IMPACT OF ORGANIC RESIDUE OF TYPHA ......upland savannah soils organic carbon content ranged from 0.0059 to 1.53 % and also observed increased organic carbon content from sudan savannah

International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 6, Issue 1, January-2017 12 ISSN 2278-7763

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IMPACT OF ORGANIC RESIDUE OF TYPHA DOMINGENSIS ON SOME SOIL NUTRIENTS OF UNIVERSITY FARM,

GUBI/BAUCHI, NIGERIA 1U.F. HASSAN*,1E.O. EKANEM,1H.M. ADAMU, 2N. VONCIR AND 3H.F. HASSAN

1DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI, NIGERIA.

2DEPARTMENT OF CROP PRODUCTION, ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI, NIGERIA.

3GENERAL HOSPITAL, DASS, BAUCHI, NIGERIA.

*Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Studies were conducted to determine the impact of organic residue of Typha domingensis on some soil nutrients of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University farm, Gubi/Bauchi, Nigeria after varied incubation periods (0, 15, 30 and 45 days). The experiment was a complete randomized design. The control (0 day incubation period) was neither added the organic residue of the plant nor even water. Each treatment was replicated three times and consists of 2.00 kg of soil sample incubated with 300.00 g of the organic residue of the plant at 350C. The mixtures were then added 100.00 cm3 of water daily. The varied incubated soils were then analyzed for some nutrients after the varied treatments using standard methods. The results obtained showed variations in the ranged values of organic carbon (7.75 to 8.96 g/kg), organic matter (13.05 to 16.07 g/kg), total nitrogen (1.23 to 4.85 g/kg), available phosphorus (5.61 to 6.45 mg/kg) and exchangeable potassium (1.39 to 1.51 cmol/kg) respectively. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium increased with increase in the incubation periods. The organic carbon and organic matter varied with increase in the incubation periods; albeit in irregular patterns. The organic residue of the plant significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) the nutrients of the soil sample and it is therefore recommended especially after 45 days of incubation.

Keywords: Typhadomingensis,Complete Randomized Design, Organic Carbon, Organic Matter, Total Nitrogen, Available Phosphorus and Exchangeable Potassium.

1 INTRODUCTION

oil is a dynamic natural resource and for its full agricultural potentials to be realized, a constant evaluation of the

physicochemical properties is required [1].

Fasina et al., 2005 [2] pointed out lack of detailed information on soil characteristics as one of the major factors limiting agricultural development in Nigeria.Soil, the natural medium for plant growth has a direct impact on yield and quality of crops growing on it. Measurement of the fertility of an agricultural soil tells

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much about its productive potential. Fortunately, producers can control fertility by managing the plants nutritional status [3]. Nutrient status is an unseen factor in plant growth, except when imbalances become so severe that visual symptoms appear on the plant.

Low fertility of Nigerian soils is the major constraint in achieving high productivity goals. In both rain-fed and irrigated systems, nutrient replenishment through fertilizers and manures remain far below the crop removal, thereby causing mining of native reserves over the years [4].Soil degradation is becoming a major concern. Loss of organic matter has been identified as one of the main factors contributing to declining soil productivity [5]. The amount of organic carbon, which is a measure of organic matter in a soil, depends on a number of factors and this reflects the balance between accumulation and breakdown. The main factors are climate, soil type, vegetative growth, topography and tillage.

The application of research technology to agriculture is becoming of increasing importance in a world with a rapidly rising expectation of higher standard of nutrition and living [1]. Greenland,1981 [6] pointed out that ineffective and unplanned use of agricultural land in the tropics remained one of the serious problems affecting agricultural productivity. The evidence of this ugly development in agricultural land use is manifested in land degradation, depletion of organic matter and nutrients, soil aggregate instability and soil compaction amongst other soil constraints.

Typha is a genus of about eleven species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family “Typhacea”. The genus is distributed in the northern hemisphere, but is essentially cosmopolitan, being found in a

variety of wetland habitats [7].The plant is known with different names in Hausa as geranya, gyaranya or kachalla [8].

This study was aimed at determining the impact of organic residue of Typha domingensis on some soil nutrients (organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium) of University farm, Gubi/Bauchi, Nigeria after varied incubation periods (0, 15, 30 and 45 days).

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Analytical reagent grade chemicals and distilled water were used throughout the research. All glass and plastic wares used were thoroughly washed with detergent solution, followed by 20 % (v/v) nitric acid, then rinsed with tap water and finally with distilled water [9].

2.1 Sampling of TyphaPlant

The sampling of Typhaplant was carried out using Table of random numbers along Kano road in Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The plant samples were collected from ten (10) different points within the same sampling location and mixed up in order to ensure sample homogeneity. The plant was identified in the Department of Biological Sciences, AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, as Typha domingensis. The Typha domingensiswas washed with water to get rid of extraneous substances from the sampling location. The samples were again weighed, air-dried for sixty (60) days to a constant mass, followed by cutting them into smaller pieces.

The rhizomes, stems and leaves were again air-dried for thirty (30) days, ground in a wooden pestle and mortar, sieved to pass through a 2.00 mm mesh in order to obtain the finest possible powder for analyses. The sieved samples were kept in

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air-tight plastic containers and labeled appropriately prior to analyses. The

photograph of Typha domingensis is shown in Figure 1.

2.2 Sampling of Soil Samples

Bulk soil samples were also collected using Table of random numbers at a depth of 0-30cm using soil auger from the University farm, Gubi/Bauchi. The sampling was done from ten (10) sampling points.

The soil samples were homogenized, air-dried, ground using a wooden pestle and mortar and finally sieved through a 2.00 mm mesh so as to get rid of the “not-soil and impurities”. The sieved soil samples were also labeled appropriately prior to the laboratory analyses.

2.3 Treatments and Experimental Design

The experiment was a complete randomized design, which consist of four treatments (0, 15, 30 and 45 days) replicated three times

[10], [11], [12]. This summed up to twelve plastic pots used for the experiment. 2.00 kg of the soil sample was weighed into each of the pots, followed by the addition of 300.00 g of the organic residue of Typha domingensis into each of the pots.Neither water nor organic residue of Typha domingensis was added into the control soil sample (0 day incubation period). The set ups were then incubated for 15, 30 and 45 days in the laboratory at 35ºC. Within the incubation period, 100.00 cm³ of water was added daily into each pot in order to keep the soil slightly moist.

At the end of each incubation period, all the replicated soil samples from a particular treatment were collected, thoroughly mixed together, air-dried, ground using a wooden pestle and mortar, then sieved through a

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2.00 mm mesh, labeled appropriately and used for chemical analyses.

2.4 Methods

The physicochemical properties of the soil at varied incubation periods (days) of 0 (soil sample only), 15, 30 and 45 were analyzed. Four replicate laboratory determinations were carried out in each case using various standard methods as adopted by different researchers. 2.4.1 Determination of Soil Texture

before Incubation Particle size distribution was determined before incubation by the hydrometer method [1], [13]. 2.4.2 Determination of Organic Carbon The preparedground and sieved soil sample (0.20 g) was weighed and used for the determination of organic carbon at various incubation periods [1], [14]. 2.4.3 Determination of Organic Matter The determination of organic matter at various incubation periods were carried out [15], [16]. 2.4.4 Determination of Total Nitrogen The total nitrogen content of the soil samples at varied incubation periods was determined using the Kjeldahl method [10]. 2.4.5 Digestion of Soil Samples for

Phosphorus Determination

The digestion of soil samples for colorimetric determination of phosphorus at varied incubation periods was carried out based on the method adopted by Ademoroti, 1996 [14]. 2.4.6 Colorimetric Determination of

Available Phosphorus Vanado-molybdate colorimetric method was used for the determination of available phosphorus [14]. 2.4.7 Determination of Exchangeable

Potassium Exchangeable potassium was extracted using 1.00 N ammonium ethanoate pH 7 buffer solution and the level of potassium was determined at its respective wavelength using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Model 210/11 VGP [1], [11], [17]. In all the determinations, four replicate determinations were carried out. 3 DATA ANALYSES The results obtained were calculated and subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data analyses revealed that there was significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). Means that were significantly different were separated using Tukey pair-wise differences (p ≤ 0.05).

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mean mechanical properties of the soil samples obtained from the University farm, Gubi/Bauchi are shown in Table 1.

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The textural class of the soil obtained from the University farm is sandy clay loam. The texture of a soil influences its health or productivity. Thus, soil health impacts directly on plant health. The mechanical properties of the soil samples obtained from the sampling location investigated could be due to low organic matter content. A similar initial soil texture before incubation was also reported [11].

4.1 Organic CarbonContent at Varied Incubation Periods

The organic carbon content of the University farm, Gubi as shown in Fig. 2 ranged from 7.75 g/kg (15 days) to 8.43 g/kg (45 days). The values are also lower than the control value (8.96 g/kg). The value in the third incubation period (45 days) only significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the value in the second (30 days) and first (15 days)

incubation periods, but does not affect the control value as shown in Table 2. Molindo, 2008 [11] reported decreasing values of organic carbon when soybean and cow dung were respectively incubated into soil samples.The values obtained are all low when compared with the critical limits of low organic carbon (less than 10.00 g/kg) and medium organic carbon (10.00-15.00 g/kg) as reported by Kparmwang et al.,1998 [18].

This also agrees with the findings of Balasubramanian et al., 1984 [19] that the upland savannah soils organic carbon content ranged from 0.0059 to 1.53 % and also observed increased organic carbon content from sudan savannah to southern savannah due to increasing production of organic matter with increasing rainfall from north to south in the savannah region.

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4.2 Organic Matter Content at Varied Incubation Periods

The organic matter content of Gubi farm was found to increase from the 15 days incubation period (13.05 g/kg) to 45 days incubation period (14.06 g/kg) as shown in Fig. 3. These values are however lower than the control (16.07 g/kg). The value in the third incubation period (45 days) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced the value in the second (30 days) and first (15 days) incubation periods as shown in Table 3.

The value obtained compares favourably with reported literature value of 1.00 – 2.00 % in a cultivated soil zone [5]. The importance of organic matter on soils

cannot be over-stressed. It is necessary in maintaining soil structures, especially in fine textured soils. It also increases the cation exchange capacity thereby reducing leaching losses of such elements like magnesium and potassium [20]. It serves as a reservoir for soil nitrogen and improves water retention capacity of soils. The observed decreased and increased trends in the organic matter content of Gubi soil samples could be due to their being used by the microorganisms during the incubation periods. Most living things found in soils, including plants, insects, bacteria fungi, are dependent on organic matter for nutrients and energy. Soils often have varying degrees of organic matter in different states of decomposition [5].

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4.3 Total NitrogenContent at Varied Incubation Periods

The total soil nitrogen of Gubi farm determined ranged from 1.23g/kg (control) to 4.85g/kg (45 days of incubation). Fig. 4 shows the total nitrogen content of Gubi farm with variation in the incubation periods. The level of the third incubation period (45 days) as shown in Table 4 was observed to have significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the level of nitrogen in the control.

The values in the second and first incubation periods similarly affected the level of nitrogen in the control. The critical value of nitrogen in soils was reported to be 1.50-2.00 g/kg [21]. Kparmwang etal., 1998 [18] also rated total soil nitrogen of less than 1.50, 1.50-2.00 and greater than 2.00 g/kg as low, medium and high respectively in terms of fertility indices. The soil samples investigated therefore fell above the critical limits. Nitrogen is important for growth since it is a major part of all amino acids, which are the building blocks of all proteins, including the enzymes that control virtually

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all biological processes [22]. A good supply of nitrogen stimulates root growth,

development as well as the uptake of other nutrients.

4.4 Available Phosphorus Content at Varied Incubation Periods

The effect of incubating the organic residue ofTyphadomingensis on the available phosphorus is shown in Table 5. It is evident from the Table that phosphorus was very significantly affected (p≤ 0.05) by the organic residue of Typhadomingensis at the third incubation period. However, the first incubation period (15 days) does not affect the phosphorus content in the University

farm, Gubi.The concentration of phosphorus determined in Gubi farm ranged from 5.27 to 6.45mg/kg as shown in Fig.5.

The critical range of available phosphorus in soil was reported to be 10.00 - 16.00 mg/kg [23], [24]. Kparmwang et al., 1998 [18] also reported the rating of available phosphorus of less than 10.00, 10.00-20.00 and greater than 20.00 cmol/ (+)/kg to be low, medium and high respectively in terms of fertility status. All

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the values obtained therefore fell below the critical limits. It could therefore be inferred that despite incubating the soil samples throughout the incubation periods, the available phosphorus was still low. Phosphorus enhances many aspects of plant

physiology including the fundamental processes of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, flowering, fruiting and maturation [22]. Root growth, particularly development of lateral roots and fibrous rootlets are also encouraged by phosphorus.

4.5 ExchangeablePotassium Content at Varied Incubation Periods

The level of exchangeable potassium in Gubi farm ranged from 1.39 cmol/kg (0 incubation period) to 1.51 cmol/kg (30 days) as shown in Fig. 6. The value in the second incubation period was f2ound to have significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) all the values in the other incubation periods as could be seen in Table 6.

Soils according to Kparmwang et al., 1998 [18] are classified in accordance with their potassium content(cmol (+)/kg) as low (less than 0.15), medium (0.15 to 0.30) and high (greater than 0.30). Based on the present study,all the exchangeable potassium determinedat varied incubation periods can be classified as above the critical limits.

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5 CONCLUSION

This research work has shown that incubating the organic residue of Typha domingensis, especially at the third incubation period (45 days) significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) the total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium of the soil sample obtained from the University farm, Gubi/Bauchi as revealed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey pair-wise differences. The organic carbon and organic matter of the soil sample were

found to vary with increase in the incubation periods; albeit in irregular patterns.

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[18] T. Kparmwang, A.S. Abubakar, V.O. Chude,B.A. Raji and W.B. Malgwi, 1998 In:J. Kolo,S. Mustapha and N. Voncir, “Profile Distribution of Some Physicochemical Properties of Haplus-tults in Gaba District, Central Nigeria”,Journal of League of Researchers in Nigeria, vol.10, no.1, pp. 71-77, June 2009.

[19] V. Balasubramanian, L. Singh, L.A. Nnadi and A.U. Mokwunye,“Fetility Status of Some Upland Savannah Soils of Nigeria under Fallow and Culti-vation”,Samaru Journal of Agricultural Research,vol. 2,pp. 13-23, 1984.

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[23]A.A. Agboola and R.B. Corey, 1973 In:W.A. Molindo, “Determination of the Nutrient Status of Soil after Incubation with Organic Residues for Different Days in Benin City, Nigeria”,World Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 731-736, 2008.

[24] G.O. Adeoye and A.A. Agboola, 1985 In:W.A. Molindo, “Determination of the Nutrient Status of Soil after Incubation with Organic Residues for Different Days in Benin City, Nigeria”,World Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 731-736, 2008.

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IMPACT OF ORGANIC RESIDUE OF TYPHA ......upland savannah soils organic carbon content ranged from 0.0059 to 1.53 % and also observed increased organic carbon content from sudan savannah