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Impact of Pesticides on Pollinators and other Non-target Organisms
Keith Tignor Virginia Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services
What is an Ideal Pollinator?
• Mobile
• Large number of individuals
• Attracted to pollen source
• Apparatus to carry pollen
Presidential Memorandum June 20, 2014
• Created a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators
• Establish Pollinator Health Task Force
• Mission and Function of the Task Force: – Pollinator Research Action Plan – Public Education Plan – Public-Private Partnerships
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Status Review for the Monarch Butterfly
• Migration more perilous for many monarchs because of threats along their migratory pathways and on their breeding and wintering grounds.
• Habitat loss – Over wintering site – Migratory pathways
• Mortality resulting from pesticide use – Adult mortality from insecticides – Loss of milkweed from herbicides
What is a Pesticide
• Agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms
• Pesticides are classified according to function: – Avicide – birds – Herbicides – weeds – Fungicides – fungi, mold and mildew – Insecticides – insects – Rodenticides – rodents
• Herbicides are the most widely used type of pesticide in agriculture
Pesticides Registered for Use in Virginia
11,861
14,214 14,500 14,875 15,211 14,570
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
2003* . . . 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Re
gist
ere
d P
est
icid
es
(no
.)
Year
Product count based on number registered on October 1 of each year.
Categories of Pesticides
ALGAECIDE HERBICIDE FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE INSECTICIDE & NEMATICIDE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
ALGICIDE FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE
& HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE & REPELLENT
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR WITH FERTILIZER
ANTIFOULANT PAINT FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE
AND FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE & TERMITICIDE
PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANT
AVICIDE FUMIGANT INSECTICIDE ACARICIDE REPELLENT
BIOCIDE (ALGAE, SLIME, BACTERIA, FUNGI)
FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE, DISINFECTANT
& FUNGICIDE RODENTICIDE
BIONEMATICIDE FUNGICIDE & NEMATICIDE INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE,
MITICIDE SANITIZER
DEFOLIANT FUNGICIDE, HERBICIDE,
INSECTICIDE & NEMATICIDE LURE (PHEROMONES) SANITIZER & ALGICIDE
DISINFECTANT HERBICIDE MISCELLANEOUS SANITIZER & DISINFECTANT
DISINFECTANT, ALGAECIDE INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR MITICIDE (ACARICIDE) SANITIZER, DISINFECTANT, &
VIRUCIDE DISINFECTANT, FUNGICIDE,
VIRUCIDE INSECTICIDE MOLLUSCICIDE
SANITIZER, DISINFECTANT, FUNGICIDE, VIRUCIDE
FERTILIZER WITH FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE & FUNGICIDE NEMATICIDE TERMITICIDE
FERTILIZER WITH HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE & MITICIDE OTHER TERMITICIDE, INSECTICIDE,
FUNGICIDE
Registered Pesticides in Virginia in 2014
INSECTICIDE
DISINFECTANT
HERBICIDE
FUNGICIDE
ALGAECIDE
REPELLENT
RODENTICIDE
ACARICIDE
PRESERVATIVE
FUMIGANT
NEMATICIDE OTHER
MOLLUSCICIDE
AVICIDE
Total number of registered pesticides = 15,211
from Office of Pesticide Services, VDACS
Active Ingredient of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S., 1980-2007
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Am
ou
nt
Ap
plie
d (
lb. x
1 m
illio
n)
Year
16.7% decline
from EPA website (http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales)
Estimated Amount of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S. in 2007
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Herbicides/PlantGrowth Regulators
Insecticides/Miticides Fungicides Nematicide/Fumigant Other Conventional
Act
ive
Ingr
ed
ien
t (m
illio
n lb
.)
Type of Pesticide
from A. Grube, Donaldson D., Kiely T., and Wu L. (2011)
Total Usage = 857 million lb.
Estimated Amount of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S. in 2007
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Agriculture Ind/Comm/Gov Home & Garden
Act
ive
Ingr
ed
ien
t (m
illio
n lb
.)
Sector of Usage
from A. Grube, Donaldson D., Kiely T., and Wu L. (2011)
One man’s beneficial, is another man’s Pest One man’s trash, is another man’s treasure
Money
Politics
Emotion
Environmental Fate of Pesticides
Ideal Pollinator – Honey Bee
• Year round activity
• Transportable population
• Capable of Flight
• 60,000 to 80,000 individuals in hive
• Hairy – Nearly 100% of body covered with hair – Plumose hair – Pollen basket
• Pollen and nectar are primary food source
Detected Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bees Wax Pollen
Pe
stic
ide
co
nta
min
ants
(#)
Sample Source
from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010)
Occurrence of Samples with Multiple Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries
0
2
4
6
8
10
Bees Wax Pollen Total
Me
an M
ult
iple
Pe
stic
ide
s (#
)
Sample Source
from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010)
Correlation of Fungicide Residues with Pesticide Contents of Pollen Samples
from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010)
Pesticide Impact on Honey Bee
• R. Fell, Tignor K. (2001) – Reduced drone fecundity – Reduced queen cell production
• J. Wu, Anelli C., Sheppard S. (2011) – Increased larval mortality – Delayed adult emergence – Reduced adult longevity
• L. Dahlgren (2012) – Reduced queen survival
• J. Berry, Hood W., Pietravalle S., Delaplane K. (2013) – Decreased brood survival – Increase queen supercedure
Winter Hive Losses in Virginia
0
10
20
30
40
50
Co
lon
y L
osse
s (
%)
Year
Overall colony losses of 32.9% during the period 2000-2014
Status of Bumble Bee Populations in Northern and Coastal Eastern States of the U.S.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Re
lati
ve A
bu
nd
ance
Bombus spp.
1900-99
2007-09
from S. Cameron, Lozier J., Strange J., Koch J., Cordes N., Solter L., Griswold T. (2011)
Impact of Pesticides
• Lethal – Broad spectrum – Toxicity to adult – Toxicity to immature – Lethal determination
• Dosage • Concentration • Time
• Sub-lethal – Weight loss – Shorter life span – Behavior changes – Reduced fecundity – Reduced immunity – Deformity – Mutation – Loss of habitat/food
source
Factors Affecting Pollinator Populations
• Environment –Temperature extremes –Climate change –Bloom dates –Drought
• Nutrition – Habitat loss – Food resources
• Genetics – Diversity – Isolation – Integrity
• Toxicants/pollutants – Point source – Non-point source
