 2003 dantelah berhenti untuk sementara tahun 2013. Keberatan penduduk setempat terhadap aktifitas penambangan tersebutadalah disebabkan oleh adanya gangguan lingkungan di hampir setiap sudut perkampungan seperti rendahnyaproduktifitas budidaya perikanan, erosi pantai dan hilangnya. berbagai aneka ragam habitat. Tujuan penelitian iniadalah untuk mendapatkan data awal dan analisis terhadap pengaruh lingkungan akibat aktifitas penambanganpasir laut. Penyelidikan lapangan telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni 2014 yaitu untuk mengumpukan datasekunder seperti batimetri dan parameter kualitas air di kawasan tersebut. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeahuikondisi lingkungan setelah 10 tahun aktifitas penambangan pasir laut, begitu juga karakteristik oseanografi daerahtersebut. Wawancara intensif dengan penduduk lokal telah dilakukan juga untuk mengumpulkan informasi tentangkondisi sosial ekonomi perkampungan tersebut. Temuan lapangan menunjukkan bahwa perkampungan Lontarmengalami masalah lingkungan yang kritis seperti proses erosi pantai, kekeruhan yang tinggi, dan hilangnyakehidupan laut. Lebih lanjut lagi penelitian ini telah menemukan bahwa sekumpulan ladang budidaya perairan telahberalih menjadi tambang pasir. Saran untuk memperkecil kerusakan lingkungan lebih jauh di Perkampungan Lontar,diusulkan pertimbangan aspek sosial ekonomi dan aspek fisik.
Kata kunci : tambang pasir, Perkampungan Lontar, kerusakan lingkungan, erosi.
82 Semeidi Husrin, et.al.
INTRODUCTIONRapid infrastructure development in large cities
like Jakarta requires more spaces and large amount ofconstruction materials. This condition has forcedauthorities to find alternatives for spaces by reclaimingcoastal areas. Sands, one of important constructionmaterials for the reclamation of coastal area have longbeen transported to Northen Jakarta from neighbouringregions like Serang in Banten Province. Marine sandmining in Java Sea of Serang has been started since2003. In 2003 – 2008, the activities intensified due highdemand from the reclamation project of Pantai IndahKapuk (PIK) in North Jakarta. Legal tools have alsobeen provided by the local government by releasinglocal governmentregulation(or Perda) about marinesand mining No.540/Kep.68/Huk/2003 and workingpermits for several dredging companies. Since sandsfrom the Northern Sea of Serang have high economicvalues and the distance from the quarries to thereclamation site (North Jakarta) is about 60 km, themarine sand mining will continue in years to come asstated in the latest Local Regulation, Perda No. No. 2/2013 about zonation of coastal area and the sea ofSerang Regency. Though marine sand mining activitiesin Serang have been temporarily halted in 2013 throughlocal governmentregulation No. 540/02-Huk.BPTM/2013and because of the pressure from the coastalvillage communities, the continuation of future miningis still wide open, particularly for the construction of theJakarta Giant Seawall Project. Moreover, the Agencyfor Environment(BLH) of Serang in 2013 havealsoreleased a list of eight companies eligible to minethe sands from the sea in the North of Serang.
The impact of marine sand mining has beendiscussed in many publications. Coastal erosion
(Thornton,2007, Kusumawati, 2008), marine pollution(Nasution et al., 2004), social conflicts (Kusumawati,2008), hydrodynamics changes (Pranowo and Husrin,2005) and severe environmental degradation (Youngand Griffith, 2009) are some of them. For the case ofLontar Village, marine sand mining has also triggeredthe locals (fishermen and farmers communities) to minesands in the beach or in fish ponds due to highereconomic values than fishing or farming. This conditionhas led to more damaging to the environment. Thispaper describes the latest conditions of coastal area inLontar Village (physicalprocesses and social aspects)and the effects to the communities after 10 years ofmarine sand mining operation (2003 - 2013). Theobjective of this research is to provide preliminary dataand analyses (bathymetry, water quality and existingenvironmental conditions) for environmental impactassessment of marine sand mining in Serang (LontarVillage) based on the latest observation and thecollected primary data in the field.
METHODSLiterature study was first conducted to obtain
information about the area, marine sand mining relatedissues, coastal resources of the area, social andeconomic conditions, and hydro-oceanographiccharacteristics. We found many critical issues from themedia (online newspapers) involving coastalcommunities, NGOÊs, private companies, governments,and politicians. This indicates that marine sand mininghas drawn pubic attentions and be part of nationalissues. However, there were few scientific publicationsrelated to this issues especially in the research locationof SerangBanten. Based on the literature studies, fieldinvestigations in Lontar Village were carried out to
collect data on waterqualityparameters, bathymetryand environmental conditions ofthe village. Water qualityparameters consists of DO, pH,Turbidity, Salinity, Temperature,and Chlorophyll. Theparameters were measured insitu using Multi-parameterschecker from TOA-DKK. Thebathymetry of Lontar Waterswere measured using a single-beamechosounder (EchotrakCVM Teledyne OdomHydrographic) with Real TimeKinematic (RTK) GPS fromTrimble for positioning system.
The impacts of marine sandmining to the communities in the
Figure 1. The location of marine sand mining in Serang and its distance from Jakarta(Google Earth Image)
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 83
village were carried out via random interviews withlocal leaders, fishermen and farmers (aquacultures).Environmental conditions of the village were identifiedthrough direct observations as well as interviews withthe locals. Photographs of environmental conditionswere taken for documentations.
To address important issues such as coastalerosion and environmental degradation, thehydrodynamics in the North of Serang was analysed bymeans of a numerical simulation using a hydrodynamicmodel of MIKE21. Bathymetrical changes and waterquality parameters were analysed to find out the trueimpacts of marine sand mining to the ongoing coastalerosion and environmental degradation. GIS analyseswas also conducted to confirm the changes of coastlineand land-use in the area over times. Maps from theIndonesian Navy (Dishidros) and other authorities(BIG, Ministry of Public works) and satellite data(Landsat) were used for the GIS analyses.
RESULTS
Existing environmental conditions
The Village of Lontar is located in theNorthernmost of Tirtayasa sub-district. It has has 600ha of area, with 6 km of coastline stretching fromMuaraKangkung (Tj. Pontang) in the West toMuaraBrunuk in the East. Most of the villagers work astraditional fishermen where they catch fish in theneighbouring waters (~4 miles). A small fish harbourand its infrastructures (TPI Lontar) is locatedstrategically in the middle of residential area. The jettyof the harbour has long been unused because theelevation is too high and the woods made up the jetty arebroken/decomposed. The second largest occupation ofvillagers are fish pond farmers of shrimps, Bandeng(Milkfish) and Mujair (Tilapia). More than 50% of landcover is used for fish ponds (Kusumawati, 2008).Lately, many villagers also works as sand miners in thebeach and in their own fish ponds.
Lontar�Village
Bathymetric�survey�area
a)
b) c)
Figure 2. a) Survey location in Lontar Village, b) RTK GPSBased and c) Water quality parametersmeasurements (Map source: BIG)
Seaweeds�farms
Mangroves
SeawallsFishing�port
Beach�sand�mining�area
Figure 3. Existing environmental conditions of LontarVillage (Google Earth Image)
Figure 4. a) A seawall protecting the coastline of Lontarfrom erosion, b) sand mining activity in the beach(dead fish ponds), c) Seaweed farms near theunused jetty, d) Mangrove forests behind theseawall.
84 Semeidi Husrin, et.al.
The main accessto the main roads as long as 7 kminthe south of the village experiences severe damage.Poor maintenance and high traffic of trucks carryingsands are the main causes of the damage access road.The dust from the damaged road disturbs the localsevery day. Since 2007, due to poor quality of the waterand severe coastal erosion, many fish ponds near thecoastline have been converted as sand mining quarries.Due to high erosion rate, the coastline of Lontar Villageis protected by a 7-km long of seawalls made ofmasonry rocks. In front of this seawall, seaweedfarming are observed covering an area of about 1.5 km2.In the western part of the village, the coastline isnaturally protected by young mangrove forests. Thismangrove forests were planted in 2005.
Water Quality Parameters
Water quality parameters (DO, pH, Turbidity,Salinity, and Temperature) were measured in fish pondsand coastal waters of Lontar. There are 5 points ofmeasurement for fish ponds and sand ponds and 12points of measurement in the coastal waters (Figure 5).The results of water quality measurements in land (fishponds and sand ponds) are tabulated in Table 1. Table 2shows the measurement results of water qualityparameters in coastal waters. Figure 5 shows themeasurement points in Lontar Village.Reference valuesfor the standard of water quality parameters are basedon the national regulation released by the Ministry ofEnvironment No. 51/2004 (KepMen LH No. 51/2004).
Bathymetry measurement
The measurement of bathymetry was carried out toinvestigate the concession area of marine sand miningoffshore the Lontar Village. Figure 6 shows thebathymetry of Lontar Village as well as the areapermitted for marine sand mining offshore the village.It shows that the bathymetry of the area is generally flatup to 2 km offshore. The Western part is steeper than theEastern part where River Ciujung is located. Themarine sand mining area started from the water depth of6 m.
12
3
4
56
7
89
10 11 12
1 2
3
4
5
Seaweeds�farms
Mangroves
Measurement�points�in�land
Measurement�points�in�coastal�waters
Figure 5. Measurements points of water quality parametersin land and offshore area (Google Earth Image).
Table 1. Water quality parameters measurements in land(see Figure 5)
Table 2: Water quality parameters measurements incoastal waters of Lontar (see Figure 5)
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 85
DISCUSSIONMarine sand mining in Serang has been started
since 2003 following the legal permits from the Regentof Serang No.540/Kep.68/Huk/2003. The area ofmarine sand mining initially covers ~ 5000 ha withminimum distance from the shoreline is 2 Miles at 10 mof water depth. It was also mentioned in the regulationthat Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) should befirst carried out prior themining project. Due to higheconomic values of marinesands, the regulation has beenupdated in 2008 through theRegent Regulation No. 8/2008about coastal areazonation for marine sandmining. In 2013, thisregulation once again hasbeen updated by TheRegency Regulation No. 2/2013 about zonation ofcoastal area and the sea ofSerang Regency. In the latestregulation, the area formarine sand mining covers31.508,7 ha with 2-mthickness of sands areallowed to be mined. Figure 7shows that the area of marine
sand mining covers almost the entire deeperwaters ofthe sea in the North of Serang.
The impact of marine sand mining in Lontar hasbeen extensively discussed in Kusumawati (2008). Themining industrydefinitelyincreased the localgovernment income or PAD. Meanwhile, direct impactto the environment such as coastal erosion,bathymetrical/hydrodynamic changes and
Figure 6. The bathymetry of Lontar Village and the area of marine sand mining (boxed area).
Figure 7. Zonation of coastal and offshore areas in Serang showing the area for marinesand mining.
86 Semeidi Husrin, et.al.
environmental damage (lost of marine lives, highturbidity) directly felt by fishermen communities.Decrease of catchedfish and operational disturbance oftraditional fishermen have resulted in social conflicts inmany levels among fishermen, local government andprivate companies. Poor law enforcement, unbalancedCSR funds distribution and minimum supervision to themining activities have worsen the situation in LontarVillage during the mining project. Due to lowproduction of fish ponds (tambak), the locals started tomine sands in their own ponds in 2007. The activitieshas grown rapidly and now they are equipped withhundreds of trucks (capacity 1.25 m3) to carry sandsfrom dead fish ponds. This situation worsenenvironmental conditions in the village.
GIS analyses showed that coastal erosion have run3 times faster during the marine sand marine sandmining activities (2003 - 2007) than before the activities(1991-2002) (Kusumawati, 2008). However, thisfinding have not supported by both hydrodynamics andsediment transport data. TanjungPontang has beennaturally eroded since 19 century due to diversion of theold Ciujung River in the West to the new one in the Eastof the village (Ongkosongo and Wijonarko, 2004). Thissituation have resulted in the decrease of sedimentsupplies in the area and reworking of the coastline bymarine processes have started (erosion).
Studies in 1995 -2001 showed that the erosion rateof TanjungPontang have removed 3 km of wide beachand caused high turbidity in TelukBanten(Hoekstra, etal., 2003). This occurs because dominant westwardtidal currentsand wave-driven currents transportedmaterials from the eroded TanjungPontang to the bay(TelukBanten). The report concluded that sedimentmaterials from TanjungPontang is apparently the mainsource of sedimentation in TelukBanten. Reworking ofphysicalprocessesoccurring along the coastline fromthe old delta of River Ciujung to the new one is clearlyobserved from the GIS analysis using the old officialmap of the navy (Dishidros) and the new marine mapfrom the BIG (The Agency for InformationofGeospatial). Fig 8 shows that the eroded area of oldCiujung Delta (where Lontar Village is located) hasbeenbalanced by the deposition (accretion) in the Newdelta of Ciujung river. This findings make the analysesof coastal erosion due to marine sand mining is ratherdifficult to conclude.
The flow of sediment materials fromTanjungPontang to TelukBanten was qualitativelyinvestigated by means of hydrodynamics simulation oftidal currents around the area. Figure 9 shows tidalcurrent circulation patterns during spring tide aroundTanjungPontang using Hydrodynamic Model MIKE21.The bathymetry of the model was taken from the Navy(Dishidros). The boundary conditions of the models
Figure 8. Coastal erosion in the old and accretion in the new Ciujung Delta (Maps from Dishidros andBIG)
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 87
were generated from a MATLAB package called TidalModel Driver (TMD) from the Earth and SpaceResearch (www.esr.org). The current movement showsthat stronger currents to the west occur twice in onetidal cycle. This confirms previous studies that moresediments materials transported towards TelukBantenin the West of TanjungPontang. Erosion in the area islikely to occur due to stronger currents on the tip of
TanjungPontang. The current movementcharacteristics during neap tide providesimilar patterns.
A year after marine sand miningwas temporary stopped, few marine sandmining activities were still observed byfishermen. Direct damage of theactivities is difficult to assess. However,bathymetry measurement in the areashows significant changes of sea bed asthe results of sand mining in the previousyears (Figure 10). The sand mining areais located in shallow water with thedistance less than 2 miles from thecoastline. This might be the source ofmain conflicts because in this area thereare many traditional fishermen activitiessuch as traditional fishing, trawling, andbait-fishing platform (bagan). marinesand mining activities in the area haddisturbed the operational activities offishermen communities of LontarVillage.
Direct impact of marine sandmining during the field survey was notobserved. Ironically, indirect impactsnamely beach sand mining was observed(Galian C). The locals who previouslyopposed the marine sand mining for thecause of the environment are nowgradually damaging their ownenvironment by doing sand mining in thebeach. Water quality measurements asshown in Table 1 and 2 provide us highturbidity values (> 5 NTU) around thearea of beach sand mining. Fieldobservations showed that in averagedthere are 20 trucks in an hour or 160trucks a day carrying sands from the deadfish ponds. Each truck has a capacity of1,25 m3. This means in one day around200 m3 of sands are removed from thebeach. In 2014, there are hundreds oftrucks in operation in the village to minebeach sands from the dead ponds.Conflicts among the locals on the sandmining in the beach have emerged lately.
The locals who are not miners opposed the miningactivities in their village because of environmentalconcerns (damage roads, poor air quality and waterpollution). The local who work for the mines urged thatthey just took sands from non-productive ponds and theponds are belong to them. The miners said that miningthe sands from their own ponds are their rights and
Figure 9. Tidal current patterns during spring tide in Serang
88 Semeidi Husrin, et.al.
Figure 10. The 3D Lontar bathymetry showing basins as the results of sand mining in the previous years (see alsoFigure 6).
Figure 11. The flowchart impacts of marine sand mining in the Village of Lontar, Serang
Impacts of Marine Sand Mining Activities to the Community of Lontar Village, Serang - Banten 89
cannot be stopped. The village of Lontar is nowdefinitely facing two similar problems in differentscale, sand mining activities in both land and in the sea.
In 2010, some fishermen started to farm seaweedsin Lontar Waters (Figures 3 and 5). High qualityseaweeds from Lontar have been marketed to Jakartaand Surabaya. As shown in Table 1 and table 2, asidefrom turbidity other water quality parameters are withinthe standard. High production of seaweeds may berelated to the circulations of waters in Lontar where thecurrents transported materials along the pathways. Thisassumption is supported by the facts that seaweedsproduction peaks during windy seasons of both Westseason (December - February) and East season (April -October). During the transitions, the production ofseaweeds is much smaller.
CONLUSSIONSFrom the discussion above, the impact of marine
sand mining activities in the Village of Lontar aresummarised in Figure 11.
Marine sand mining provide more income to thelocal governmentthrough taxation (PAD). However,environmental damage felt by the local communities,especially in the village of Lontar such as bathymetricalchanges and high turbidity of the waters, coastalerosion, and hydrodynamics characteristics .
Land use changes in Ciujung River also playimportant role in the dynamics of the coastal processes.Growing seaweed farms and wider mangrove forestsproved that water quality in Lontar is in good condition.
Sands in Lontarhave high economic values. Manyfish ponds have been converted into „sand ponds‰ andenvironmental damage is unavoidable. Social conflictsamong communities commonly occurred. If marinesand mining will continue in the future, lawenforcement and tight supervision on the activities tomeet the new regulation (Perda No. 2/2013) areurgently needed.
The local coastal community should also receiveeducation and proper information about their ownenvironment. Comprehensive investigations onoceanography characteristics of the region includingsediment transport analyses are required in order tobetter understand the true impacts of marine sandmining to the environment in the past and in the future.
ACKNOWLEDMENTWe would like to thank the support from
DKPESDM Kab. Serang, especially Mrs. MumunMunawwaroh, S.Pi, M.Sc and all the staffs. Ourgratitude also for the Research Group of Geodeep,LPSDKP and P3SDLP from the Ministry of MarineAffairs and Fisheries (KKP). We also would like tothank Ilham for collecting bathymetry data and JayaKelvin for conducting field surveys. The research wasfully funded by DIPA 2014 of P3SDLP.
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[4] Peraturan Daerah No. 2 Tahun 2013 tentangRencana Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil Kabupaten Serang 2013-2033.Serang, Provinsi Banten, Pemerintah DaerahKabupaten Serang (2013) Lembaran DaerahKabupaten Serang,
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