Immigrants and Immigrants and UrbanizationUrbanization

Chapter 7 – Honors US HistoryChapter 7 – Honors US History

Section 1: ObjectivesSection 1: Objectives

By the end of this lesson, I will By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:be able to:

1. Identify immigrant’s countries of 1. Identify immigrant’s countries of origin.origin.

2. Describe the journey immigrants 2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.United States immigration stations.

3. Examine the causes and effects of 3. Examine the causes and effects of the nativists’ anti-immigrant the nativists’ anti-immigrant sentiments.sentiments.

Section 1: The New Section 1: The New Immigrants:Immigrants:

Main Idea:Main Idea: Immigration from Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico Caribbean, and Mexico reached a new high in reached a new high in the late 19the late 19thth and early and early 2020thth centuries. centuries.

Why it Matters:Why it Matters: Now: This wave of Now: This wave of immigration helped immigration helped make the United make the United States the diverse States the diverse society it is today.society it is today.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Ellis IslandEllis Island Angel IslandAngel Island Melting PotMelting Pot

Key Terms (2):Key Terms (2): NativismNativism Chinese Exclusion Chinese Exclusion

ActAct Gentleman’s Gentleman’s

AgreementAgreement

How was Homecoming or how was How was Homecoming or how was your weekend?your weekend?

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1.1. Awesome I was Awesome I was tearing up the tearing up the dance floor.dance floor.

2.2. Pretty good. No Pretty good. No drama for me!drama for me!

3.3. So-so. My dance So-so. My dance partner’s moves partner’s moves were rusty.were rusty.

4.4. Not so hot!Not so hot!

Story Time!Story Time!

The year is 1880. New York City’s The year is 1880. New York City’s swelling population has created a swelling population has created a housing crises. Immigrant families housing crises. Immigrant families crowd into apartments that lack crowd into apartments that lack light, ventilation, and sanitary light, ventilation, and sanitary facilities. Children have no where to facilities. Children have no where to play except the streets and are often play except the streets and are often kept out of school to work and help kept out of school to work and help support their families. You are a support their families. You are a reformer who wishes to help reformer who wishes to help immigrants improve their lives….immigrants improve their lives….

Discussion: Turn and TalkDiscussion: Turn and Talk

1. What would you 1. What would you do to improve do to improve conditions?conditions?

2. What skills do 2. What skills do newcomers need to newcomers need to make it?make it?

3. How might 3. How might immigrants immigrants respond to help respond to help from an outsider?from an outsider?

4. How do you 4. How do you think you’d react?think you’d react?

Where Did the Immigrants Come Where Did the Immigrants Come From?From?

Between 1870 & Between 1870 & 1920, about 20 1920, about 20 million Europeans million Europeans immigrated to the immigrated to the U.S.U.S.

Many from eastern Many from eastern & southern Europe.& southern Europe.

Population Population explosion in explosion in Europe(432 Million Europe(432 Million people) people)

Why Did The Immigrants Why Did The Immigrants Come Here?Come Here?

1. Escape religious 1. Escape religious persecution (Anti-persecution (Anti-Semitism)Semitism)

2. Improve their 2. Improve their economic situation economic situation (jobs) (Birds of (jobs) (Birds of passage)passage)

3. Experience greater 3. Experience greater freedom in the U.S.freedom in the U.S.

4. Escape difficult 4. Escape difficult conditions (famine, conditions (famine, land shortages – from land shortages – from rising population) rising population)

NOTENOTE: Most European : Most European immigrants arrived on immigrants arrived on the East Coast (they the East Coast (they were from Europe).were from Europe).

Which of the following is a reason why the Which of the following is a reason why the immigrants did NOT come to America?immigrants did NOT come to America?

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1.1. To escape To escape persecutionpersecution

2.2. To improve their To improve their economic economic situationsituation

3.3. To educate their To educate their children in better children in better American schoolsAmerican schools

4.4. To escape difficult To escape difficult conditionsconditions

0of30

Chinese and Japanese:Chinese and Japanese: A smaller number of A smaller number of

immigrants came from immigrants came from Asia.Asia.

They arrived on the They arrived on the West CoastWest Coast

About 300,000 Chinese About 300,000 Chinese came between 1851 & came between 1851 & 1883.1883.

Many Chinese helped Many Chinese helped build the 1build the 1stst transcontinental transcontinental railroad.railroad.

Some sought gold Some sought gold (1848 CA gold rush) (1848 CA gold rush) They called US “Gold They called US “Gold Mountain”Mountain”

Mexico and the Caribbean:Mexico and the Caribbean:

From 1880 to From 1880 to 1920, about 1920, about 260,000 260,000 immigrants arrived immigrants arrived from Jamaica, from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, & other islands.& other islands.

Over the next 20 Over the next 20 yrs, around yrs, around 700,000 Mexicans 700,000 Mexicans arrived between arrived between 1910 to 1930 to 1910 to 1930 to escape political escape political turmoil in their turmoil in their country.country.

A Difficult Journey: Turn and Talk:A Difficult Journey: Turn and Talk:

What main issues do you think the What main issues do you think the immigrants faced when coming into immigrants faced when coming into the USA?the USA?

Which of these do you think would be Which of these do you think would be most difficult for you if you were an most difficult for you if you were an immigrant?immigrant?

How do you think they were treated?How do you think they were treated? What do you think was the overall What do you think was the overall

American view on immigration at this American view on immigration at this time? (similar or different from time? (similar or different from today?)today?)

Ellis Island:Ellis Island: Most European Most European

immigrants to the U.S. immigrants to the U.S. arrived in New York.arrived in New York.

Had to pass through Had to pass through immigration station immigration station located on Ellis Island located on Ellis Island in Hew York Harborin Hew York Harbor

They were subjected to They were subjected to various tests (some various tests (some were detained)were detained)

Only about 2% of Only about 2% of immigrants were immigrants were denied entry in the denied entry in the USA.USA.

Most immigrants were Most immigrants were allowed only 100 lbs of allowed only 100 lbs of goods (think about all goods (think about all of your belongings)of your belongings)

Do you have any ideas about the Do you have any ideas about the requirements necessary to enter the US?requirements necessary to enter the US?

Yes

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1.1. Yes…I have Yes…I have some ideasome idea

2.2. Not really sure Not really sure but possiblybut possibly

3.3. Not sure at allNot sure at all

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Passing Inspection:Passing Inspection:

Officials at Ellis Officials at Ellis Island decided Island decided whether the whether the immigrants immigrants could enter the could enter the country.country.

If they had a If they had a serious health serious health problem or a problem or a contagious contagious disease they disease they were sent home.were sent home.

Inspection:Inspection: A government A government

inspector checked inspector checked documents and documents and questioned every questioned every immigrant to immigrant to determine whether determine whether they met the legal they met the legal requirements for requirements for entering the USA?entering the USA?

What do you think What do you think they were?they were?

What do you think What do you think they should have they should have been?been?

Children Waiting at Ellis Island

What Were the Requirements for What Were the Requirements for

AdmissionAdmission??

1. Proving they had 1. Proving they had never been never been convicted of a convicted of a felony?felony?

2. Demonstrating 2. Demonstrating that they were able that they were able to work.to work.

3. Showing that 3. Showing that they had some they had some money: at least money: at least $25 (1909 $25 (1909 standard)standard)

Let’s look at an Let’s look at an example:example:

Here Are The Exact Here Are The Exact Questions Used:Questions Used:

1.What is your name?1.What is your name? 2. Have you ever been to the America 2. Have you ever been to the America

before?before? 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the

answer was yes, then asked where they answer was yes, then asked where they lived.lived.

4. Is there anyone who came to meet you 4. Is there anyone who came to meet you at Ellis Island?at Ellis Island?

5. Who paid for your passage?5. Who paid for your passage? 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer

was yes then immigrant was told: Let me was yes then immigrant was told: Let me see it.)see it.)

7. Do you have a job waiting for you in 7. Do you have a job waiting for you in America?America?

8. Do you have a criminal record?8. Do you have a criminal record?

Edward Ferro: An Italian Edward Ferro: An Italian Immigrant:Immigrant:

““The language was a problem of The language was a problem of course, but it was overcome by the course, but it was overcome by the use of interpreters…It would happen use of interpreters…It would happen sometimes that these interpreters – sometimes that these interpreters – some of them – were really some of them – were really softhearted people and hated to see softhearted people and hated to see people being deported, and they people being deported, and they would, at times, help the aliens by would, at times, help the aliens by interpreting in such a manner as to interpreting in such a manner as to benefit the alien and not the benefit the alien and not the government.” (government.” (I Was Dreaming to Come to I Was Dreaming to Come to

AmericaAmerica))

Angel Island:Angel Island: Immigration station Immigration station

for the Asian for the Asian immigrants arriving immigrants arriving on the West Coast.on the West Coast.

Located in San Located in San Francisco.Francisco.

Inspection process Inspection process more difficult than more difficult than on Ellis Island. on Ellis Island. (filthy conditions, (filthy conditions, harsh questioning)harsh questioning)

Extended Extended detainmentdetainment

Cooperation For Survival:Cooperation For Survival:

Many immigrants Many immigrants settled in settled in communities with communities with other immigrants other immigrants from same country.from same country.

They also formed They also formed organizations to organizations to help each other.help each other.

Think about:Think about: Finding a place to Finding a place to live, a job, live, a job, understanding the understanding the language and language and culture.culture.

Survival Kit

Immigration Restrictions:Immigration Restrictions:

America started to America started to be called a be called a MELTING POTMELTING POT - - Many cultures & Many cultures & races had blended races had blended

But, many But, many immigrants refused immigrants refused to give up their to give up their culture.culture.

So, So, nativismnativism (favoritism towards (favoritism towards native born native born Americans) began Americans) began to spread.to spread.

How do you feel about the Melting Pot How do you feel about the Melting Pot personification of the US?personification of the US?

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1.1. I think it suits I think it suits the US well.the US well.

2.2. I think it I think it somewhat somewhat applies.applies.

3.3. Most people Most people just view just view themselves as themselves as Americans.Americans.

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New and Old ImmigrantsNew and Old Immigrants

New immigrants tended to come New immigrants tended to come from Southern and Eastern from Southern and Eastern EuropeEurope

These immigrants tended to be These immigrants tended to be CatholicCatholic

Old immigrants tended to come Old immigrants tended to come from Western and Northern from Western and Northern Europe.Europe.

These immigrants tended to be These immigrants tended to be ProtestantProtestant

The Rise of Nativism:The Rise of Nativism: Some Americans Some Americans

didn’t like so many didn’t like so many immigrants living immigrants living in the U.S.in the U.S.

NATIVISMNATIVISM- - Obvious preference Obvious preference for native-born for native-born Americans.Americans.

NativismNativism gave rise gave rise to anti-immigrant to anti-immigrant groups. Also led to groups. Also led to a demand for a demand for immigration immigration restrictions.restrictions.

Anti-Asian Sentiment:Anti-Asian Sentiment: Chinese immigrants Chinese immigrants

worked for low wages. worked for low wages. (Native born Americans (Native born Americans were getting boxed out were getting boxed out of jobs)of jobs)

Labor groups Labor groups pressured politicians to pressured politicians to restrict Asian restrict Asian immigration.immigration.

CHINESE EXCLUSION CHINESE EXCLUSION ACTACT18821882 - Banned all but - Banned all but a few Chinese a few Chinese immigrants.immigrants.

ExceptionsExceptions – – students, teachers, students, teachers, merchants, tourists, merchants, tourists, and government and government officials.officials.

Not lifted until 1943.Not lifted until 1943.

Do you think Nativism exists today?Do you think Nativism exists today?

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1.1. AbsolutelyAbsolutely

2.2. To a certain To a certain extentextent

3.3. Definitely Not!Definitely Not!

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The Gentleman’s Agreement:The Gentleman’s Agreement:

In San Francisco, all In San Francisco, all Chinese, Japanese, Chinese, Japanese, & Korean children & Korean children placed in special placed in special Asian schoolsAsian schools

This led to anti-This led to anti-American riots in American riots in Japan.Japan.

In exchange for In exchange for President Roosevelt President Roosevelt persuading San persuading San Francisco officials to Francisco officials to stop separation policy, stop separation policy, Japan agreed to limit Japan agreed to limit imimmigrationmigration to U.S. to U.S.

Section 2 Objectives:Section 2 Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, I will By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:be able to:

1. Describe the movement of 1. Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there.opportunities they found there.

2. Explain how cities dealt with 2. Explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues.and safety issues.

3. Describe some of the 3. Describe some of the organizations and people who organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants.offered help to urban immigrants.

Section 2: The Challenges Section 2: The Challenges of Urbanization:of Urbanization:

Main IdeaMain Idea: The rapid : The rapid growth of cities forced growth of cities forced people to contend people to contend with problems of with problems of housing, housing, transportation, water, transportation, water, and sanitation.and sanitation.

Why it Matters Now:Why it Matters Now: Consequently, Consequently, residents of the US residents of the US cities today enjoy cities today enjoy vastly improved vastly improved living conditions.living conditions.

Key Terms:Key Terms: UrbanizationUrbanization Americanization Americanization

movementmovement TenementTenement Mass TransitMass Transit

Key Key Terms/Names:Terms/Names:

Social Gospel Social Gospel MovementMovement

Settlement HouseSettlement House Jane AddamsJane Addams

Urban Opportunities:Urban Opportunities: UrbanizationUrbanization - the - the

rapid growth of cities.rapid growth of cities. Many immigrants Many immigrants

settled in cities in the settled in cities in the early 1900’s.early 1900’s.

Settled mostly in Settled mostly in Northeast & Midwest Northeast & Midwest cities to find jobs in the cities to find jobs in the factories & businesses.factories & businesses.

By 1910, immigrants By 1910, immigrants made up over half of made up over half of the populations of 18 the populations of 18 major American cities.major American cities.

Immigrants Settle in Cities:Immigrants Settle in Cities:

Most immigrants Most immigrants became city became city dwellers – dwellers – cheapest and cheapest and most convenient most convenient places to live.places to live.

Jobs were more Jobs were more plentiful in the plentiful in the city.city.

Americanization Movement:Americanization Movement:

Americanization Americanization MovementMovement – Was – Was designed to assimilate designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging people of wide-ranging cultures into the cultures into the dominant culture.dominant culture.

This was a government This was a government program that helped program that helped immigrants learn more immigrants learn more about the USA.about the USA.

Schools taught Schools taught them English, them English, American history, American history, and government.and government.

Migration from Country to Migration from Country to City:City:

With the invention of With the invention of farming technology, farming technology, fewer farmers were fewer farmers were needed.needed.

FarmersFarmers who lost their who lost their jobs to machines jobs to machines moved to the city to moved to the city to find other jobs.find other jobs.

African AmericanAfrican American farmers from the South farmers from the South (between 1890 & 1910, (between 1890 & 1910, about 200,000) moved about 200,000) moved to cities in the North.to cities in the North.

They aimed at They aimed at escaping racial escaping racial violence, economic violence, economic hardship, and political hardship, and political oppression. oppression.

Urban Problems:Urban Problems: There became serious There became serious

shortages in housing.shortages in housing. New types of housing New types of housing

were created so people were created so people could live in a small could live in a small amount of space.amount of space.

1)1)Row houseRow house – Single – Single family dwelling that family dwelling that shared side walls shared side walls w/other houses.w/other houses.

2)2)TenementTenement – – Multifamily urban Multifamily urban houses often houses often overcrowded & overcrowded & unsanitary.unsanitary.

NYC – Improvements:NYC – Improvements: In 1879, NYC In 1879, NYC

passed a law that passed a law that set minimum set minimum standards for standards for plumbing and plumbing and ventilation in ventilation in apartments.apartments.

Windows for each Windows for each room, air shafts.room, air shafts.

ProblemProblem: People : People dumped garbage dumped garbage into the air shafts – into the air shafts – this attracted rats – this attracted rats – so they nailed their so they nailed their windows shut.windows shut.

Mass Transit:Mass Transit: Now that there were Now that there were

more people in the more people in the city, transportation city, transportation became a huge issue.became a huge issue.

Cities developed Cities developed Mass Mass TransitTransit – – transportation systems transportation systems designed to move designed to move large numbers of large numbers of people along fixed people along fixed routes.routes.

The city had trouble The city had trouble keeping up with these keeping up with these because they were because they were used so often and used so often and needed new ones to needed new ones to keep up with demand.keep up with demand.

Sanitation Problems:Sanitation Problems: Cities had hard time Cities had hard time

supplying safe drinking supplying safe drinking water.water.

People threw garbage People threw garbage out their windows.out their windows.

Horse manure piled up Horse manure piled up on the streetson the streets

Sewage flowed in Sewage flowed in streets.streets.

By 1900, many cities By 1900, many cities built sewers & created built sewers & created sanitation sanitation departments.departments.

Filtration systems and Filtration systems and chlorine were also chlorine were also helpful additions.helpful additions.

Crime:Crime:

When population When population goes up, so does goes up, so does crime.crime.

Pickpockets and Pickpockets and thieves flourished thieves flourished (some stealing to (some stealing to survive)survive)

NYC police was NYC police was relatively small and relatively small and didn’t make much didn’t make much impact on crime.impact on crime.

Fire:Fire: The city had limited The city had limited

supply of water.supply of water. Most city apartments Most city apartments

were made of wood, were made of wood, not concrete.not concrete.

People also used People also used candles and kerosene candles and kerosene lamps for lighting.lamps for lighting.

Paid fire departments Paid fire departments were first created in were first created in 1853 (Cincinnati)1853 (Cincinnati)

The automatic fire The automatic fire sprinkler was also sprinkler was also created in 1874.created in 1874.

The Great Chicago Fire: The Great Chicago Fire: 18711871

Fire burned for 24hrs.Fire burned for 24hrs. An estimated 300 people diedAn estimated 300 people died 100,000 were left homeless100,000 were left homeless More than 3 square miles of the More than 3 square miles of the

city center was destroyed.city center was destroyed. Property loss was estimated at Property loss was estimated at

$200 million.$200 million. 17,500 buildings were 17,500 buildings were

destroyed.destroyed.

Reformers Help the Poor:Reformers Help the Poor:

Social Gospel Social Gospel movementmovement - - Early Early reform program. reform program. Leaders preached Leaders preached that people that people reached salvation reached salvation by helping the by helping the poor.poor.

They established They established Settlement Settlement HousesHouses..

Located in slums.Located in slums. Help &Help & friendship friendship for poor & for poor & immigrants.immigrants.

Jane Addams: Settlement Jane Addams: Settlement HousesHouses

Usually ran by Usually ran by middle-class middle-class college educated college educated women.women.

Provided classes, Provided classes, health care, health care, clothing, etc.clothing, etc.

Jane AddamsJane Addams was was well-known social well-known social reformer.reformer.

The settlement The settlement houses helped to houses helped to cultivate social cultivate social responsibility responsibility toward the urban toward the urban poor.poor.

Section 3: ObjectivesSection 3: Objectives By the end of this lesson, I will By the end of this lesson, I will

be able to:be able to: 1. Explain the role of political 1. Explain the role of political

machines and political bosses.machines and political bosses. 2. Describe how some politicians’ 2. Describe how some politicians’

greed and fraud cost taxpayers greed and fraud cost taxpayers millions of dollars.millions of dollars.

3. Describe the measures taken by 3. Describe the measures taken by presidents Hayes, Garfield, and presidents Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur to reform the spoils system.Arthur to reform the spoils system.

4. Explain the positions taken by 4. Explain the positions taken by presidents Cleveland, Harrison, and presidents Cleveland, Harrison, and McKinley on the tariff issue.McKinley on the tariff issue.

Section 3: Politics in the Section 3: Politics in the Gilded Age:Gilded Age:

Main IdeaMain Idea: Local : Local and national and national political corruption political corruption in the 19in the 19thth Century Century led to calls for led to calls for reform.reform.

Why it Matters Why it Matters NowNow: Political reforms : Political reforms paved the way for a paved the way for a more honest and more honest and efficient government efficient government in the 20in the 20thth Century Century and beyond.and beyond.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Political MachinePolitical Machine GraftGraft PatronagePatronage Civil ServiceCivil Service Pendleton Civil Service Pendleton Civil Service

ActAct

Key Names:Key Names: Boss TweedBoss Tweed Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes James A. GarfieldJames A. Garfield Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison

My favorite day of the week My favorite day of the week is:is:

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1.1. MondayMonday

2.2. TuesdayTuesday

3.3. WednesdayWednesday

4.4. ThursdayThursday

5.5. FridayFriday

6.6. SaturdaySaturday

7.7. SundaySunday

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Political Machines:Political Machines: During late 1800’s, During late 1800’s,

many cities were run many cities were run by a by a Political Political machinemachine..

This was an organized This was an organized group, headed by a group, headed by a city city bossboss, that , that controlled activities of controlled activities of a political party in a a political party in a city.city.

Offered services to Offered services to voters & businesses in voters & businesses in exchangeexchange for political for political or financial support.or financial support.

Sort of like the Mafia.Sort of like the Mafia.

The Role of the Political The Role of the Political Boss:Boss:

What else did What else did the bosses do:the bosses do:

1. Controlled 1. Controlled access to jobsaccess to jobs

2. Built parks, 2. Built parks, sewer systems, sewer systems, and waterworks.and waterworks.

3. Gave money 3. Gave money to hospitals, to hospitals, schools, and schools, and orphanages.orphanages.

Why do you think that people supported Why do you think that people supported the political machines?the political machines?

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. SupportSupport

2.2. ProtectionProtection

3.3. ServicesServices

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

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What Did the Bosses Get What Did the Bosses Get Out of this “Charity?”Out of this “Charity?”

Voters’ loyaltyVoters’ loyalty Win additional Win additional

public supportpublic support Extend their Extend their

influenceinfluence So…they did favors So…they did favors

for people so that for people so that they were seen as they were seen as favorable and favorable and people would vote people would vote for them in the for them in the future.future.

Immigrants and Bosses:Immigrants and Bosses: The immigrants liked The immigrants liked

the idea of political the idea of political machines and bosses. machines and bosses. Why?Why?

1. Many of the bosses 1. Many of the bosses were immigrants were immigrants themselves (1themselves (1stst or 2 or 2ndnd generation) – they generation) – they spoke their language spoke their language and battled the same and battled the same hardships.hardships.

They helped the They helped the immigrants with immigrants with naturalizationnaturalization – full – full citizenship.citizenship.

Helped them get jobs Helped them get jobs and housesand houses

And in return – And in return – VOTES!!!VOTES!!!

Why did the bosses often relate Why did the bosses often relate well to the people?well to the people?

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. They liked to be They liked to be in controlin control

2.2. They were once They were once immigrants immigrants themselvesthemselves

3.3. They didn’tThey didn’t

4.4. None of the None of the aboveabove

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Election Fraud and Graft:Election Fraud and Graft: Many Many BossesBosses got rich got rich

through through GRAFTGRAFT-the -the illegal use of political illegal use of political influence for personal influence for personal gain.gain.

How does this work?How does this work? ExampleExample: By helping a : By helping a

person find work on a person find work on a construction project for construction project for the city, a political the city, a political machine could ask the machine could ask the worker to bill the city worker to bill the city for more than the for more than the actual cost of materials actual cost of materials and labor.and labor.

The worker then The worker then “kicked back” a portion “kicked back” a portion of the earnings to the of the earnings to the machine.machine.

More Fraud:More Fraud: Political machines Political machines

also granted favors also granted favors to businesses in to businesses in return to cash and return to cash and also accepted also accepted bribes to allow bribes to allow illegal gambling to illegal gambling to flourish.flourish.

To win elections, To win elections, some filled the list some filled the list of eligible voters of eligible voters w/names of dogs, w/names of dogs, children, & the children, & the dead.dead.

Why do you think that people allowed the Why do you think that people allowed the bosses to do illegal activities?bosses to do illegal activities?

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. Because they Because they were getting were getting things in returnthings in return

2.2. They personally They personally liked the bossesliked the bosses

3.3. They didn’t like They didn’t like the governmentthe government

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

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The Tweed Ring:The Tweed Ring: Boss Tweed Boss Tweed

(William M. Tweed) (William M. Tweed) became the head became the head of Tammany Hall, of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful NYC’s powerful Democratic Democratic political machine.political machine.

Between 1869-Between 1869-1871 1871 Boss TweedBoss Tweed led a group of led a group of people (Tweed people (Tweed Ring) in defrauding Ring) in defrauding the city for millions the city for millions of dollars.of dollars.

What Did Tweed Do?What Did Tweed Do? The NYC Courthouse The NYC Courthouse

was being built.was being built. The project cost tax The project cost tax

payers $13 million, payers $13 million, while the actual cost while the actual cost was only $3 million!was only $3 million!

The difference went to The difference went to the Tweed Ring.the Tweed Ring.

It is estimated that the It is estimated that the Tweed Ring stole Tweed Ring stole between $30-$200 between $30-$200 million dollars from million dollars from NYC.NYC.

This is just one This is just one example of the fraud example of the fraud that the Tweed Ring that the Tweed Ring got away with until……got away with until……

Ultimately, who did the Tweed Ultimately, who did the Tweed Ring’s actions hurt worse?Ring’s actions hurt worse?

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. Boss TweedBoss Tweed

2.2. The cityThe city

3.3. The The governmentgovernment

4.4. The taxpayersThe taxpayers

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They Got Busted!They Got Busted! In 1871 the ring In 1871 the ring

was broken.was broken. Tweed was Tweed was

indicted on 120 indicted on 120 counts of fraud and counts of fraud and extortion and was extortion and was sentenced to 12 sentenced to 12 years in jail.years in jail.

His sentence got His sentence got reduced to 1 year reduced to 1 year but he got in but he got in trouble again and trouble again and was arrested.was arrested.

While serving this While serving this sentence, he sentence, he escaped to went to escaped to went to Spain.Spain.

An Interesting Side Note:An Interesting Side Note:

During his crime During his crime spree, Tweed tried spree, Tweed tried to pay off the NY to pay off the NY Times and Thomas Times and Thomas Nast (a political Nast (a political cartoonist) so they cartoonist) so they wouldn’t run wouldn’t run editorials on his editorials on his corruptive corruptive practices.practices.

Tweed offered the Tweed offered the NY Times $5 NY Times $5 million dollars and million dollars and Thomas Nast Thomas Nast $500,000.$500,000.

Both Declined.Both Declined.Thomas Nast

1. What is the significance of the word LAW on the torn piece of paper?

2. What affect do you think Nast wanted to have on his audience?

Patronage:Patronage: National politics were National politics were

also corrupt – It’s all also corrupt – It’s all about who you know.about who you know.

PatronagePatronage: spoils : spoils systemsystem

giving of government giving of government jobs to people of the jobs to people of the same party who had same party who had helped a candidate get helped a candidate get elected.elected.

Reformers wanted a Reformers wanted a better way of electing better way of electing people – they should people – they should be the most qualified.be the most qualified.

Civil Service:Civil Service:

Civil Service- Civil Service- Government Government jobs.jobs.

Reformers called Reformers called for a for a merit merit systemsystem. .

Civil service jobs Civil service jobs would go to the would go to the most qualified, most qualified, regardless of regardless of political views.political views.

Why was the “civil service” system a Why was the “civil service” system a better system than the spoils system?better system than the spoils system?

0% 0%0%0%

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1.1. It wasn’tIt wasn’t

2.2. It allowed political It allowed political bosses to control bosses to control the job marketthe job market

3.3. It allowed the It allowed the most qualified to most qualified to get hiredget hired

4.4. It benefited only It benefited only the wealthythe wealthy

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President Hayes:President Hayes: President President

Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes attempted Hayes attempted to reform civil to reform civil service.service.

1. Investigated 1. Investigated court houses (lots court houses (lots of patronage going of patronage going on here)on here)

2. Fired corrupt 2. Fired corrupt officialsofficials

3. Hired 3. Hired independents for independents for his cabinet (neutral his cabinet (neutral party members)party members)

Did it Work?Did it Work?

Some members Some members of Republican of Republican party objected.party objected.

There needed to There needed to be a balance be a balance between between reformers and reformers and Republicans.Republicans.

Hayes decided Hayes decided not to run for not to run for reelection in reelection in 18801880

In order to reform civil service, President In order to reform civil service, President Hayes did all of the following EXCEPT:Hayes did all of the following EXCEPT:

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1.1. Investigated court Investigated court houseshouses

2.2. Fired corrupt Fired corrupt officialsofficials

3.3. Took money from Took money from the political the political machinesmachines

4.4. Hired Hired independents for independents for his cabinethis cabinet

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Republicans Divided:Republicans Divided: StalwartsStalwarts

opposed changed opposed changed in patronage in patronage system.system.

ReformersReformers supported supported changing the changing the system.system.

Republican Party Republican Party settles on settles on James James A. GarfieldA. Garfield, an , an independent independent candidate.candidate.

Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur was nominated to was nominated to the VP spot.the VP spot.

President Garfield President Garfield Assassinated! Assassinated!

As Garfield walked As Garfield walked through the D.C. through the D.C. train station, he train station, he was shot two times was shot two times by a man that by a man that Garfield turned Garfield turned down for a job.down for a job.

He was a die hard He was a die hard Stalwart (opposed Stalwart (opposed to Garfield’s to Garfield’s reformer ties)reformer ties)

Chester Arthur Chester Arthur became president. became president. (he turned (he turned reformer)reformer)

Why was Garfield assassinated?Why was Garfield assassinated?

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1.1. He wasn’t liked by He wasn’t liked by the political the political machinesmachines

2.2. He had ties to the He had ties to the reform movementreform movement

3.3. He didn’t deserve He didn’t deserve to be the to be the PresidentPresident

4.4. None of the aboveNone of the above

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Arthur in Action:Arthur in Action: Arthur’s first Arthur’s first

message to the message to the Congress was to Congress was to pass the pass the Pendleton Civil Pendleton Civil Service Act Service Act (1883) -(1883) - Created a Created a civil service civil service commission to give commission to give government jobs government jobs based on merit, not based on merit, not politics.politics.

This helped to This helped to reform civil service.reform civil service.

How Did This Act Effect How Did This Act Effect Politics?Politics?

By 1901, more than By 1901, more than 40% of all federal jobs 40% of all federal jobs had been classified as had been classified as civil service positions.civil service positions.

PROPRO - The act made - The act made these positions much these positions much more honest and more honest and efficient.efficient.

CONCON - On the other - On the other hand, because officials hand, because officials could no longer could no longer pressure employees for pressure employees for campaign campaign contributions, contributions, politicians turned to politicians turned to other sources for other sources for donations.donations.

Business Buys Influence:Business Buys Influence:

Politicians no Politicians no longer had jobs to longer had jobs to offer. offer.

Had trouble Had trouble seeking $ from seeking $ from supporters. supporters.

Many turned to Many turned to wealthy business wealthy business leaders for support.leaders for support.

Big business and Big business and the Government the Government became good became good friends.friends.

What was the main reason why politicians What was the main reason why politicians had to turn to big business for campaign had to turn to big business for campaign

money?money?

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1.1. 40% of jobs were 40% of jobs were now Civil Service now Civil Service jobsjobs

2.2. No one would No one would vote for themvote for them

3.3. They were They were running out of running out of moneymoney

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

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Tariffs:Tariffs: TariffTariff is a tax placed is a tax placed

on goods coming into on goods coming into or going out of a or going out of a country.country.

Most Americans Most Americans believed tariffs were believed tariffs were necessary to protect necessary to protect U.S. industries from U.S. industries from foreign competition.foreign competition.

Tariffs did cause prices Tariffs did cause prices to rise.to rise.

For 12 years, For 12 years, TariffsTariffs were a key issue in were a key issue in presidential elections.presidential elections.

Crazy Times!!!Crazy Times!!! Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland

(1884) - Democratic (1884) - Democratic president who tried, president who tried, but failed to reduce but failed to reduce tariffs.tariffs.

Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (1888)- Republican (1888)- Republican who was supported by who was supported by big business.big business.

Signed the Signed the MCKINLEY MCKINLEY TARIFF ACTTARIFF ACT into law. into law.

Tariffs were raised to Tariffs were raised to their highest level their highest level ever.ever.

Why did some feel that high tariffs Why did some feel that high tariffs were necessary during this time were necessary during this time

period?period?

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1.1. To fill the governments To fill the governments pockets with moneypockets with money

2.2. To protect the American To protect the American made productmade product

3.3. To keep business away To keep business away from foreign marketsfrom foreign markets

4.4. To allow for greater To allow for greater growth in the public growth in the public sectorsector

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Crazy Times – Part 2Crazy Times – Part 2 Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland - -

Cleveland defeats Cleveland defeats Harrison in 1892 to Harrison in 1892 to become President become President again!again!

He was unsuccessful in He was unsuccessful in reducing tariffs.reducing tariffs.

William McKinley was William McKinley was elected President in elected President in 1897 and raised tariffs 1897 and raised tariffs again.again.

The spirit of reform The spirit of reform kept going into the 20kept going into the 20thth Century.Century.

Many new Many new developments are to developments are to come….in the next come….in the next chapter.chapter.