Impact of ICT on Society – Part the first

ICT 1_6

Health Medical records stored on databases Donor databases Computer controlled devices

(pacemakers, organs) Monitoring devices Expert systems Remote operations Key hole surgery Computer modelling for drugs Booking online

Health – record keeping

Access available to lots of people simultaneously

Saves paper Handwritten can be unclear Records went missing Notes and appointments may not

arrive the same times.

Health – AI

Enables Computers to draw deductions, produce new information and modify rules.

Neural NetworksBiological systems that allow the brain

to store and utilise data. Scientists are now modelling computer systems on Neural Networks.

Neural NetworksGood at Very fast processing Obeying simple instructions When given lots of examples to learn from When a structure can be developed from existing

data

Not good at Adaptation (new circumstance, same rules) Parallel processing Adapting to errors or imprecise data Only suited to certain tasks Learning examples have to be carefully chosen Can be unpredictable

Health – Expert Systems

An ICT system that uses AI in order to make decisions based upon data supplied in the form of answers to questions.

ComponentsKnowledge base, vast storage about a

particular subject (facts and judgements)Inference Engine, a set of rules upon which

decisions are made (usually a IF –THEN structure)

A User Interface

Health – Expert Systems

Health – Expert Systems

MYCINThis is an example of an existing

medical expert system. It can be used instead of taking blood cultures and then growing them to identify particular infections – taking time. MYCIN dramatically reduces the time taken to diagnose infections using the patients symptoms

Health – Expert Systems

MYCIN – FeaturesUses around 500 rulesAsks for further informationThe system recommends lab testsSuggests the best treatmentLists the drugs that can be used to treat

the patient – with probabilitiesMakes a recommendation for a

particular drug based after asking about patient allergies

Health – Expert Systems

Advantages Consistency Cheaper than an expert Huge pool of knowledge Available 24/7 Uses all of the information provided

Health – Expert Systems

Disadvantages No common sense Can make absurd errors Not able to be creative Doesn’t know when it doesn’t know GIGO!