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Te InternationalModel Forest NetworkA Global Approac to Ecosystem Sustainability
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Catalogue number: Fo4-38/2011E
ISBN: 978-1-100-18364-0
Tis publication was carried out wit
te aid o a grant rom te International
Development Researc Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
Tis report as been publised wit
te support o te Government o Canada.
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Sei I Introduction
Sei II About te IMFNThe Model Forest Concept
Growth of the IMFN
Milestones
The IMFN and International Forest Policy Priorities
Structure of the IMFN
Partnership and Collaboration
IMFN Global Forum
IMFN Strategic Initiatives
Sei III Regional NetworksIbero-American Model Forest Network
Canadian Model Forest Network
Mediterranean Model Forest Network
African Model Forest Network
Regional Model Forest Network – Asia
Russia and Northern Europe
Sei IV Conclusions
Aedix A Model Forest Activities Cart
1
33
4
6
7
9
11
12
14
1719
25
31
35
39
45
49
51
Contents
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Twenty years ago it was uncommon to invite local communities, indigen-
ous groups and environmental non-government organizations to meet with
industry and government representatives in the hope that all parties might
agree on what sustainable forest management means. Even more uncommon
was to then ask the parties to collaborate in trying to put sustainable forest
management into practice.
Yet, in 1992 at the Rio (UNCED) Summit, this is exactly what Canada
did when it set out to see if its “Model Forest” concept – a promising, if
unconventional, national initiative – might offer broader benets. Backed by
a $10 million commitment, the International Model Forest Network (IMFN)
was born.
We are now on the eve of the 20th anniversary
of that announcement. In the intervening years,
membership in the IMFN has grown steadily and
a remarkable amount of work has been undertaken
throughout the entire Network.
Today the IMFN is a dynamic and results-oriented initiative with a global reach and breadth of activities
that address the full spectrum of sustainability challenges in ways that benet sustainable forest manage-ment practitioners and policy-makers alike.
This publication highlights many of the accomplishments of the thousands of people and organiza-
tions that are part of the IMFN. National government representatives, business owners, scientists, local
Section I
Introduction
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 1
Te credit or tis work goes to te many committedindividuals and groups, oten located in remote parts o
te world, wo are indeed making a dierence.“”
Peter BesseauExeive Die, Ieaiamde Fes newk Seeaia
osie age: Burgos, Spain.
Location o te 2011IMFN Global Forum
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farmers, indigenous people, citizens of resource-dependent communities, individual champions: all
have worked – often unacknowledged and with modest resources – to advance sustainable development
policy and practices where they work and live.
Today, in 2011, the IMFN includes more than 55 large-scale landscapes in 24 countries, covering more
than 100 million hectares with a population of several million people.
Through its regional and global learning networks, the organization has been able to demonstrate prac-
tical approaches for addressing many of the most important issues faced by international forest policy
today. A key accomplishment, for example, has been validation that local communities are indispensible
partners in achieving resource management that is indeed sustainable. Also signicant has been the
ability of Model Forests to provide a workable approach to ecosystem-based management – manage-
ment whose partnerships are as complex as the land uses found in those ecosystems. In both of these
arenas, Model Forests offer an invaluable way to test the social science component of sustainable nat-
ural resource management – that is, helping us understand the human dimension of sustainability, the
demands that we place on our ecosystems, the tradeoffs involved in the choices we make in resource use,
and the options we have to achieve an acceptable balance.
Over the years, IMFN participants have supported research, training and monitoring related to the
issues of particular importance to their Model Forest region. Those issues range from climate change
and biodiversity protection to sustainable economic growth, valuation of ecological goods and services,
and meaningful stakeholder participation in planning and decision-making. Individual Model Forests
around the world, as well as those that are part of regional networks now established in Asia, Ibero-
America, Canada, Africa and the Mediterranean region, have been generous in making their knowledge
and experience available to one another – a cornerstone objective of the IMFN.
Such peer-to-peer and site-to-site knowledge exchange and shared learning have accelerated innova-
tion across the spectrum of sustainable development issues and have led to the adoption of promising
approaches to many common problems.
This publication proles the history and evolution of the IMFN to its present structure and activities.
The IMFN experiences highlighted are only a small sampling of the broad set of programs and activ-
ities already delivered or now underway across the Network. The credit for this work goes to the many
committed individuals and groups, often located in remote parts of the world, who are indeed making
a difference.
Congratulations to all participants in the IMFN!
2 SEctIon I INTRODUCTION
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Te Model Forest ConceptIn the early 1990s, one of Canada’s responses to
the challenge of integrating the principles of sus-
tainable development into forestry – a practice
now known as sustainable forest management –
was the creation of the Model Forest Program.
The aim of the program was to bring diverse
organizations and people together to develop
innovative local, landscape-scale approaches to
integrating forest management policy, with on-
the-ground implementation supported by sound
science.
In creating a Model Forest, individuals and groups
supporting a wide range of forest values agree
to collaborate to devise and demonstrate ways
to manage forest-based landscapes and natural
resources, using approaches that are both locally
acceptable and nationally relevant.
Model Forest participants typically include land
users, owners and managers; forest-based and
other industries; community, environmental,
non-government and forestry groups; federal,
provincial and municipal government agencies;
academic and research institutions; conservation
areas; and indigenous groups and communities. In
this way, each Model Forest represents a divers-
ity of forest values, including social, cultural, eco-
nomic and environmental concerns important to
the participants.
Sharing ideas and knowledge, incorporating mul-
tiple values into management, and enhancing
local capacities for engaging in sustainable man-
agement practices are all fundamental principles
of Model Forests. Through research, tools and
approaches to sustainable landscape management
are also developed and transferred to practition-
ers. Governance of a Model Forest is based on
consensus, allowing for participants to have a say
in the issues to be addressed and activities under-
taken. The governance structure is highly exible
and is designed to reect the cultural, social, pol-
itical and economic realities of the area within
which a Model Forest operates.
Section II
About te IMFN
A Model Forest is a large-scale, orest-based landscapetat encompasses a variety o land uses and values,resource management administrations, and land ownersip.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 3
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Through a Model Forest, participants learn to
recognize the potential impacts of their activities
on forests and the options that are available for
improving their management and use of natural
resources. They also develop a shared understand-
ing of sustainable development and of how to put
this new knowledge into practice through collab-
orative activities.
Growt o te IMFNThe United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in
1992 saw unprecedented global consensus on the
urgent need to nd real, practical and sustainable
solutions to the serious environmental challenges
facing the planet. At the Rio conference, Canada
invited other countries to participate in testing
Model Forests as a new approach to translating
the principles of sustainable development into
on-the-ground actions for improving the manage-
ment of forests and natural resources.
Following the Rio conference, Canada pilotedModel Forests in Mexico and Russia and, in 1995,
established a Secretariat for the International
Model Forest Network (IMFN), headquartered at
the International Development Research Centre
in Ottawa, Canada. The IMFN Secretariat sup-
ports the development of the network, facilitates
the exchange of knowledge and expertise, and
champions the Model Forest concept to inter-
national organizations on behalf of its members.
From an initial 10 Model Forests in Canada in
1992, the IMFN has grown to include more than
55 sites in over 24 countries on ve continents,
with thousands of partner organizations – and the
numbers continue to grow.
To facilitate the growth and continued develop-
ment of the IMFN into an effective approach
4 SEctIon II ABOUT ThE IMFN
1992
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
N u m b e r o f M o d e l F o r e s t s
2004 2006 2008 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
8071
67 66
6057 55
Activities
Distribution of Most Frequently Occurring
Model Forest Activities (2010)
IMFN Growth (1992–2010)
C o m m u n i t y
S u s t a i n a b i l i t y
& E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t
E d u c a t i o n &
C a p a c i t y B u i l d i n g
B i o d i v e r s i t y , C o n s e r v a t i o n
& S t e w a r d s
h i p
I n n o v a t i v e P r a c t i c e s
& T o o l s
N o n - T
i m b e r
F o r e s t P r o d
u c t s
E c o - c u
l t u r a
l
T o u r i s m
% o
f M o d e l F o r e s t s
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to addressing global forest and natural resource
management issues, several national and regional
Model Forest networks have also been established:
• Te largest regional network, te Ibero-American Model ForestNetwork, includes 25 sites in Central and Sout America, aswell as one site in Spain.
• Te Canadian Model Forest Network includes 15 Model Forestsacross te country.
• Establised in 2008, te Mediterranean Model Forest Networkincludes nine countries and regions in te Mediterranean basin
tat are actively pursuing Model Forest development.
• Te Arican Model Forest Network currently includes two ModelForests in Cameroon and proposed initiatives in oter CongoBasin countries. Tree sites also being developed in NortArica (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) are aliated wit teMediterranean Model Forest Network.
• Te Regional Model Forest Network – Asia includes ModelForests in Cina, India, Indonesia, Japan, te Pilippines and
Tailand.
• A new Russia and Nortern Europe Model Forest Network isemerging, wit participants exploring opportunities to joinSweden in using te Model Forest approac as a way toenance sustainable development in te Baltic Sea region.
Together, all of the Model Forests and their regional
networks make up the IMFN, a global community
of practice whose exible shared framework facili-
tates the exchange of lessons learned across theregions and with other organizations.
For nearly 20 years now, forest-dependent stake-
holders around the world have been voluntar-
ily translating sustainable natural resource man-
agement priorities and policies into action on the
ground through the Model Forest approach.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 5
Total Hectares of
Model Forests by RegionTotal hectares = 108 516 717 in 58 Model Forests
Regional Distribution of
Population in Model ForestsTotal = 8 124 410 in 58 Model Forests
Ibero-America4 348 801 (25 MFs)
Canada1 703 018 (15 MFs)
Mediterranean355 792 (3 MFs)
Africa106 000 (2 MFs)
Asia1 288 899 (8 MFs)
Russia & Northern Europe321 900 (5 MFs)
Ibero-America31 243 954 (25 MFs)
Canada65 224 761 (15 MFs)
Mediterranean556 485 (3 MFs)
Africa
2 369 445 (2 MFs)
Asia1 124 244 (8 MFs)
Russia & Northern Europe7 997 828 (5 MFs)
Note: Urbión Model Forest is included as part of the Mediterranean Model Forest Network,
but it is also a member of the Ibero-American Model Forest Network.
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International Model Forest Network
The IMFN was established with the vision of supporting, through Model Forests, the manage-
ment of the world’s forest resources in a sustain-
able manner, reecting environmental and socio-
economic issues from the perspective of local
needs and global concerns.
The primary goal of the IMFN is to establish a
global network of Model Forests that will repre-
sent most of the major forest ecosystems of the
world. The Network strives to ensure that all part-
ners, regardless of political or economic status,
can contribute to, and share in, the benets of
the Network as they work toward the sustainable
management of forest-based landscapes.
Three key objectives of the IMFN are:
• To oster international cooperation and excange o ideas
relating to te working concept o te sustainable managemento orest-based landscapes and natural resources
• To support international cooperation in critical aspects o orestscience and social science tat underlie te searc or newmodels o orest and landscape management
• To support ongoing international discussions on te criteria andprinciples o sustainable development
As a long-term goal, the Network will serve as a
foundation for international cooperation on thesustainable development of forest-based land-
scapes and natural resources. Participating Model
Forests will share their knowledge and encourage
broad implementation of management and con-
servation methods that ensure that forests con-
tinue to provide benets for humanity.
1992 caada aes aia mde Fes pga
caada ivies ieaia aiiai i mde Fess a e uied nais
ceee Evie ad Devee, ri de Jaei, bazi
1994 Fis mde Fess esaised side caada (mexi ad rssia)
1995 Ieaia mde Fes newk Seeaia esaised a e Ieaia
Devee resea cee, oawa, caada
1996 ImFn Ga F, ciaa, mexi1998 Fis mde Fess esaised i S Aeia (Ageia ad cie)
1999 Fis mde Fes esaised i Asia (cia)
ImFn Ga F, haiax, caada
2001 ImFn ad cuSo (w cuSo-VSo) sig a ageee aae ae
vee eas i mde Fess
2002 regia mde Fes newk lai Aeia ad e caiea esaised
2004 Fis mde Fes esaised i Ee (Swede)
2005 ImFn Ga F, tiaa, csa ria
Fis mde Fess esaised i Aia (cae)
2008 ImFn Ga F, hi, caada
medieaea mde Fes newk esaised
2009 Aia mde Fes newk ad Seeaia esaised
Seeaia e regia mde Fes newk – Asia esaised
2011 ImFn Ga F, bgs, Sai
Ieaia Ssi Esse ad ladsae-eve Aaes
Ssaiaii, bgs, Sai
6 SEctIon II ABOUT ThE IMFN
Milestones
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ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 7
The Model Forest approach is highly focused on
“doing” — that is, on taking sustainable forest
management policy priorities and nding ways
to put them into practice, in real landscapes, in
real time, and for real benets. Therefore, local,
national and international agreed-upon sustain-
able forest management policy provides a frame-
work for Model Forest activities, thereby actualiz-
ing the adage “from global to local.”
The IMFN is not prescriptive in terms of the pro-
gram of activity that individual sites commit to; all
Model Forest projects are at the discretion of the
individual Model Forest partnerships. However,
in applying to become a member of the IMFN,
members agree to support the goals and object-
ives of the Network and, in particular, to make an
active link between their programs and national
forestry policy. As national governments are typ-ically members of the Model Forest partnership
group, this tends to encourage this “policy/prac-
tice” relationship.
As shown in the table (right) there are signi-
cant and extensive links between the activities of
Model Forests and several of the most important
policy vehicles supporting SFM internationally.
IMFN Strategic Initiatives (see page 14) provideadded opportunities for the Network to respond to
national and international policy priorities.
Te IMFN and International Forest Policy Priorities
Gveae, aiiaesses ad i
iigai
Ssaiae eidevee
Iegaig eed aeavaes i age adsaes
Edai adaai idig
Aied sieead esea
newkig ad eaig
tesig ad desaigesse aagee
pi ias
rese iizai
mieiDevee Gas
cvei bigia Divesi
naia Fespgas
uied nais F Fess: Ga
ojeives Fess
uied naisFaewk cvei ciae cage
uied naiscvei caDeseifai
}Main Areas o Impact
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8 SEctIon II ABOUT ThE IMFN
1
32
45
6
7
8
9 10
11
13
12
1415
16
22
23
24
26
27
28
31
3233
34
35
3637
3839
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
49
50
51
52 53
54 55
56
57
58
2930
21
17 18 19
20
25
47 48
Argentina36 Formoseño 2000
40 Futaleufú 1998
37 Jujuy 2002
39 Norte de Neuquén 2005
35 San Pedro 2007
38 Tucumán 2008
Bolivia28 Chiquitano 2005
Brazil30 Mata Atlántica 2004
29 Pandeiros 2005
Cameroon49 Campo Ma’an 2005
50 Dja et Mpomo 2005
Canada5 Clayoquot Forest
Communities 2008
9 Cree Research andDevelopment Institute 1997
15 Eastern Ontario 1992
4 Foothills ResearchInstitute 1992
14 Fundy 1992
11 Lac-Saint-Jean 2007
7 Lake Abitibi 1992
COUNTRY / MODEL FOREST ESTABLISHED COUNTRY / MODEL FOREST ESTABLISHED COUNTRY / MODEL FOREST ESTABLISHED COUNTRY / MODEL FOREST ESTABLISHED
10 Le Bourdon Project 2007
6 Manitoba 1992
12 Newfoundlandand Labrador 1992
8 Northeast SuperiorForest Community 2007
13 Nova Forest Alliance 1998
1 Prince Albert 1992
3 Resources North Association 1992
2 Weberville Community 2010
Chile32 Araucarias del
Alto Malleco 2002
31 Cachapoal 2005
34 Chiloé 1998
33 Panguipulli 2005
China53 Lin’an 1999
52 Tahe
Colombia27 Risaralda 2008
Costa Rica25 Chorotega 2011
26 Reventazón 2003
Cuba16 Sabanas de Manacas 2008
Dominican Republic19 Colinas Bajas 2010
18 Sabana Yegua 2003
17 Yaque del Norte 2007
Guatemala21 Lachuá 2008
22 Los Altos 2008
Honduras23 Atlántida 2006
24 Yoro 2007
India54 Kodagu 2005
Indonesia58 Margowitan 2004
Japan51 Kyoto 2011
Morocco47 Ifrane
Philippines57 Carood Watershed 2010
56 Ulot Watershed 2000
Puerto Rico20 Tierras Adjuntas 2007
Russia43 Komi 2006
41 Kovdozersky 2005
42 Pskov 2006
Spain46 Urbión 2006
Sweden45 Bergslagen
44 Vilhelmina 2004
Thailand55 Ngao 2000
Turkey48 Yalova
Countries in which a Model Forestis in early stages of development:
Algeria
Croatia
Democratic Republicof the Congo
France
Greece
Italy
Paraguay
Peru
Tunisia
International Model Forest Network
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Structure o te IMFNAt the centre of the IMFN are the Model Forests
themselves. Model Forests acknowledge that the
social side of sustainability – building relation-
ships that allow for a broad range of stakeholders
to work together over a long period of time – is
just as important as other aspects of sustainability.
For this reason, Model Forests create governance
structures that are inclusive, participatory, open
and accountable to their stakeholders and the rest
of the IMFN.
While the IMFN Secretariat facilitates the day-
to-day administration of the overall network,
regional Model Forest networks and secretariats
were created to allow for a greater focus on Model
Forest development and networking opportunities
from regional vantage points. An International
Advisory Council and the IMFN Networking
Committee were also created to provide strategicand operational advice to the IMFN and IMFN
Secretariat.
IMFN SecretariatThe IMFN Secretariat was established in 1995.
The Secretariat has a small staff that provides the
central day-to-day coordination of support anddevelopment services to the Network, and works
to strengthen and expand the Network. The
Secretariat also supports:
• Maintenance o te principles and attributes o Model Forests
• Partnersip development and capacity building
• Tecnical and logistical issues in establisingand operating Model Forests
• International communications, networkingand knowledge management
• Network-level initiatives on key globally relevant temes,suc as ecological goods and services, climate cangeand community sustainability
• Resource expansion and international advocacy
For 12 years the IMFN Secretariat was housed
within the International Development Research
Centre in Ottawa. In 2007, it moved to the
Canadian Forest Service within Natural ResourcesCanada.
Regional Model Forest NetworksRegional networks were created to more effect-
ively dene, articulate and manage a program of
work reecting the priorities, strengths and oppor-
tunities unique to a particular region. Regionalfunctions include:
• Networking between Model Forests witin a region(transer o knowledge and experience)
• Assistance in regional resource expansion
• Regional communications, advocacy and knowledgemanagement
• Regional program support
• Regional partnersip development and capacity building
• Review and approval o new Model Forests and membersipin a regional network
Governance structures for regional networks vary
from region to region. For example, the Ibero-
American Model Forest Network has a manage-
ment team based in Turrialba, Costa Rica, and a
board of directors that meets twice a year. Small
Secretariats have also been established for Africa
(Yaoundé, Cameroon), Asia (Beijing, China) and
the Mediterranean (Valladolid, Spain).
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 9
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10 SEctIon II ABOUT ThE IMFN
In some regions, such as Canada and Russia,
the national network effectively operates as
a regional network. In 2006, the Canadian
Model Forest Network became an independent,
non-government organization with a manage-
ment team based in Kemptville, Ontario. The
Argentine Model Forest Network is supported by
a Secretariat housed within a national govern-
ment agency, while the Komi Model Forest acts
as the coordinator for the Russian Model Forest
Network.
IMFN International Advisory CouncilThe IMFN International Advisory Council (IAC)
was established in 2007. Among its functions,
the IAC provides strategic advice to the IMFN
Secretariat concerning its growth, focus, deliver-
ables and opportunities for fullling its mandate
and meeting the needs of its members. The IAC
also assists the Secretariat in engaging and collab-orating with other international organizations and
initiatives with similar goals and thereby in actively
contributing to international forest policy issues.
The council consists of several senior experts with
broad international experience and perspectives.
IMFN Networking CommitteeThe IMFN Networking Committee assists the
IMFN Secretariat in identifying trends, issues
and opportunities of global or regional import-
ance, and in facilitating information, expertise and
experience ow between regions. The creation of
the committee was a direct response to outcomes
from the 2005 IMFN Global Forum in Costa
Rica, where participants requested the formation
of a Network-level body that would address issues
common to all Model Forests. Each RegionalModel Forest Network and IMFN operating
region has a representative on the committee.
This group represents an important opportunity
both for Network members to have greater voice
in the evolution of this global community of prac-
tice, and for new ideas to be brought forward and
realized.
Principles and Attributes o ModelForestsModel Forests around the world are as unique and
diverse as the countries and cultures they belong to. While each Model Forest sets its own program-
ming priorities and governance structure, on a
global scale Model Forests are linked through a
common philosophy. All Model Forests share
a core set of six principles that give the IMFN
coherence and provide the basis for networking
and knowledge sharing:
1. Broad-based partnersip: ea mde Fes is a ea
a wees va aiiai eeseaives sakede ieess ad vaes e adsae
2. Large landscape: ea mde Fes is a age isia
aea eeseig a ad age es vaes, idig
sia, a, ei ad eviea es
3. Commitment to sustainability: sakedes ae ied
e sevai ad ssaiae aagee aa
eses ad e esed adsae
4. Good governance: e mde Fes aagee ess is
eeseaive, aiia, asae ad aae, ad
es aaive wk ag sakedes
5. Broad program o activities: aiviies deake a mde
Fes ee e mde Fess’ visi ad sakede
eeds, vaes ad aagee aeges
6. Commitment to knowledge saring, capacity building and
networking: a mde Fes ids sakede aai egage i e ssaiae aagee aa eses,
aae, ad sae ess ad esss eaed g
ewkig
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Partnersip and CollaborationSince 1995, the IMFN Secretariat has worked
with numerous international organizations to sup-port the sustainable management of forests and
landscapes. These organizations include:
• Food and Agriculture Organization o te United Nations (FAO)
• Center or International Forest Researc (CIFOR)
• International Union or Conservation o Nature (IUCN)
• Secretariat o te Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• UNESCO Man and te Biospere Program (MAB)
• Te Center or People and Resources (RECOFTC)
• Tropical Agricultural Researc and higer Education Center(CATIE)
• CUSO-VSO, a Canadian volunteer-sending developmentorganization
CUSO-VSO and te IMFN: A Mutually Benecial CollaborationCUSO-VSO is one o Nort America’s leading volunteer-based international development organizations. It
seeks people o all ages wo ave in-dept knowledge and experience in a range o elds, and places tem
wit organizations around te world seeking to overcome poverty.
Since 2002, more tan 50 volunteers ave been placed in Model Forests trougout Latin America. One o
tese was Canadian Linda Vaillancourt. An expert in integrated rural development, Linda went to Costa Rica
in 2007 to advise te Protected Area Management Program in te Reventazón Model Forest. Te program’s
goal was to strengten tree protected areas by supporting te development and implementation o tailored
management plans troug broad participation. Over er two-year assignment, Linda worked to transer erknowledge to Model Forest stakeolders so tey could work to balance conservation values wit cultural and
economic needs.
Today, all tree management plans are operational. Not only t at, but te communities and localorganizations involved in te process now ave te skills necessary to understand and participate in te
sustainable development o teir areas at a landscape scale.
Based on te success o volunteer placements like tis one across Latin America, collaboration between
CUSO-VSO and te IMFN was extended in 2010 to Cameroon and te Pilippines.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 11
le: CUSO cooperant talking witCiquitano Model Forest member
in Alta Vista, Bolivia
rig: CUSO cooperanttalking wit KEDLAP worksop
participants in Alta Vista, Bolivia
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IMFN Global ForumEvery three years, Model Forest representatives from
around the world gather at the IMFN Global Forumto share experiences and knowledge, review their
accomplishments and identify strategic directions
for the Network for the years ahead. The 1996 and
1999 events – in, respectively, Chihuahua, Mexico,
and Halifax, Canada – were small because few
Model Forests had been established in the IMFN,
particularly outside Canada.
By the 2005 IMFN Global Forum in Turrialba,
Costa Rica, 37 Model Forests were active or
in development in 16 countries on ve con-
tinents, with an aggregate land base of nearly
50 million hectares and more than 1 000 partner
organizations.
By 2008, the year of the IMFN Global Forum
in Hinton, Canada, more than 50 Model Forests
existed in 21 countries.
2005 Global Forum,Turrialba, Costa RicaThe 2005 IMFN Global Forum marked the 10th
anniversary of the IMFN Secretariat. More than
130 Model Forest representatives and partners
from around the world met in Turrialba, Costa
Rica, to review the accomplishments and develop-
ment of the IMFN over the last decade and to
consider where it should go from there. Highlightsof the 2005 Global Forum included:
• Tree working group sessions, ocusing on networks andnetworking at local/regional, national and international levels
• A request by representatives or te development o a ormalstatement o te common pilosopy tat links Model Forestsaround te world – a statement tat became te Model ForestsPrinciples and Attributes Framework
• A meeting o boreal orest countries to discuss optionsor developing IMFN-level tematic programming acrosste boreal region, leading to te development o te IMFNCircumboreal Initiative
12 SEctIon II ABOUT ThE IMFN
Mountainous cloud orest,Jujuy Model Forest, Argentina
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2008 IMFN Global Forum,
hinton, CanadaMore than 150 delegates, representing national
governments, IMFN partner organizations and
Model Forest stakeholders, came together at the
2008 IMFN Global Forum. Highlights of the
2008 Global Forum included:
• Formal adoption o te Model Forest Principles and AttributesFramework
• Identication o our strategic priorities or te IMFN: climatecange, community sustainability, ecosystem services andknowledge management
• Formalization o te International Advisory Committee and teIMFN Networking Committee
• Identication o sort-, medium- and long-term goals or aknowledge management approac or te IMFN
• A series o capacity-building worksops on a wide range otopics, including Model Forest development, strategic planning,eco-tourism, resource mobilization and carbon budget modeling
2011 IMFN Global Forum,
Burgos, SpainDuring the 2011 Global Forum, IMFN members
will gather to share knowledge, to discuss the suc-
cesses and challenges of the past three years, and
to plan for the next three years. Discussions will
include progress on IMFN Strategic Initiatives
and an IMFN Charter, both of which will estab-
lish guidelines to facilitate the ongoing expansion
of the Network.
Preceding the Global Forum, more than 300
experts from around the world will participate in
the International Symposium on Ecosystem and
Landscape-level Approaches to Sustainability.
During the symposium, the IMFN and the
Spanish Regional Government of Castile and
León will facilitate the exchange of knowledge
and ideas on the inventorying and monitoring of
landscapes, ecosystem goods and services, govern-
ance, and future directions and opportunities.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 13
2008 IMFN GlobalForum in hinton, Canada
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IMFN Strategic InitiativesModel Forests provide platforms for putting local
research and actions into practice. At the broader
level, the Model Forest Network serves as a conduit
for disseminating ideas and expertise gained from
this research and for building partnerships with
other like-minded organizations. These attributes
make the IMFN an efcient, cost-effective spring -
board from which to tackle global, regional and
local challenges, as well as to foster innovation in
these and other priority areas.
At the 2008 IMFN Global Forum, participants
identied several programming priorities of rel-
evance to all network members in all regions and
countries. Strategic Initiatives were established to
enable members to develop and implement pro-
gramming priorities that address thematic issues
that extend beyond one Model Forest. The goal of
each initiative is to use Model Forests as a platform
for examining the links between international
policy objectives and on-the-ground actions.
The IMFN Circumboreal Initiative focuses on
developing international cooperation on key com-
mon boreal issues using Model Forests and otherlandscape areas in all boreal countries. Through
this initiative, links between countries are being
explored that will allow many important questions
to be examined collaboratively, including those
related to conserving biodiversity, helping forest-
dependent communities adapt to rapidly changing
climate, and managing forest land use sustainably.Te IMFN is developing models or knowledge saring
tat would work at local, regional and global levels andtat could be replicated by oters, tereby increasing tepotential or scaling up impacts.
14 SEctIon II ABOUT ThE IMFN
Reventazón River, ReventazónModel Forest, Costa Rica
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Climate change is one of today’s greatest
international challenges and one that has far-
reaching implications for sustainable livelihoods,
water and food security, health, and biodiversity.Model Forests, with their landscape-scale platforms
and broad stakeholder engagement, are ideally
suited sites in which to carry out climate change
studies, develop and test community adaptation
strategies, and monitor such efforts over the long
term. The IMFN Climate Change Strategic
Initiative focuses on enhancing Model Forest
capacity to engage in “Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation” (REDD+)activities, as well as to examine vulnerability and
adaptation in terms of issues of shared import-
ance, such as the effects of climate change on bio-
diversity and sustainable livelihoods. Successful
strategies and lessons learned will be shared across
the Network.
Because people and the forest-based communities
they live in are central to the Model Forest con-
cept, community sustainability is highly relevantto the IMFN. Through the IMFN Community
Sustainability Strategic Initiative, Model
Forests focus both on assessing the practices
and actions needed at the local level to promote
sustainability, and on looking at global challen-
ges related to poverty alleviation, sustainable
economic development and food security.
Activities under this initiative are expected to
affect communities in positive, tangible ways whilefullling the goals and objectives of international
priorities such as the United Nations’ Millennium
Development Goals.
The IMFN Ecological Goods and Services
Strategic Initiative focuses on ensuring the pro-
vision of goods and services essential to meet basic
human needs through integration of management
and conservation of natural resources into the
market economy. Model Forests serve as oppor-tunities to demonstrate approaches to developing
and promoting the value of ecological goods and
services.
Prince Albert Model Forest, Canada, and Vilelmina Model
Forest, Sweden, Collaborate Troug te IMFN CircumborealInitiativeWitin te boreal region, indigenous peoples consider reindeer (Rngifr rns rns ) and woodland
caribou (R. rns cribo ) to be cultural keystone species. Te Model Forests in Prince Albert, Canada,
and Vilelmina, Sweden, are participating in a joint study to link species distributions o reindeer and
caribou, based on indigenous observations o canging climate and abitat conditions, to erders’ and
unters’ adaptive strategies. Supported by te IMFN Circumboreal Initiative, te knowledge gained will
enance understanding o ow canges across dierent parts o te circumboreal region impact nortern
indigenous livelioods.
Caribou unters in Saskatcewan and reindeer erders in Sweden are being interviewed troug te Model
Forest Program to document teir experiences o ow climate canges are aecting caribou and reindeerabitat and distribution.
Te ocus will be on ow knowledge is gained rater tan wat knowledge is gained. Te inormation will beused to develop a teacing module tat can be linked to resource management courses taugt at nortern
and boreal region–based universities and colleges.
Te IMFN E-commerce Pilot ProjectNine Model Forests in te Ibero-American region are involved in an e-directory pilot project designed to
acilitate te electronic buying and selling o goods and services oered by small- and medium-sized
enterprises witin Model Forests. Te e-directory will be an important reerence guide or potential buyers
and a marketing tool or enterprises based in Model Forests. A CUSO-VSO volunteer cooperant as joined
te Ibero-American Model Forest Network management team or a two-year period as Advisor in Marketing
and Trade to assist in implementing and supporting te development o tis pilot project.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 15
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The topic has garnered strong interest across
the IMFN and a discussion paper has been writ-
ten, entitled “Maintaining Ecological Goods and
Services: Overview of the Issues and Options”
(Kennedy et al., 2009, Pembina Institute). In addi-
tion to regional pilot projects underway, there aremany examples of activities at the site level.
A fundamental principle of Model Forests is to
share experience and lessons learned. The IMFN
Knowledge Management and Sharing approach
supports the use of information and communi-
cations technology and knowledge management
techniques to improve the effectiveness of Model
Forests in the sustainable management of forest-
based landscapes. The IMFN is developing mod-els for knowledge sharing that would work at local,
regional and global levels and that could be rep-
licated by others, thereby increasing the potential
for scaling up impacts and reliability.
Regional Model Forest Network – Asia Pilot Project:Valuation o Ecological Goods and Services in teKodagu Model ForestThe 800-kilometre Cauvery River in Karnataka, India, is the area’s predominant river. It provides
water or the cities o Bangalore and Mysore and or a large rural population. Over the past
10 years, average annual infow into the watershed has dropped signicantly, a situation madeworse by shiting rainall patterns and loss o orest cover in the catchment area.
Sade-grown coee accounts or a large portion o te economic base o te region and coee
planters are seeking increased timber arvesting rigts to supplement declining income.
Wit unding rom te IMFN Strategic Initiatives, te Kodagu Model Forest is supporting a
compreensive assessment o te ull value o te ecological goods and services aorded
by te watersed. Troug tis assessment, stakeolders are planning to approac local
governments about adopting a system o Payment or Environmental Services or coeegrowers in te area. Te payments would encourage growers to play an active role in ensuring
tat te ecological goods and services o te river basin are managed or te long term.
Knowledge or Eective Learning and Development(KEDLAP)Te KEDLAP project was launced in 2008 to assess ow collaborative learning and saringo knowledge can elp resource based development organizations acieve better results.
Funded by te International Development Researc Centre, te project is also being supported
by CUSO–VSO, te Ibero-American Model Forest Network and te IMFN Secretariat.
KEDLAP participants create and sare knowledge in dierent orms troug, or example,
collecting and saring tematic inormation, systematizing best practices, leading policy
analysis, developing practical metodologies and tools, participating in online courses and
seminars, sponsoring coacing and mentoring, and conducting ace-to-ace excanges and
worksops. Lessons learned rom te project are being transerred to oter IMFN regions.
16 SEctIon II ABOUT ThE IMFN
le: Fencing between elepant and
coee plants, Kodagu Model Forest. Indiarig: KEDLAP worksop participants in
Alta Vista, Bolivia
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Ibero-AmericanModel Forest Networkage 19
Canadian Model ForestNetworkage 25
MediterraneanModel Forest Networkage 31
Arican Model Forest Networkage 35
Regional Model ForestNetwork – Asiaage 39
Russia and Nortern Europeage 45
Section II I
Regional Networks
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 17
membercandidateRegional Model Forest SecretariatIMFN Secretariat
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18 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
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Te Ibero-American Model Forest Network
Sabanas de Manacas
Los Altos AtlántidaYoro
Reventazón
Risaralda
Chiquitano
Cachapoal
Araucarias delAlto Malleco
Panguipulli
Chiloé
San Pedro
Formoseño
Jujuy
Tucumán
Norte de Neuquén
Futaleufú
Pandeiros
Mata Atlántica
Lachuá
Yaque del NorteSabana Yegua
Colinas BajasTierras Adjuntas
Chorotega
Brazil
Chile
Bolivia
Argentina
Costa Rica
Puerto RicoDominican RepublicCuba
HondurasGuatemala
Colombia
membercandidateIAMFN Secretariat (Turrialba, Costa Rica)
Development o a Regional Model Forest Network in Ibero-AmericaThe rst Model Forest in Latin America was established in Chile in 1998. That same year, Argentina
committed to developing one Model Forest in each of its ve forest regions. Growing interest in Model
Forest development in the region led, in 2002, to the Latin America and Caribbean Model Forest
Network (LAC-Net) being established. The Secretariat for the new regional network was based in the
United Nations Development Programme ofces in Chile.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 19
tis age: CiquitanoModel Forest, Bolivia
osie age: Turrialbavolcano spewing steam,
Reventazón Model Forest,Costa Rica
Urbión
Spain
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In 2004, Brazil and Costa Rica joined LAC-Net
and the organization’s headquarters moved from
Chile to the Tropical Agricultural Research and
Higher Education Center (CATIE) in Costa
Rica. When Spain joined in 2007, the network
changed its name to the Ibero-American Model
Forest Network (IAMFN). Today the IAMFN is
the largest regional network in the International
Model Forest Network (IMFN), with 25 Model
Forests established in 12 countries across Central
America, South America and the Caribbean and
in Spain.
The IAMFN is governed by a Board of Directors
made up of one national-level representative
from each member country, one Model Forest
representative per country, and one representa-
tive from each of the IMFN Secretariat, CATIE,
CUSO-VSO and the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization.
Model Forest Activities andRegional PrioritiesThe vision of the Model Forests of the IAMFN
is to be a regional benchmark for the sustainable
management of natural resources on a landscape
scale, supported with widespread social participa-
tion. The IAMFN contributes to public policies on
the sustainable management of natural resources
by promoting cooperation among Model Forests,institutions and countries in the region through
knowledge exchange and innovative practices.
The IAMFN members are collectively working
toward this by:
• Consolidating existing Model Forests and te growt o tenetwork wile connecting wit one anoter
• Strengtening te capacity o te IAMFN to provide support
to its members, including elping tem acieve nancialsustainability
• Disseminating and transerring tecnical knowledge across tenetwork troug te saring o best practices and activities
• Contributing to processes tat encourage te ormulation,implementation and evaluation o public policies related tosustainable development
20 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Since 2008, te Analog Forestry Project as establisedpilot biodiversity restoration sites and oered practicaltraining or landowners.
Risaralda Model Forest,Colombia
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Regional ProjectsIn addition to supporting Model Forest develop-
ment, the IAMFN Management Team at CATIE
facilitates Model Forest cooperation with other
organizations and engagement in regional-level
activities. Two key regional-level activities imple-
mented in collaboration with partner organiza-
tions include the Analog Forestry Project and
the Ibero-American Landscape Management
Network.
Since 2008, the Analog Forestry Project hasestablished pilot biodiversity restoration sites and
offered practical training for landowners in three
Model Forests: Atlántida (Honduras), Reventazón
(Costa Rica) and the Colinas Bajas (Dominican
Republic).
Analog forestry methodology and organic
production practices were taught. As well,
demonstration sites and tree nurseries were estab-
lished, with a large variety of trees, shrubs and
plants cultivated in them. This project created
the capacity for local communities not only to
restore degraded land but also to diversify their
cultivation practices. This resulted in new forms
of income generation, as well as an increase in
organic production practices.
The experience and development tools gained
through the project will be shared with otherModel Forests in the region, as well as other
organizations with similar biodiversity restoration
and poverty reduction goals. It will also serve
as the foundation for extending biodiversity
restoration projects based on analog forestry
throughout Ibero-America. With funding fromCIDA, the project is coordinated by the IAMFN,
CATIE and the Falls Brook Centre (a Canadian
centre for rural development and training).
The Ibero-American Landscape Management
Network (RIMAP) is a network linking research
groups that are partners of Model Forests in eight
countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Puerto
Rico and Spain). The goal of the project is topromote and coordinate the management and
restoration of degraded forest-based landscapes in
the Model Forests. This Community of Practice
also focuses on sharing knowledge by organiz-
ing or supporting the organization of regional
workshops and meetings and the production
of publications distributed through the Ibero-
American Model Forest Network. RIMAP is
funded by the Ibero-American Science andTechnology Development Program.
Analog orestry is “a sse wi seeks esais aag esses wi aiea
ses ad egia is siia e igia iax s iax vegeai. I as
seeks sege a iies, sia as as eia, g e se
seies a vide eia ds.”
Sorc: International Analog Forestry Network (ttp://www.analogorestrynetwork.org/)
Analog orestry plantingproject in Reventazón
Model Forest, Costa Rica
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 21
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Looking ForwardIn 2009, the IAMFN Board of Directors identi-
ed the following set of priorities for the IAMFN:
• Land use planning and sustainable development – mde
Fess wi aiiae eaed sakede egagee i
e devee ad ieeai ad se as.
• Social responsibility – mde Fess wi assis i eaig
sakede aai eaed ae sia essiii
ad iease eai wi e ivae se.
• Researc program – A sed IAmFn resea Fd wi
e idei iies aai ad sege
eai ewee mde Fess ad a ivesiies.
• Micro-credit, micro-entrepreneursip and competitive unds –
tese aaes, wi id e sess exeiees sevea mde Fess i e IAmFn, wi e eaged
i e mde Fess e esa ad eive
devee iiiaives.
• Local leadersip or sustainable development – A s
eades wii e IAmFn wi sseaia ai g
ee wi e ga eaig aaive eadesi
aai ass e egia ewk.
1998 cié mde Fes esaised i cie, e fs mde Fes i lai Aeia
Faeú mde Fes esaised i Ageia
2000 Fseñ mde Fes esaised i Ageia
2001 cuSo-VSo eas fs aed i mde Fess i e egi
2002 Jj mde Fes esaised i Ageia
Aaaias de A mae mde Fes esaised i cie
lai Aeia ad caiea mde Fes newk (lAc-ne) esaised
2003 Saaa yega mde Fes esaised i e Diia rei
reveazó mde Fes esaised i csa ria
2004 lAc-ne eadqaes ved cie csa ria
maa Aáia mde Fes esaised i bazi
2005 Five mde Fess ji e ewk: ne de neqé (Ageia), ciqia (bivia),
padeis (bazi), ad pagii ad caaa (cie)
2006 Aáida mde Fes esaised i hdas
uió mde Fes esaised i Sai
2007 lAc-ne ages ae e Ie-Aeia mde Fes newk (IAmFn) we
Sai jis e ewk
F mde Fess ji e ewk: yaqe de ne (Diia rei),
y (hdas), las tieas Adjas (pe ri), ad Sa ped (Ageia)
2008 Fis IAmFn cgess, Sia, Sai
Five mde Fess ji e ewk: risaada (cia), tá (Ageia),
laá ad ls As (Gaeaa), ad Saaas de maaas (ca)
2010 cias bajas mde Fes esaised i e Diia rei
cega ees adidae mde Fes i csa ria
Milestones
t e: Forestry education inUrbión Model Forest, Spain
t ig: Araucarias del AltoMalleco Model Forest, Cile
22 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
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C a S e S t u d y
Costa Rica’s Reventazón Model Forest: Strengtening Development o Conservation and Protected AreasTe Reventazón Model Forest occupies a geograpically and culturally diverse region in te
province o Cartago in te central region o Costa Rica. Te Model Forest includes rare virgin
cloud orest, active volcanoes, several national parks and an important arcaeological site, as
well as igly populated suburban and industrial areas and extensive agricultural land.
Te Model Forest as provided opportunities or implementing many o te country’s
conservation policies and several international initiatives. Begun as part o te Mesoamerican
Biological Corridor project, te Model Forest as supported development o te Talamanca
Central Volcanic Biological Corridor and te Ribereño Interurbano Subcuenca Reventado Agua
Caliente Biological Corridor. By strengtening tese two biological corridors, te Model Forestis promoting ecosystem connectivity in addition to community participation and cross-sectoral
planning wit local environmental organizations. Te corridors assist in creating social
agreements tat promote te conservation o biodiversity and te sustainable use o natural
resources, wile also improving te quality o lie o residents in te surrounding areas.
C a S e S t u d y
Argentina’s Jujuy Model Forest: Building Credibility and Trust
Te Jujuy Model Forest is located in te nortwestern part o Argentina. Witin it aremountainous terrain, two major river valleys, extensive armland and urban areas. Most o te
orested area is cloud orest (Yungas), ric in biodiversity as well as being a major source o
timber. In 1999, a small group o volunteers began to old open community worksops and
meetings wit organizations rom a variety o sectors to promote te idea o creating a Model
Forest in Jujuy.
It was a dicult time in Argentina’s istory, a time o crisis, uncertainty and discontent wit
te country’s political leadersip. Te volunteers worked or two years troug worksops
designed to explain te Model Forest pilosopy and its potential or creating an organization
tat is participatory, open and ocused on nding concrete solutions to te issues aced byte stakeolders. In 2002, te Jujuy Model Forest was establised and accepted into te
International Model Forest Network.
Today te Jujuy Model Forest is a successul collaboration o over 30 partner organizations
and as many projects underway. Examples include development o criteria and indicators
o sustainable orest management (in collaboration wit Canada), establisment o a orest
seedling nursery and a seed bank o native tree species, orestry education in elementary
scools, and tree planting.
Tese plans are contributing to integrated landscape management and cooperation amongstakeolders, as well as strengtening governance and decision-making troug community
participation.
For a ull description o te work o te Jujuy Model Forest, see www.bmj.org.ar/index.pp
Two rural inabitants o Jujuy Model Forest saring goat ceesetey made, wit a member o te Jujuy Model Forest tecnical team.F e ig: Doña Rosa Mendoza, Don Bauza and Iván Escalier (Jujuy MF member)
A diverse organic arm inReventazón Model Forest,Costa Rica
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 23
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C a S e S t u d y
Canada-Argentina Collaboration onDeveloping Local-Level Criteria andIndicators or Sustainable Forest ManagementTe desire to measure and track teir progress toward te goal o sustainability is driving
countries to experiment wit varying reporting rameworks. Since 2007, te Argentinean andCanadian Model Forest Networks ave been collaborating to transer Canadian Model Forest
experiences in te development and implementation o local-level indicators or sustainable
orest management. Te work, bot in Canada and Argentina, is enancing capacity to report
on te impacts o orest management activities at a local level witin a ramework based on
global criteria.
C a S e S t u d y
Cile’s Araucarias del Alto Malleco Model Forest: Economic Diversication troug Local ProductsSince December 2008, local economic diversication as been te ocus o te Araucariasdel Alto Malleco Model Forest in Cile. Following award-winning researc on te piñon, a ruit
o te protected arcri rcn tree, te Model Forest developed a program tat aims to
improve te local economy using non-timber orest products suc as te piñon, roseips and
musrooms. Success was acieved toug streamlining te production cain, bringing togeter
collectors, ormalizing te legal status o an all-women entrepreneur group, placing value-
added products in te marketplace and increasing local identity. Te program empasizes
tat community involvement in te sustainable use o natural resources can oster local
development.
t: Araucaria araucana treesin te Araucarias del Alto
Malleco Model Forest, Cile
C&I worksop, Argentina
24 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
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Te Canadian Model Forest NetworkDevelopment o te Canadian Model Forest NetworkThe Model Forest concept was developed in Canada in the early 1990s by the Canadian Forest Service
in response to a need for a forest management approach that would take into account the environmental,
social and economic aspects of the forest. Canada’s Model Forest Program was announced in 1991 and
an initial 10 Model Forests were selected through a competition.
Since then, a number of additional Model Forests have been developed and others have completed
their work and no longer exist. Today, the Canadian Model Forest Network (CMFN) is a not-for-prot
corporation with a Board of Directors and 15 member Model Forests. The Model Forests encompass125 communities and involve more than 1 100 forest stakeholders. Canadian Model Forests cover more
than 65 000 000 hectares, with representation in all Canadian provinces. Over 270 indigenous and non-
indigenous communities (amounting to a population of more than 975 000) are involved with Model
Forests across Canada. The CMFN’s vision is “Sustainable Forests; Sustainable Communities,” which
truly reects the goals Model Forests are looking to achieve.
National Focal Areas or te Canadian Model Forest NetworkEvery Model Forest is unique, with respect to its priorities, community characteristics, partners and
activities, but many similarities do exist. The CMFN works to bridge the commonalities between its
members by nding programs that are of interest to a number of regions, forest-based communities and
partners. From this process, a suite of national, network-level initiatives has emerged.
Prince Albert
Resources NorthAssociation
Foothills ResearchInstitute
Clayoquot ForestCommunities
Manitoba
Weberville Community
Lake Abitibi
Northeast SuperiorForest Community
Cree Research andDevelopment Institute
Le BourdonProject
Lac-Saint-Jean
Nova ForestAlliance
Newfoundlandand Labrador
Fundy
EasternOntario
Canada
membercandidateCMFN Secretariat (Kemptville, Canada)IMFN Secretariat (Ottawa, Canada)
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 25
Rocky Mountains o WesternCanada, Footills Researc
Institute, Canada
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Two early programs that achieved success focused,
on local-level indicators of sustainable forest man-
agement and on engagement of woodlot owners
and managers of small forested lands. Currently,the network has the following seven national-level
strategic initiatives.
Bioenergy
Resources are being developed to assist commun-
ities considering developing bioenergy facilities,
including a guidebook that will provide an over-
view of current information, research and policy,
and a web-based source of policy informationand case study examples of current activities. A
planned project is the development of a tool that
will allow communities to assess the potential suc-
cess of a bioenergy facility in their region.
Canadian Cirumboreal Program
Model Forests based in Canada’s boreal region
are developing partnerships with Model Forests
in other circumboreal countries around the globe.
They are working to address forest management
issues in the context of concerns such as climate
change and changes in the forest sector.
Community Transition andDevelopment
The network is developing a workbook to help
leaders in resource-dependent communitiesassess current conditions, as well as choose the
best methods for addressing current and future
challenges they face with respect to changing eco-
nomic conditions.
Ecological Goods and Services
Through collaboration with the Canadian
Federation of Woodlot Owners and the Canadian
Federation of Agriculture, the network isexploring incentives and markets for protecting
ecological goods and services, and options
for offsetting the costs of voluntary actions of
forest managers, landowners and farmers. The
program will include a number of local-level
projects across Canada, as well as examining
options for policy development.
International Knowledge TransferThe CMFN will continue to share its experiences
with other members of the International Model
Forest Network and seek to learn from members
of other regional networks. Canadian Model
Forests are currently involved in collaborative pro-
jects with Model Forests in Argentina, Cameroon,
Chile, Costa Rica, Russia and Sweden.
26 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
t: A moose in ManitobaModel Forest, Canada
b: Collecting birc sapto make syrup in Nova ForestAlliance, Canada
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Non-Timber Forest Products
The network produced a report on non-timber
forest product (NTFP) activities in Canada, sup-
ported workshops across the country and recently
released a report summarizing the workshop dis-
cussions on challenges and solutions in creating
and meeting demand for NTFPs.
Youth Education and Training
The Youth Education and Training initiative
encourages young people from Canadian com-
munities, and in particular from indigenouscommunities, to develop new skills and nd
opportunities in the new forest economy, allowing
them to bring their important perspectives to
future forest management planning processes.
Looking ForwardOver the past decade, the forest sector in Canada
has undergone an economic crisis that has
profoundly affected rural communities. Members
of the CMFN have taken a lead role in redevel-
oping the economies of Model Forest commun-
ities, focusing on capacity building and helping
to develop integrated, multi-sector approaches to
forest management.
Through research and other activities to advance
the many aspects of sustainable forest manage-ment, Canada’s Model Forests will continue to
develop resources, connect stakeholders and
provide expertise and knowledge-sharing oppor-
tunities for forest-based and resource-dependent
communities, both within and outside Canada.
This will support communities in addressing
challenges and making wise decisions, now and in
the future.
Milestones
1991 caada’s mde Fes pga aed e Gvee caada
1992 10 mde Fess aed ass e
caada’s pie miise aes e Ieaia mde Fes pga ad, a e
uied nais ceee Evie ad Devee, ri de Jaei, ivies
e ies ji caada i esaisig mde Fess
1993 caadia mde Fes newk Seeaia esaised a e caadia Fes Sevie
1997 Waswaii cee mde Fes esaised (e fs idiges-ed mde Fes ji
e cmFn)
1998 nva Fes Aiae esaised
2002 lg bea mde Fes ses
2004 pie Edwad Isad mde Fes je esaised as a adj nva Fes
Aiae
2006 caadia mde Fes newk ees a ideede nGo wi a bad Dies
2007 bas-Sai-lae mde Fes ses
F ew mde Fess ji: caq Fes ciies, la-Sai-Jea mde
Fes, le bd pje ad neas Sei Fes ci
Sevea mde Fess eaed eaiged:
mGeg mde Fes ees reses n Assiai
Wese newdad mde Fes eaed
e mde Fes newdad ad laad
Fis mde Fes eaed e Fis resea Isie
Waswaii cee mde Fes ees e cee resea ad Devee Isie
2010 Weevie ci mde Fes esaised, igig e e mde Fessi e ewk 15
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 27
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Wit conventional orest and oter resource industries in decline in many parts o Canada,tere is growing recognition o te need to identiy alternative sources o income in orest-
dependent communities, especially opportunities wit limited ecological impacts. In addition
to network-level activities, many o Canada’s Model Forests ave been involved in non-timber
orest product (NTFP) projects:
• Lac-Saint-Jean Model Forest as a multi-year program or NTFP development, including
an inventory o wild musroom resources and a guide to edible wild musrooms, an
evaluation o te potential or collecting and processing birc sap, and promotion o joint
production o trees and blueberries in an agroorestry system
• Resources Nort Association undertook a variety o NTFP-related projects in partnersip
wit te Centre or Livelioods and Ecology at Royal Roads University, Victoria, Britis
Columbia, producing a national compendium on law and policy related to NTFPs, and asearcable online directory o key players in te sector
• Model Forests in Atlantic Canada were involved in te development o te rst NTFP
directory or tat region, From Or alnic Woos . Te directory includes NTFP producersand service providers rom all o te Atlantic Provinces, as well as te state o Maine in
te United States
• Te Norteast Superior Forest Community is planning to create blueberry agroorestry
production projects in eac o te six communities witin its territory
In 2008, in recognition o te growing need to accommodate indigenous interests in allresource decision-making, te Norteast Superior Forest Community acilitated a relationsip-
building process between te mayors and te cies o te area. Te resulting relationsip
between te municipalities and te First Nations in te Model Forest is unique in Canada.
Te partnersip as equal input into te Model Forest’s activities, wic include educationactivities or elementary scool students, exploration o alternative energy products,
development o non-timber orest products, and a blueberry network using a cooperative
model.
C a S e S t u d y
Canada’s Model Forests and Non-Timber Forest Products: Saring Knowledge, Creating Opportunities
C a S e S t u d y
Building Relationsips in te Norteast Superior Forest Community
28 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
t: Maple syrup rom a certied orest inEastern Ontario Model Forest, Canada
b: Edible musrooms growing inLac-Saint-Jean Model Forest, Canada
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Te Grizzly Bear Program o te Footills
Researc Institute in Alberta provides
knowledge and planning tools or land and
resource managers to ensure te long-termconservation o grizzly bears. Key to its
eorts are sound scientic eld researc,a ocus on gaining practical results, and a
large-scale or “landscape level” approac
to grizzly bear conservation.
Since 1999, te Eastern Ontario Model Forest (EOMF) as worked wit te ForestStewardsip Council (FSC) to develop a collaborative certication process or bot privateland and community orests. Te process allows or numerous landowners and community
orests to sare te benets and costs o certication by certiying teir lands as one unit
wit one certicate. Te certicate is managed by te Eastern Ontario Model Forest on beal
o te private owners and community orest managers. Teir current certicate covers more
tan 6 500 ectares o privately owned orest and 35 000 ectares o community orest,
including two distinct orest owners groups representing over 100 orest owners. Te EOMF
was also te rst organization in Canada to sell FSC-certied maple syrup as a non-timberorest product.
To oset a decline in post-secondary orest education programs, te Model Forest oNewoundland and Labrador and its partners ave developed a series o teacing and learning
tools to increase awareness o sustainable orest management among students in te
provincial scool system and te general public. Te tools are available to teacers and orest
practitioners in Newoundland and Labrador to use in teir classroom activities, wit te goal
o promoting a positive attitude towards orestry.
C a S e S t u d y
Footills Researc Institute:Understanding Grizzly Bear Populations
C a S e S t u d y
Acieving Forest Certication in te Eastern Ontario Model Forest
C a S e S t u d y
Model Forest o Newoundland and Labrador:Sining a Positive Ligt on Forestry and Education
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 29
Limerick Forest, FSC certiedand an partner o te EasternOntario Model Forest, Canada
Ave: Enviroton members romte Model Forest o Newoundlandand Labrador
Grizzly bear researc supported by teFootills Researc Institute, Canada
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Canadian Model Forests are working wit Model Forests worldwide, saring knowledge andexpertise. For example:
• Manitoba Model Forest is working wit te Reventazón Model Forest, Costa Rica, on
etno-cultural tourism by developing management plans and establising capacity,
inrastructure and tecnology to develop te business, as well as providing te training
and education o yout and women or uture leadersip
• Lac-Saint-Jean Model Forest is working wit two Model Forests located in Cameroon, to
promote te armonization o orest use and oter integrated land management activities
• Prince Albert Model Forest is working wit te Araucarias del Alto Malleco Model Forest,Cile as a bridge to acilitate inormation and knowledge excange between te two Model
Forest partners and develop a uture collaborative excange program
A Canadian Model Forests partnersip – o Manitoba Model Forest, Prince Albert Model
Forest, Footills Researc Institute, and Resources Nort Association – as been working wit
researcers, wildlie managers and provincial government departments on woodland caribou
researc, management and recovery planning. Te western populations o tis species arelisted as “Treatened” under Canada’s Spcis Risk ac and tese groups are working
collaboratively to bridge te gaps between individual jurisdictions. Tis will allow te saring
o tecnologies and metods or researc and stakeolder engagement, and will ensure tat
science inorms land management decisions or ealty populations and recovery eorts.
C a S e S t u d y
International Partnersip Projects
C a S e S t u d y
Canadian Model Forests Partnersip:
Establising a Caribou Knowledge Network
Te Clayoquot Forest Communities is ocused on economic diversication, innovation, te
building o strong local institutions, and development o an ecosystem-based management
approac to resource use. Five communities are involved in te Model Forest: te First Nations
o Aousat, hesquiat, Toquat, Ucluelet and Tla-o-qui-at, and te Municipal Districts oUcluelet and Tono.
C a S e S t u d y
First Nations Engagement in Clayoquot
30 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Members o Manitoba and ReventazónModel Forests working togeter
Canadian Caribou
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Te Mediterranean Model Forest NetworkDevelopment o a Regional Model Forest Network in te Mediterranean BasinThe Mediterranean landscape is characterized by high population density, major human impacts over
the past 2 000 years and a high proportion of privately owned lands over publicly owned lands, par-
ticularly on the northern rim. Sustainable forest management in the region must therefore address such
factors as the relevance of regional and local governments in forest management, the reality of impacts
caused by climate change and the importance to the region of such critical issues as non-timber forestproducts and services.
The Urbión Model Forest was established in 2006 in Spain’s Castile and León region. While the Model
Forest initially became a member of the Ibero-American Model Forest Network, there was also a vision
to expand Model Forest development throughout the Mediterranean region with its unique forests and
landscapes. Since the 2008 establishment of the Mediterranean Model Forest Network, 13 regions and
countries have joined and are in the process of developing Model Forests. Since 2010, two Model Forests
– Ifrane in Morocco and Yalova in Turkey – have been accepted by the International Model Forest
Network (IMFN) as Candidate Model Forests.
Urbión
Ifrane Yalova
Tunisia
AlgeriaMorocco
Spain
France
Italy
Croatia
Greece
Turkey
membercandidateMMFN Secretariat (Valladolid, Spain)
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 31
Irane Model Forest, Morocco
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Model Forest Activities and RegionalPrioritiesThe central focus of the Mediterranean Model
Forest Network has been initiating activities to
support the principles of effective, low-cost decen-
tralization, cooperation, solidarity and equity
among participants.
The EU-funded Project MED Forêt Modèle,
initiated in January 2009, is aimed at developing
a Model Forest in each participating European
region. The project involves:
• Illustrating ow te Model Forest concept can be applied in tesocio-economic and ecological context o te Mediterraneanregion
• Developing a strategy or te Mediterranean Model ForestNetwork to promote Model Forests as an innovative and originaltool or territorial governance o orest-dominated landscapes,and to integrate tis tool into European regional policies
Looking ForwardDuring the 2010 regional Model Forest network
meeting (Medforum), climate change and cork
oak production and marketing were identied as
two key thematic programming areas for Model
Forests in the region.
Climate Change
In addition to developing links with existing adap-
tation and mitigation strategies underway in the
Mediterranean region, the following priorities
were identied:
• Strengtening te tecnical and nancial capacities oMediterranean Model Forest Network members, ocusing onclimate cange adaptation and mitigation strategies
• Putting in place a common approac to silviculture, taking into
account conservation o water resources• Establising an arboretum network to preserve genetic
resources in te Mediterranean basin
• Promoting te inclusion o biotic and abiotic actors in researcon ecosystem dynamics
• Monitoring o biodiversity and landscape conditions
32 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Members o te
MediterraneanModel Forest Network:
regi casiead leó (Sai)
regi mia (Sai)
regi csia (Fae)
regi pvee-As-csa de Az (Fae)
regi Sadiia (Ia)
regi tsa (Ia)
regi Isia (caia)
peee magesia (Geee)
regi Wesemaedia (Geee)
tke
tisia
m
le: Atlas Cedars,Irane Model Forest, Morocco
rig: Irane Model Forest,Morocco
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Cork Oak
A working group has been established to build
partnerships between cork producers in Model
Forests of the region. The working group is
addressing several areas of common concern in
cork production and marketing, focusing on:
• Building capacity troug tecnology transer (e.g., newecient cork arvesting tecniques) and promotion o bestpractices
• Improving management and production o cork operations
• Implementing adaptation in response to climate cange
• Developing a common marketing strategy
• Establising a databank o inormation about cork oak orests
• Researcing new cork applications and uses
• Promoting a Mediterranean alliance among all stakeoldersinvolved: orestry departments, regions, te private sector,non-governmental organizations and researc experts
Milestones
2006 uió mde Fes esaised i e casie ad leó egi, Sai
2008 medieaea mde Fes newk (mmFn) aed
2009 mmFn ad e medieaea regia ofe e Eea Fes Isie sig a
mead udesadig deveig mde Fess i e egi
2010 Iae mde Fes, m, aeed as adidae mde Fes
mmFn jis e caaive paesi medieaea Fess, ag wi uied
nais Fd ad Agie ogaizai’s Sva medieeea ad e aj
gveea ad -gveea gaizais i e egi
2011 yava mde Fes, tke, aeed as adidae mde Fes
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 33
le: Cork trees in Tunisia
rig: Making wine bottle corksrom cork bark in Tunisia
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Urbión Model Forest, Spain
Yalova Model Forest, Turkey
Te Urbión Model Forest, located in te region o Castile and León, Spain, was created in2006 in one o te most extensive continuous wooded areas on te Iberian Peninsula. Te
orests o Urbión ave provided well over al o its inabitants wit employment or centuries.
Timber rom te native Scots pine (Pins slvsris ) o te area is arvested and processed,
and edible musrooms and oter non-timber orest products are gatered. Tese activities,
along wit woodland recreation, orm te basis or te sustainable development o tis
orested landscape.
Te Model Forest as created an online inormation system to elp local municipalities
improve te sale o wood rom sustainably managed orests. Inormation is now available
tat sows te location o woodlots, te tracks and roads used to transport wood, and various
distribution plans. Tis inormation system simplies te registration process or companies
tat bid on lumber at municipal auctions, wic in turn acilitates te marketing o wood
witin te Model Forest.
Te Yalova Model Forest in Turkey was accepted as a candidate by te IMFN in February
2011. Encompassing a region tat as a ig capacity or tourism and non-timber orest
product development (e.g., musrooms, oney, medicinal and aromatic plants and ruit
production), tis Model Forest’s goal is to work towards sustainable management o te
landscape wile promoting te development o timber and non-timber orest products and
tourism.
Irane Model Forest, MoroccoIrane is te rst Model Forest to be identied in Morocco. Te Irane Model Forest was
accepted as a candidate by te IMFN in July 2010. Situated in a unique and ragile ecosystem
in te Middle Altas region, te Model Forest as te ollowing objectives:
• Support sustainable development o natural resources and landscapes
• Conserve and valorize o biodiversity and natural ecosystems
• Contribute to improving local socio-economic conditions
• Create value rom natural resources
• Raise awareness troug education on te environment and sustainable development
34 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Women arvesting lavenderin Irane Model Forest
Scots pine (Pins slvsris )
in Urbión Model Forest, Spain
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Te Arican Model Forest Network
Development o a Regional Model Forest Network in AricaThe Congo Basin in Central Africa is home to the second largest area of humid tropical forest on the
planet, after the Amazon region. Forest degradation, however, is a major issue in many areas, often as a
result of pressures from mining and logging as well as from population growth and poverty.
Cameroon contains a signicant portion of the
forests of the Congo Basin. With almost 90 % of
Africa’s ecosystems represented in Cameroon, the
biodiversity of the country’s humid forest zone
is considered to be one of the richest in central
Africa. Forestry plays a key role in Cameroon’s
social fabric, providing employment, recreation
and cultural identity. Cameroon is also the largest
exporter and second largest producer of forest
products in Africa.
Forest policy reforms were introduced by the
Cameroon government in the mid-1990s to
address the problems of resource degradation, but were having limited success because of implementa-tion difculties. Then, in 2002, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) approached the
International Model Forest Network (IMFN) Secretariat with the idea of collaborating on Model Forest
development in Cameroon.
Campo Ma’an
Dja et Mpomo
Cameroon
DemocraticRepublic
of the Congo
membercandidateAMFN Secretariat (Yaoundé, Cameroon)
In te Arican context, Model Forests are seen as long-term
cange veicles owned and governed by local stakeolders.Tis arrangement gives te stakeolders te ability togo beyond te usual sort-cycle project scemes wile
making te best use o bot local and external resources. — Joachim Nguiebouri and Chimère Diaw
African Model Forest Network Secretariat, Cameroon
“”
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 35
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Together, CIFOR and the IMFN introduced the
Model Forest approach to the region, working with
Cameroon’s forest administration, local partners
and a host of international agencies, including theCanadian International Development Agency,
the Central African Forest Commission, the
International Union for Conservation of Nature,
and the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations. In 2005, two Model Forests
were identied – Campo Ma’an in the south and
Dja et Mpomo in the east – to serve as pilot sites
for the entire Congo Basin.
Since 2005, Campo Ma’an and Dja et Mpomohave established governance and management
structures, formalized partnerships (local, regional
and international) and initiated a variety of
local projects aimed at building the capacity of
local people to develop sustainable, income-
generating enterprises. Strategic planning exer-
cises have used processes that aim to ensure that
all voices are heard, including those of women,
indigenous peoples and other marginalized
groups who live there.
The African Model Forest Initiative was launched
in 2009 by Natural Resources Canada and is man-
aged by the IMFN Secretariat. It aims to improve
the conservation and sustainable management
of forest-based natural resources in franco-
phone Africa, including the Congo Basin and
Mediterranean regions, through Model Forests.
This initiative is supporting an African Model
Forest Network Secretariat established in 2009 in
Yaoundé, Cameroon, to build on the pilot work in
two Model Forests in Cameroon. The objective isto show the value of the Model Forest approach
in the African context, and to create a viable
African Model Forest Network by 2013.
Te Arican Model Forest InitiativeFunded by Canada, the African Model Forest
Initiative is supporting activities in ve key areas:
• Establising Model Forests in te Congo Basin andrancopone Mediterranean regions o Arica (Morocco,Tunisia and Algeria)
• Developing a network in eac o tese regions trougwic Model Forest practitioners can sare knowledgeand innovations tat will strengten policy, regulation anddevelopment at te community, local and regional levels
• Promoting and supporting alternative economic opportunitiesor local people to enance community development and tesustainable management o local orest resources
• Building capacity and supporting innovation in tesustainable management o local resources
• Documenting and saring lessons learned rom allaspects o te initiative wit oters in te regions andtrougout te IMFN
36 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Te Arican Model Forest Network is using te lessonslearned rom te Model Forests in Cameroon to supportte expansion o te Model Forest concept in otercountries on te continent.
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Looking ForwardThe African Model Forest Network is using the les-
sons learned from the Model Forests in Cameroonto support the expansion of the Model Forest con-
cept in other countries on the continent. Work is
already moving ahead quickly in the Democratic
Republic of Congo following the launch in 2010
of Model Forest development processes in three
provinces of the country. Other processes are at
an early stage in the Republic of Congo and other
countries in central and western Africa. And at
the ninth session of the United Nations Forum onForests held in New York in early 2011, the IMFN
Secretariat announced that it would be assisting
Rwanda in developing the Model Forest approach
under the auspices of its Forest Landscape
Restoration Initiative.
To better support these new processes, the
IMFN Secretariat is developing exciting collab-
orations with partners such as the International
Union for Conservation of Nature and its GlobalPartnership on Forest Landscape Restoration, the
International Tropical Timber Organization, and
the United Nations Forum on Forests Secretariat,
among others.
Milestones
2005 Ieaia mde Fes newk desigaes ca ma’a ad Dja e m as
mde Fess
2006 Fis Geea Asseies ca ma’a ad Dja e m
2008 meads udesadig siged wi Wd Widie Fd, Ieaia ui
csevai nae, ad e caadia mde Fes newk
2009 caai egis ewee e ca ma’a ad Dja e m mde Fess i
cae ad caada’s la-Sai-Jea mde Fes
te Aia mde Fes newk is esaised, wi a egia Seeaia ased i
yadé, cae2010 naia iee esaised s mde Fes devee i Deai
rei cg
reeseaives e Aia Fess resea Iiiaive csevai ad
Devee (AFrIcAD) ad caada’s la-Sai-Jea mde Fes, uivesi biis
cia ad FpIvais exaie iies aaig siae sa
eeise devee i caeia mde Fess
2011 ImFn aes is ie wk wi rwada i e ex is Fes ladsae
resai Iiiaive
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 37
le: Wood arvested and cutin Cameroonian Model Forest
rig: Women rom teModel Forests in Cameroon
sell teir locally made products
during an agricultural air
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C a S e S t u d y
Protecting Biodiversity and Providing Income
C a S e S t u d y
Better Living rom te Forest troug International Collaboration
Once abundant in Cameroon’s orests, giant Arican snails were consumed only by villageelders, a convention tat protected te snails rom over-arvesting and elped guarantee te
continuity o te species. Today, owever, snails are muc in demand because tey a re ig
in protein and te amino acid lysine (sold in supplement orm or its various ealt benets).Snail by-products are also used in te production o animal ood.
heliciculture, or te raising o snails, is contributing to te sustainable management o teCampo Ma’an Model Forest. A eliciculture project as been initiated in te Campo Ma’an
Model Forest wit te aim o protecting giant Arican snails and providing an alternative
source o ood and income or local residents, wic in turn reduces poacing. Raising
snails also elps to promote te prolieration o eart worms, urter enricing te soiland contributing to conservation eorts.
Researc on te giant Arican snails is continuing in te Campo Ma’an Model Forest,
as is urter exploration o ways to sustainably develop eliciculture in order to benet
local communities.
Tey are tousands o kilometres apart, but te Campo Ma’an and Dja et Mpomo Model
Forests in Cameroon and te Lac-Saint-Jean Model Forest in Canada are united in a common
cause: building a orest-based economy troug collective management o teir resources.Troug nancial support rom te Arican Model Forest Initiative, te tree Model Forests
ave been collaborating closely since 2008.
In January 2009, te general manager o te Lac-Saint-Jean Model Forest travelled to
Cameroon wit a wood late, sandpaper, uretane glue, cisels and 200 pen mecanisms. he
trained tree skilled carpenters in te produciton o producing wooden pens rom exotic woodresidues, let over rom logging operations in te Dja et Mpomo Model Forest. Te project
quickly translated into a much-needed economic boost or the carpenters who, within 10 months,
had sold more than 700 pens at US$20 each, trained two additional carpenters and reinvested
te earnings in te business. It also inspired oter Model Forest partners to look at oter
orest goods tey could sustainably produce and market, suc as edible giant snails.
In September 2010, representatives rom te Lac-Saint-Jean Model Forest and FPInnovations
(te world’s largest private, not -or-prot orest researc institute) and researcers rom
te University o Britis Columbia and te AFRICAD network visited Campo Ma’an and Dja
et Mpomo. Tey met wit Model Forest partners to discuss new ways to stimulate economic
development and entrepreneursip. Tey also visited sawmills, woodworking plants, a evea(rubber) processing plant, community orests, nurseries and eliciculture projects.
Te visit opened new avenues or collaboration and te tree Model Forests plan to continue
to work togeter in areas suc as orest inventory, certication, marketing and distribution.
38 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Giant Arican snail arming in CampoMa’an Model Forest, Cameroon
Te making owooden pens in Dja et Mpomo
Model Forest, Cameroon
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Te Regional Model Forest Network – AsiaIn many regions of the world, protecting and managing forests sustainably depends on social and eco-nomic policies that provide income-generation opportunities beyond forest harvesting or forest clearing
for agriculture. For the 430 million people who depend directly on Asia’s forest resources for all or a sub-
stantial part of their livelihoods, there is a delicate balance between meeting their livelihood needs and
addressing the signicant pressure that these subsistence activities exert on the landscape. In Asia there
are increasing pressures on forest resources from many
sources, including livestock grazing and the collection
of fuel wood, building materials and non-timber forest
products (such as charcoal).
Kyoto
Tahe
Lin’an
Kodagu
Ngao Ulot Watershed
Margowitan
Carood Watershed
China
Philippines
India
Indonesia
Japan
Thailand
membercandidateRMFN-Asia Secretariat (Beijing, China)
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 39
Successul Model Forest development and regionalprogram implementation across Asia conrm tat
large-scale partnersips or sustainable developmentcan work in a variety o cultures, landscapes and
economic scenarios.
Mangrove orest in CaroodWatersed Model Forest,
Pilippines
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Model Forests in Asia provide a strong stake-
holder- and community-based approach to nat-
ural resource management. Although commun-
ity-based approaches in the Asia region are not
unique, what sets them apart is that they are gen-
erally enshrined in national legislation. Model
Forests in Asia provide a link between national
government focal points and local-level organ-
izations, facilitating stakeholder dialogue and in
turn opens doors to opportunities to strengthen
governance and collaborative planning. This
explicit link between national-level policy-mak-ers and operations at the landscape level provides
Model Forests with the opportunity to inuence
national policy.
Beyond the inuence that they can exert on
existing national policies, Model Forests also offer
discrete and cost-effective testing grounds for
national initiatives. Involvement of governments
in the Model Forest development process has
enabled national-level policy testing and develop-ment to be directly linked with on-the-ground
demonstration.
Development o a Regional Model
Forest Network in AsiaThe promotion of Model Forests in Asia began
in 1997 when China initiated development of the
Lin’an Model Forest, which was formally estab-
lished in 1999.
Also in 1999, the government of Japan provided a
grant to the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) in support of Model Forestdevelopment in China, Thailand, the Philippines
and Burma (Myanmar). This two-and-a-half-year
project had its roots in a series of international
workshops initiated by the Forestry Agency of
Japan, held between March 1998 and October
2000, entitled the “Model Forest Approach for
Field-Level Application of Sustainable Forest
Management.” A follow-up evaluation1 found the
FAO project to have been timely and relevant,
producing broadly positive results.
1 Lai, K.C., Isida, K. and Canonizado, J. (2002). trminl vlion rpor of FaO projc GCP/RaS/177/JPN – assisnc for h
Implmnion of h Mol Fors approch . Bangkok, Tailand: FAO Regional Oce or Asia–Pacic.
40 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
le: Terraced agriculture inMargowitan Model Forest,Indonesia
rig: Local communitymembers are allowed to growporang, a ig-value crop, inte teak plantations in teMargowitan Model Forest,Indonesia
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With the establishment of Model Forests in these
countries, an informal regional network emerged.
As well, a regional secretariat based at the FAO
during the project carried on and continues to be
an active partner in development of the regional
network and Model Forests. In addition to the
critical support provided by national governments,
funding is also provided by the Government of
Canada and the International Development
Research Centre.
Over the rst several years, the main focus of
regional activities was on capacity building within
the Model Forests. At regional workshops, ModelForest representatives met to discuss ways to
strengthen capabilities in a range of areas, such
as resource mobilization, criteria and indicators
(C&I) for sustainable forest management, forest
policy and related legislation, and project mon-
itoring and evaluation. Strategic planning work-
shops were also held. Subsequent development
at the site level focused strongly on the continued
exploration and use of the Model Forest govern-
ance approach. During this period there was also
an emphasis on economic development projects
using sustainably managed forest resources.
In March 2010, an Asia Regional Model Forest
Network (RMFN – Asia) ofce was ofcially
opened in Beijing. This new regional Secretariat
facilitates the ongoing governance of Model
Forests in Asia and communicates site-level activ-
ities to regional and international audiences, while
at the same time supporting the maintenance
and expansion of the regional network. Hosted
by the Chinese Academy of Forestry, the ofce is
co-located with the newly established Secretariat
of the Asia-Pacic Network for Sustainable
Forest Management and Rehabilitation, set up to
promote sustainable forest management in theAsia-Pacic and APEC regions.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 41
Beyond te infuence tat tey can exert on existingnational policies, Model Forests also oer discrete and
cost-eective testing grounds or national initiatives.
Involvement o governments in te Model Forestdevelopment process as enabled national-level
policy testing and development to be directly linkedwit on-te-ground demonstration.
le: Elepant in KodaguModel Forest, India
midde: Young tree planter, NgaoModel Forest, Tailand
rig: Training in Ulot WatersedModel Forest, Pilippines
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Asia Model Forest Regional Priorities and ActivitiesThe Model Forests of the RMFN – Asia are col-
lectively working towards a vision in which:
• Forest resources in Asia are managed sustainably
• Local people are able to make use o orest resources orbetter lives
• Concerned individuals, agencies, groups, organizationsand institutions work togeter to ensure te sustainablemanagement o orests and oter resources witin te region
To realize that vision, members of the RMFN–
Asia have agreed to focus their collective efforts on
two priority themes: ecological goods and services,
and integrated landscape management. Under
these two themes, six types of site-level activities
have also been identied. For these, individual
Model Forests are now coordinating their research
and demonstration efforts.
Regional Priority Temesand Activity Focus Areas
Ecological Goods and Services
Exig egia gds ad sevies vided ess
Integrated Landscape Management
pig ve aeviai ad d seiEaig es ve ad idivesi sevai
Esig wae sei
Ivig gveae ad aw eee
ssaiae es aagee
Assessig iae age veaii ad
aiiaig i adaai
42 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Kodagu Model Forest, India
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Looking ForwardIn the coming years, the RMFN – Asia will focus on
the following four main strategies to achieve their
objectives in each theme area: capacity building,
networking and knowledge sharing, promotion of
the Model Forest approach, and research. At the
same time, they will combine with the regional
pilot projects already underway as part of two
of the IMFN’s strategic initiatives – Ecological
Goods and Services, and Climate Change.
Both the regional network and the individualModel Forests are also continuing to expand and
mature, with increasing collaboration on pro-
jects occurring between Model Forests within the
region and between the region and key regional
forestry organizations. Successful Model Forest
development and regional program implemen-
tation across Asia conrm that large-scale part-
nerships for sustainable development can work
in a variety of cultures, landscapes and economic
scenarios.
Milestones
1998 Fes Age Jaa sss ieaia wks seies “te mde FesAa Fied-leve Aiai Ssaiae Fes maagee”
1999 li’a mde Fes esaised i cia
Gvee Jaa sss egia mde Fes je g e FAo’s
Asia–paif fe i bagkk, taiad
2000 nga mde Fes esaised i taiad
u Waesed mde Fes esaised i e piiies
pakkag mde Fes esaised i ba (maa)
2002 bea mde Fes esaised i Idesia
2004 magwia mde Fes esaised i Idesia
naia-eve a mde Fess i Idesia
2006 pakkag mde Fes ses
2009 regia mde Fes newk – Asia fe eed e Gvee cia’s Sae
Fes Adiisai
bea mde Fes i Idesia ses
2010 cad Waesed mde Fes esaised i e piiies
2011 K mde Fes esaised i Jaa
Fis cuSo-VSo ea vees sa wk i cad ad u Waesed mde
Fess, piiies
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 43
t e: Sade-grown coeein Kodagu Model Forest, India
t idde: MargowitanModel Forest, Indonesia
t ig: Bamboo,Lin’an Model Forest, Cina
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C a S e S t u d y
Building National Strategies on Local Success in te Pilippines
C a S e S t u d y Training and Capacity Building
Since its establisment in 2000, te Ulot Watersed Model Forest as been used to develop
and test on-te-ground applications or several national-level initiatives. For example, te
Model Forest acted as a landscape-level pilot or identiying criteria and indicators (C&I)
o sustainable orest management. Te success o te C&I pilot project was ten transerred
to te national C&I program and subsequently used in various orest management units
around te country.
Since 1999, Lin’an Model Forest in central Cina as oered worksops to armers on tecultivation and processing o bamboo soots, ickory nuts and tea. Te worksops are unique
in Cina as tey work towards enancing sustainable management practices by providing a
compreensive skills training program tat included tree elements:
• Establising a demonstration bamboo plantation or vocational training
• Developing capacity building courses on cultivating and processing bamboo soots,
ickory nuts and tea
• Working wit te local Rural Cooperation Bank to establis a small loans programor te disabled once tey are trained
Since training began, more tan 600 persons ave beneted rom te training and te small
loans program. For example, troug te “Association o Disabled Peoples o Lin’an” – a
stakeolder organization tat participates in te Model Forest – worksop participants
received small loans and ree tree stock to assist tem in establising teir arms. houseold
survey data collected clearly demonstrates tat participating ouseolds ave risen above te
poverty line, as teir average annual income was sown to ave tripled.
44 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
t e: Ulot WatersedModel Forest, Pilippines
t ig: harvested bambooready or processing in
Lin’an Model Forest, Cina
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member
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Russia and Nortern EuropeRussia was the rst country to accept Canada’s invitation to develop Model Forests when it created the
Gassinski Model Forest in Khabarovsk Krai in 1994. Located in the Russian Far East, the Gassinski Model
Forest helped to establish the rst national park in the region, enhance employment for the indigenousNanai people, and introduce the use of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management.
In the rst ve years of its existence, work included substantial data acquisition and analysis. This was
then used by the partners of the Model Forest to develop a long-term sustainable development strategy
for the broader region of the Model Forest. The
government of Khabarovsk Krai adopted this as
the ofcial development strategy.
In the European part of Russia, a number of indi-
vidual landsdcape-level and partnership-basedinitiatives emerged that were initially unafliated
with the International Model Forest Network.
However, in 2007, representatives of four sites –
Komi, Pskov, Kovdozersky and Kologrivski – met in St. Petersburg, Russia, with representatives of the
Gassinski Model Forest and the Federal Forest Agency to discuss working together and developing an
informal national network as part of the IMFN. An agreement was struck and work continues today to
explore other options for Model Forest development in Russia, including through afliation with neigh-
bouring countries in the Baltic Sea region and with other boreal nations who are members of the IMFN.
Kovdozersky
Pskov Komi
Russia
membercandidate
Vilhelmina
Bergslagen
Sweden
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 45
Oter countries witin te Baltic Sea region ave alsoturned teir attention to te Model Forest approac,
seeing it as an innovative way to advance te sustainablemanagement o orests and landscapes.
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Sweden joined the IMFN in 2004 when the the Baltic Forest Project was enhancement of
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Vilhelmina Model Forest was established. Since
then, other countries within the Baltic Sea region
have also turned their attention to the Model
Forest approach, seeing it as an innovative way to
advance the sustainable management of forests
and landscapes, including addressing issues such
as participatory processes, conservation and the
sustainability of resource-based communities.
In 2006, with funding from the European Union’s
Baltic Sea Region Interreg Neighbourhood
Programme, the “Baltic Forest Project” was
developed. Its purpose was to explore how theModel Forest concept might be promoted in
northern Europe as a complement to already
existing landscape-level initiatives. The focus of
regional development based on sustainable use
of forests and elevated forest sector cooperation.
Eight Baltic Sea region countries were involved.
Among the main conclusions of the project were
that:
• Te Model Forest concept would add to te overall capacity inlandscape-level sustainability
• Some countries – notably, Sweden, Poland and Finland –already ave available inrastructures tat allow or a scalingup and establisment o a network o landscape case studies in
connection wit te IMFN• Te Baltic Forest Project resulted in strengtened cooperation
wit Nortwest Russia as a natural regional extension
Looking Forward Based on the success of the Baltic Forest Project
and parallel activities to explore landscape-levelapproaches to sustainability, plans are under-
way for a new regional project on Model Forest
development and networking in Sweden, Finland,
Poland, Belarus and Northwest Russia. In this
proposed “Baltic Landscape Project” there is a
stronger focus on creating new case studies to be
connected with the IMFN and creating a long-
term foundation for a regional network. The
project’s core idea is to implement, evaluate and
dene Model Forest principles in the context of the current needs and premises concerning sus-
tainable use and governance of landscapes in
northern Europe.
1994 Gassiski mde Fes esaised i rssia
2004 Vieia mde Fes esaised i Swede
2005 Kvdzesk mde Fes esaised i rssia
2006 tw mde Fess i rssia ji e ImFn: Ki ad pskv
bai Fes pje egis
2007 Ageee ewee e rssia mde Fess deve a aia mde Fes
newk
2008 begsage, Swede deve a mde Fes
2010 Gassiski mde Fes ses
2011 Devee e bai ladsae Iiiaive ewee Swede, Fiad, pad, beas
ad nwes rssia iiiaed
46 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Milestones
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Activities Undertaken in te Komi Model ForestThe Komi Model Forest is located at the west-
ern base of the Ural Mountains in Russia. Here
the taiga forest landscape covers 89 % of Komi
Republic (417 000 square kilometres). Because
industrial logging began only 80 years ago, the
landscape is relatively untouched. This pristine
landscape is rich in biodiversity and therefore has
a high conservation value. At the same time, thetaiga forest still provides the base for local wood
industries and is used for many traditional pur-
poses by local villagers. Tension among forest
stakeholders had arisen because of differences in
opinion over conservation and economic needs.
The Model Forest concept was seen as a viable
approach to improve the management of old-
growth forests that were endangered by unsustain-
able forest practices, and to resolve conicts
between forest industry workers and traditional
forest users.
The Komi Model Forest has successfully imple-
mented a wide arrange of activities since its incep-
tion, including:
• Undertaking an inventory o old-growt orests in Komi Republicand te development o management strategies to protect
biodiversity
• Acting as a pilot site or Forest Stewardsip Council (FSC)certication in Komi Republic, developing a regional FSCstandard, and encouraging oters to become FSC-certied(2.2 million ectares o te republic are now FSC certied).Te Model Forest experience was also vital or FSCcertication o an IKEA project in te neigbouring region(100 000 ectares)
• Developing procedures to involve local stakeolders insustainable orest management and decision-making; teexperience o local involvement in orest management asbeen disseminated in two oter regions o Komi Republic
• Testing innovative metods to adapt orest practices tosustainable management requirements, te recommendationso wic were adopted by te State Forest Service
•
Developing and implementing training and extension coursesto disseminate knowledge and experience beyond teModel Forest; courses ave been oered to approximately1 200 people rom te State Forest Service, te orest industry,teacers and non-government organizations
• Developing recommendations or Komi Republic ocials anddecision-makers to introduce and legally adopt sustainableorest management practices
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 47
Gassinski Model Forest, Russia
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Climate Cange Activities in te Vilelmina Model Forest
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Climate Cange Activities in te Vilelmina Model ForestIn the Vilhelmina Model Forest, most of the infor-
mation on changes in weather patterns and cli-mate comes from interviews with local elders and
reindeer herders, most of whom suggest that the
winter season is changing – notably, with warmer
and shorter winters now occurring and changes
to snow types and cover. For example, elders have
observed that rivers and lakes freeze later, if at all.
In addition, warmer summers have made rein-
deer herders particularly vulnerable to rain-on-
snow events and to rapid shifts in temperature,
which may act to prevent access to winter grazing
areas. Some herders argue that such events have
increased in frequency.
Reindeer herding communities in the region
already express fear of changing weather pat-
terns, and many practices have had to be aban-
doned. For example, many traditional migration
routes over water are now inaccessible because of
unsafe conditions. Most herders are also restrictedin their ability to adapt because of nancial con-
straints and partly because of land rights issues,
such as access to grazing lands.
The Model Forest has been involved in capacity-
building activities and awareness raising about cli-mate change and its potential effects. Reindeer
herders have changed some of their practices
and are using technology for help, such as put-
ting GPS-collars on the reindeer to more ef-
ciently monitor herd location. Another measure
being used increasingly is supplementary feeding
of reindeer during the winter season in order to
reduce the degradation of winter forage areas.
Model Forest partners have also launched severalresearch and best-practice-oriented projects. An
example is the widespread use of experimental
plots and demonstration areas in the forestry sec-
tor. In the forestry–reindeer husbandry interface,
the Model Forest is involved in developing and
assessing a planning tool called Renbruksplaner,
aimed at increasing collaboration between stake-
holder groups and at ensuring greater use of cli-
mate-sensitive planning measures.
48 SEctIon III REGIONAL NETWORKS
Sami Reindeer erders inVilelmina Model Forest, Sweden
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Te Way Forward:Te IMFN Looks Towards te Coming YearsThe IMFN, nearly 20 years after its establish-
ment, has pioneered and developed a successful,
exible and accessible approach to landscape-
scale sustainability – an approach that is based
on the inclusive and meaningful engagement
of stakeholders. As well, the IMFN has linked
Model Forests regionally and globally, stimulat-
ing important collaboration and innovation thatsupports a broad range of sustainability object-
ives. These are major accomplishments. We know
that Model Forests are processes, not projects. The
great majority of Model Forests established over
the years remain active processes that are contrib-
uting to their stakeholders and communities.
In many parts of the world, the practice of man-agement and planning at a landscape scale and
with broad-based partnerships is not yet well
entrenched. Model Forests and similarly mandated
initiatives must therefore continue to illustrate, in
concrete terms, the value of such approaches.
The way forward, we know, will present as many
new and daunting challenges as those we have
already faced. Population growth and increases in
personal wealth, for example, will mean greater
urbanization, a more aggressive search for raw
materials to produce more products for consum-ers, and more pressure to convert forested land
for agricultural purposes. At the same time, we
Section IV
Conclusions
We now ave te time, wit Rio+20, to refect on te workdone and – even more exciting – to look to te utureand ow we can work togeter to even greater eect
in te coming years.
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 49
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The work and dedication of the members of the
IMFN have been outstanding as the preceding
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will continue to be challenged to understand and
anticipate the effects of climate change on our
landscapes.
More than ever, then, we need to be openly and
continually seeking fresh ways to solve problem
– ways that speak to the unique challenges and
opportunities found across all landscapes, and that
allow us to draw upon the strength, ideas and skills
of our communities. In this pursuit, we must also
take the opportunity to convey the valuable les-
sons being learned by Model Forests to national
levels so that those lessons ultimately nd expres-
sion in national policy frameworks.
IMFN have been outstanding, as the preceding
pages demonstrate. An idea that started in 1992
with 10 Canadian Model Forests has grown tobe a global learning network of over 55 Model
Forests on ve continents, involving thousands of
partner organizations across enormously varied
landscapes and jurisdictions. The strengths and
signicance of the Model Forest process is that
it builds working partnerships among those who
typically do not work together, it creates focused
alliances for collaboration, and it addresses issues
that are relevant to stakeholders and communities
in tangible ways.
The IMFN remains committed to improving what
we do and to sharing what we learn, both through-
out the Network and with the many organizations
we know that are undertaking equally important
work in sustainable resource management.
We now have the time, with Rio+20, to reect on
the work done and – even more exciting – to look
to the future and how we can work together to
even greater effect in the coming years.
50 SEctIon IV CONCLUSIONS
Members o te IMFN at a sideevent at te nint session o teUnited Nations Forum on Forests,January 2011
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Appendix A
Model Forest
Activities Cart
ThE IMFN A GlobAl ApproAch to EcoSyStEm SuStAInAbIlIty 51
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Regional Model Forest Networks
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InternationalModel ForestNetwork Secretariat580 Boot Street
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E4
Fax: +613-947-7399
imn.net
Arican Model Forest Network
Via 1022 bass,Qaie Aassade de cie
bp 33678, yadé
cae
www.aiadeess.g
Canadian Model Forest Network
p.o. bag 2150
10 cas Dive
Kevie, oai caada K0G 1J0www.dees.e
Ibero-American Regional Model Forest Network
Divisió de Ivesigaió Desa
cAtIE 7170,
tiaa, csa ria
www.sqesde.e
Mediterranean Model Forest Networkpaza de a uivesidad
ne 4 - Eeaa 1
47002 Vaadid
Sai
www..i
Regional Model Forest Network — Asia
ciese Aade FesWa S Sa p.o. bx 38
beijig 100091
pee’s rei cia
Russia
c/o Komi Model Forest
p.o. bx 810
Skvka, Ki
rssia 16700
www.kidees.
Nortern Europe
c/o Vilelmina Model Forest
Vgsjöväge 27, S-912 32
Vieia, Swede
www.vieiadees.se
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imn.net
International Model ForestNetwork Secretariat
580 b Seeoawa, oaiK1A 0E4caada
[email protected]: +613-947-7399
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