Immigration and Slavery:

Chapter 3 Section 1:

I. MIGRATION:

1) The English:

• During the 1600s about 90% of the migrants to the English colonies came from England.

• Half were indentured servants – People who agreed to work for four to seven years

in exchange for their passage to the colonies– At the end of their time they were supposed to get

food, clothes, tools, sometimes land.

1) The English:

• After 1660 the conditions in England improved. – Economy improved – Political and religious toleration

• English stay in England– An example of Push-Pull Factors

17th-18th Century Puritan Family:

2) The Scots:

• Generally poorer than the English• 1707: Great Britain was formed by England,

Wales and Scotland– Easier to immigrate

• Many were colonial officials or governors• Scottish merchants grew wealthy trading

tobacco in the Chesapeake Bay

3) The Scotch-Irish:

• From the province of Ulster in Northern Ireland

• Nearly 250,000 in the 1700s – The largest group of the 1700s

• Looking for land to farm• Moved to the “back-country” – Mountainous– From PA to the Carolinas

Back Country

4) The Germans:

• 100,000 in the 1700s– The second largest group

• Mostly Protestant• From southwest Germany and northern

Switzerland• Push-Factors:– Wars, high taxes, religious persecution, and not

enough farmland

4) The Germans:

• 1682: William Penn invited some Germans to settle in PA

• They wrote letters home to Germany:– Wages were high– Land and food cheap• An immigrant could get a farm six times larger than a

peasant could in Germany– PA had very low taxes and young men weren’t

required to be soldiers.

5) Immigration Equals Diversity:

• Brings changes to the colonies• In PA Quakers soon became the minority– No one group was large enough to impose its

beliefs on others– Colonists began to accept that a diverse colony

would help the economy and allow them to worship freely.

Quiz Time!

• Why did Scots emigrate from their homelands to the American colonies?

• Why did Germans emigrate from their homelands to American colonies?

II. SLAVERY:

1) Beginnings:

• In the early 1600s plantation owners needed workers– Indentured Servants from England– 1660s the demand for labor began to grow, and colonists

began to use African slaves• 1660s English immigration began to decline

• At first, African workers were just like indentured servants

• In the mid 1600s most colonies began to pass laws for the permanent enslavement of Africans– Children of enslaved African Americans were also slaves

1705: Virginia’s General Assembly

• “All servants imported…who were not Christians in their Native Country…shall be accounted and be slaves.”

2) Transatlantic Slave Trade:

• During the 1700s the British colonies imported 250,000 African slaves to the colonies

• European traders paid high prices for slaves from the coastal kingdoms of West Africa.

A) The Triangular Trade:– Was a three part journey – Slave owners went from Europe to Africa and

traded manufactured goods for slaves

Triangular Trade:

Triangular Trade:

Captured and Sold:

2) Transatlantic Slave Trade:

B) The Middle Passage: • Shippers carried the enslaved Africans from

Africa to the American colonies• Two or more month long journey• Slaves were jammed into the holds of ships– Hot and stuffy– Diseases– 10% of the slaves died on this trip

The Middle Passage:

Free time on deck:

3) Africans in the Americas:

• At slave auctions families could be broken up and sold

• Slaves had to work in unfamiliar places next to strangers who didn’t speak their language

A) New England and the Middle Colonies:• Small minority • Worked as farmhands, dockworkers, sailors,

and house servants.

In America:

3) Africans in the Americas:

B) The Southern Colonies:• Most slaves lived here• In South Carolina slaves outnumbered the white

people. • Did labor-intensive jobs on large plantations• To maximize profits slave owners worked them 12

hours a day, 6 days a week• Saved money by not providing adequate clothing,

food or housing.

Overseers:

4) Creating a New Culture:

• Developed a rich culture based on a mix of their old customs and beliefs

• Most adopted the Christian beliefs of their bosses and mixed it with African religious traditions

• Made banjos, rattles, and drums to create music with rhythm and percussion.

Created Dance and Music:

5) Rebels and Runaways:

• Slaves longed to be free• 1739: Slave revolt in Stono, South Carolina– 100 slaves killed 20 white people– The slaves were defeated and executed

• Mostly slaves ran away– Maroons: Hid in swamps or forests– Went to Spanish Florida, where they could be free– Tried to hide in some small free black communities

in the North

Maroons:

“Capturing” Slaves

Underground Railroad:

6) Freedom:

• Some slaves were able to save up money to buy their freedom

• Some were given their freedom• Lived in cities, but still faced discrimination• Overcame enormous difficulties to achieve

great things.

Homework!

• Finish Colony Project• Chapter 3 Section 1: #1 – Just the definition,

#2, 4, 5, 6