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Chapter - 7
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF CROP LOAN IN KOLLAM
DISTRICT
Farmers require capital for meeting the expenditure involved in
carrying out agricultural operations. Based on the duration of the crops for
maturity, the requirement of capital has a short-term nature. As a large
number of food crops are raised by farmers to meet family requirements,
there is a short-term nature in the production practices. Over a period,
institutional systems both under formal and informal sectors have emerged
to meet such credit needs of farmers and others involved in production and
marketing sector. Along with the development of market and technology
transfer, such credit needs are felt by farmers, especially large farmers1.
Both formal and informal credit systems are in favour of large farmers in
general. It was observed that often the access to credit was having a direct
link with the possession of assets2&3 of the borrowers.
After Independence, the Govt. of India and Reserve Bank of India
had taken a series of measures to minimize the role of informal sector and
to enable the reach of formal sector to all the villages through a variety of
credit institutions. However, informal sector, especially led by the money
lenders play a significant role4 in meeting the timely credit needs of the
borrowers in both rural and urban areas. The institutional credit system is
yet to emerge as a major support system for transfer of technology
especially in irrigated area5 and pockets specializing on commercial crop
production. Along with the increasing access to new technology, even
small farmers require increasing credit needs. However, such changing
factors are yet to be institutionalized6 under the formal credit delivery
system.
The Crop Loans are generally given to farmers for Seasonal
Agricultural Operation (SAO) purposes. It is advanced over a period of 6 to
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18 months for buying inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, manure, pesticides
and to meet the labour cost. Paddy, coconut, rubber, pepper, banana,
tapioca, ginger, arecanut, betel vine, plantain, pineapple etc. are the major
crops for which farmers avail themselves of Crop Loan in Kollam district.
Of late, vegetable cultivation is also picking up in the district. Bitter gourd,
drumstick and green chillies are the major vegetables cultivated.
Out of the total quantum of agricultural credit, a sizable amount is
disbursed under Crop Loan. Over a period of time a detailed system has
emerged for assessing the credit requirement under each major crop to
carry out the agricultural production practices. With the help of the Dept. of
Agriculture and Agricultural Universities a regular exercise is being carried
out to assess the production cost under each major crop. Based on this
assessment, the district-level banks under the leadership of the District
Central Co-operative Bank (DCCB) arrive at the Scale of Finance. This
instrument becomes the guiding factor to extend the production credit to
farmers for cultivation of various types of crops. The system and its
practices are regularly reviewed and updated based on requirements.
These scales are used by all the financing banks to estimate the credit
needs of farmers. The Scale of Finance followed in Kollam district is given
in table 7.2
In order to enable the farmers for the smooth operation of short- term
(ST) crop credit, Kisan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced and during
2009-10, 5.97 million KCCs were introduced by banks with credit limit of `
17,411 crore. Out of the total 90.64 million credit cards issued by February
2010, 39.80 million cards (44%) were issued by Commercial Banks followed
by 38 million cards (42%) by Co-operative Banks and remaining 13 million
cards (14%) by Regional Rural Banks7.
Kollam district has more than 55,000 card holders. The total credit
limit sanctioned under KCC worked out at ` 73.68 crore as on 30 March
2009. As a large number of farmers follow homestead farming in Kollam
198
district, easy credit facilities are also extended to cover them.
Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs), Farmers’ Clubs, Grama Panchayats,
Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) and NABARD encourage
farmers to avail of and right utilisation of the ST Credit System. There is
also a regular system for collecting farmers’ requirements and incorporating
them in fixation of the scale of finance.
An analysis of the Area under different crops, production and yield
per hectare (YPH) will enable us to have an idea on the production system
followed in Kollam. Details are given in Table 7.1
Table 7.1
Area, Production and Yield Per Hectare (YPH) in Kollam District.
Sl.No. Crop Area (ha) Production (MT) YPH in Kg.
1 Paddy 7218 1606 2230
2 Pulses 517 401 730
3 Banana 1772 12846 7249
4 Other Plantain 4213 38018 9024
5 Tapioca 23814 694984 19184
6 Coconut 66134 504 7621
7 Pepper 13509 4625 342
8 Ginger 676 1999 2960
9 Turmeric 364 486 1830
10 Arecanut 2485 1794 722
11 Pineapple 531 4114 7750
12 Seasame 101 69 683
13 Rubber 36860 60765 1649
14 Cashew 4271 3003 703
15 Cocoa 9 4 444
16 Betel vine 52 2003 38000
17 Tea 1258 232 185
Source: Farm Guide
199
As may be observed from Table 7.1 that coconut, rubber, pepper,
paddy, other plantain, cashew, tapioca are the major crops for which a
sizable area is allocated in Kollam district. Crop Loan is extended to
almost all crops. Details of the Scale of Finance, number of units to be
assisted, financial outlay and bank loan as projected under Potential-Linked
Credit Plan (PLP) during 2008-09 and 2009-10 is given in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2
Details of PLP Projections for 2008-09 and 2009-10
(Area in Ha)
(` Lakh)
Sl.
No. Crops PLP 2008-09 PLP 2009-10
Scale of Finance
(In Rs)
No. of Units
(In Ha)
Fin. Outlay
Bank Loan
Scale of Finance
(In Rs)
No. of Units
(In Ha)
Fin. Outlay
Bank Loan
1 Paddy 48000 5985 2873 2586 49000 6430 3151 3151
2 Coconut 42200 32670 13787 12408 42200 33050 13947 13947
3 Rubber 34500 13345 4604 4144 34500 15860 5472 5471
4 Plantain (Others) 89000 4275 3805 3424 89000 4955 4410 4410
5 Banana (Nendran) 150000 2230 3345 3011 150000 2480 3720 3720
6 Vegetables 110000 3110 3421 3079 115000 3510 4037 4037
7 Pepper/Spices 59800 3865 2311 2080 59800 4085 2443 2443
8 Cocoa 11000 54 6 5 13000 9 1 1
9 Tapioca 37500 12705 4764 4288 38000 13615 5174 5174
10 Fodder 37000 1270 470 423 38000 1570 597 597
11 Arecanut 49400 2300 1136 1023 49400 2310 1141 1141
12 Cashew 17000 265 45 41 18000 450 81 81
13 Ginger 130000 536 697 627 130000 975 1268 1268
14 Pineapple 60000 400 240 216 71500 850 608 608
15 Vanila 29900 32 10 9 34000 14 5 5
16 Other Oil Seeds and Pulses
28000 8225 2303 2073 32000 10210 3267 3267
Total 91267 43817 39437 963400 100373 49322 49321
Source : PLPs NABARD
200
It may be observed from Table 7.2 that the scale of finance for
various crops ranged from ` 1.5 lakh per ha for banana to as less as ` 0.17
lakh per ha for cashew. For larger crops such as rubber and coconut the
scale was at ` 0.35 lakh and ` 0.42 lakh respectively. During the year
2008-09 it was estimated that 91,267 ha area will be covered under Crop
Loan assistance involving ` 438 crore financial outlay and ` 394 crore bank
loan assistance. During the year 2009-10, the area coverage was kept at
1,00,373 ha involving ` 493 crore financial outlay and the same amount of
bank loan assistance. A marginal increase in the Scale of Finance was
also observed during the year 2009-10 in the case of paddy, vegetable,
cocoa, tapioca, pineapple, vanilla and other oil seeds and pulses. The
data thus reflect that the Scale of Finance is periodically revised based on
the market conditions of the inputs and farmers’ requirement.
Details of the Crop Loan targeted under District Credit Plan (DCP) in
Kollam district and the achievement during the last 5-year period is
recorded in Table 7.3
Table 7.3
Disbursement of Crop Loan for SAO in Kollam District
(` Crore)
Year Target Achievement Percentage
2003-04 104.11 144.83 139
2004-05 205.60 216.21 105
2005-06 265.63 330.37 124
2006-07 227.37 427.56 188
2007-08 353.75 1336.61 378
2008-09 1954.20 2216.77 113
Source : DCP- 2009-10
201
It may be observed from Table 7.3 that the target envisaged under
Crop Loan from the year 2003-04 was achieved; and the percentage of
achievement ranged from 105 during 2004-05 to as high as 378 during
2007-08. The quantum of bank loan disbursed also recorded an
increasing trend. As against the achievement of ` 144.83 crore during
2003-04, it has increased to ` 216.21 crore during 2004-05.
Disbursement of Crop Loan for SAO in Kollam District
Figure 7.1
During the subsequent year the achievement totalled at ` 330.37
crore. The Crop Loan disbursed in Kollam district in 2006-07 was ` 427.56
crore and in the subsequent year, 2007-08 it was as high as ` 1336.61
crore. The target during 2008-09 was kept at ` 1,954.2 crore. Thus, the
pattern of targeted credit and their disbursements under Crop Loan in
Kollam district indicated a regular increasing trend. Introduction of Kisan
Credit Card (KCC), periodical revision of the Scale of Finance and inclusion
of homestead farming under the purview of Crop Loan system may have
influenced the steady increase in the pattern of assistance.
202
Impact Assessment
Right utilisation of ST credit results in agriculture production,
productivity and enable to optimize the net income of the farmers. The
impact evaluation of KCC schemes carried out by NABARD, the average
productivity per hectare of paddy of KCC holders were compared with
non-KCC holders and it was observed that the per hectare paddy yield of
KCC holders at 18 to 34 quintals was higher than 13.3 per cent over the
non-KCC holders at 14 to 26 quintals8.
For assessing the end utilisation of Crop Loan in Kollam district, the
bank loan extended by major banks such as Co-operative Banks,
Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Bank was subjected to indepth
study. The quantum of finance extended by these banks under Crop Loan
for the last 3-year period, viz. 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 was studied
by collecting the available secondary data. Among the Commercial Banks,
two branches of the major Commercial Banks were randomly selected from
the list of branches extending sizable Crop Loan. The branch of SCARDB
at the district head quarter and Nadakkal Service Co-operative Bank was
selected purposively as there was limited scope for selection. Details are
given in Table 7.4.
Table 7.4
Disbursement under Crop Loan in the Selected Branches
(` Lakh)
Sl. No.
Bank Year
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total
No Amt No Amt No Amt No. Amt
1 Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank
725 10.20 1016 16.80 1230 15.70 2971 42.70
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada
1072 16.72 1394 26.40 1114 23.84 3580 66.96
3 SBT , Kottiyam 1852 27.63 2014 34.80 1819 27.82 5685 90.25
4 Catholic Syrian Bank, Kottarakara
642 8.88 1019 11.98 1342 19.74 3003 40.60
Total 4291 63.43 5443 89.98 5505 87.10 15239 240.51
Source : Secondary data
203
Thus, it may be observed that the selected banks together had
assisted 15,239 farmers with short-Term Loan of ` 240.51 lakh during the
3-year period. For the purpose of the study, farmers who were assisted
during 2007-8 were chosen as they have availed of the credit assistance
recently and therefore the utilisation of the same is fresh in their memory
and bank accounts are active.
For the purpose of field study, farmers assisted during 2008-09 by
the four selected banks consisting of 5,505 accounts constituted the base
for the study. It was proposed to cover 30 borrowers from each of the
selected branches assisted under SAO and selected by a simple random
method. However, out of the 120 borrowers proposed and contacted we
could collect the required information only from 105 borrowers. Details of
the farmers covered for the field study is given in Table 7.5
Table 7.5
Details of Farmers Studied Under SAO
Sl.No. Bank Farmers Covered
1 Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank 26
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada 25
3 SBT Kottiyam 29
4 Cathelic Syri: Bank Kottarakara 25
Total 105
Source : Secondary data
These farmers were contacted for eliciting the desired information
with the help of a pre-drawn and pre-tested questionnaire. Farmers were
contacted at leisure at their residence. The heads of the family directly
engaged in farming activities were interviewed with the help of the
questionnaire. Their farms were also visited to study the end utilisation of
204
the loan. During the course of the field study, farmers’passbook, records
on Kissan Credit Card (KCC), electricity payment bills and cash receipts on
input purchase were also used for eliciting the realistic data on credit
availment, input use and to study the pattern of income generation under
various crops.
The inferences drawn from the study is given in the following paragraphs.
Pattern of Land Holding
In order to study the pattern of land holding of the loan borrowers
under seasonal agricultural operations, details of their owned land, land
leased in and land leased out were elicited. Details are given Table 7.6
Table 7.6
Pattern of Land Holding of the Borrowers under SAO
(Area in Acre)
Total No. of Borrowers
Average area Owned
Average leased in
area
Average leased out
area
Net Area Sown
Gross Area Sown
105 0.64 0.12 0 0.76
1.38
Source : Primary data
It may be observed from Table 7.6 that the area owned by farmers
covered under the study averaged 0.64 acre. Out of the 105 farmers
studied, only eight farmers have leased in small neighbourhood areas for
cultivation purposes. Such areas averaged only 0.12 acre. None of the
farmer leased out land. The net area cultivated averaged 0.76 acre and
the gross area cultivated per farmer worked out at 1.38 acre with a cropping
intensity at 180 per cent.
205
Cropping Pattern
Banana, tapioca, vegetable and pepper are the most common crops
cultivated by the farmers covered under the study. Only three farmers
reported the cultivation of jasmine flower. Short-Term Loan was extended
by banks for the cultivation of all the above crops. In Table 7.7 details of
the cropping pattern followed by the sampled farmers are given.
Table 7.7
Cropping Pattern of Sampled Farmers in Kollam District.
(Area in Acre)
Sl.No. Name of the Crop
Cropping Pattern
No. of Farmers
Net Area Sown
Gross Area Sown
1 Banana 82 0.52 1.04
2 Tapioca 56 0.92 0.92
3 Vegetable 27 0.61 1.83
4 Pepper 18 0.84 1.68
5 Others(Jasmine,Tubers etc.) 9 0.80 1.28
Total / Average -- 1.26 2.17
Source : Primary data
Out of the 105 farmers subjected to indepth study, 82 farmers
cultivated banana. The area allocation under banana averaged 0.52 acre.
Assuming 200 per cent cropping intensity, the gross cultivated area
averaged 1.04 acre. Followed by banana, tapioca was cultivated by 56
farmers. The area allocated under tapioca averaged 0.92 acre.
Vegetable was the third major crop cultivated by the sampled farmers. Out
of the 105 farmers, 27 cultivated vegetable on an average of 0.61 acre.
Green vegetable, chillies, tomato, beans, brinjal, curry leaves etc. were the
commonly cultivated vegetables. As most of the vegetables are short
206
duration crops ranging from three to four months, 300 per cent cropping
intensity was assigned and therefore, the gross cultivated area averaged
1.83 acre per farmer.
Percentage distribution of farmers on the basis of crops
Figure 7.2.
It may be seen from Table. 7.7 that in 18 out of the 105 farmers were
engaged in pepper cultivation. These farmers cultivated pepper as a major
crop and other crops were cultivated as support crops. They used different
types of small trees to cultivate pepper vines. Whereas, a few farmers
cultivated them as a support crop in available trees such as arecanut,
coconut, jack trees etc. The average area cultivated under pepper worked
out at 0.84 acre. Assigning 200 per cent cropping intensity, the gross
cultivated area under pepper was estimated at 1.68 acre for the 18 farmers.
Out of the 105 farmers, only nine farmers cultivated crops like jasmine and
tubers. The area allocation under these crops averaged 1.26 acre per
farmer.
207
The Pattern of Credit Availment under SAO
The pattern of credit availment under SAO by the farmers covered
under the study is given in Table 7.8
Table 7.8
Bank wise and Crop wise Availing of SAO
(` Lakh)
Sl.No. Bank Availing of SAO
Number Amount Average
1 Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank 26 10.92 0.42
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada 25 9.50 0.38
3 SBT, Kottiyam 29 13.63 0.47
4 Catholic SyrianBank, Kottarakara 25 7.75 0.31
Total 105 41.80 0.40
Source : Secondary data
It may be seen from Table 7.8 that 105 farmers borrowed a total
amount of ` 41.80 lakh for SAO purposes from the four selected banks.
Among the four banks, the average amount of SAO disbursed per farmer
was highest in the case of SBT, Kottiyam at ` 0.47 lakh followed by ` 0.42
lakh in the case of Nadakkal Ser: Co-op: Bank. In the case of SCARDB,
Chinnakada, the amount disbursed averaged ` 0.38 lakh per borrower.
Catholic Syrian Bank, Kottarakara, extended on an average ` 0.31 lakh per
borrower.
Average availing of SAO by the famers
Figure 7.3
208
Farmers availed of the SAO for cultivation of banana, tapioca,
vegetable, pepper and other crops. On perusal of the bank records, it was
observed that a large number of borrowers has demanded Short-Term Loan
for the cultivation of banana as a major crop. The relatively higher scale of
finance for banana might have motivated farmers for asking production loan
assistance for the cultivation of banana. Production loan requirement for
tapioca, pepper and other crops were recorded by a few farmers only.
Bankers, due to the limited time availability, could not ensure cultivation of
the same crops by farmers. The bank-borrower relationship depended
more on the loan repayment performance of borrower.
Repayment Performance of the Selected Borrowers under
SAO
In order to have an assessment of the loan repayment performance
of the borrowers, the demand, collection and balance of the 105 farmers
covered under SAO was analysed as on 31 March 2009. The results are
given in Table 7.9
Table 7.9
Repayment Performance under SAO by the Farmers Covered under
the Study
(` Lakh)
Sl.
No. Bank
No. of Accounts
Repayment under SAO
Demand Collection Balance % of
Overdue
1 Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank 26 12.54 11.72 0.82 7
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada 25 13.81 7.98 5.83 42
3 SBT, Kottiyam 29 18.95 16.67 2.28 12
4 Catholic Syrian Bank, Kottarakara
25 11.47 8.14 3.33 29
Total 105 56.77 44.51 12.26 22
Source : Primary data
209
It may be seen from Table 7.9 that the percentage of overdue for the
105 sampled farmers worked out at 22. Out of the total loan demand of `
56.77 lakh, the collection totalled ` 44.51 lakh and the balance ` 12.26 lakh.
Among the 4 banks, the overdue among the sampled farmers was observed
at a low level of 7 per cent in the case of Nadakkal Service Co-op: Bank. In
the case of SBT, Kottiyam, it was at 12 per cent. Whereas, the percentage
of overdue in the case of Catholic Syrian Bank was observed at 29 per cent.
Percentage of Overdue by bank-wise
Figure 7.4.
In the following paragraphs an attempt is made to analyse the end
utilisation of Crop Loan by the sampled farmers and the effectiveness of the
credit delivery system to enable them for optimising their crop production
and productivity.
Loan Utilisation
Details of the loan utilisation by the farmers covered under the study
is tabulated in Table 7.10
210
Table 7.10
Utilization of the Loan under SAO by Sampled Farmers
Sl. No.
Bank Number Utilization of loan under SAO
Fully Utilised
Partially Utilised
Loan Diverted
1 Nadakkal Ser: Co: Bank
26 17 4 5
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada
25 19 4 2
3 SBT ,Kottiyam 29 21 5 3
4 Catholic Syrian Bank, Kottarakara
25 18 4 3
Total 105 75 17 13
Chi-square = 0.739, df. = 3, p = 0.864
Source : Primary data
Out of the 105 cases studied, in 75 cases the borrowers used the
loan amount for the specified purposes like purchase of seeds, fertilizers;
meeting labour cost and hire charges of the agricultural machineries etc.
Thus, in 71 per cent of the cases the loan was observed fully utilized for
agri- production purposes. Out of the remaining 29 per cent, in the case of
16 per cent, the loan was used only partially for the stipulated agri-
production purposes. And it was observed that the remaining 13 per cent
of the loan was diverted. Farmers, who have diverted the loan amount
utilised them for many other urgent needs such as meeting expenditure
involved in emergency medical treatment, educational purposes,
consumption, meeting family and social obligations etc. None of the
farmer reported diversion of loan for other income generating purposes.
However, in two cases it was observed that the farmers also engaged in
local money lending and they regularly availed of bank credit under SAO,
diverted the amount for lending purposes and also regularly repaid. The
interest margin was the attractive factor for regular availment. Absence of
alternate arrangement for credit facilities for the farmers to meet the
211
expenditure involved in unforeseen circumstances like hospital charges,
marriages, education purposes etc. resulted in avoidable loan diversion.
Majority of the farmers utilized the loan for the stipulated purposes.
The chi-square value after merging the partially utilised and loan
diverted is found to be 0.739 with degree of freedom 3. The significant level
is 0.864 which is higher than 0.05. Hence it can be said that the type of bank
and the mode of utilisation of loan is independent at 5 per cent level of
significance. In short, the mode of utilisation of loan is uniform in all type of
banks under study.
Adequacy of the Loan
In order to study farmers’ requirement viz-a-viz loan disbursement,
an attempt was made to study the subject. The loan adequacy of each
farmer for the major crops for which the loan was availed of was subjected
to detailed study. The results are presented in Table 7.11
Table 7.11
Adequacy of Loan Provided Under SAO
Sl.
No Bank
Adequacy of Loan for SAO
Crops Cultivated
No. of Farmers
Banana Tapioca Vegetable Others
Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate
1 Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank
26 14 6 3 - - 3 - -
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada
25 7 4 8 5 - - - 1
3 SBT, Kottiyam
29 12 6 6 - 1 3 1 -
4 Catholic Syrian Bank, Kottarakara
25 6 3 7 6 - - - 3
Total 105 39 19 24 11 1 6 1 4
Source : Primary data
212
Table 7.11 reflect that out of the 58 farmers who have availed of Crop
Loan for the cultivation of banana as a major crop 39,(67%) reported that
the loan was adequate for the cultivation of banana in their field. Whereas,
the remaining 19( 33%), reported that it was inadequate for the cultivation of
banana. Increasing labour cost was reported to be the major reason for
the increasing cost of cultivation. Families which have deployed own
labour did not feel the pinch of higher wage rates. For them, the scale was
adequate to meet the cost of cultivation under banana.
In the case of tapioca, out of the 35 farmers who have availed of loan
facilities as a major crop, 24 farmers, (67%), felt that the loan given to them
was adequate for cultivation of tapioca in their field. In the case of
remaining 11 farmers, (33%), the loan amount was felt inadequate to meet
the cost of cultivation under tapioca. These farmers felt that there is a need
for upward revision of unit cost under tapioca. Here again hired labour
constituted the major cost component.
Out of the seven farmers who have cultivated vegetable as a major
crop and availed of crop production loan for this purpose, only one farmer
expressed adequacy of loan and the remaining six reported that the
sanctioned amount was inadequate to carry on with the agricultural
operations under vegetable cultivation. These farmers felt that unlike other
crops, the cultivation of vegetable requires labour care almost every day.
This adds to the cost. And, families which are unable to deploy own labour
had to necessarily depend on hired labour for cultivation, regular care,
harvesting and marketing.
Out of the five farmers who have cultivated other crops such as
jasmine, tubers etc., only one farmer who was deploying family labour
expressed satisfaction on the existing unit cost. The remaining four
farmers complained that the present scale is highly inadequate to meet the
cost of cultivation incurred in jasmine and other crops like tubers.
213
The analysis, thus, throws light on the need for upward revision of the
unit cost of the major crops in Kollam district. Among the various cost
components, the increasing labour cost was highlighted as the major villain
offsetting the present scale and Short-Term Loan delivery system under
SAO. Hence the hypothesis that the credit delivery system under SAO
based on Scale of Finance was adequate for the cultivation of stipulated
crops is rejected.
Timeliness in Loan Availability
Availability of production loan to the farmers during the time of their
requirement is one of the most important factors in agricultural production.
As there is a seasonality factor attached with each crop production, a delay
in getting production loan will offset their time schedule in cultivation. This
has an adverse effect on both production and productivity of the crop.
Many a time a delay in cultivation results in crop damages especially during
harvesting season. Thus, in order to study the availability of Crop Loan to
the farmers, the subject was analyzed in detail. The results observed in
respect of the sampled farmers are presented in Table 7.12
Table 7.12
Timeliness in Getting Crop Production Loan
Sl.No. Bank
Timeliness in Getting Loan for SAO
No. of Farmers
In Time Delayed
No. of Farmers
Avg. Days
No. of Farmers
Avg. Days
1 Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank
26 22 24 4 52
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada
25 19 26 6 61
3 SBT, Kottiyam 29 27 21 2 42
4 Catholic Syri: Bank, Kottarakara
25 21 27 4 48
Total 105 89 24 16 53
Source : Primary data
214
Out of the 105 farmers studied, 89 farmers,(85%), received the bank
loan in time. The borrowers received the loan at the shortest period of 21
days from SBT Kottiyam followed by 24 days from Nadakkal Service
Co-operative Bank, 26 days from SCARDB and 27 days from Catholic
Syrian Bank Kottarakara. Farmers in general felt that receiving the crop
production loan within a month from the date of application of the loan is
really helpful for them to plan the cultivation schedule. In the case of 16
farmers, (15%), there was a delay felt in sanction of the short Term Loan.
In the case of the sampled farmers, the delay averaged 53 days for 16
farmers. The delay was maximum in the case of SCARDB, Chinnakada,
61 days followed by Nadakkal Service Co-operative: Bank 52 days and
Catholic Syrian Bank,48 days and the lowest delay was recorded by SBT,
Kottiyam at 42 days. These farmers expressed their unpleasantness in the
delay in getting the production loan.
Average days in getting production loan in time and days delayed
Figure 7.5.
215
Borrower’s limitation in meeting the documents required by the
banks for scrutiny of loan is reported to be the main reason for the delay.
Financing banks may simplify the loan sanctioning procedures and
documentation for reducing the time lag involved in scrutiny of the loan
application and their sanction. Farmers having overdue in earlier loan,
also faced problems in settling them and placing applications on new
requirements. The use of KCC enabled the farmers and the banks for easy
scrutiny and sanction of the loan limits. Regularization of KCC will
definitely help the banking system and the farmers for timely disbursement
of the short- term credit. Farmers in general, were happy with the current
operation system followed by banks under KCC. They felt that in the short
run, all farmers who are regular in loan repayment will be able to make use
of KCC as a user-friendly instrument with the support of ATM cards. A credit
guarantor fund on line with Small Scale Industries (SSI) may also help the
banks to meet the credit needs of farmers.
Discussions with the bankers revealed that the respective bank
management is aware of the delay and they are trying their level best to
minimize the same. These points are regularly discussed in Block-Level
Banker’s Committee (BLBC) and timely steps are taken to avoid the delay.
The banks in general monitor the sanction of Crop Loan in each agricultural
operations and at regional managers level, steps are initiated to avoid the
delay. Often, farmers also bring to the notice of the BLBC the unusual
delays caused in respect of certain banks in loan disbursement under SAO.
Pattern of Loan Disbursement
In order to study the extent of kind components given to the farmers
under SAO, the related details were explored under the study. Earlier
under SAO, certain part of the short-term credit was extended to the farmers
in kind components like quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticide. However,
in Kollam district in none of the banks covered under the study, the above
216
system was practised. All the banks released the short-term credit in cash
only. Farmers found that the availability of short-term credit under cash
component enabled them to purchase inputs of their liking and shops of
their choice. The financing agency also felt the release of cash component
much more easy.
Under co-operative sector, Nadakkal Service Co-op: Bank was
subjected to the study under Crop Loan as mentioned earlier. The Primary
Agricultural Co-op: Societies (PACS) operating in the selected areas also
preferred the release of short-Term Loan under cash component. The
system of keeping essential inputs and their release through co-operatives
was seldom practised. The availability of inputs from the market, quality
seeds from stipulated supply agencies and development of plant nurseries
both under private and public sector ensured the regular supply of inputs.
As a result, farmers also preferred cash components to kind components.
Cost of Cultivation, Scale of Finance and Loan Availability
for SAO
In order to study the expenditure involved in cultivation of crops, the
per acre cost of cultivation of the major crops like banana, tapioca,
vegetable, pepper and others were worked out from the primary data
collected from the farmers covered under the study. For working out the
per acre cost of cultivation, the following assumptions were made. The
cost components were taken as reported by the farmers. The reference
period was kept immediately preceding the crop season. Prevailing
market prices were accounted for all the inputs including electricity charges,
water hire charges, machine hire charges etc. In the case of family labour,
the input cost was accounted. The labour cost was based on the realistic
cost prevailed for skilled, semi-skilled and casual labour for both male and
female. For inputs, such as seeds, organic manure etc. supplied from the
family were also assigned market prices. For convenience, the cost was
estimated under the broad category of pre-sowing, sowing, post-sowing and
217
harvesting. The cost of cultivation thus arrived at for the sampled farmers
are given in Table 7.13
Table 7.13
Estimated Per Acre Cost of Cultivation for Crops Covered Under the
Study
Sl.No. Name of the
Crop
Cost of Cultivation (in `)
Pre-Sowing Sowing Post-Sowing Harvesting Total
1 Banana 13650 20800 16300 14200 64950
2 Tapioca 3200 4800 1900 5800 15700
3 Vegetable 19800 12200 7400 9400 48800
4 Pepper 3800 4600 8400 10850 27650
5 Others (Jasmine, Tubers etc.)
4100 4600 5900 3800 18400
Source : Primary data
It may be seen from Table 7.13 that the per acre cost of cultivation
incurred by the sampled farmers ranged from ` 15,700 for tapioca to as high
as ` 64,950 for banana. The per acre cost of cultivation for pepper worked
out at ` 27,650 and for the vegetable it worked out at ` 48,800. In the case
of other crops like tubers etc. the per acre cost worked out at ` 18,400.
A comparison of the cost of cultivation as reported by the sampled
farmers viz-a-viz the scale of finance indicated that the scale was marginally
less in the case of banana, vegetable and tapioca, whereas, a sizable
difference (more than 10%) was observed in the case of pepper and other
crops. In the case of pepper the difference was observed the highest.
The actual cost of cultivation was 11 per cent more than the scale of finance
for this crop. Thus, the experience shared by the farmers supported the
need for yearly revision of scale of finance. This will enable the farmers to
avail of matching short -term credit facilities with the ever- increasing cost of
218
production for raising the crops. Farmers once again expressed their
concern on the ever-increasing labour and input cost. They were of the
view that the prices of their produce is not increasing to match with the cost
of production and the situation led to non-profit making exercise and a large
number of the farmers leave agriculture and shift to other occupation.
Income Generation
In order to estimate the income generated from each crop cultivated
by the sampled farmers with short -term credit assistance, an attempt was
made to elicit the information. For this purpose, the income generated by
the sampled farmer for the immediate preceding crop season was
accounted. Quantities of both major and by-products were accounted in
physical term as well as monetary terms using actual realized prices by the
farmer at their farm gate. The income generated by the major crops
cultivated by the sampled farmers are given in Table 7.14
Table 7.14
Details of Per Acre Income Generation under Major Crops (In `)
Sl.No. Name of the Crop
Estimated Income
Main Produce
By-product Total Income/Acre
1 Banana 142000 6500 148500
2 Tapioca 82000 4500 86500
3 Vegetable 140000 2100 142100
4 Pepper 83400 -- 83400
5 Others
(Jasmine, Tubers etc.) 54600 -- 54600
Source : Primary data
From the Table 7.14 it may be observed that farmers cultivating
banana on an average received ` 1,48,500 during the last crop season.
219
This was followed by farmers who have cultivated pepper realising ` 83,400
per acre. Followed by pepper, farmers who have undertaken intensive
cultivation of vegetables, two to three crops during a year realised an
income of ` 1,42,100 per acre from vegetable cultivation. Similarly,
farmers who have cultivated tapioca realized ` 86,500 per acre during the
last crop season. The lowest income generation at ` 54,600 happened in
the case of farmers who have cultivated tubers, jasmine and other crops.
Among them the income generated by farmers who have cultivated jasmine
was relatively higher than those cultivated tubers and other crops.
In order to study the inter relation between the scale of finance,
actual cost of cultivation and the income realized by the farmers from the
corresponding crop, an attempt was made to elicit the same. The results
are given in Table 7.15
Table 7.15
Scale of Finance, Actual Cost of Cultivation and Income Realised
(In ` & Area in Acre)
Sl.No. Name of the
Crop
Estimated Income per Acre
Scale of
Finance
Cost of
Cultivation
Income Generation
Net Surplus
1 Banana 62240 64950 148500 83550
2 Tapioca 15767 15700 86500 70800
3 Vegetable 47718 48800 142100 93300
4 Pepper 24813 27650 83400 55750
5
Others
(Jasmine, Tubers etc.)
13278 18400 54600 36200
Source : Scale of finance-PLPs
: Others – Primary Data
It may be observed from Table 7.15 that the scale of finance was
almost matching with the average cost of cultivation actually incurred by the
sampled farmers. In the case of banana, as against the scale of finance at
220
` 62,240 per acre, the actual cost incurred in cultivation averaged ` 64,950
per acre. The actual cost was observed four per cent higher than the scale
of finance. In the case of tapioca, as against the scale of finance of `
15,767, the actual cost was worked out at ` 15,700 per acre, slightly less
than the scale of finance. Whereas, in the case of vegetable, the actual
cost was observed two per cent higher than the envisaged cost. Similarly,
in the case of pepper and vegetable it was observed at 11 per cent and 36
per cent higher than the recommended cost. The exercise thus indicated
that the prevailing Scale of Finance was inadequate to meet the cultivation
of vegetable, pepper, and banana. Under the cultivation of other crops like
jasmine and tubers, the scale of finance almost matched with the cost of
cultivation.
The present revision of scale of finance could contain the
requirements of farmers in general. However, in the case of certain crops,
there appears to be a need for upward revision of the scale of finance. As
indicated earlier, the increasing wage rate appeared to be the major reason
offsetting farmers calculation on raising the crops. Periodical field studies
by the Dept. of Agriculture and suitable recommendation to the banking
sector will help in fixing the need-based scales. The present forums like
BLBC and regular review meetings appeared to be very effective in
updating the information. However, a regular and systematic study by
professionals in each district will further strengthen the system.
An analysis of net surplus from the various crops cultivated by the
sampled farmers indicated that farmers who have cultivated vegetable
could realize the maximum net surplus at ` 93,300 from one acre of
cultivation. This was followed by farmers who have cultivated banana.
They have realised on an average ` 83,550 per acre from the cultivation of
banana. The cultivation of tapioca generated a net surplus of ` 70,800 per
acre. This was followed by farmers who have cultivated pepper; averaging
at ` 55,750 per acre. Among the sampled farmers who have availed of
221
short-term credit facilities for the cultivation of other crops like jasmine and
tubers realized relatively a less net surplus of ` 36,200 per acre. Problems
relating to less scientific/systematic cultivation of jasmine appeared to be
the major reason for lower income generation under this crop. Tubers were
generally cultivated by farmers on less intensive methods using locally
available seeds and other inputs in relatively less fertile land. In a few
cases they raised them as inter- crops also availing short-term credit facility.
The above analysis, thus highlight the fact that farmers who have
availed of Short-Term Credit facilities from various banks from Kollam
district have made use of the amount for the agricultural production
purposes. These farmers could generate satisfactory net surplus by
cultivating various types of crops. Farmers who have cultivated vegetable
could benefit the maximum followed by the cultivation of banana, tapioca,
pepper and other crops. When agriculture is generally considered as a
non-profit making enterprise, the field study reflected that farmers who have
used the credit facilities and adopted better cultivation practices, could
generate a satisfactory net surplus by cultivating crops like vegetable,
banana, tapioca, pepper and other crops in Kollam district. The enterprise,
if suitably supported with regular supply of high yielding variety seeds,
better quality inputs and assured irrigation, farmers will be able to generate
a decent net surplus from agriculture. This will revitalise Farm -Sector and
will check the current threat under occupational shift.
Loan Repayment
In order to study the loan repayment performance of the sampled
farmers, their loan accounts were perused at the financing branch level.
Demand, collection and balance (DCB) position of the borrowers as on 31
March 2009 was studied. Details are given in Table 7.16
222
Table 7.16
Repayment Performance of the Farmers Under SAO
Sl.
No. Bank No.
Repayment of loan under SAO
Fully Repaid
Partially Repaid
Loan Defaulters
N % N % N %
1 Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank 26 9 35 8 31 9 35
2 SCARDB, Chinnakada 25 11 44 9 36 5 20
3 SBT, Kottiyam 29 17 59 8 28 4 14
4 Catholic Syrian Bank, Kottarakara 25 12 48 7 28 6 24
Total 105 49 47 32 30 24 23
Chi-square = 4.84, df. = 6, p = 0.564
Source : Primary data
Out of the 105 farmers covered under the study, 49 farmers have
fully repaid the loan installments; whereas, 32 farmers could repay the loan
only partially. Thus, 77 per cent of the farmers had repayment habits. In
the case of the remaining 23 per cent of the farmers, the repayment habit
was observed missing. Diversion of loan appeared to be the major reason
for non-repayments.
Among the four banks covered under the study, the incidence of
non-repayment was observed to be highest at 35 per cent of the cases in
Nadakkal Service Co-op: Bank. This was followed by Catholic Syrian
Bank, Kottarakkara. The incidence of total defaulters was observed to be
at 24 per cent in this bank. In the case of SCARDB, Chinnakada and SBT,
Kottiyam, the incidence of default were observed at 20 per cent and 14 per
cent respectively. While releasing the Short-Term Credit, banks in general
did not make any serious attempt to ensure the right utilization of loan.
223
This happened because of the short duration involved in end utilization of
the loan. Loans which were availed of for raising short duration crops
appeared to have better chances for loan diversion/mis-utilisation. The
relatively less interest charged by banks also made the farmers to divert the
loan amount to the better yielding investments such as hand loan to
neighbours, friends and relatives. A few also diverted the fund to other
priorities like house maintenance, children’s education, meeting unforeseen
expenditure in the family etc. Whereas, farmers who have raised relatively
larger long-duration crops like banana, pepper etc. invested the loan
amount under the stipulated investment. These farmers could regularly
generate adequate surplus to repay the loan and also to retain a sizable net
surplus with them.
Often, defects in agrarian structure, uneconomic farm size and low
level of farm productivity are highlighted as the major factors for loan
default9. The changing socio-political system also encourage ssfarmers
to postpone the repayment of loan installments with the expectation of loan
write off10. The process often discourages farmers from regular repayment
of loan and occasionally for loan diversion. Absence of regular follow up
from the financing banks also led to loan diversion, partial repayment and
chronic default. Scattered nature of the borrowers, smaller quantum of
loan amount, increasing expenditure involved in deployment of officers for
follow up etc. led to dilution of loan follow up under SAO. Among the four
banks covered under the study, such incidents were relatively higher in
co-operative sector banks.
In order to study the pattern of repayment performance of the 105
farmers covered under the study, an attempt was made to analyse their
DCB status as on 31 March 2009. Results are given in Table 7.17
The chi-square value at d.f = 6 is found to be 4.84 which is significant
only at 0.564 indicating that type of banks and repayment performance of
224
borrowers are independent to each other. It means that repayment
performance of borrowers is uniform in all type of banks.
Table 7.17
Repayment of Performance of the Farmers Covered Under the Study
(`Lakh)
Bank Repayment Performance
Fully Repaid Partially Repaid Loan Defaulters
No. D C B No. D C B No. D C B
Nadakkal Ser.Co: Bank
9 4.13 4.13 0 8 5.02 2.28 2.74 9 4.41 0 4.41
SCARDB, Chinnakada
11 6.76 6.76 0 9 5.41 2.91 2.5 5 3.13 0 3.13
SBT, Kottiyam
17 10.98 10.98 0 8 5.32 3.84 1.48 4 2.47 0 2.47
Catholic Syrian Bank, Kottarakara
12 5.47 5.47 0 7 3.12 2.80 0.32 6 2.61 0 2.61
Total 49 27.34 27.34 0 32 18.87 11.83 7.04 24 12.62 0 12.62
Source : Primary data
It may be observed from Table 7.17 that the loan demanded under
the regular repayment performers totalled ` 27.34 lakh. Whereas, for the
partial repayment performers it averaged ` 18.87 lakh; out of which ` 11.83
lakh was collected and the balance was worked out at ` 7.04 lakh. Out of
the total 105 borrowers covered under the study, 24 borrowers were
observed under the category of full defaulters. The loan demanded under
this category totalled ` 12.62 lakh. The bank is yet to get any repayment of
loan under this category.
225
Among the four banks covered under the study, the incidence of
default was worked out at the highest in the case of Nadakkal Service
Co-op: Bank. Out of the total 26 borrowers covered under the study, nine
borrowers were observed under full default of the bank’s repayments. The
loan demanded under this category totalled ` 4.41 lakh as on 31 March
2009 and defaulted amount averaged ` 49,000 per defaulted account. In
the case of Catholic Syrian Bank, out of the 25 borrowers covered, six have
fully defaulted. The loan demanded under this category totalled ̀ 2.61 lakh
and the defaulted amount averaged ` 43,500 per account. In the case of
SCARDB, out of the 25 farmers covered under the study, five farmers
defaulted fully and the defaulted amount under this category averaged `
62,600 per account. Similarly, under SBT, Kottiyam, out of the 29 farmers
covered, four farmers fully defaulted and the defaulted amount averaged `
61,750 per account. The analysis, thus, indicated that irrespective of the
financing banks, there observed a general tendency among a few farmers
covered under the study to default the short-term credit borrowed. These
farmers did not pay attention to repay the borrowed amount.
A careful study of the farmers, who have fully defaulted the loan,
further indicated that, poor income generation was not the reason for
default. But, it was decided by many complex factors like the local
socio-political system, loan follow- up by the banks, alternate opportunity for
investment in the local area, Government policies and their political interest
in a democracy especially during the eve of elections etc. The subject
appears to be complex and bankers are also party to the non- repayment of
bank loan. Detailed studies are required to realize such issues at banks and
borrowers level.
The study thus indicates that farmers in Kollam district avail of bank
loans for carrying out agricultural production activities. All major banks in the
district extend to farmers Short-Term Credit facilities. Banks in general
follow scale of finance for meeting farmers’ requirements. There is a need
226
for upward revision of the scale in respect of certain crops. Farmers in
general got the loan in time. It was also adequate to meet the agricultural
operations and to create surplus. There was loan diversion in respect of a
small group of borrowers. A few smart farmers borrowed and diverted the
fund for better income generating activities. There observed inter- bank
variations in operations. However, no significant managerial difference
was observed either in the case of loan delivery or their recovery. The
system was in operation due to the compulsion under the overall national
policies and under the leadership of NABARD and friendly co-ordination of
the lead bank officer. Banks in Kollam district are yet to develop a business
culture to create surplus through this channel. An element of obligation and
casual approach prevailed. The situation warrants thorough changes both
in mind-set of the officials and institutional approach to address the subject
of accelerated agricultural production.
Historically co-operative sector banks played a significant role in
meeting the credit requirement of the farmers under SAO. Agricultural
credit disbursed by the co-operatives in 1960-61 was ` 214 crore and it
increased to ` 3,000 crore during 1984-85. The contribution of
co-operatives under SAO was much higher than the share of Commercial
Banks during the first three decades after nationalization of major
Commercial Banks11. However, these banks lagged behind in achieving
the desired growth under rural credit disbursements. Often the increase in
the disbursement of bank credit under co-operative sector was due to the
diversification of loan portfolio12rather than the increase under priority
sector lending. Even to institutionalise KCC, co-operative sector could not
make the desired advantages. As a result, KCC has a poor coverage in
Kerala13.
Kerala agriculture is dominated by commercial crops. Productivity
growth has contributed for both production and crop productivity of food and
non-food crops14. Similarly, the increasing demand for capital for
227
modernisation of the farming activities also remained less explored by the
co-operatives15.
In order to empower the farmers for optimising the cropping intensity
and crop productivity steps are to be taken to create facilities for assured
irrigation and for introducing better practices on the management of
irrigation. The use of drip and sprinkler irrigation, development of rain
water harvesting structures, methods for optimizing groundwater recharge,
introduction of small lift irrigation projects, proper drainage and programmes
to minimise soil erosion and better connecting roads will add to the demand
for short-term credit. For addressing the same banks should work in
co-ordination with PRIs (Panchayat Raj Institutions) and utilise the resource
availability under Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF).
The local self-government institutions should study the availability of
agriculture produces in their local area and development of suitable
infrastructure required for collection of agriculture produces, their grading,
standardization, packing, processing/value addition and marketing to
potential area. The processes will open a wide spectrum of demand under
short-term credit. Currently, in spite of the existence of PLPs and DCPs for
the last three decades, institutions like grama panchayaths and block
panchayaths are yet to utilise this instruments for an integrate approach on
inclusive growth.
Similarly, Government can play a major role in ensuring
remunerative prices for farm produce. In spite of the large awareness on
the subject farmers are left in the lurch at the time of harvesting. A large
number of middlemen still make use of the situation and majority of the
farmers, especially marginal farmers, are forced to get into unhealthy trade
relations with the middlemen.
228
In Kerala, the success of agriculture largely depends on production
and productivity increase under homestead farming. Therefore, local
residents associations, farmers’ clubs and other civil forums may be
encouraged to form viable groups and take up commercial cultivation of
essential crops and to address their marketing, value addition and
developing suitable supply chains. In such attempts, locally required
agricultural items with the preferred technology like organic farming can be
addressed.
Increasing absence of land owners results in tenant farming.
Therefore, a minimum quantum of short-term credit may be earmarked for
them and to encourage the cultivation of tenant farmers in groups such as
Joint Liability Groups (JLGs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), Farmers’ Clubs etc.
Even oral lessons and their group dynamics may be encouraged with
institution credit support.
Agri-loans against gold security is widely practised in Kerala. Out of
the total short-term credit disbursements, a large portion is booked under
Agriculture Jewels Loan (AJL). As this is practised only in Kerala and in
small quantities in certain parts in the Southern States, the institutional
acceptance of this system is yet to be recognized. Crop Loan up to 3
lakhs are provided at seven per cent interest per annum and Govt. of India
gives interest subvention at three per cent per annum. The funds which
are channelised through RBI/NABARD to Commercial Banks, Co-operative
Banks and Regional Rural Banks are to be suitably tapped and used by the
local farmers. There is a need for collective awareness on the subject
among all the partner agencies, including the representatives of Local
Self-Government.
The Co-operative Banks in the state and especially in Kollam district
have to increase the credit delivery system especially under Short-Term
229
Credit and Other Priority Sector. Currently, at the state-level it is less than
13 per cent of their total lending and therefore, it needs mani-fold increase.
Innovations are generally not addressed by the bankers in the local
area. As a result, need-based changes are yet to emerge. The senior
bank management has to recognise the subject and encourage their
colleagues to innovate and perfect the regionally required credit delivery
system. The recommended input practices, use of high yielding varieties,
introduction of precision farming, organic farming, suitable cropping pattern
in homestead farming to optimise farmers’ net income, farm practices to
meet the local requirement and to develop the supply chain etc. bankers
have innovate along with other departments of the Government and forums
of the civil society.
In the study area, none of the farmer was observed practising
organic farming. Though there is a better awareness on organic farm
produces, the farmers covered under the study were unable to address the
same. Banks and other development departments also did not encourage
the farmers on organic farming. A time lag in addressing the market
opportunity was clearly visible in the study area. The use of current
technology in farming, harvesting and in value addition process were yet to
be seriously addressed in the study area. No agency currently takes a
collective effort to address the subject. As a result, the timely required
change process were found missing in the area covered under the study.
230
References
1. Singh, Harwant and Kahlon, A.S. (1971) “A Study of Credit
Requirements and Advances to Farmers in Patiala District”, Indian
Journal of Economics, 26(4).
2. Parthasathari, G, (1971) Agricultural Development and Small Farmers
a Study of Andra Pradesh, Vikas, New Delhi, pp. 12-18.
3. Rajasekhar, D and Vyasulu Vinod, (1990) “Rural Credit Delivery
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4. Gadgil, M.V., (1986) “Agricultural Credit in India: A Review of
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5. Desai, B.M., and Desai, D.K. (1970) “Is Inadequacy of Institutional
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7. NABARD Annual Report 2010-11, NABARD, Mumbai, P1.
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11. Rattanlal Bisotra (1994) “Agricultural Development through
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