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7/31/2019 Impact of World War II
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World War II
The Impact of Total War
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e pact o ota Wa
Economic Damage:Western Europe
Impact of StrategicBombing
75% of BerlinUninhabitable
20 million homeless inGermany
Dutch lose 219,000hectares of land
French lose 40% of pre-
war transportationsystems
Norway lost 14% pre-war capital
Dresden After Allied Bombing
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Economic Damage: Eastern Europe
USSR
70,000 villages & 1,700towns
32,000 factories
40,000 miles of RRtrack
Greece
1/3 of forest
2/3 merchant marine
Hyperinflation fromGerman extraction ofcost of occupation
Poland
3/4 RR track
1/6 farms
City of Warsaw leveled
Yugoslavia
25% of vineyards
50% livestock
60% of roads
75% of RR bridges
1/5 of all dwellings
1/3 of industry
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The Human Cost
36 million Europeans die!
Deadliest and Most Destructive
Conflict in Human History
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Military
Deaths
COUNTRY MILITARY
DEATHS
USSR 8.6 million
Germany 4 million
Italy 400,000
Rumania 300,000
United
States
405,399
China 2.2 million
Japan 1.7 millionD-Day Invasion
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CivilianDeaths
COUNTRY CIVILIAN
DEATHS
Japan 500,000China 15-20 million
USSR 16 million
Poland 5 million
Yugoslavia 1.4 million
Greece 430,000
France 350,000
Hungary 270,000
Netherlands 204,000
Rumania 200,000
ALL EUROPE 19 million
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Proportion of Pre-War
Population LostCOUNTRY PROPORTION
OF POP LOST
Poland 1/5Yugoslavia 1/8
USSR 1/11
Greece 1/14Germany 1/15
France 1/77
Britain 1/25
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Demographic Change
Gender Imbalance
USSR: 20 million more women
than men
Germany: 2/3 of men born in
1918 did not live to see 1945 Yugoslavia: All men in entire
villages wiped out
Orphans
Yugoslavia: 300,000
Poland: 200,000
Netherlands: 60,000
Czechoslovakia: 49,000
Belgian Refugees
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Ethnic Cleansing Germans exterminate
Jews, Gypsies, SlavsHomosexuals, Jehovah'sWitnesses, Communists
Red Army Rapes & Pillages
87,000 women in Viennaraped in 3 weeksfollowing occupation
150-200,000 Russianbabies born to Germanwomen 1945-1946
Displaced Persons
Refugees
Allies force migration of
ethnic minorities
The Red Army Seizes Berlin
(35,000 Soviets die in this battle alone!)
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The Impossible Peace
Three Big Questions
What will Eastern Europe look like?
What to do with Germany?
What form will post-war
international relations take?
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Allied Summits
Casablanca: January 1943
Allies Agree to Call for Germanys UnconditionalSurrender
Teheran: December 1943
Allies agree to divide Germany
Border between Poland & the USSR will move to the west
USSR to have access to Baltic Sea
Moscow: October 1944 (Stalin & Churchill only, no FDR)
Secret Deal Churchill & Stalin agree on percentages ofinfluence in Eastern Europe
Not too significant ratified the inevitable
Only Balkans were up for grabs both agreed to 50:50 split
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Eastern Europe
Soviet troops physically
occupied E. Europe at
end of WWII.
USSR viewed E. Europe
as essential to its
security It wanted a
sphere of influence.
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Yalta(February, 1945)
Declaration of Liberated
Europe Promise to
form representative gov.s,
facilitate elections, etc. U.S. & GB formally
accept Soviet domination
of Eastern Europe
Left out issue of Germany
b/c it was so divisive
Did FDR sell out?The Big Three at Yalta
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The Iron CurtainFrom Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste
in the Adriatic, an iron curtain hasdescended across the Continent.
Behind that line lie all the capitals of
the ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin,
Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade,Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous
cities and the populations around
them lie in what I must call the Soviet
sphere, and all are subject in one
form or another, not only to Sovietinfluence but to a very high and, in
many cases, increasing measure of
control from Moscow.
-Winston Churchill, March 5, 1946
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Divided by Default US came to favor a unified
Germany w/ reconstructedeconomy.
USSR still saw a restored
Germany as a major threat.
Britain, France, USAmerged zones to form West
Germany (May, 1949).
USSR established EastGermany as a satellite state
(Oct. 1949).
Divided
Berlin
East Germany
West Germany
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Postwar International
Cooperation1. War Crimes Trials in
Germany, Japan, & Italy
2. The United Nations
3. The Bretton Woods Accords
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The Nuremburg Trials
Most suspects claimed the court had nojurisdiction Claimed it was victors justice
12 sentenced to death, 9 jailed, 3 acquitted
In all, about 1800 Germans tried after WWII
First known warcrimes trial.
Originally tried 24
Germans for crimes
against humanity.
No clear legal
precedent.
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The United
Nations
UN founded Oct. 1945
Security Council Five permanent members w/ vetoes:
United States, Great Britain, France, USSR & China
General Assembly
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Truman Addresses the UN
Conference (1945)
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The Bretton Woods Accords(July 1944)
Defined structure of postwar international finance & trade.
Created-International Monetary Fund (IMF)
-World Bank
-General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (precursor to
World Trade Organization)