Impact of the world constitution on making of indian constitution

8/18/2019 Impact of the world constitution on making of indian constitution

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IMPACT OF THE WORLD CONSTITUTIONS ON THE

FRAMING OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION(Term paper towards the fullment of assessment in the subject of Constitutional

Governance II)

CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE II

(PROJECT)

Submitted B! Submitted T"!

Ms. Aakanksha

Kumar

B.B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) (II Semester) Faculty of Law

Roll No. !" NL#$ %o&h'ur

N#ti"$#% L#& U$i'eit* J"d+,u

Wi$te Sei"$


2/22

(J#$u#-Ju$e)

Acknowledgement

It woul& not hae een 'oss*le w*thout the k*n& su''ort an& hel' of my teachers$ 'arents

an& fr*en&s.

I woul& l*ke to e+ten& my s*ncere thanks to all of them. I am h*,hly *n&ete& to Ms.

Aakanksha Kumar$ Faculty of Law$ for the*r ,u*&ance an& constant su'er*s*on as well as for

'ro*&*n, necessary *nformat*on re,ar&*n, the research work - also for the*r su''ort *n

com'let*n, *t.

I woul& l*ke to e+'ress my ,rat*tu&e towar&s my 'arents for the*r k*n& coo'erat*on an&

encoura,ement wh*ch hel'e& me *n com'let*on of th*s 'ro/ect.

I woul& l*ke to e+'ress my s'ec*al ,rat*tu&e an& thanks to the I0 Staff for 'ro*&*n, allnecessary fac*l*t*es for carry*n, out th*s work. I thank all memers of the L*rary Staff for

'ro*&*n, me the ass*stance anyt*me nee&e&.

My thanks an& a''rec*at*ons also ,o to my atch mates *n &eelo'*n, the 'ro/ect an& 'eo'le

who hae w*ll*n,ly hel'e& me out w*th the*r a*l*t*es.

Harsh Sal,*a


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Scope

0he 'ro/ect tr*es to analyse an& &eterm*ne 6

• 0he nature of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on.

• Influence of Amer*can Le,al 1ommun*ty on the m*n&s of framers of the In&*an

1onst*tut*on.

• Im'act of the well&ef*ne& &emocracy of Br*ta*n.

• Influence ma&e y Austral*an$ South Afr*can$ Ir*sh an& some other worl& const*tut*ons

*n the mak*n, of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on.

• 1om'arat*e analys*s of In&*an 1onst*tut*ons w*th some ma/or worl& const*tut*ons.


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Introduction

4n /0 %anuary 789$ the ulk of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on took effect. In the 'rocess of fram*n,

the 1onst*tut*on$ a &ocument conta*n*n, oer 79$999 wor&s$ In&*an :Foun&*n, Fathers:

:ransacke& all the known const*tut*ons of the worl&. 4er a 'er*o& of nearly three years$ the

1onst*tuent Assemly ass*&uously a&o'te& an& re/ecte& 'ro*s*ons from other const*tut*ons *n

an effort to frame a const*tut*on wh*ch woul& create an& 'resere a const*tut*onal &emocracy

*n In&*a

3*th *n&e'en&ence$ the const*tuent assemly coul& moe ahea& w*th *ts work$ ha*n, marke&

w*th t*me s*nce early *n the year. By then$ the assemly ha& ecome essent*ally a 1on,ress

;arty Bo&y (*t ha& a few commun*sts an& *n&e'en&ents)$ ecause most of *ts or*,*nal Musl*m

Lea,ue memers ha& o'te& for ;ak*stan$ 1on,ress Musl*ms rema*ne&. 0he most *m'ortant

e+ce't*ons to th*s one 'arty com'le+*on were a &o


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&ocuments of two &eca&es earl*er. Nehru ha& &rafte& th*s resolut*on$ wh*ch sa*& that the

In&*an #n*on$ whose *nte,r*ty was to e ma*nta*ne&$ &er*e& *ts author*ty an& 'ower from the

In&*an ;eo'le. It &eclare& that there shoul& e Csecure& to all the 'eo'leD/ust*ce$ soc*al$

econom*c an& 'ol*t*cal> eEual*ty of status$ of o''ortun*ty an& efore the law> free&om of

thou,ht$ e+'ress*on$ el*ef$ fa*th$ worsh*'$ ocat*on$ assoc*at*on an& act*on$ su/ect to law

an& 'ul*c moral*ty. 0he resolut*on also calle& for a&eEuate safe,uar&s for m*nor*ty$

&e'resse& an& Cackwar& classes$ an& un&er&eelo'e& an& tr*al areas.

0he th*r& source from wh*ch the framers &rew for the 1onst*tut*on=s 'ro*s*on was the other

const*tut*ons *n the worl&. 0hey *nclu&e&$ 'art*cularly$ fun&amental r*,hts an& a o&y of

soc*al an& econom*c &es*&erata calle& &*rect*e 'r*nc*'les.

0herefore$ the framers of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on ransacke& the to' most const*tut*on of the

worl& an& emo&*e& ,reat features *n the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. In th*s way$ ma/or worl&

const*tut*ons *m'acte& on In&*an 1onst*tut*on. 0hrou,hout the 'ro/ect$ we shall &*scuss the

aout the *nfluences ma&e y worl& const*tut*ons *n ast.


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Impact of the British Constitution

0he Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on *s ma&e u' of statute law$ common law$ an& conent*ons. 0he Br*t*sh

Im'er*al*sts rule& oer In&*a for oer !99 years. #n&er the *nfluence of 'er'etual stru,,le for

*n&e'en&ence s*nce G8"$ the Br*t*sh rulers hae een ,ra&ually sett*n, u' re'resentat*e

*nst*tut*ons to a''ease In&*an lea&ers. 0hese *nst*tut*ons attracte& the attent*on of lea&ers of

t*mes an& were owne& when *n&e'en&ence was conferre&. Bes*&es some of the*r conent*ons

an& *nst*tut*ons cons*&ere& useful for runn*n, of our &emocrat*c set u'$ were a&o'te&.

The following were some of such institutions and practices adopted by us and duly adapted to

the genius of our country:

Parliamentary System of Government

;arl*amentary system of 2oernment wh*ch 'ro*&es for const*tut*onal hea& of the state an&

also real hea& of the ,oernment *s an *m'ort from 2reat Br*ta*n. 0hey hae monarch as the

nom*nal hea& of the state! an& 'r*me m*n*ster$ the electe& hea& of the ma/or*ty 'arty *n the

lower house as the hea& of the ,oernment en/oy*n, the real 'owers. 3e ha& o'te& for Re'ul*c *nstea& of monarchy. Hence$ ;res*&ent was to e nom*nal hea& of the state (a

const*tut*onal hea&) an& ;r*me M*n*ster electe& hea& of the ma/or*ty 'arty (now a coal*t*on)

as the hea& of the ,oernment. 0he 1ounc*l of M*n*sters hea&e& y the ;r*me M*n*ster *s

collect*ely res'ons*le to the lower house *n oth the countr*es.

Speaker of Lok Sabha

#n&er the Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on$ *t *s ment*one& as the S'eaker of House of 1ommons un&er

Art*cle !(). 0he s'eaker of the Lok Saha l*ke h*s counter'art *n 2reat Br*ta*n *s neutral *n

'ol*t*cs *n the house. He *s to e non'art*san. Howeer unl*ke Br*ta*n S'eaker he &oes not

,et sentence of e+*le from 'ol*t*cs. He rema*ns a 'artyman outs*&e the house. Hence unl*ke

the Br*ta*n$ the In&*an s'eaker chan,es when the other 'arty comes *n 'ower. In #.K. Conce a

1 Ment*one& un&er Art*cle ! to @ *n ;art ! of 1ha'ter ! of the unwr*tten const*tut*on of #n*te&

K*n,&om

2 #n&er Art*cle *n ;art of 1ha'ter ! of the 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& K*n,&om


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s'eaker always a s'eaker 'r*nc*'le *s followe&. 0hat *s not the case *n In&*a. For e+am'le

Manohar %osh* was the s'eaker *n the 'rece&*n, Lok Saha &om*nate& y N?A le& y B%;.

;r*or to the const*tut*on of th Lok Saha$ Som Nath 1hatter/ee a Mar+*st su''orte& y the

1on,ress an& other memers of #;A (#n*te& ;art*es All*ance) ha''ene& to e the s'eaker.

Bicameralism

L*ke 2reat Br*ta*n In&*a has o'te& for B*cameral*sm. Lok Saha (the lower house) l*ke *ts

counter'art$ the House of 1ommons *n #.K. *s more 'owerful than Ra/ya Saha (the #''er

House). House of Lor&s@ the #''er House *n #.K. an& the Ra/ya Saha the #''er House

*n In&*a are secon&ary chamers oth *n 'owers$ an& *nfluence.

Concept of Rule of Law

L*ke #.K. In&*a has o'te& for the conce't of Rule of Law. JEual*ty efore law 'rea*ls *n

oth the countr*es. 0hou,h we hae o'te& for ;arl*amentary form of 2oernment as *n #.K.$

yet we hae not hes*tate& to moul& *t accor&*n,ly to our c*rcumstances.

3 Art*cle ! of the Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on

4 Art*cle " of the Br*t*sh 1onst*tut*on


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Imprint of USA

0he 1onst*tut*on of #SA ha& tremen&ous *nfluence on the In&*an 1onst*tut*on. L*ke #SA$

In&*a o'te& for wr*tten const*tut*on. 0hou,h ours= *s a hu,e &ocument unl*ke that of Amer*can

1onst*tut*on wh*ch *s too r*ef wr*tten const*tut*on$ the follow*n, features hae st*ll een

a&o'te& from Amer*can 1onst*tut*on.

Preamble: Spirit of the Indian Constitution

Jer s*nce the format*on of the #n*te& States of Amer*ca$ l*eral &emocrac*es *n the worl&

hae 'ut a 'reamle to the*r const*tut*on. 0h*s *s *n kee'*n, w*th the /ur*st*c tra&*t*on oer the

worl& accor&*n, to wh*ch le,*slat*ons are 'reface& y a statement of *ts o/ect*es 'r*mar*ly

to ,u*&e the e+ecut*e an& the /u&*c*ary *n the *nter'retat*on an& 'ro'er a''l*cat*on of law. A

const*tut*on e*n, the Su'reme Law of a country a statement of *ts o/ect*e *s of 'rofoun&

*m'ortance.

A'art from the *&eals for wh*ch the 1on,ress was str**n,$ const*tut*onal 'rece&ents also

un&erl*ne& the nee& for lay*n, &own o/ect*es.8 In the 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& States of

Amer*ca the 'ur'ose of the #n*on was la*& &own as e*n, to Cestal*sh /ust*ce$ *nsure

&omest*c tranEu*ll*tyDan& our 'oster*ty 0he Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on ha& also emo&*e& nat*onal

,oals *n *ts 'reamle. In these c*rcumstances *t was 'erha's *ne*tale that the J+'erts

1omm*ttee a''o*nte& y the 1on,ress *n %uly 7@$ to 're'are mater*al for the Assemly

shoul& hae turne& *ts m*n& to the formulat*on of Co/ect*es. In wor&*n,$ the 4/ect*es

Resolut*on eentually moe& *n the const*tuent assemly y Nehru closely followe& the &raft

&eclarat*on frame& y the comm*ttee.

0hus$ l*ke #SA we hae also 'ro*&e& ;reamle of the 1onst*tut*on wh*ch *s a 'art of theconst*tut*on. 4ur const*tut*on commences l*ke that of Amer*can 1onst*tut*on$ w*th the wor&s$

C3e the 'eo'le ofD *.e. In case of #SA$ *t *s the 'eo'le of #SA$ *n our case$ the 'eo'le of

In&*a.

5 Select ?ocuments $ '. !9

6 I*&.$ I$ @(**)$ '. !"7


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The language of the preamble is as follows:

3J$ 0HJ ;J4;LJ 4F IN?IA$ ha*n, solemnly resole& to

const*tute In&*a *nto a S4JRJI2N S41IALIS0 SJ1#LAR

?JM41RA0I1 RJ;#BLI1" an& to secure to all *ts c*t*

IN 4#R 14NS0I0#JN0 ASSJMBL th*s twentys*+th &ay of Noemer$ 7@7$ &o HJRJB A?4;0$ JNA10 AN? 2IJ 04

4#RSJLJS 0HIS 14NS0I0#0I4N.

Supreme Court of India: Chief ppellate uthority ! Saviour of the Constitution

The Supreme ourt of !ndia which is the chief appellate authority in the country is the

counterpart of the "merican Supreme ourt# 0he su/ect matter of /u&*c*ary *s enshr*ne&

un&er Art*cle III of the Amer*can 1onst*tut*on. Both are the sa*ours of the 1onst*tut*on an&

,uar&*an of Fun&amental R*,hts. Both 'ossess /u&*c*al re*ew author*ty wh*ch has turne&

them *nto th*r& chamers. %u&*c*al oeract**sm of In&*an Su'reme 1ourt *s com'arale w*th

/u&*c*al &es'ot*sm of Amer*can Su'reme 1ourt. In&e'en&ence of /u&*c*ary *s cons*&ere& the

hall mark of /u&*c*al system *n oth the countr*es. It *s cons*&ere& of the ma/or *m'act

successfully ma&e y the Amer*can 1onst*tut*on on In&*an 1onst*tut*on.

7 Sus. y the 1onst*tut*on (Fortysecon& Amen&ment) Act$ 7"$ s. !$ for :S4JRJI2N

?JM41RA0I1 RJ;#BLI1: (w.e.f. 7"")

8 Sus. y s. !$ **&.$ for :un*ty of the Nat*on: (w.e.f. 7"")


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Power and Status of "ice # President

0he 'owers an& status of *ce;res*&ents *n oth the countr*es *s almost the same. In In&*a$

howeer$ the *ce;res*&ent *s the e+off*c*o cha*rman of the Ra/ya Saha ut that *s not the

case *n #SA. Bes*&es *f ;res*&ent of #SA &*es *n off*ce$ the *ce'res*&ent ecomes the

;res*&ent for the rema*n*n, 'er*o& of ;res*&ent*al tenure.

In In&*a$ the *ce;res*&ent can hol& the off*ce *n case of acancy t*ll the ;res*&ent *s electe&.

He can en/oy th*s tenure &ur*n, acancy of off*ce ma+*mum for s*+ months. In other wor&s$

the const*tut*on of In&*a makes *t ol*,atory to reelect the ;res*&ent w*th*n s*+ months of

;res*&ent*al acancy. 0h*s clearly reflects &e*at*on from Amer*can 'ract*ce su*t*n, our

c*rcumstances.

$undamental Ri%hts

Many As*an countr*es reflect$ &*rectly an& *n&*rectly$ the *nfluence of the Amer*can B*ll of

R*,hts an& the *nst*tut*on of /u&*c*al re*ew$7 no other nation has had a polity more receptive

to the $undamental %ights enshrined in the "merican onstitution& nor a 'udiciary more

conscientious in its attempt to guard those rights& than !ndia# As ?r. Ame&kar$ the ch*ef

arch*tect of the In&*an 1onst*tut*on$ rem*n&e& h*s collea,ues *n the 1onst*tuent Assemly

&eates$ :there *s noth*n, to e ashame& of *n orrow*n,. 0hus$ the In&*an 1onst*tut*on

conta*ns$ w*th somewhat ,reater s'ec*f*c*ty$ all of the fun&amental r*,hts ,uarantee& *n the

merican Bill of Ri%hts. 4f all the fun&amental r*,hts *ncor'orate& *nto the In&*an1onst*tut*on$ the r*,ht to CeEual 'rotect*on of the laws9 has een$ *n many res'ects$ the

,uarantee of ,reatest *m'ortance to the 'eo'le of the worl&=s lar,est &emocracy.

Similar oncepts of E(uality in !ndia and the )nited States:

Both the Amer*can an& In&*an 1onst*tut*on ,uarantee to eery 'erson CeEual 'rotect*on of

laws. 0he #n*te& States 1onst*tut*on 'ro*&es th*s ,uarantee *n the fourteenth amen&ment.

9 See L. Beer$ 1onst*tut*onal*sm *n As*a (7"7).

10 CNo state shall &eny to any 'ersonDthe eEual 'rotect*on of the laws. #.S. 1onst*tut*on

Amen&ment I$ Sect*on .

11 0he fourteenth amen&ment 'ro*&es th*s ,uarantee e+'ressly. 0he &ue 'rocess ,uarantee of the

F*fth Amen&ment has een hel& to *ncor'orate the eEual 'rotect*on ,uarantee of the fourteenth

amen&ment$ thus arr*n,$ for e+am'le$ a&erse rac*al &*scr*m*nat*on y the fe&eral ,oernment. See Bolling v Sharpe& *+, )#S# +9, -19.+/


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0he In&*an 1onst*tut*on uses *&ent*cal lan,ua,e *n Art*cle @$ ut 'ro*&es ,reater am'l*tu&e

to the ,uarantee of eEual*ty y *nclu&*n, the 'hrase CeEual*ty efore the law.!

0he 'hrase 0e(uality before the law has *ts or*,*n *n the Jn,l*sh Rule of Law. CJEual*ty

efore the law *s a ne,at*e conce't wh*ch *m'l*es that no 'erson shall hae r*,ht to assert

s'ec*al 'r**le,es efore the law. 1onersely$ *t *m'l*es that all 'ersons shall e ent*tle& to

eEual treatment un&er one formulat*on of the law. 0hus$ th*s 'hrase *m'l*es oth that no

'erson shall e aoe the law an& that there shall e an asence of ar*trar*ness *n the law.

&udicial Review

0he In&*an 1onst*tut*on 'ro*&es for /u&*c*al re*ew of le,*slat*e an& e+ecut*e act*ons at

the State an& Fe&eral leels$ 'arallel*n, "rticles !!! and !2 of the )nited States onstitution .

3*th*n the law of In&*a$ the 1onst*tut*on *s su'reme. As *n the #n*te& States$ the In&*an

Su'reme 1ourt$ a''arently follow*n, %ohn MarshallOs reason*n, *n 3arbwy v# 3adison& has

asserte& an& estal*she&$ as a matter of law$ the f*nal 'ower to *nter'ret the const*tut*on5 4n

const*tut*onal Euest*ons$ the Su'reme 1ourt *s the last aenue of a''eal.O Althou,h In&*a

formally a&o'te& the 4estminster model $ the In&*an 1onst*tut*on was frame& only after h*,h

leel consultat*ons w*th Amer*can le,al scholars$ reference to Amer*can const*tut*onal te+t$

an& s'ec*al attent*on to early Amer*can Su'reme 1ourt &ec*s*ons.

Influence of the 'S Supreme Court (ecisions ! of Consultation with the merican

Le%al Scholars) &ud%es

?ur*n, the consultat*on$ %ust*ce Frankfurter su,,este& to Mr. Rao that the u*Eu*tous :&ue

'rocess: clause of the f*fth an& fourteenth amen&ments e e+clu&e& from the In&*an

1onst*tut*on. He was of the o'*n*on that th*s clause was :un&emocrat*c$: s*nce *t ,ae a few

/u&,es the 'ower to eto le,*slat*on enacte& y the re'resentat*es of the 'eo'le. %ust*ce

Frankfurter also foun& fault w*th the clause for 'lac*n, an unfa*r ur&en u'on the /u&*c*ary.

onse(uently& the words 5due process5 does not appear in the !ndian onstitution# As a

foreseeale result of th*s &el*erate om*ss*on$ there hae een no &ec*s*ons str*k*n, &own

econom*c or soc*al le,*slat*on on the ,roun&s of :sustant*e &ue 'rocess.: Howeer$ there *s

a ,uarantee of procedural &ue 'rocess foun& *n Art*cle /12 ?r. %essu' an& ;rofessor ?owl*n,

su,,este& to Mr. Rao that the fe&eral ,oernment e ,*en 'ower to le,*slate on su/ects

12 Art*cle @ 'ro*&es that Cthe State shall not &eny to any 'erson eEual*ty efore the law or theeEual 'rotect*on of the law w*th*n the terr*tory of In&*a.


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ty'*cally 'ro*nc*al *n nature$ *f these su/ects ecome of nat*onal *m'ortance. 1ou'le& w*th

what Mr. Rao 'erce*e& to e *nsens*t**ty on the 'art of Amer*can courts earl*er *n th*s

century to :'ul*c nee&s *n the soc*al or econom*c s'here.: 0he a&*ce of %essu' an& ?owl*n,

has *nfluence& the In&*an framers to *ntro&uce a numer of *nnoat*ons not foun& *n the

Amer*can :mother:O &ocument. For e+am'le$ the eEual*ty 'ro*s*ons of Art*cles 8()$ 8(@)$

an& (@)$ as well as certa*n &*rect*e 'r*nc*'les$ namely Art*cle 30 as ment*one& aoe$ a

comm*tment to :'referent*al treatment: or :'rotect*e &*scr*m*nat*on: as the most effect*e

means of el*m*nat*n, ast *neEual*t*es *n In&*an soc*ety.

"nother illuminating e6ample of the influence of early )#S# Supreme ourt decisions upon

the framing of the !ndian onstitution is "rticle 7+# 0h*s art*cle rea&s as follows5 ;roh**t*on

of em'loyment of ch*l&ren *n factor*es$ etc. No ch*l& elow the a,e of fourteen shall e

em'loye& to work *n any factory or m*ne or en,a,e& *n any other ha


14/22

,reatest e+tent 'oss*le room shoul& not e left w*th*n the four corners of the In&*an

&ocument$ for *nter'retat*ons wh*ch woul& o''ose the *ntent of the framers. ?es'*te hero*c

an& e+haust*e efforts to ach*ee the ,oal of s'ec*f*c*ty$ the In&*an /u&*c*ary has often een

reEu*re& to su''ly mean*n, to the fun&amental r*,hts art*culate& *n 1ha'ter III of the In&*an

1onst*tut*on. 1h*ef amon, r*,hts reEu*r*n, *nter'retat*on has een the Art*cle @ ,uarantee of

:eEual 'rotect*on.: The !ndian 'udiciary has& again& turned to the "merican legal community

and to the )nited States Supreme ourt for guidance#


15/22

Canadian Inuence

$ederal Structure of the Government

3e hae o'te& for Fe&eral structure of 2oernment on 1ana&*an 'attern. L*ke 1ana&a$ we

hae ma&e centre more 'owerful. 4ur Fe&eral structure *s terme& as Cuas*fe&eral *.e.

Fe&eral w*th un*tary *as. 1ana&*an centre *s ery 'owerful$ so *s the case w*th In&*an #n*on

,oernment. S'ec*al 'owers hae een accor&e& to the #n*on ,oernment for all 'oss*le

eentual*t*es.

0he &**s*on of the su/ects etween the centre an& the un*ts an& the 'ro*s*on of l*sts *s to a

,reat e+tent on 1ana&*an l*nes. 0he 1ana&*an const*tut*on 'ro*&es for l*sts of le,*slat*e

'owers$ central an& 'ro*nc*al. 0he res*&uary 'owers hae een ,*en to the centre. 0he

In&*an 1onst*tut*on refers to three l*sts 6 #n*on$ State an& 1oncurrent. 0he res*&uary 'owers

hae een entruste& to the centre. J*&ently In&*an 1onst*tut*on has C1oncurrent L*st an

a&&*t*onal l*st> the rest of &**s*on of 'owers seems to e s*m*lar to the 1ana&*an 1onst*tut*on.


16/22

Australian Constitution’s Impact

Concurrent List Pattern

In &raw*n, u' an elaorate concurrent l*st$ the fathers of In&*an 1onst*tut*on followe& the

Austral*an 'attern. #n&er the Austral*an 1onst*tut*on$ the su/ects *n the concurrent l*st are

7. In In&*a 1oncurrent l*st ha& " su/ects to e,*n w*th. 0hey were *ncrease& to 8!

suseEuently. 0he metho& of resolut*on of &*s'utes etween the centre an& the state has also

een taken from Austral*a (Art*cle !8 y the In&*an 1onst*tut*on).


17/22

Irish Constitution’s Inuence

(irective Principles of State Policy

0he &*rect*e 'r*nc*'les of state 'ol*cy hae een a&o'te& from Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on. In the

Irelan& 1onst*tut*on$ these 'r*nc*'les are t*tle& as C?*rect*e ;r*nc*'les of Soc*al ;ol*cy

un&er Art*cle @8 of 1ha'ter III. In*t*ally$ Irelan& orrowe& th*s feature from the 1onst*tut*on

of %a'an.

+lectoral Colle%e: ,he System of +lection of President of India

0he system of elect*on of ;res*&ent of In&*a throu,h s'ec*ally const*tute& Jlectoral 1olle,e

has een &rawn from Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on. #n&er the Ir*sh 1onst*tut*on *t *s enumerate& un&er

Art*cle ! of 1ha'ter III t*tle& C0he ;res*&ent.

Representation of ,alent in Ra-ya Sabha

Re'resentat*on of talent *n the Ra/ya Saha (to the e+tent of !) has een a&o'te& from Ir*sh

Re'ul*c (S*nea& J*reaun). In case of In&*a$ these ! ment*one& memers nom*nate& are to

e &rawn from 'ersons ha*n, s'ec*al knowle&,e or 'ract*cal e+'er*ence *n res'ect of matters

l*ke sc*ence$ art$ l*terature$ or soc*al ser*ce.


18/22

Impact of Constitution of apan

Balance between Parliament and &udiciary

A alance etween ;arl*amentary soere*,nty an& /u&*c*al su'remacy has een ma*nta*ne& on

the l*nes of the 1onst*tut*on of %a'an.

Law .akin% Procedure

0he law mak*n, 'roce&ure la*& &own *n the In&*an 1onst*tut*on has also een cons*&eraly

*nfluence& y the 1onst*tut*on of %a'an.

13 #n&er Art*cle 87$ 1ha'ter I of the %a'an 1onst*tut*on


19/22

South Africa’s Inuence

,he Procedure of Constitutitonal mendment

0he 'roce&ure of 1onst*tut*onal amen&ment an& also the metho& of elect*on of the memers

of Ra/ya Saha hae een &rawn from the 1onst*tut*on of South Afr*ca.


20/22

Inuence of !eimer Constitution of "ermany

+mer%ency Powers

0he emer,ency 'owers este& w*th ;res*&ent of In&*a are on the l*nes of s*m*lar 'owers

conferre& on the ;res*&ent of 2erman Re'ul*c accor&*n, to art*cle @G of 3e*mer

1onst*tut*on of 2ermany. In&*an 1onst*tut*on framers reforme& l*ttle the emer,ency 'owers

as these are s'ec*f*cally cate,or*


21/22

Conclusion

0he *nfluence& ma&e y the other const*tut*ons *n the worl& as ment*one& *n the 'rece&*n,

'a,es make *t crystal clear that the In&*an 1onst*tut*on *s not only the outcome of the

&el*erat*ons *n the 1onst*tuent Assemly or a ?raft 1onst*tut*on sk*lfully &rafte& y the

le,al e+'erts an& *ntellectual ,*ants ut also *s the len& of e+ecut*e or&ers an& &ecrees of

the e+ecut*e$ the enactments y the re'resentat*es of the In&*an c*t*


22/22

Bi#liography

St#tute

0he 1onst*tut*on of In&*a

0he 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& States of Amer*ca

0he 1onst*tut*on of the 3e*mar Re'ul*c of 2ermany (777)

0he 1onst*tut*on of #n*te& K*n,&om

0he #SSR 1onst*tut*on

0he 1onst*tut*on of Irelan&

0he 1onst*tut*on of %a'an

0he 1onst*tut*on of Austral*a

0he 1onst*tut*on of 1ana&a

0he 1onst*tut*on of South Afr*ca

0he French 1onst*tut*on

Te#tie

M ;ylee$ 1onst*tut*on of the 3orl&$ @th J&*t*on (!9!)

Webite

• htt'5PPa''sc,rou'.lo,s'ot.*nP!99GP98P*nfluenceofothercons*tut*onson.html

• htt'5PPtaoff*cers.lo,s'ot.*nP!9P!Porrowe&featuresof*n&*an.html

• htt'5PPwww.,k&un*ya.comP*n&*anconst*tut*onorrowe&

• htt'5PPwww.factsaout*n&*a.comPorrowe&featuresofconst*tut*on.'h'

• htt'5PPwww.*m'ortant*n&*a.comP7GPma*nfeaturesof*n&*anconst*tut*onP

• htt's5PPen.w*k*'e&*a.or,Pw*k*P1onst*tut*onQofQIn&*aSeeQalso

• htt'5PPwww.erew*se.comPcurrentaffa*rsPsal*entfeaturesoftheconst*tut*onof

*n&*aQart8!f@&!G!&e.html.un"l7h&• htt's5PPwww.aca&em*a.e&uPG9PSal*entQFeaturesQofQIn&*anQ1onst*tut*on

Documents

Impact of the world constitution on making of indian constitution