Imagine you are part of a discovery of a new species of fish.

How would you know it was a new species?

• What is a species? • What other characteristics would you look

for?• What other characteristics does it have in

common with known fish species?

Classification

• the grouping of objects or information based on similarities

• Taxonomy: the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics

http://www.ict4us.com/r.kuijt/images/en_taxonomy.gif

Classification

Aristotle: a Greek philosopher, was the first to classify organisms into two groups

Two groups… hmmm.

Two groups… hmmm.

Group 1: Plants

Herbs

Shrubs

Trees

Plants

• How are the plants grouped or classified?

Size

Structure

Group 2: Animals

Land Air Water

Animals

• How are the animals grouped or classified?

Habitat

Classification Video

Classification

• Linnaeus: used Latin (a dead language) to classify organisms by physical and structural similarities If it looks like a dog

and it smells like a dog, then it must be a

dog.

If it looks like a dog and it smells like a

dog, then it must be a dog.

Why Latin?

Latin is a dead language, so it does not change.

Linneaus

Created BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: a two-named naming system, bi = 2

Binomial Nomenclature

Uses 2 Latin names to describe an organism• Scientific name (genus and species) • Ex. Humans: Homo sapiensHomo = same sapiens = wise

Binomial Nomenclature

– Genus always begins with CAPITAL LETTER– species always begins with lower case letter– If typed, in italics– If hand written, underlined

Binomial Nomenclature

• Write your name in binomial nomenclature

One more thing…

• Phylogeny – shows the evolutionary relationship based on similarities

Taxonomic Levels

Daring King Philip Came over for good spaghetti

Taxonomic levels of a lynx and human

EukaryaAnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimateHominidaeHomosapiens

SalamanderDichotomousKey• Tool for

grouping organisms

• 2 choices or questions for each step

Salamander Classification

Viruses

• Non living particles-must have host to reproduce- parasitic

• Smaller than bacteria• Have a chromosome ( DNA or RNA)• Can cause diseases: HIV, chicken pox, herpes,

cancer• Can be helpful: flower color patterns, vaccines

www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/3565.php

How to prevent viral infection

• Avoid others’ body fluids• Vaccine – ex. “Gardasil”, T-cells capture

antigen, stimulate B-cells (WBC) to produce antibodies

http://sabahkamal.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/vaccine.jpg

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/images/making_vaccines.gif

Virus Video

Virus Pandemic of 1918

Virus Reproduction

http://www.coachbrown.lunarpages.net/lytic-cycle.jpg

Attachment

Entry

Replication

AssemblyLysis and Release

HIV AIDS• After exposure, virus hides in cells (as provirus)• Can hide for years• When triggered, ex. Stress, becomes lytic virus• Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)• Die from secondary infections, ex. Pneumonia

http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/health/aids/images/AIDS_Map_Adults1.gif

AIDS• Daily, 8,000 people die from AIDS related

illnesses (3 million/year)

• Treat bacterial infections with antibiotics• Treat HIV infection with antiviral drugs

Bacterial Ubiquity• Are bacteria everywhere?• Choose a location to swab.• Inoculate an agar plate divided into

quadrants.• Incubate overnight• Note growth (0 – 5, none – lawn)Quadrant Location Tester Growth

1

2

3

4

Bacteria

• Has a cell wall and capsule• Has single circular chromosome• May have a small circle of DNA called a plasmid.• Prokaryotic – no nucleus• Make toxins• Diseases: strep throat, tetanus, tooth decay• Can be killed with antibiotics• Benefits: digest food, decomposer, medicine,

make food-pickles, cheese, yogurt

http://www.thebacteriabusters.com/E_coli_O157H7.jpg

Bacteria - ShapesRodSpherePair of spheresChain spheresCluster spheresCurved rodSpiral

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/dental/oralbiol/oralenv/images/bactshapes.gif

Bacterial Infections

• Strep Throat – streptococcus

• Anthrax – bacillus

• Lyme Disease – spirochete

www.medscape.com/.../417394/art-m5649.fig1.jpg

webs.wichita.edu/.../anthrax_pustule.jpg

http://www.accessmedicine.com/loadBinary.aspx?name=licha&filename=licha_XI.021.jpg

Bacteria – Asexual Reproduction: Fission

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/binfission.jpg

Bacteria – Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week7/20f/Slide4.gif

Bacteria Video

• Created by S. Rodgers

Bacterial Transformation

• Using bacteria for our benefit

• Add foreign DNA to a bacterium to make useful products

• Cause bacteria to transform to new producers

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/real-transformer-movie-5.jpg

Transformation

• Get host cells ready• Add foreign DNA plasmid• Let cells recover• Allow cells to grow and produce desired

protein• Collect protein for use, ex. Insulin

(Insulin used to be made from a pig pancreas)

http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/art/PigArt.jpg

Transformation Lab

Purpose: Add foreign DNA plasmid to bacteria to make them glow

GFP = green fluorescent proteinAMP = ampicillin (antibiotic)ARA = arabinose (sugar for protein synthesis)LB = luria broth (growth medium)+ = pGLO plasmid (has GFP gene and ampicillin

resistance)

Transformation Lab

E. Coli and LB only

E. Coli and LB, AMP, +

E. Coli and LB, AMP, +,

ARA

E. Coli and LB, AMP

Expect: _____________________ Expect: _____________________

Expect: _____________________ Expect: _____________________

http://kdhellner.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/protist.jpg.w300h223.jpg

http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect20/paramecium_stained.jpg

http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/protist.jpg

http://volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/pleodorina-californica.jpg

http://www.edu.xunta.es/contidos/sec/bioloxia/biosfera/alumno/1ESO/clasica/imaxes/ameba.jpg

Kingdom Protista

http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/images/hydrodictyon2.jpg

Ameba

ParameciumVolvox

Euglena

Kingdom Protista

• Most diverse organisms• Locomotion: Ameba

uses pseudopodsEuglena uses flagellumParamecium uses cilia

http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html

Protists

• Named for their locomotion (how they move)• Have a contractile vacuole

to remove excess water (homeostasis)

• Can cause disease

Protists

Protist Locomotion

Fungi

• Decomposers• Used to make beer, wine, and bread• Have a cell wall made of CHITIN• Ex. Molds, mushrooms, yeast

http://www.glyn.dk/blog/uploaded_images/yeast-732837.jpg

http://www.moldinspection.com/window%20mold%202.jpg

Fungi

Video