Images of the Byzantine World

8/3/2019 Images of the Byzantine World

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'n . i " I ' m ln lc ' l .~,d~'~"bibl: io ,g :raphicaleferences and index,IS H " N ! ' 0 .7 '0 1 ' . AI\O..t i l i " " " " " 0 i t. .' L . _ ' k - ' - ' I ~ [ - ' " - . - . . . ; ) 1- B ". . - - - ti - . - E - - - ;,-. '., ~', 0=-'" --:H]-;i'-:t-t.J! nJ-O ' l , 1 ;nJ' ,;, : i t}, i I f; " , ; , : p a l p e ' f . . , - 'yza,n a na -d ,m p ,l, re= Civ_iJ.izati,on. ;tByzantiFite' Em pire '=In te l lec tua l life. 3, Byzantineli -I' ,", .... C ' _ -h , - _t.. h - . , - - A i V , ' - " " , . - , ' , ' _ , 'i[, I i" ,- - '. - ' 'Ib' ,- ' T . ; ' , - ' , - ''',.11 H i ' '' ' " - t - - " S '~.AI~',cmplre =' _ I, urea I, S ory, ''':t, ... 1,5\1n s~,iOyzariLl,1 n c f . : .m pU 'e ' =- ISOIj.,-;, J Ju .o l5 ,and h1l3,ges ,=Byzan t ine Erw rp i re ~ H i s- lO f fY . 6 . Visua] com m unlcat ton=B vzan tine Em p ire - ~ H-]sto ry ,~ ,'. ,~ N ' o F 1 r v , e m a ~ ,commanlc a tio n ~ BvzilJ1Un-J' I I. ii'Em ,.,. ' I H - - ~st , 'Ii , , 1 0 M '_ - - ' _ _ '- , '- " ' - I - l ' " )i " ( ' = p t . . : " ] , - : c -,,~,--_-iI;. . 'ct S - ,. ', -- -- - . _- ' a l ''''-C_~ ';0;'." B";:~c-, ,: , ", . -, '--~. .m ,p ,l .re'~ , " . w ; ; _ :cry . ,0'., ..~,, e a . r u u l g " u ru OSOP iU,y~ - r . _ _ - O C I , i } " asp~" " ( t s ,=,_yzannneEmn f r e = ' H ' ~ s t - ' o " n 1 9 A I I " - t i D " " '' '' " '] ; iI ' "1 i ,; j. ' I' I :' 'i , n - 'H ' ' " " " , I i " i ; 1 : " ~ ! - 1 0 " - A . . ' ' - I h : ! f - , ; i " " i ' ' ' ' ' ' _ ' - ' r . . . . . . , ' B " ;-r ,- .:~':.:'.. -'"-'!'''' ,~-'-.-..'"J" ~.. ,,'~ , ,/, ,,-"J~M~II~iL, .~n.. ., l;J I.L!IU~"J " .. , - ' , . .l'\:, ~'~L,l,Llu::;r ..J zan~lI]]e-, H:i's~ory;, , I . . B:rubak'@t"Les~j~, IL Lymberopculoa, ,A:ng~Ukt' D . ' t ; ' 5 3 1 ' 1 8 1 A I. C" ' , ! I f \ ] 0 0 '1 - ~. - : L .; "r .' ~ .' .I~,~'l '~ L~J~~J Io~9- ' ~ f O " i " ' i ~ d _ " " ' ' ' ' ' '~. , ,: li . ..LL - LLL ,20100B1I27

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Contents

:r .:~~:I~; i ' i ; " A ' 1~;~; t~ ' I~ t~".1I ' t : ' 'T i I ' l '~[ ~ _ " , ~ , ~ , ~ ' 1 J . , ' , r - j l U~ l':"-rI I.;- l'~II! ' .....f '~~ siiiList of Cou ir ib u ta r s

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Searchmg for Mea rnmg ' In,Tecnoctonia and , ' J re ;( fl op.hag :v, , , [ . . . [ . i f ', D i ~ ' n . 1 l , s i o s S " f l : t h ' a k a p o u J o s4, TIle ,A.llxie'tv o~:m,3,ges~M ' e'a n I ,ng s allt] ~Mate:rla,~Ob~e(;~:s

AmerU O:U~ Ut f ' il lJn: 1 : ,~ ~ . i 1 i , " " , ; e . ~ ' ' ' ' g ' ' ' ' ' ~ ' Meanin ~\t:" and ' M : ', I f .' t '~ ' m :- 0- rphoses; T h - -.,.c~ i I I 'C-~1L'FI I I ""~ i.'i...i':~l1V.lll~.;JI_;;f~~,~;.~~ ' r ~~ , - r~J~ Uti. I~_. ,_;",:,~_~ __I~~'.~ ~~iv.~~-.;;~~\!! ! ! _ ~~, ~:. v,~~,V!- Ul'~,

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8 VISlons ,and M'ea:n]:n&~;:Personifi.c.ations :~n.he Oct ,a :h~u.ch ,C y c \ ' i i 1 ' S

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2~1 . Apse ' s h o ' \ ' V , i n g ChdstJ, angels , S t. 'V ~alis and ' B : l s h ( ) : pEcdesius, mid--shdh cen~uF.v~San Vitale, 'Ravenna ( ,and~ \detaH, wi th Ecclesiu s) r - p : hoto: a u th or) ".~, eA . . f ' "e ' i !~~c~, , , , ~,oi'" sh.1).~,:rine th . ' k , \ 1 . rein and C h . , - - ,}il~ 1 enth'-oned .a,~'~r'~ ~ _ i I . ~.(:r'E~dL. .:1!,_, , ' I i . "L _0..~,~.,,gL ~''I .~ " _ ,_~ , u if ! J I , ' ' .1,..", !I';';''U,Ianeel t!': " " ' ' ! I I , ' I nts _elertes ]avmen "11 'I'!!,;~IBisho : p " _ E - 'i~'r~IC'~l-'1:" _ m I' d,_" g " " " 1 , . -J!~'" 1~.;J', "'-_,t;! u"...... !U.J' ,~I, iL ~II, i L~ , I..}, S o , . , , ' , " _ '. w , ~ ~ . .'n~ ,OJ,. '''' " _sixth cen.tury~ Eufrasian ' B a s H : i c 3 IP 'p{),t'ec' (and detai~withEu f ras l ~Is) (ph otu ;: R en co K:osln~)'zil~sed 'IN'1U , permiss ion'O f Ann Terry and Henry Ma;guJre) , ; ,' B , r - o n z e plaque , - r .n : i d - ! o u : r th c e n t u : r y , . Florence , 'M u ~ ~ ( )Archeolegico (inv'g~tory no. 2589) (co ijr.h~syof ~'heArchlvinFo to,gr.a.fi(Xl,r Sop t l~ te~Jd jG.nz~1 l~ :r :i . iBG 'u J,A.r :cheo-lo 'gi -di tleUaTO : iscana Florea ...e),III. i .; ) .1 ' I! i .. .- ~ _" 1 . ~ ' " ,I;~. Vll, ~~,I~""'~ . '..Meerstadtplatte, c.340,~Angst, :RO,me~r,m:u8eu.m (inventoryno, 1.962.2) (and detail ' , \ , v 1 . t : hthe. ce'l l 'baJ m e d a l l i o n ) (photo:Dieter 'Wid'mer [Basel], eou r tesy of the, Museum R a , u r i - c a ",A'~g~~:,\ - - v i ~ z e ~ r m a n d ) , .LaJrgeSU:\f@f dish, second, half of ~he fOIJr th century, Cesena"Museo Areheo log ico (inventory no, SA,E 1,29,) (photo: courtesyof the, Laboratnrio Fotogran . 'co '~ B lbHoh: !c , ll , :M.alabt1s,tj,a:na"

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I i ! : " - , r - M ' - ~ - , ' n-~ ~," ,(,: ,-",- " '_'1' R" 'I 'I ah ' l " ' " d R 'r~M,,-: arco, veruee )iOUro: .r.l;, ..,:",ann oser tlin; " ".I :)l"ll~-" :,' ~:n ' 1 - - d " " " O - i " '1" 'I l. f ', " " " - ' 1 - 9 " 9 J1ilil fia 1 - ' ' ' 9 : - ) ', O , !I lJ fi !' C 'O i ,L_U , J : ' " a (I , _ 1 7 0 ' ~ v@!llC-j '- _ ":IlJ it "g . ,:':1', :",.I M " ' ~ " : : I I p - " '0,:& Capp adocla, sh ' O - ' ! i ' , u : l ' ' ' ' '' g ~ isites d iscussed (map;_ 'U, . . ,l. IAJ, ,1R. _, . lUi ... r:J " ~I" _l~_" I~' i l . . . . ~ . __ ..::;I\...IId_~O . . , ". ,~L' ~" . aa utho r)1"Red Church' seen from, the' sou theast, end of the sixth orbeg ]nn~~ng , o f th e seventh century1 ~K]z , i , lKi l l se i Si ;v rHl isaN~Cappadoda ~1'\,''~I~i'i;j' (pho ' j . . . . o ~ authori-,I ' , r , , ~'0_'...!.,~,!:i~, ,i t ! ! :a ! . r .~ ! ! ; :} i, ;: " ,~ , J ~ " p, i!l_., _, , ,, , " ,: ;",jRed 'Churd 'Th.' ,~end. of the sb t :~h .orbegfnnjng of the' seventhcenturv, KizU 'K : ' :Bs~- ,Sjvdhisar . ' - Cappadoeia -Turkev ' p ' ~an' - ' ' - ' 'J < " " 1_ !- ' ,.." "".. --t- ,.... -I' , , 'I"~ ~ '- '(pIa:n:: author; redrawn after ,A( ;~ : ry l~ .maz) . .' I H ' : i"i,;-.,.i ''u!'' .G~~" '! i; i" i" i: '! l1 '~'(""-" , ~'~TN. from the south iast "l '~ ' ] ' g : O I l , ' : before,j[I,gil,L!--~- _1IL:,1I ; . 1,~ , ,~ i , ,'Ll se'!i:;JI , I,lL,'" .',. ,r;:, .']ili;." I,I~ tlln_~", ~. 'I . . ,, '_ ao ---'Ii:' ,c, ""the ad AI , ';t ' , '- ofths dr "", N - " ' ,- , ," K ' -- " zali .-M-,,~I;o n e a ' . : _ , u ~ Jon ,o,~ e=__ e '~_ .om ,e, j'~ . ea , '~ '_ a r v a . _ l , ,1, ,~acelJ!jOnl,a.1nnrth ; i ' ! l . ' i " " [ l . Greece (photo'...auth ~O"I'r-\,,_,~ ,~,,-,,. ~ i. ;,I . ~ ~ ~ ~ .. . / " ,~.!I _.__-[!] tJ.~. .,I 'Ii;il, .1 _Icon from . rh0Can h ~K,: " ' I" I ' ~ ' I I - obverse , ~"" ' ; ' I '~I ' t ' ' ,G,r ' I < : I I : g - " , I f 1 ' i r y " ~?~I- late,~ ~ IIII Ii !LT",. l.ll ~r~ 'fr' ~Il. I I I J ~ & l~" _" "" ~ ~ ~ l ~ "Il ~ , I!.~, .' ~,.~,. !".~B v z - , - if:', --'~. ~ ' - r i . - - . ~ I A k o . " ' ! " l l r - ' " M ' : " , , ~ , ~ : _ - ,- " . - c , c : C " - ~ " ~ - , ' - ' - ~- , r c i a T-' [k~::"'- - - , _ y " " a n1L , ] l l e pe~~Ou~ '" ,'-_~~ay , "~U-Leum~ ",iJ'ppa_~K~a,j ~U_,~_ ~ ytl"n'h')"lo-" '3'1 'I * h ' : 0 '- ' r o o , ) : I(r~~\.-~..-a. g'lir-lll~Jl. a- -. l~.". a( , c o n ~ rO ' m th e C 3 l1 m b .I{jUse,reverse, S a i n t s Constant ine ' and.F H _ ' - ~ I -1 nld l - - , theT ru I C ' " - " . ' , la t 'B- '- ~ - ~ 'I - - - - "dr ie iena no uung ..le ' true .![O S~~a~elzalh.ule penou ,_ _ ~A- ," '"S - . ',' :- : ' M . : ' , " ' I~ - Caueadoe ls ' ' ' f ' : , - l " " " ,_ l-h,-'l-'}' ~ 1 : l t ' ] - ) , - , ) " -" . r c ; . . a .r .a y , . "ll5eUtU11,= " - I f , P a . .ocu']~ ,w , U!f""ey ~ : P . l ~ ( ) . . aU,li.:. r . , ~Mininh:ue' illustrating Job 1.2':18- 1 [9; , f ' our teenth centu:ry"Paris" gr, 1 3 5 , / fol, ] , 0 5 : r " IB - ib H o t h c , q _ u , e ' Natlonale de France,P sris (-'11[" " " d w it h th 'I' bermission 1).( the Bib l lo thec --I;...a ns mse _~__ .~~ _ ~e pe n _ _~5S~():~t~~__~~ 0_,u~qiUeN a t i ann~e d,e , F r anee ) ,Miniature : i l lust rat ing Job 1.2:18-'19 1 m id ..sixteenth cenwryiL a u d ' g " ~ ' , ( ; 1 ' 0 : ; : . ' p - . ' ,1 p- ca , ] - ,6."~o - , . ~;.,. .~""'n- 'ibrarv U 'niversi tv : O ~ ' f ' :~I~ .. ~ ~ ~-!- Og" ,i"'~O'~ ':J _.~~I ~ ~"_ ~~JJI~.'.' ~~_,_ ~. C;~~ . ~ 1 : . _ " ., -e ~ "', -!I i '~I]' JO'i;.! '~ '0 i i 'd,used ~:r~~It..the perm ission of ,th:~8 ' , 0 0 ' ] . i I 'j . , " II ' . . . . , L : l " ~ ~ " " ' l r y - " , _ , ) " ".....I!,v~,_ . 1 1 ; , J . ; ; ; J I ! I ; ; U , , \ ,h,u _.,, .I.J,J,d~~l .',1,1, _ ' _"'~"~ ~"nU, iIl,}Jl.~, .". l . Miniature Illustrating Job 2 . 8 1 : 7 : - 8 " , fourteenth C e : n : h ~ L r y j IP:als,, ' " , - J 3 5 fr ' ~ I ' ] 7 ' - ' 7 ~ ' , D ''~"b ' I ' th , ' 1 ' - " N " ' , _ , ill' , - - ' I ' " d . . . . .[F'rn" " p-, -'sg,[. "':'~~~j' 'Oill,. '" r .. ~L ,,]0 "eque" ~ a:I !J"I -Ol);~"e'. ,e = - ~~_,_ . 'ce ' ; r , _ , i S J . r , I ; , ; '(used. wi:th ~ff i leperndss]on of the' B i b H o O l e q l , l , e :N ' ,aUonah~d --Pranc~),-,' e , ~ - ,~ : _ _, . . , e , ,Minlature illustradog Job 20: il l 7~,ourteenth cel1 .t urt ~ Pa ris.~ - 1 ' : i ' 5 f"ll l . ' 1 lcl itr~]r " ' h - " " - "'"'!I, ' N I ' t" - . , 1 1 - ~ d ' _ - ' , . ' F - ' " ' " P , ~ ' . " 'g r: . ' ~ -J' "elL, =,~;)Vj' uhJ J()~, eq u:~ , .'_8'_.[tr:na.!IJ~~'~ '~ ' e- f 'ance" , . ' ,[1n~(used 'w~ththe permlss~on of the B , [ b ~ ' i , ( ) t h e q , ' U , e 'Natlonalede ' France) .M .i n la tu re n h J.s ~ .r altln g Job 2 0 !'lli'l~,mid-s ix teenth ce ,mlu[y~,Laud . g r ; ;8-6~p a ge 2 3 7~Bo d le ia n tib :r a ry ~ 'Un~."er.sj-ty o fOxfor .d (-used wi. th the permiss ion o f th e B odle i a n Libra.ry)"M i n i ~atu il"Cii ' ; - ] 1 ' 1 , ~ , e " " " " " l l " n g ' J ~ " : ' ' ' J ~ , : ' , 2 - ' l ' ! O f - : o ' u - ' r " : ' U J I ; t ; ' ! I ; ! l f h ,,(~i'iFII"i"~'1)'_ 'O~""~: - ! 'iI., g" - ! I i . . : : . ; ,lui


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11/54

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AV'e:riJ Cameron, Professor of Lute Ant~i(,.lU:~' and Uyza.liutine I " ; ' U s ' I u : r .y 1 Kebl : ,Colle gel ' Oxford, 'UK'K' th '~ . C O r " - , - ~ , , : , - I A ' " - - ' , . . . . ' - ,i," nt ---,'"',.(, . - ' t H'i t 'f' D I rtm = 'I - I t h ' C ; , 1 ] , : " g . " ,__ al i l ,een, .o ,ulg,an" ._SSOCJ,a.d! ,l,.rQ,~,eSSOJ 0.1. ,e ! l. ,[ _ ~ ..;so_y" ,a _~1_01JJ!= " " ' o . ~ 'I;"'~"U5 - , A ' , "'Ma:r.la Cristina earU e, Research F'c l lQ 'w; ,Djpa:r t .imJ~n.to di Storie e' Meto di :pa rla ,Co~sc':~vazionedel Beni. 'Cul~t1 raJ i , (D, ISM ,E 'C ), U : t: d v ersi ty of ' Bo~,ogrtua.fHal}"M '- 'B j9 ~-a 'l- . - '1'.~ - "-H"' ' ' ' ' ' 1 -T j II ! . . , - - ~I- - 'n " ".. - - ......... rt f - - T h - - ] - -,_,ary "4,lli..u:nnln,6-,!l.a'~Lecturer HI ,J5~On,ca.... ueo~Qg.)ij~par~l!H,eifl:O~ ~_~E'O_O,gY'andRel ig ious Studies, Un iv ersi ty o f N o tt in gh am and Honorary : F e H ' ( l I \ - v , Insdtuteof Arehaeolog . y _ ., ' and A-n~i~w~;~Universitv of ' B i r n t i o g ' _l"'hcnn,U'K. - ,~~ ~ .,Anlony E,as,'tnu:rnd l,R . , e ad~Fin the H:lstory . o f Byzantine ,Art, Court~n.d!dInstituteof A rt" , UKlLyn:oeHarrison, Conservator, Department of Conserve t ~O : ] l I J _ and , Scie:nti.ficResearch , t he' Br i ti s'h M useum , U 'I(' - L ' . ; z ' J '~ m -- - tu"! ' IOr(~)j i : 'u.t :SITIl l "tn th cl ' H " , " , Sfii. . . . iI i"~-I ' n f A " rt '~'nive IS']'ty of Su -~ ; i ! l " " 'U ' 'I(_ l.; [; IY 1.. }!Ii;a~ [L . . .~~I!L...j~~.\.~.I~ 'I ._l.,IIb I, ,I 1~~.l~J~J~~:~~ll J "l!l-~ U~l~l"'': l!l~::" J . " ~,_, ~_ , ~S: ;1IP~~1 ~ .,,_!,::~,

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Henry Ma,gujj:te" Professor of the History of Art, johns Hopkins University,USA~ ~ '"

Konstantfnos M:ousta~ka,s j ' Lecrurer in Byzan tine . H . h d o r Y I ' Depamnen t of"H 's to ....l' an d A '" rcha e i i ; i '.~log~uU " n i v e r s i t v o ; f~C.rete G " 'Fi:J\ii'JI 'u" " ' . ] ~ ~ . J . I , ll! ~ '!ir!I~l.I. " :" ~.JI:.~: 11 ~. ~,.r~,:_, . j . : J .. ' . " " " . . . . . ,I,~'!Il~'I r . ~ ' ~ ' L . " , " :ll~J~~ ,.. ''D... ' ' b , . . ; . '0,'"..st ." .h .. ,j. Prof ., ., .'.f. ' ]IJI:, ' . , , ' . ,," , ', . A... d' ,......t r ."" ,....1: 0 I" ' ~ U " ' , , " . : ' , . . . " ..IXO ' .e . l i ,' 1 l .. ' . u s ' l e ' , r , , OUI' ~~.[0,e s . ; s o r .0. uyzan . dne l~\,r,! i .an . , ; i " ' 1 . r C . l " l i . e c ~ , u re :. . . ' l l l ,ve.rsh_y: ' i i ' , f ' P e n m s v ~1'U";Ji l i I i l l : ] ' ":Ii. '~ ' I fS ~ ' A : '.'UI, .~,""", .. ;3..~."'''ll u~U.....# . N '''I' .r P . S ' . . . , " " k ' " " , ' " 'J ' :d ' , ; . : a ' . nt S c - l , " " ' 1 , . , S " " , i l ! - . , W,-ij,ikk,' v , , . . " ' " .' jj.. W ' ~ S - : A ' '.,ancy ., ,evcen., .0/ n '..~pen(u~rri! , 1.0.,ar..Oth"iIi ~ ,.,.OOu S'lOC 'j, . e-1:'m,onl.J, Ill}. .', ,Dio'nysios Stathakepeulos, Lecturer in 'S yza :n tin e S tu dies, Ki .m l~~ f sCol l egeLondon, UKI C < b ' " " ' " ' W ' "i ' k " h " , . ~ . . . ' 0 '" . . . . ' " . ' . ~ Ie p"'~ f : ' . , ~ , 'l' ~ - f " M ' : .rd . ~."ll"' ' . ' 1 L ' ~ I ' ~ t, " - r. F ' " . .zul t l' ~ ' f H ' ~ ' " . j.., ~ ,,"" .~ ~ = "~ " " ~ 'c .~ . Jlm,,i" 1K@~~' ,,[['0 :@SStr 0, ~.@ ~ ,]~ \ , a _ . r; ]s _ory.. ,a,~u'~l(). ,,];Sd).rYj I U I " " : " ' > ' O " s k ; r - ) f Oxford UII(.~~]V'!;;:E'.;~hyt .. ' ~ W '~ ! F ' ! ; , l , . ' . = _



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Leslie Brubaker. Biography and Published Wor.kslKa il ir ro e L ina rdo

Leslie B,[t iJ.~aker was educated at tt~ePennsy l vania S~ ' ate UniV ' e r s ] : t < y ~ 'USA, . . fromwhereshe obta lned first.a BA.in 1971 ar td then an :M ~A .~n1976. In 1983, / ,she hadS!Im . . . . .eess t'! !I'I~ I ' y com 'P ' ] J i ' ' ' u . . , . . a l her P h '0 ' thesis "Ji i j ,. Iohn S 'H 'onk in s ' U " n h r a t l l ! '; . :o ~n~ whi l Q~..I~~'~.~~-I~I,I:~, l ~ ', ' , " ~'V:", , - '_ : l '!J.\r',~~ : ~~ .. ] ! ~ _ ' r . I.'i l.....~ , ~ ~ . ~ " : I I ,!! \. ~ I \ ~- :, _" ., ; . ll~" t:l l l~ ' ' ;r;" ~l ~ l~ l~ ' . ' " . ,I !. I .~ '~ ~ ci i l '~l .l ...~ , '_n!t:~ll~, ,~simultan eouslv shi' ' ' ' ' ~ , i .: " :, , , .. , ' ~ , em 'P,,~I(,,)\j!'Q~1l iIC ......... lnstruc tor L " ' * th I'~ 'D I : , " 1 I ! P , ' iartm " ' ! i i i " " l ' of AI'l'+,'.l !!i,I,dJ. , I~,~,_, ,.1;;:'1;, Uc;'!l-'l S_I ,!I ;;; " " ~S ~,_.__t~,'.i . , ; ; :U I i , ~iJ! ~I~. h I?_~,,i!!~ _,!U,_ " ;1 ~ _. , , . e ' ~,I;~~,,_.__',~!!. I~ I!!. ( , _ . , _. _ ~ . ' ~, ~Whea~on C o U e g l e , ; USA (1981/83).For nearly fhru:r~y' y e ' a : r s , ; r Leslie Bruha ker ha s underta ken uninterrupted

' l'ei lu; ;h tng work both b l H Ie Unit ed S~ :a .f:,e so f. America and ~heUnited K:i '11,cl 'om,She served as an Assistant and Assoc ia te Professor 3,t the' Department ofAr~.~,Whea ton C'oHege:, USA! 'be'u;,,;een19f~3l90and t900/93, r e specUve l}~ .'W hUIi ! 'b(!~lfVle~n9 9 3 / 9 4 she served a s Ch~ ir a t the s a . n 1 , ' ( ; ~ (\(}n~g-e. In 1994 , shemoved l 'u the United Klngd om, V!irh~rnsh~ conti l1Iiu~dher t : eadl : ing career , a . tthe' U n l~vers it y o f tU n n i ' l :1 , g : h , attl ~o t :ne present day. She started a s (I, Lectu r e r h i,Byzanlhjle ' studies (1994J96)~ beca me ,(I Senior Lectu fer in Byzan t ine StudlesO . 996(2001)i ' co ntinued a 5 a : R ead er in B ;r ,zIl'l~ lh :leA rt History (ZOO1/2006)~,andi. n 2005 sj~le was appointed a. Professo r o f Byzan t lne Art H l stoty., Between" i !~O'' '3' 'J I I ] ' - l d , ' ' 2 "0 9 s....!j. '1 . ! ' " " '~VIO'! ' ; : . : i as D irector (~}f the Centre t C ' f B'vza'il"~n' ' ' ' ' Ot tomant \. -J .. . . - : ~l. 1 ... l . _ p .~ . , . . . , !dL~l~ lIJ~l~_]_~"'\..t :~~:J. :." ll"~~l-':"M. "':'[i '.l.ll!. : ~'~-~'=~ ~~:._: - ;l~":~~~'b_~jI' ':"""-~~_!.l._'~land M odem G :r,t."Ck S~ ~di.e!::l 'O f th e same Uni.v'ersU:)~,and from Z005 to :ZOOS>.asAssistant Director {l~,esearch} of the InsU.tul:e of Archaeology and. ,Antiquityat the 'U'[1Ljvarsity of Birmingham, She is lrur:u~:,n~)yerving as Director of theGrad ua te S cho o l o f the College o f Art and Law' there,Her main. ,ReId. of expertise is ByzanHne ~nilllstrated. manuscripts, ' " Y i ~ . h ,further research interests , :x bending Into visual narrative, gender studies,female p a tro n ag e, Ic o eo c la sm and. H-rue ult of. 'icons, FinnUYI her in.terest intoleans, relics and the prollferation of the eult of the Vlrg~n ,M:ar}fin ByzanHum.d g'lii".Q~I:I("i;'f"I!Il)d" into a 'm ,1{"Ii lur i"":Qcl:'Q;~ i"";(";~ ' p l r , o " ' : J ' ~ " " ' r'l'~lb'c,'~;d']' . , . ; ; t J , d l ' I ~ V : ' . . , . .A : ' ' [ 1 ' : I ' R ' , . C - - ' 'g . r a n t' ,~-"," \:"1~'V,F.'-'" "~_ lviU.! . ,~I, u, , .~.1i:."IIW-L-I,~ ... - , J I J I~,-, . .. . ~ ...1 1 i . .i2 !IL--. , , , " , _ ".Li ....." L, # (~ _ .. "= = '" . '_ ' . . ' Y. I.



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' Sex, Li~5 a n d. 'I 'e xr u,a J i~ ~ : T h e' S ' e t : r e l . 1:.-1s fory o f P ro k op lo s and th e ~ R h.e ~o .d .co f 'G ender in S,:lxtn."Gentury 'By ,za~nn'Umi f in L " B r ub a !:e r and J .M:+~H, .mi th( d ) G - ' d ' "tl ~ r - M " ..J' r~"l I - d - E t ..J"/; ' t ~IUl n o o C " C " - - b id~s .., ~ eH~ ' e r ~n , ,_le , J: .a n ,Y , ,; ': e,r-~ l ,e.~~ '~. ~ tl r . : ~ ,, ~ ' . _ : ~ , . , ,anu, " _ ' ! : l j l , _ 'I',jvv =v ; , - :. ' ' . 1 . 1 "' . am ,_ . li [' " g ' e : ~, 2 )0 0 4 ); 'P P ' 8 3 = - - 1 0 t,

~AIlJ.con1.c Decoration in ~heChristian 'Wo~ r l d / 6th- '11th. Gerltturyi'j, Sen iman d i, s , ~ u e t i ( ~ d e l ee l ifro i t n l ' i a r n o d 't ~ t U $ U S f 1 " 1 ' 1 ~ : ~ U o med' io~1 L l { 2.o04) ,. pp" 573-90, ."l ....::),Bristo l ' p . ' , . . .: '1 - )i[ -,:~' ~,.' ' C " - ' H " " l t- ~ . .~ ~ :- t ]: , ( " ~I)" 'r ,r~'~' l)"11' .G ~ ' l r~~Dr~J:'lI,.' f , c " t~t~.:~~a,.ut~, r~s 0" e sa .I~ err In . . ' ~ n. ,wl_s.eey",~ 'U" ro t s . - ' { l _ , . tt- ~_J ~ I - 1 . _ . . t J . " . e s . ~ C'!Il.r":J~fo r D t r V , i d Buckt (m (London, 20(4), pp,. 12'i~1.

"Sta Mari a , Antiq u . a , and the' Historv of Bvzantine Art Historv', in l,Osb o r n e '[ '[1 II [Pol ( ed ,.) , S o fa ,M: ' a : r i a ,Ad iUq!Ul:t l0 0 I, Y ' f m : r s on (Ro :m, ;t !, 20M)f. : p p . , 41-7, .~Elites and Patronage run 'Em:1 y Byzantium: The Case oJ Hagios Demerr ios,Thessalonlke', ln J . Halden {ed")l ,El 'i tes Q ,ld ' a 'rld , N e w ' bl flu!' , B ' l/ z a u U I ' V , C '. .. _" ~and . E a r l y L s / ' { : u n J l ' ; Nea r . eas;~ Studies In Late ,A:nth-lulty and Ear ly ' Islam 6,(P..r~in[if'lIt'o~'2tj\~{i tr ' " p , _ f . " ' g - O ' .,iIi, ....IG .. U," ,UILf!, ...,r,~.0.":'1-'.,

l'~ , " .. 'd ' th . . '~ 1' ~ , t T h ' - . 'E: ' " : 1 , . . . . . f '[L" ..' , '_,' C " : rd . . . . . . . 'h, '~Jleyon: me ~,-,e'pWI~an.c c e t:;XCl3Jl._ge o:_,uxurJ-oo S across ,~,eM , ( . . . : 1 ' ] ' terranean in ~ ' 4 . .. . E - " ; i o - h ' '~" i 'n. .1 . I n uh C - enn '- Iries'. ; D ' I l- . l~u~,l j i ' l ir-" 't ' l) t~0...> ' I i J : : c ~ , n J ~w " r _ ' . t ', t : : \ . : . . . ] . '~I~ j Ubi. ~ !L -~ . '~Il l~~~~~, ~l:1Il ... ,~ ~ (lll !~Il ~ ~I.. .I:~ ,. . I~ I. _ ... , ~ t ! ' ! I - l"/~ Ul 1f~1. U;~I';"!.-I'~f.~L ~;-illl ( . : " ' 0 0 . . .1-'.). ,. '., 1 "7 ' I : : i : C l5,::)7, ~ -- ~ .~ . P . P ' . = ~.:;r-"7.

"Gender and Society"", hl :M .Ma a s (ed.), TiU! , Ag (~ofluSii~IJtln (Cambridge, 2005)"n,'_" 4 " "'?1'il " : 1 'rr'!i' I11" '~, !I!

~'I'I'-'the n' ~ ' i l l : '-'Ill c .' was the W ' C : ', '- 4 I : A . r ~a nd 1 O ' ih . ~ L i tu [ ', -~ ~'n Bv za n ~ ,-- '1 1 '- "- " 1 1- ' A in rne uegnnulI . ,g .- ~ _S ,U ;'!!_ . orn: , _.!J!!;' a nn ,,~JE i l . ! . 1 ~ u ~ , g y L_ ~ } za nrm m , "n , "i "Louth ( ,ed, .)~ W as B y : _ _ { ' , n t J ! ~ l, U OfU~() ! i i lX ,? fAlder,shot 20(6).~pp., 95-101,.'The Valleau ( h r i s t . i ~ n TopO\il r l !t .1~:~l l l"In E. J 'e :f fretr8 (ed.), U l J , Z r ] : u , t i n e S h J ' l e . ~ ,R e U Q J o u :tUtti ', Or" to/; J :l 3 0-

C i : [r i ' l' i: E a : t i o n ; ' IJ~lE ~ I ( ] ' J . : w u i r ' a/Sir S 1 ' e 1 ~ ' e nJ~,Hnci 'n'mn (Calnit :nridg',e, . 2 . 0 0 6 ' ) , . pp . , 3 - 2 4 . ,'Pictures are G ood to Think ' \vHh; L oo ldn.g a t 'vvi th, armudhrough, 'Byzan t ium' 1 inP:.Odorico , a . : t t lJ ~ ( @ d S ) i L ~ ' e : c r ; u : r e de l t l lne,,~u)h'e'. Lll i t tClnrl tCi de 1 1 h J s L o ' r i o g . r t l p h , r c(Par i s . . .2 0 0 6 ) 1 ' pp..221-40 ,, E ' a : t . . . Drj:nk and lte- , M ' e f t . v fLuke 12: :19 ,) ~ fOOd a nd ' W l 'f le i , 1 7 ,B;~/za~I ' t~ 'n;rn"apers of'the 37~ h Annual S p ,dng- - , :Sv..:'m'p.o sium o f Bvzant ine Shldies", m Honour nf~ ~ ,~:frofer~.of ' A. ,A , 'M: . , 'Bry f ! : t (Ashgate; 2 (07 ) (~d. . ,w ' m t h ,K..Llnardcu).

f Svery' CHche 'In ~h.eBook: The ' 'LingulsUc Turn and the' Text" I :mag 'e ' Discou rsein. 'Byzantill Manuscdpts', in L. J ames (ed.), .A. t f and Text in B : y z a ; i : i . i : : f u : l H 'fCamb: r~dv , e ' ~2 (07) -~ ,P _ ' ; ~ " 5 8 - - 8 2 ..~ 0 "."~."Bvzantine Veneration 0 , ' " , - ' th,"",Th1 -" eotnkos: Icons, R e l i . . . . " and ' E . / ~ ' i! " 1 . . , t' ~ ~ C :. . . . . . .' :" " ' tw;;I,:- : ' j '~, _ ~I . ~._, ....v~ ,_.....I. iU[~lIl;.l lJ,I, . _ _ IO ; i " " I i ; ) u~} ,. lI;$a. ,'Ii;"U!I!, I.:::JI~ .~h".:JI ~ll, I , ,g, , , 1,_[ il __I,;:~,I~.~.... r yHomllles', w l 1 ' ' 1 1 . M ., eU, inn lngham, I n ~H"Ami rav and B. Romeny ( :e .ds}t, P : a p , e ~ : 'h~Hi)t/Ofi{:f o j ' . A , 1 l e r i i ' C r u n e . r m l (,Peete:rsJ, Leu v~ n~ , 2 .0 07 1. pp, 235-.50";CritkaJ Approa ches to A [tHistnry', in 'E.,J efheys e ' t a i . (ed.), O ' x f o r ti , { "L la n d b o u kc j' B y z a u , U ' u e ' Studies (Oxfoed , 2008) , pp " , 5 S ~ - = 6 6 ,;TIl JeM ed,i ieV 'a l Byzant ine Bonk' wIth M . C~uln .wngham, i ' inT .,N obl! ,and ,} . Smi thf e d ~ s ) / 'The Hi~t 'jj.ry ( ~ f th:e'Chris tian E(mk (C 'am'b : r idge" 2 1 1 ( 8 ) 1 P I " , . 554-80 ,

" J 3 ' y - ' : za n U n.@ 'V i ~iflttl.i!of the End' jift P ; C ' 1 ~ T ' k ~ 3 'a i ' l I , - 4 i T . C :' I' l : . r [ d - n ( e d s) ,T':j';j~'C : . l " ~~ r - " " ' ~ . , q ' ! r }, _ _ _ _!UI!!:.I ~ V _~ _II;; ~ __ .. _ I~~~ _ . _=PI.J~l"l _Ij;: iE~ ! J " ~ _ _ Q1i ..~\.i.~' III:; . ,1 ;; _ . ,_ L t J~~ 14!1l. bf.~". I ' _ I~ !L . . . .,-_, - ,~ J L~Jb~l'l,ife in td t l ' ~ ' e ' F a t e ' q f the Soul, Studies II I Church History 4S {\i \f 'c}odl )f idgeJ2009). , pp, '97- t 1 9 ' "



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D,lC':'I/~;"'~r::-I/'~:(, t;~\ j\ fi i"~ '. , ; ~ ' ; l i / ' ; { ; P .A i ,O-)"" : ed . J . , S - ' i 1 - ~ a I , , ' V " r ' " 12' " ' ~ ~ " i o ~ ' " "' ( N Iil;ijl;" vo""k. 'il111f\\~" ' 9 " " ) " " " r ' 9 : : '_'~;,~.n...,!~: .;, " 'J _ J ' . ~ ! ! , d - J'!V~~~H~,,,, .;t""it, ( ' )!f;:.;l ' ! '1;;;:_'" _., _i!,.~ '.I~'! __ ",........., .._. 'l;:n l! .,"',,1 .1170~."""'Q~, . . 4 , " : ; ; ' ") , n ~ r ,e : 1 ! ""IIl . I . ~ \ .

I O x f o r d ' D i c t i o ~ m ' . r y .o f B . ' y : z ~I~i u ,U ~ ed, A" Kazhdan, , 3 'VQIs (.Nle'\\f York and Oxford,1991 )::4 \ entries,



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PrefaceA ,.k ' ' . L 1 1 ' - - - - - . - - l " .0 ' '. " .1. ,': I ,I _I: ' . ', ... " t . , [ ' 0 ' " , " . ,uge 1 : , ' , I . - yn l , .e , ropo ~,_au:

Th- ~ ', IL -:lI !- - . " . .jl'_ .. f - B '' ' r ' nti -' ~.,.: j : . . " ....l r t - -'" e ts ha -.,b " -. - .',.-..i f - -' 1 ' 1 - , ' - - - . , t - 'rne i rue rp re ranon 0" ,- I},ZalilJ_Ul@ l 'e ' X I L C S ann arreracts "as oeen a cent r a J , aspeco t .'t~I:;; work o f 'I i' esli .....Brubaker throuahout her .-.....I[-' ' I t - j ; , C ! on lv natural", ~ ._ll~e ._.e--li, , _._ .:~ . 1L!t;'~\ _,[~' v,. U I u.f.iJ":'.I, .. ,~," "'U lJ ' ,I". . Ill.. ,,[~l,", 1~'_4._"', '~"'1 1i' L~! ~~ .:', ~ I~,,)" ,~,i~ . ' ,Un Ig,.,therefore. that in a volume of essavs dedicated to 'her on her sixtieth, _ , l ! l , I , . " " . . , . ' " , , " _ _ " _b i ~ 'h ,d :I.. .: . ' -. :, - -.' -' - ., ,- ,f ' ; : : " ! : . tc h jn~,,-:,,, '-p'I- 'i ,( 'fIrT'!i"r"O...,.f": ' i i o t - " , nresented b - y : : : a u tho rs w ho not. , ~," . . e- a ,fl' a ra !.l.ge 0 , ;;;IU.,.., ~"il~,r. [[!i:: !Ln.IIlI U3 bJ r - ' ~ ~ " " . , ~ _ a. ...,..u, ,~ l''1f.U ~ I -,oI1~I\ ' ; ! "have ~opin' ' ;i m " portant , l - , o f 1 ; , Leslie a., n o . ' 1 [ - ] - eaeues, frien 4iC\ and stud ents - but., 1..W I . lti4. V "-r. . IU~'!Ir. _' _ ,~. ' __,~ l-~~, _~ _' , , ')~, !i;:~,.,~ _ .:Ii I~, _ ""~ ~I'OI .. ~.:Ji! ~.tl.~. ,l i~,i I ' [-IJli I~. ~". I'. , ,ldIIILL~t, . -. _I'' I . - . - : -ru e- ~I,-,." b . . -'fi'j-;I ,-)"'-'-'-'"tlv o J r - . - . . h" ,, " 0" .." .... '.- , ,! ] . . I ' t..]~,-', t ' ' ' i ' . - 1 ' " .r - .- 4 1 , t . "- " '- .- ; ' h " " ' -nave a iso ..ene te,~ ,great J rrom " ..{!,rrescarc , ' \ 1 ' pUu lea. ions ann ~,nefi1 ,SL.lp.Its ..ma in t hemes a r e the ' identification of ~visions,' o j 'messages' j' and ~'mea:ni . l lgs"in ViU] jOU s facets nf Byzantine culture and, the possible differences in theP:,-::ep tion ef these, visions, meS ! i ilO '@Strndm e.aniu( ) !"sas , seenbvthei i to :d , , jn .; a]r G _ , I., "~' '. _...._ l [ ',I " ,1_ g' L .. LL,O' ."'J ,,'," - ~ " r : ! " ~ - -' ' 'iI,. - , , 4 ' . " e : n , i " " O and k ) " mod '"'j,ji:"i'i" scholars Th o"ii ' I 1 , o . ~ I ' L ' 1n;i"i; '''Iid d ,l r e s s e s the meth nd ologi c a l" ,UU,I , l l~""O;: Q!Ii,1 U _.,,_ . {l~!I i.!I i,1 ~.. .. W u s. " .Il;;' ' _ ! I ! . , . !.:: U. _ IL~~~I!&~O< u ~ ,'. 00:;; .. , 0 ..1 0: . 1 ,, , , " . " '~ _ _ ,,'!..I],"

- - , - ., . - .,- ~ ~ . ., - - . , ' . f, ~ . . . : '. t- I O' ~ ' i ' ~ - - i , - . t : ; t ' : , , - 's rh I : . '. , : . ' : ] :d: - , J . " ~ ' : vheth '.t t- n r. '. Is 3 t, ndenevuesnon 0, now ~ ,a r ~.nd~rpreanons 5, 0[1 , ,gO wnen _e_, __ere ='- a ter __e __cyto rea d, too much ' i . r t to too l:ilt~eor, a l e e !Je.r$'t l,~ not enough at tent ion is peid' l - " ' - " - - - . : C, -c,.. nt '.'.-.,.,-.,tiae that 'n ''' i' '' ' '' ' -~ a ve been lmoortanr ln their hlstoncal( :) a .ppa .:ren ,mIn lb,l~, e=__ ~,I~ _ ~ ~ , Q y ,~_(!,'~ ~ !I;,;'1;i I;i", ., ,ltllifJ _;;!i. ,I!;. ,iI.., '''' ,,.. ," ~, " I~,.... " ,l;:u.C cc.. . i['I ,"\t~'v'," As th e i." '! 'I '~ ,,",.f"\;'S:"'iIL+II!:~'J; ,~;e;~IVC . s " p _ " , a ' I ' 1 i ~I '!.. r ld ,0 chron ol oglcal e 'r-a- the book~~II/~,.I\ " i ! " ~ -e- ~ !;Ii1l!i~1~~~' ..:. ';::p.~ -v ~ ~-~~'(i.j,J ~ .:__. I I ~I U - 'P O- Y' . . Ib ' L . . .. W . I . . j Yl .,I!r._ .I\;~ I.' .. '~II!.I . I _~? .. I~}. . _ ~'-- ' l l I! ~" 1] - . - . , :~ " . , . . 'p:.:ro....!"'-..' 0 . " " ~ 1 ' _ n i ' l - - - 3 r p i r - ~ ~ ' I _ - : r l g ' . . ~ j j : ' , " , I i ' I - f :;~,a:p _ : " I p e . ' : r : ~ , " " o n i b ~ : i n ~ d i n , t h i s ' v \ o l u : m . e '.1!::iid i I l : J " ,_u~ . ' _L~Q::i . l!ll~. ,e ,It: ,,",_U ,ji,',IY'!..-". " ,.U,.... '-'II . _;J ..... _~ __~ _ I",. __ ~ ,_~~ __ . _, ,'- - ,',demo. r rus t r a .b. : 'ho~; r : re se a.r ch , " " "Hh in Bv' ,zan t ine stud~eshas , evohr ed . ave 'r the'"P ' ' { I ; ' ' ' ' t ' ~ 3 . O - 't:r'.t'!;~~ f i ' i" " i t ' - m. ~ e ,~: t " " ' I ~ ' " " " ~ ' . . r o ' l i ~ : , l " 1 i 1 ' d_'ICi;:ii']'lId' ' l n - I d l ; ~ ' ! [ r j ' d : ' u , , ' : l i t .d ' ' ] ' ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ~ P - iI'~;n"rnc: ] n ' - t : o ~ '9, u~-~, ~ _- , r~ ~ , t t~ __~v ,., ~.,;:f.~., v , r u , ,JI!~.", .~'!Ii ,} .. ,61,LL., . .. J,,.,i., '-I" .. ,Sb~ Jjlt",:~.r~ I!~~_ . ~' b , ' i f ' O - ' ' ~ , d ;' ~ ' i r - 'QIX. ' p _ " ] . ' 1 ' ' ' I ' '< ! ' I I ~ l ' '( ' j Ir i " I I 0 - - : f : - i ' n ' t ,i J I ' I 'i " ' : o ' . : I " ' ! i . r l a ; ; i ' " ' ! t a d l c u ~ 1 , t ' - 1 '1'1'\ " ' :I i ~ l nl1i i : . n o - .illn.u a , ~ 0 " 1 ' d ( : Y v e l o 'p men t..!Ii, _ ",I, ~ ._., ,ur,],u.~. ,1(.lI'.ll. "Ii, ,IIU,~."'_ _,1"l~.li!I:::;;"'_.'IU .. . ...I~,' I ;. l I i. ~ ~ ~ l r - ~ . . ~ _ _= ~_>;:~ ~_ _ ""'" _ _ _ _ ,__ _:m whic.h 'leslie 'B: l lubalker. ~UlSbeen 'i n st run ,en~ 'aL

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I deri ~{h G' k d t ' - d i th i ' - Iren ermg l~'i'e'ree',;, names an." pace."natnH~Smentioned U1 ".1.IS vonrmeth e sta nd ard a ng lic ized fo rm s, w here they exis t ! hav e been u sed (~ 'o rexam pteCons tan t ine instead o f Koustan t ines) , Fo r t h e- r e st , . fo l1 . ' o \v i~ga trend t ha t hasbe Ii" -J" " " ' , ," " . , , '. ' . iiI.", - , . . ' . .. . . '" tl ..]~ . ':11 b..,-, : - . . itransc lbed. . ~ I , - ' t ' , .! I 'I,een , g . .airung acceptance recent y~a ,w names 1ave eeen ranscnoea as ~ . I , .erai , Yas possible ,il"ro~ding the va . [~OUS,la tinized vers ions (Komnenos instead. ofC '" , " , , ' " !\'i. . ll"~ I" ,l-." ., ~ i n s t e a d . ' , : ' N ""i " oh ' ' , ' I i ; ' } ' " - , " " "1" " " I.,..ij;":-.nm n enusj. .E," ;, I ll'\ :e_P l~or.os , ]115.eau. o . . u . . ' ~ , ('e p o ,ru .s t'" . ,~ , some,one " ,as - ' I , , ~ . . .Ln'"speak er ~ h ' '~n the end i i 'ng' us has be n< n approp " ' ; ' . 1 I ; , t ' \ I P I ' I ' ~ : r .m " ' : ' m I l ' I 9 I . ' ' ' ' ' : i I ~ ' F ' 1 i ~ d ' - (Theodcsius. :l l, , w 'Uo, '. = I ,t I~." ,L I I U l . I L = ",-..,J.J.I~; I~= ' 1: : : = ,d, U i .: '- . . ' : '- ( _. . ..! I o J I [ UI " , -: 'lr" .'Vl ,,-.iIl. ~ i " ,' It : .. . . , ' .. ; ' I ]", iii.I _ ll~ "-l i r .aI J j~ IJ I t" ': " . . " . , " ." . u , L J .~ ': .. '" .. '. I._~. _ ~ ~'Euphrasius, Claudius)" It' goes withou t saying. tJltd~in a n publicatlons citedin t' i~l~ ~on,tn' ' ' ' ' ' 'es ~ h > ' : - 1 iam es ~'::n""~ remained U 'I I 'C - ~ anged a n d a p :~,~, - : ; " ' .~ 'F$iIP + 1 f .d]-r'-'_., _W~~- ~,.U._,.v. "".~ lll..,.~ ,~ .II~ ,_, .. ~ . IWY J ! t ' . . . ., . ,l,"--'I,~~Y~.l'l!. _.. IIJ.~tIL-'IJIJ~."-".~ ~_~J Y, 'r '~~== ~~ I ~ - W ~ I ~' " , t - ] ' , " _ . ' ' :11'1.J, d .- :.d lau "lOIS n , , , , , en , e ,..

.Acknow '~edgemen t s ,This book ~sa labour of love by .n~.ally people', who all worked hard and , [Unof enth usiasm to 'mated a lize ~ a clear reflection of Leslie's popularity: Spedalthanks ~:oChris W'kkham, for 'his Invaluable hel..p with organizing this volume,for his nULny and astute contributions and for hjs,i I I lpO!dan1t , t ldvice ~~hrougholi.d;ii f 1 l , '~I',;-hJlSmedlev ~'~'rhJ-', mericulous and ; t - ' ' ' r ' ' ' ' - - ' cise comments and f i C ' l l r! " l i H ~ " I I \ " , r l " ' l' " g .!.v ~11iJ~ =_ ~ ~_ . .. ,-=1;; .... = ....= _~5 ~ _ iI !, ;; l" '~ ' !. r _ ~ ~;; : ;> p _ U ! ! !r-=".; .Il~~ C l _ iY _ ~ ~ _ ! I, ; : " " 'L ;; : ; ! " " ' ~ _ ,' =1;,)'= " "'_ ='V _ _ ,jl'"'~_it a n to hn:ppen; to Kalliroe Linardou for provid i ng L~sH,e; 's .i og r aphy a ndP ( b ; -I " : . . . .ation,iC"~ t o R - ' - '!iL.~1"""r"~ D av for com ' - p ; i l ' l ~ ' n " O "the ' ~ ;T ' i...I."....... and to C '' i i " ' J , ' - ] ~ : ~ u"~""~'O'H~," u , c, ,h,,.!I;;I,.l, _; ,l l~; I' .i I' " , t;!,~'I;".'I;".iI;lII . '!;lI! > h,jI, '1;".1_ ,I ,_,' ~ ~. ' . r ; J ' ,11,(;!, .U I!~h:;,""!, ,[Ul ',_t J t , . : I 1.)1 HIi ,!Ii . '~.~. !' ,B ' , , ~ , ~ , i i ' r ' I I i " . I I 'S - - -a u p R e m i b r a n d t D u i t s 'S ' lasllius " j 1 ' 1G ' - 'i I !' O " " " n ' " J ' o t ' ! i I ' ; ; t j l t - , 1 i . ~ n ' 'H - '~"r , " " '~ i ' "D:"I ' m ; t ' . . .~:~,...,l.,.' ,'-"~ , .~u .,~',. ' - 1 ;; ;; i, _ . , ,I. Ull, ,. . I . " , " : ~ " ~ , ; , " ,u~ ,1;, - ~ ,J I . ._1 l I l , [u~" " t1,[,f ." ..~,IIIU Ji.1"1 . . !II,.I, " la I, ,~ i~ 1r . [ - . ' ) = , ! a i , . _I, iiiKotoula, Rose ~1 ' pham, . i 'D.~anaN '~ \ ! va l t Tassos Papakostas, Julie Pardue, LynR.odley~ Albert S~e\'Va_diAndrew Tinson, and Vasiliki Ts ama k d a for' tllilejrc o nstr uc tiv e (r i.tic ism " u se fu l sugg,es t icu:1s ,support and help (prac t ica l and ,otherwise). Last, but byno means ],@astFwould Uke'to thank all the contributors.~Olt~.hei['oommi trnent, p:redslon" J,uncluality an d understanding, Obv~,ou;sJyaU.the shod:falls and mlstakes in this volume ate' enti:~ely'm y n?:spons:~bi.Ht.Y"



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handles "'''i' ' ] ~ I . " - ~ ' J ' " . . . . . . ; ~ , . . . . .ord '.. hold ~,:.~,.P':,oieeta's caske . : ) ' f " " " ' - I 5 " a " v e ~ l ? 'a n .: . , _ . es - a c "u~ w y ,i]:r~. ,.n Ou ~,erW(1" ~f ~I~.O.. 1 i g : ,r0.J~ ,a5, '.~~,'!;;" t~ i I ! ! O ; i [ . . ~ , . ' . ~ ,1d '~Li l l :"" nt _.d , ' : " , . . ' f "Ii f " , ' " " ~ " c ] , - . ' . - . ; ' ' . . - i ' t '_ ] u :e l f le - n - ~ .reac I n . g : 0:, .I,l~, r o m sJ:mp.y S O O , t n g ~ . ,

r::'hr,'I'I...~ ~:;I;':~IC''Ji p : . C J ; ' r 'l:r:~ stve bu,-r p e r h 'a 'fl~ s;UF"(~rn'd l a r v ; e : ~ n ~~ ~I"Il Bvzan ~ ] u .m...Almos t~,~_~Jb~ I~,! I t . ~~; : : '11 (]l .!k:; Y !UI,;" " -y - ~ /. _ [ I ; ; ; ; ; ; ; II._,r~ ~_;-J I. .~~Jl.""J'iI! ~~!!;;, u er ... ~ ".~ ~ - ,.1 =Q=~,_~"" ~ ~ __ ~ _ _ _R - . 'f " 1 ., Th G " 'I '1r- ~ rr.- . ,-- :- ,- : .. , - - 'L .. 1r ii ! - . -- , 'J ': .'.r_ ... ', ..... / :: '. -.: -.1 .,' '.,--' . -~, ""-1- ~_ .< j . . . . . ' ' , - - ' . 'Ii!," i . ' . - _ - ' , - . I - - 1 - " [ " 1 - - ' _- ' .-eve,ry , .yza n h n e ~,eJ " p . ~ ; r . r - p . r ' - th 1 1 ' 1 1 ' the ~ c t ' _ o . f : r e a d ' ' ;n g . w : . ~ , Fitself tactile..",..l, . 1Il..lU,'!o".!I.;; W . .03. ,,"" .. ' IUD"".,. '1, ,;;, .. , ... , u",. .....""..~,~._ "-'I."" =I.ia'!..~ !.. ,~~..._

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A~ " .....t; ' - l ' " . tilhj' d ' . ' ' F . : - . . . ( . . . . . Y '" ~ , :~ , s ' I. ," ......., t i ' : 'i t : S. b ~ . :j.,.-."., a b o ~ . . ..selll 8e' 0.11. ac 1, I,!LJ ..oe .." , c ome s ,aer,( 55 ltn _.:z a .1 , : ~":lIe ,\V.Fl : [ ] lg~"a QU" ar I l . \ !' , . . . , . ovea]~in menrion of d'~:fferent:g.uafities , ~ , ) : fmaterials, esp eciallv smoothness and

, , I ~ ,,jjr ou gh ne ss , w e ig hts and measu res . the ment ion of Boors of o ny :x : ~s n smo o th lypolished' that they were llke water congealed bn l C l e ; ' ofunpolished s t , o : n e s usedfor rough steps; of g i1ding \,vith pu.t gold two . f i.ngers th ick , of c~ rmg 'a t eda lta r -c o v e rs : a nd ,o f ,g 'o ld lcrosses, 80 p o u n d s " in ' \ , J , \ / e l g h t and encrus ted withJ . ~ : ~ " f''I; ] " ~ . ~ ! " i One th in tr th a ~ this tac truHtv ' reveals ls the m on eta rv va lue o f art,\ ~ ;S'. _ I t : : : . " . "'0'" , ~ , _ . l ..! ._. .. , i I"" lJ .~ . . ." . . e " " " ' " , . " 1 " . . . . . . " ''[t . ' I ' " " . . - ~ I " 1 ' " , . . . " " h ' l' to ... 1 . " , . , u .' . 'l'h'; . , . . - tov ...f" " " t,; ~1. '1" ... a .50 Unoer .1 nes I~,' a roue :lll1g sometr Ing serves .0 vert:y .~.m se me way; .' ." 1 -" . - ,: } !jo'i!:. th .~" ".; .'. - ". ~ -, ,,) t..~1'- . - d m _ ' . - , ~1p...-,."-oj:. - . ~ ! S c a s k ~t S ';' - " h " " d o ~ - , - . r " } t " t- ~'~I]. ,-,a s Wh,~~ .n:~expenenc,e c ~ , I , - ruan_~lng u r O ) e C I I , a , " , _ ' I ; . ;a s, J~ , ,',I.g., ,_~ e s , n !!. _, 'e ~ " u se " ' , j ; ; J I ' r " y ' ~ : h " I " " ' ( T about the Intrlnsic 0']'1 ~1':lI1'I~t'~'D~ .r~,f"a n C - 1 J ; b " J ' B C - : ; ' - Itc a n n o . . . I " ; O , I \ i " " J o " . J j ] ~;,t~,u ; ' e : ) ; ( r . .t.;. ~, '_'. , I i. . . . JII~IO!l1l1.-."...._. - . I , I I . . ' " ~ ,~I t I I. , ..... Ii.;. "1~ili~l ~,. ~ ~ ....._1 Ii.~.,.[t]..., ._":~l ,. I'. 1~ _ ,.~I,!L " I I, ~ 1; ~lJl ~,~ ,'-y" o~, I' f " ' . " " . - - 'I i l r'i~t"\~te'f"I"IIIi;''T''l .,:...d - : - s S". , I I ; . j ' i~ ld-r-g, '~~l - -~~1)., , : " " - - m ie h t s . .e " - - Ii \ . a ' ' ' ' ' i ; , - '.or ,e ',x ,a l l1 lip~~" , ;.;u I S ' ,. x, ~ , I~ re , , ', (. UC I ,' - .. , t" l i e " " . ' " ' ~J' ~~...)~ .~~[1.,'.... ,.Lme,~,~dngm~.g~ ' I , I ~ ,. . . : rv. , ; uSa g ua ra n .te e ().f' quall ty o r o f Iqua.n~i~y~.AUhough it is never expl icH'~y stated in ' S l y zantlne w ritings~ .aes~heticallyB\, zan r ine a r t In " ies to uc h. A S o ] : h a v e - a rz ued elsew h ere , n t ' rin ~ :a btlnd~np ' :,,. tJ .~ . i l ; ; jW - ,: ~, lE ' ~ ' I l l-;';'~I'r}'~. t ac t ile exeerlence , Jqlr~the m " , "ovem ent fron .. . .:i .... t e r io r ~'''~I~ ' I - l t " , u r - ~ I o ' r " 15,;~[.:!i ~" r-"'l~, ,', !Lj, ,')UI"- ~L ' I o . : ! A,r-7.1Iir";;;.,, ~l~ ~ ~~~~ '~-"", ,1~H~;~ , '~l~ 1'. "'- 1, "-"~ I." [~" .... , I I ! ~l~l ~"l ~I~ ~l,.,[1 IL.~ ~[ , ,~' 1~ -. I -Jwa rm to chH~. t the change 0 : :mater i ,a l~ underfoo tt the [' a ngf' of objects to makecon ~,,!.1i i'"',~ w~h l . : i ' " T I - " ~ : l i rna I i ! " b "J j,,!! shea j , 1 + . . I : ~n IJ " !Ised " 1 n -- I ereat chu i r " " i l i l f " i : ! o c f ~ " I ; ff j~ ' r - j ;l ! d . ~ s ~n ~ f ~ ef" \;~'" " I~ l" !l l! !u ~ - e '~ 1 H I ' ' , [ , . ~-r ~l_.l.!ir!I ~1"~l!!iur Ei;_, .Q~ ! \ 1 . . . ~ !L ~ 9i::.1 1 ~ ~ ' . ~ , ~O~ 'I!.r~~ , '.~ l ~ ; .. ..~ "-!J ~,,-~l V~ ~ . : ~ '. ; _ , H ~,I!w~ ~~ ~~ ~em il n e ss to an" worshi p o , : per \ 1 1 / ho mi ~-h t chno se to tou rh ' I~ ' ,and th e' v er v stones o f~ - 1 1 ' I O _ ' " , ~ . ~ ~ ~ [J - - , ,,'-~.. J, , .. ~ - - l ! I I ! , ~= o~-,.,-",""._,.._~,,.....~_,..I ! t . - ~ l ! I I ! , . ~ ~ , . _ , [Ii ~ ... =~- ~_ ~a : ib~.ild:l:ingcould b e , used ln t a c ti le p .r ,a .y .e .r ,as w lth t!he column o f Saint Grego rythe Wond.erwork.,.r ~n H :a .g w a Sophia on "~Iltlch the faithful rubbed them8e~.ves~:nst~,a.rd.,of hCi::'alin~~")~T.E"u:~eer-three-dimensionalfev of, for ~xam'r:):I.'e..some

~ I~ ~ -

VJ""" ,~ . , . t ' '. ' " ; i . . -:"'!i~ ,..c the _ ,.",.,I . ' . . " - . - . of the A . .. 'Ii ~~~ITM: ' : '~ '~ '~~" ' "l :':,,'1' elv ",,Itt . ' l i; .~1D , } r zan In.e ~\Iones or ne metar icon 0 rie .n,rcllan;g,e.l .....J.C,i I i " l :ae:sure .f onereu" i i i . . . + tactile exeeri t l-.....lieveth t lh ] dlelr owners a tactne e ' c x p erience, uruess we oe seve t:Jl' tLey were enc to s e r .... ' .in, cab ine t s of curiositles to be k ep t au t ' of the' reach of ldl@ hands." When thea p e , pearances and functions of such. obiee ts are ( t ) :n~l~de-f 'ed~.o u ch is usuallvI. I': "[


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, j ' , S - : ir.~'~"I'!;'I'G - " "" 1-]o~'L'1 i I " ' V ' I ' 'N ' r < '0 - ' D ': I" ~ - T ' ' F iI " -' T . ' jIi - - I ' N "'Gl~ i P . 1 'I ' t : ! ' T:n'~:r T I ~ ! j '-._I~,:r.1,,1:' 11. . : : I ! ,1lI:c. . Ji :c., """,' , _!U, ,,:C ,I~,ll., " u;JI .i", ,C " ,il i I 1 I I . '!U , ,I

inb;~r~H: twith p _ : - h v s : i c ~ dhands o n the t lb J ! t ; " C t ?V\~e-re~:heyo o s i t i u n e d insuch a ' "raY'l, .. ,~ r' ~i S to -,:- ~::., -: :t .s , fo : t ' i i . .I-. ' f i ' . " ' - ) " - ' - . : . - ~ . ' td : SH i il , ' ] i l S 'f,t, ,:,h? As, with P ' r ~ i , - J - : t , . , r ' _ ~a . . _ t( p,r-t)Vl' ..d~ (I, gr.I,P ,,( rJll~e " Inge r. ., an , a . ,_uHUj ,tk, 0_ ,OUC__ '__,_}L '_'__,_,(~ (a sc a sk et, o ne . would need to hand le such ( ~b j: ~t s ~ ( )s e e where the' hands Inight,b ,~i:"~' ~,t F . - 1 I tI : "~i l i . .1 ' '"TO' '!:f ~~I'!;I!;~' r-p"'~ rt ; Ilt,''''~I~ 'I ~ 'r " : - l ~ I ' p '{',Il ! ' .~:~~I ~'~' i ' ! i ; , ,~1 "'li i : ' : ".!I"'~i' a l ~~ , t 'n ' [ ] , , Q , ~I'~U'r ' g "'U_, th e nl..:IIll ~ I . " lOAi 'l~ ' U , ; 1 : , I " , . 1 i i i , IlWU _ ." , . _101" ,1,t;:U" ,lei" ..., ~ _ ~"uS '1l~IS~""l U i3 'U (_!Ii u_~I, 1 1 ; " " " " ~ . " _ , . " " " !h,~ . , . _ ' 1 ' 1 1 1 . _ , . , , , " , , ,, I I I .~.~.,--,ch '.'.':,,"ld ~,~'''1-: ' L . ." , . . -~ --I "1,,--,-~--I' ,-:-t.1 ,- . C'_ - , - - - i i ' .r f ' - , -, -. C' Ii ' ' ' - ' ; ; ; ' ' ' ' ' I - : , j . ' : , ' e ~ .e r i e n c - - : .,,)if 'i'~aheaddJUJc _woui ...nave oeen "ery m neil;~ ,; 3 pa rt ~l. a n~, use r 5 . ,xp;~,~ noec i i i ' _ ' ~t~ a neao,p erha ps o f slg ht, and so 'W t@ : ihould 'O t l .nsj der 'W h at H 'fe els lik e.

I t is a truism th a t th e Byzantlnes engaged phys;lc-any \ -v lO~works of art'W'rwHen so u rees c o n ~(I ; in manv s tor ie,-"about people hold ~ng' k i ' sshlg- ' n u Q'lp;:j n " " -. . , - , J : i n _ . . . - _ ~ [ 'C" ',1',-_[ ,,' d/-.,,;! .. :1 ..S _. ~ .-_ .,_.- ' -_._.. . -11,1 '1-,,' :.. )1 ' -1..~, ':.~" 1"'00" '011.... . m l i : ' - S t; ~ n a, . . ; a . , lh - 'h~~ t l . ing~ ,c o n s ummg worxs 0 : 1 : a r t . : - - 'omle'p~,'I~ys~ca,yameo i c ons "~t ,'.,themwherever ~~,li'lavwen ' t o . a ; ' I . ' ~ I ! 3 ' r - ' '(~'I'Iitheir uerson '}'" I - " n ' t- : I '- . i! J j , 'I I I" luggage :li A - ' 'n-'\'Iilets and-e- ~ .~ " ,. ~ "'l ~l~ ~IIuIJ _J_ ~[ .., !- .... , '~l~l~~" ._1 ~l _.,,~.:J~. r....!I ; .. ~~l, ! ! ._ _ ; . ~ I , _,. ~- ,ll, I. _,....O'~~O~~' , ....Ii Il~Ii~J. ~. 'I~ ' " .. II ~ l... ,P- '~] ! - 1 " r i ' I T I ' t o kens . " . " U " t l ! ! u - i , l ( l L g - - " . ' ' w "O I : r " ' : : I w o r n o r c a r r i IO l~ ~ ,; ~ bel 1 '~~r\li~'~. : j l : ~ l e -~ ' r - ohvs l c a l=~,~~ __~ __ "_~_I! ., ,~ ,! Ji "~ . . _~ ' !o... ~= J', .L... ....",.... __ lI'lu,~ __ .d=~~",",~, IW,] __ ,~,,,,, ,, . .. .,t.j!...' ! . _ . I ~ L ,rW!J ._.Ii _""_,prox lml t y ' on the body , c i;1,using reU ,e.f.: '2 TIle fourth -centu ry pU :gd ,m ' J' E ,g1t . r. i. a ~ ,desc r ibed (hlInks 'b e Ing ta k en o u t o J relic s of th e 'True C'r05S v ia th e teethof th e f : tl ~ - U l fU J l ; removing the fingers and toes 0:[ :sain~s;in this '\v~,ywas also,(I, popular pilgrl rn a~tiv:i,~y;,~'One' ve'ry well-known story te l ls of a woma n'healed 'b y S aln t~ C o sm a s and. Dam i en after d,r i :~kh:" lgpart o 'f a ' ~ ~J ' aU~pa j ~~ i . - n gt ] l , f . ' th e sa in ts , and day eulogia were regularly (UllSlUl1:00, by believers seek inghea ling o r : p & o t - e c U o n . , Z - i One o ~ th e mos t ~5 . l _ g n i f l c . a . : . _ r r l ~ '!Jf all ' holy' i m a g e s , ~ j 1 L eM andylio n o f Edessa , W , O c 5 formed no t fhrnljgh p aln tin g 'b ut th ro u gh ~ul1cb.As- - , . . . - -. . 1 : , , , . - . . . ,t" .-'~',' ".'., ,', --'- :.' ,_.',- ',. -- - --,. '.' ....- t ' " . " 1 ' . . . . . . ' - , , ~ , t ' h ' h 1 - - .. , . ' . ] - - , _ . , . . l . i, t " ' . - .- '- , ' . ' -u - ;: ;. -, ' 'I ' d - "an anlt:l.rol;ote(t15, ,I.m,age,;an lIT1,a.ge no, maue \ ,1; rt " "uman nanns, ~_,was crea ec 'th ro uzh ph ysic al contact w hen C hr ist washed h is f 'a,ce' and, in d : rv ,~nQ~ll~on [:I,f:"- I1 ._ I. ~c lo th , ~ e ft ~ h e'imp rin t o f h is fea J iU! ft '! shere, A ,s th e elo th c am e , m t - o , con t a c t witho the r o bjec ts , so the im aze contlnued to r.e,.,lk'a'le i l 5 e l f , . ' 2 : . ~ Pilfadolx-icaUv" bodi lv. ,0 ,r ,J ,r!contac t '\Ivi~himages played a major role In Ic o no c la sm when '~magles ,w - c t - ephysically destroyed, eyes gouged, out, and figures covered up ur mutilated.111 some wav,~N'on.. ;]of t ~ i i ; : : shou ld be ' ~ ' U - r -p -~"~~ing- :f wou ld b " ' E I ! mo r e rem 1 ' ; 7 I I ' r - ~ ' ~ : ; ' I I b - ' : ] i i t I , ; ; f : ' W ., . - : , o r - I " , D i I : " . f :~ _~~~. . _~~~~.. ~~.~_~ ~ ..~ ~~~=~. p. ~l~ " ~ _ _ I iW . . L... 120~ ~~~ :t1rl-'LIIl\.~ I ..... Lib] _ "'11~'~_1I l,~I _ _, -~ I d - I - - - : - . ., " , - , -I:J;,-'- tic I-. t " , - , - ' ' i ! . . . I ' , , - , - - r - - " i :- - " .s; h - - - . , - ' i . " ,; - : , _ ,. - - . - . " ,- - . - . ,] -: , - ,-~ I .. - d - b - '. . . . . - - ; , , : ~ . , " ~ t o , , . , - ',c" ' .ul .,no " mt;!n on OU( :& iU . n~, W a , ~ , I ; .QUC! I i , l ,I~~ vee" ove .r ._ "QOCN , . e _ ' _~caU : 5e j, J.5 so

' i P . ' lbanal and, ev,@:n;rdaj\" ,fl, rSensat~on;H is a ' - p ' ' ,a:r[ of tn@humanc'OflIJdHion[iO be ' ~ a , c rU~ . ,,~ ,J _,H 'O ' \iV 'eve :r " "oc i :e t ies ,have th eir - o \;v n rules, of touch and so in dus Icontex:~,~ i r n e!(onb~x:I 'Sof touching :in,B-yzmntiu lin can t @ u . us. so:m~th:i.llg'Q :f the' sQcla~ cus tomsof tha.t society: the sod.a.llzaHo:n o :t ,touCh; the tactile codes, of com'munlcatJonand, , t h e , ro les o :f c -o nta ct ,_,l'V hat wigbt be expr,essed as th e dj:ft~:rencebe-t:\,\reen

,2 '1 s.;,~...f l ~W ,~ i)::~ m .ple.M i r ; ( , t , C N i a ' S 'S Gfl$l'Ul(.: ' 1 f ! 1 ~ IJ-j1,m~~,p1t"cd - L D ~ubn~ r ,K~~,pml$ U U I r : 1 r~ m i~n{LeiP'l.:~Snd ]J( ' . rHn~,1007), Mirad !c ' 13; 'Pill~t~t~drans. i : n _ C. ! \~I j ]n;got,\.tj- o f the , B g , Z t l l : ! / ; ; i : r H : " t ' f i r 1 ~ i , r : e711 " " : ; = 1 ' , - " ~ ' ~ c"~' i \l ' ' ' 'Fi j i ' ' : r:-":il;;"l A'';;;'.~_I'i'i .. ' jo. ' l i '~' -: 'T , p ) . ' _ - ; i ' i ' ' ' ' ~ ' o _ ~P- I ' , i I , ' i I , 'n:n._ ' l ' ~ _ - ~ _ o _,!J l"!~ ~ ~~\!J.~, r.]:~-:~_,~~;!!p,., I _ ~ ~ , ~~ - ~ ~-~)V'1i! I!:!!IfJ~I!;~?~'!!! ~.~ J ~ ! ll ~~ ~ I~ t!" I]~ '1:ij~; _f' It'!!' .~fi~ r7'!!l" ! I ' 2 G '" \r~~.."I' "Ar:i- m..;;,.-iII",..;i ... :. ......... o m . . . S . . . . - . . . , . 1 , . . . . . . - - 1 - - 'Dr--~ ....... , :i :- li - - _ " ~ ' _ - ' i l O ,1/)1 ' "tel< ('~'{,~ii:.'ili-}- P ' p ' I::.'U";, " , , - - . '" : I "_~ " , .( ;. n" l~ ,', i l ;: :UI!l l l . . :uII,~' "U.'I,(J, ,I, ,'~, I]L'ld. : : -a : r . :y ,DYZ'

, 1 5 1 F ;I ;J I"f he: MC lJnd v ]i :ut ;' l; A ,M , Ca ri 1Jer~ t 1!, 'ont~ h~'~t~:FVf : ~ fth e inlllg~ @,:~ Ed ,es~~ ,th e ~eni~g" ,-;' - .. ~ ~ .~ - ., ft! 'II -', ,,". ' 1 " . : 1 . 1 ' ~ " " . . ' , ' ( . . . : " , ,.~:I; ... " . 1', " ': [ .' '1", ',-1'"." .. ~ _," I' I I, ~ , _. I ". J [ , [ , , f" ',I ' 1 I', ,,"'. ,I ~ofI . ':'~.:I.r.of ii, story ~ ~ ,n C ;, Ml'lll]~O and O. Pntsilk {~ds.)\!, O k r . 1 i 1 m l S l ' 'sIUr:iH'S pn~t,.n/,t!d i,o Uw. r ,j;Lit ' t ' ,(i-nk'o{C!lo~bdd~:e'j f ! . 1 I i i 1 i ~ s ~ClHl~tt1:~, ill984}, lpn, 60=94; , H . , : K ' f : .~ 5 1 , e . ~ 'alt~dG , \- V olf (cd,~), i b , e ' I '-IQl'~ f ~ r , ' " l ~ '~ ' ,m; f. 0 l r ~ r~jhc:' . P t ! J i ' m J l ~ x ( i f , R e } ; t _ r e " H ~ ~ , " , ~ ' ( d i - ( n n[ M - , j ' I ( , U , l " l'9 98) "

Material cu drept de autJr


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a,handshake and aktss what U m eant to kiss the i,"~Cl~ of an , ( .J! I , -- ' : - ,r~:,- , t" 'I - ' - ' " ."_ _ _ _ _ _ __ , . _ ___ _ _ _ _~ ~'!;;; ___ __ ! ! ; , _ _ _ _ ~ ;: :;I i _=01'5; : lee ~ _ ~~_ 'I ,;[ n, pe=o r;!' : l. ehands of a sahl~:,the lips of an ],CO~,how the' bile of a do g ' and the b i~ ,eo f thebeliever O r . r I J , the True C:f10SS w,~'n,~understood, Issaes such a s, th es e' :00101. : t,oideas of social decorum: 'who could tOtllro whom, 'when" whe te and ,hO'w"~t'i''W- "h~ , t "W " , ~ , ; : ! I ; , i ! : ' t " - ' O ' - U , , ,, 'L ,~ '~r '? '"W'; : :h 'U'"""nI1 1 'W : ' ~ : ; : ' ! i , t , d : _ l ' d l - ' I p cop letoucl . . .? W ~ , l~ ! c - h 'p.. . .+,......'III' , : !i : -" ", :,.. ,.u., _ U;JI., .. LB.,I,"'" ,. , . .; u. u, . Uu, _ "it;.,'~' U_n,. ,ul_ 1,";~;Ul---~ 'I.,.!'], un,~b ! n ! - J ', f ' ~ ) : F example, were touched? How did peop l,@ touch different things? What(1,-i'-to .nrch ac ; ' f - j~ , . , re: :C . .o nv enti o ns a b 0 " ~ 1~ ' ' ' ~ ; I ' i ' " ' ; j : , ~ l uin-tera c i ' ]~.OI''n - (even s ome th in - ' g : ~ I ! C "= ~ _ - I~ ..= _ _. J!I!='I;;:....,.. .'II..i'= " r ' ! M ' . , ! I i " .'V, , .~ 1;1 .. " . .... , ! L , ,",1:;1,,,,,",'-.;11 ~, '" .~" l 'JI , ,I~. .., .!IG. ~~,II, ,JIL!' , . , ,' . Il llU ':_:: UQI"simple' a s ,g@nde:r"differences] ,g~ve'intormation about sodaJ diffe~entiatiolt,about defining: personhood and status. S~iulda:rd8,of acceptabla forms of touchchange as c-oncepihs,O r p: r,ope: r .fo :r ,m,s,o f co rporea l behaviour and, social orderchange, There are d i f fe~en~ ' rules oJdecorum. T he :~ d eaof bi t i' ng t ti li :le 'r m e ' Ct(JSSis shocklnz now but th:isW',~':",~'il tims when ti']~i~ ' ' ! I , . .~ , - - ; '~7", t-. 'i,--i[-d',ouehlv: thev_ _ _ . " ' ~ _ . " . ~ ' ! ; , . I ! _ . " _ " ! ; !IS " " I~~ __e . e c n _ e ~ ~ " ' ; i' l I n e . r - e r~ a !l.e nJug l" wY:o I", ey"".' !'!i.T! -'!I, r -'IIaUj'~I.~I-r:l'U'< : ' ! : I - . ; i . . . len "''iiia t c l " i ; iO i ! d - . : '- ,1(: ',,".;f'!;;otn as - m d le:i"21'110" t;l J, I i ! . . : f! ,C ' JI _ h,~"_t ,~",, ,,,_,"';;,_,, i lo !! , I~ )1; ,. ,._, 1 , ' 1 ; ; ; : _ '! 0._, "''Y,~H p~ U.~~___,t.Images I O f touch can add to ou f' know ledge, , o f h leza rehies and relationships

'between people bl 'Byza ,nt i :~ t r l . U is ()tt'rl assumed , for example, that hands a revelled when co m lng ~nill'contac t w:i t -h holy ob:jec~s ot .f igur es ., Th i s :~5~rlH~;! 'buton : ~Y 'up to a poInt . . In tl~ ,eslxth !n th e , s ix e h- c an tu r y ~pse mosaic ' 0 , 1 ' San Vit~tle in Ra.venna{Fig; , m . 2)""on~ of tho ange,~s,o uches th~ ' sr.ould~'CQ , f ' sa int Vitale, \ -v : it h ~ , bar e'hand. though his other hand! is veiled, illSanI' Apollinare Nuove l p g ' 13)_-~~! I .. _" ' , .. ,. , ... , . . . ,I, , , ,. ,e] II v" ~ : I., ~_'som e of the m a 'le ' and female saInts hold their crown S with veiled hands OJ'one veHed hand, others to uc h th eir crowns with bare flesh. , Should we see' theve . iHng as r andom and a , cddenta la r t ~he ar t is ts ' whim? Do e s ~tdepend on the



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1rn a gi n IJ cud rep1 de auto r

P ig . '] .1 A ' IP~ ' 'mosaric showing t h e V i I g~n . ~nd .Child en lh r o :ned~ ang ,e~ s. ..saints.l c I , e ' . r l l i c s : , .l a . y m e n , e i l n c l . B i : ~ d : u : ; p l Eu:fras.l.us". :mi .d~s ix . t ih c:en:l l lJ[y~ E'U.frasrnan. b l ! 1 l J s i 1 k , a , . f i C J ! i : c c ' { p h Q t o cRanc:o K o s J - n o z .A , ~'ms~dwith 1 f : I ~.rm:icss,ion~~. . . . ~ . . . . . , . J , . . . .~ : u : . - - . . . . . , I i " i i i : _ . - . ~ . _ . ~ .saint? To answer these questions, a Dll0W,1e detai l e d Shldy of "feiLUn)g~ w w t h i n a' 1 , . . . , " , . , d - . ~ '~ : mtext , f ,t,--, ' - 1 . - ' d ',....,.,.'i,. ""'~' .....,..._..'.' ,-,,', " ',I,. ' ..:ufO,aJ . er COfh!eX_o '~ . .Clue 1, an" ~~ 5 ] g n , I I . ~ , : U c a . r u : : - e , i s necessa r y,Asthese examples also Ulust:rabe';r touch can indicate social hierarchies;angels to M i c h . 5c d ut s" " n o t vi'ce Ve'J'Stl., '\i\fho Chris t toucheswhen ' toa)f idso b e .

5 u g g - e s [ j : v e ~ Christ in.his d:ru,v in i~y:nev"t t o u c h e s .B inyo : " , ~~utin ,S ' C @ 1 \ i@ . S,~: i s~ I . " f " - ' ' l ! i "A!.1ll,. . I i . " ,_JI1- . , . , '._ ~ ,- - , , " '- , '_, -l.,,i,,~, t . b o t h i l l _ ~ . , I C h },'t id , ' " , f: " C '1 - '~:l , :!9u, - e (Hl. eartn, ,~Ou.u.:I1i1l1!g IS rar , m . o : r ' p:romln,en ,,/ .10 . uy . In,S,..an , Q .', 1iILrnS.

2.9 .[ n thi:~ oontex: t [ 1!


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i s ' -.1 ,r ~I'" ,: .. 1 1 ' ~ ' v .I ,,",~ ' ., " [, '_ 1 ". '.1 '_"~. . I;, ... ,._1.. Ii!UUNG s i E U ! l l . , I , E . ,[N G i l ' ,BUT. ,Fl'tE~J,l'U.! S T,H~, TRUTH. lJ

~tistw~'way, Wea:r.ing an amulet, .~orexample, kept n~e f .aHh fu :~ ,n constantphys ic a l c o n ta c t w ith the im age it po r t r ayed O J the ' person ~twas . onc e a partof ' : ' ~f l . o r m O . . ~ ~""" " " i r ; ,~ I~~ ' [ ,V.'1..~ holv ,eg ,u re, , f ! , O , i U . C . '~.~~I ~ ' h , . ~ ',"",!'~:t:lli",~i'i' i n '~ ~ ~ [~ i ! ' n . . ~ , t . ,this. ~h, { ~, ,.J.'~ U!i,,'!i-!I.I. nlli,l!i; J " I~~l~ ," .~, U'. U_I'~J ,! . ~~~ ! I i . , ~ "~'!I;,U.II,,!;;iIi,,~,I ,1,,!;;I!l,',.,n,.,,, . ,'-,.;;!!polnt o f phys i c a l c o n ta c f~ .m t ra c le s c o ~ l d OCCLll~:a~nu log i a of~ymeon Sty]~ testhe Youn~ ' ~ f ' [( '5 9 1 -9 2 . \was ceumbled to still th ~ s ea ' in th e T -uesday p:rocess"i)tl,~ ~ .. =~e~ . . -I . " 1 / _ ~ . . . ' " ~ . ~ ~ . . ~ . . :5!L=~_~ .. ,' =~ ~_~ .J!. _ . c o . . . .~ . . . . It( = _o f the Hodege t r i a le on , a ,c cn rd in .g to Sb~ phen o f N o v gero d , w ritin .g i.n ~ hefnu e te e n th ce_ntu~y~the h:-on.d irec ted its blindfolded bea re rs UmJu.gh touch."Touc 'h . was illmeans o,fpossessing the relic and thus the holy. Questions aboutwho :m:~g'ht ' ' 'v ,a:n~'o t ouch a rel ic, who cou ld touch i ll " \ ,d : l Y 'would ~ ' h e . y ~ouchi:t w hen w ou ld they touch it, 'who controls th e touch" what cou ld , i .ts ~ouchdo fo r the toucher '_ th e difference between access to the impe rla],co l lec t iono . f relies and the relies o f a l saint in his ow n public church '_ all these i ssuescombine to build up a . ~'socia~.i s to ry ' of' t ouch ing \vhichj ' for Byza .n t iu :m ..remains ul1:wriu''Cn.'F .h li -] t...., i I i o ' 1 l . . d f . , b ' h '-urtnermore, re JCs. are corpo:rea,! SiIl1liU.lJnge para ox or rconsr botndisplayed and . v ,~ r i f. iedG od ' s [c,o:r.poreaU~ y;, using: : m , t l , f , e ' r i a b ; . ' ~ [Or ev ea l th e :r.eality'O f the div ine , W: i t h re lic s G eo rg ia F renk has discussed the equally pa radox i ca l . , ; , f ' th "1 ' ho.i ".' ... ~. ' 1 A h '~: . lledsl tuat i i ,o~ 0:':' ne " p ~g nm ,wn o , 11~, is t t ing ,~,o.ym en ano I lo ,~ywom en , tr, a:ve~ [ Ii. '" Uto ex perien ce D, (0 rpnrea I " , ' t 'a l n g i b l c : .. divine human 'bod:y}~9 ,Pilgrim'S we regreat t ouche r s , ' IE v e r y t l T i i ' [ [ Ij g 'w e read '~~U~,f t h e m to tu :h in g: r eUc s" . ga the r ingdirt, rub bing ' insc r l ptions, Touch, like sight, co~ld, cross th e bounda r i e sbetween the ho~,yand 'the human. and seems b) have been a fundamental parto f r elig io us exper i ence , But b)tH~halso had poten t i a l for des t ruc t ion : in t 'hehands .of' pilgrims, holy men could, . lUer,ally~ fall ~pnrt a s the' fourth-centurym 1 0 i " " " k Paphnou tios, d.,'s c o v e re d . when he grasped the arm [ , ) ; f ' ' ~ , hol ' lI i :r ' man ,... d..,Iln ~ ul l i I! .i 1i , .. ,. . . . . , . . . I ; ; ; ! ! . . . . J..o!I'L,V" "'" ,,,,""" , . ,, 'Ii:"o~.li, ..... t"'.u.,:, '.' . t;; . . "4;a;.:11." l 1; ,l i' . i;I!,. " ,.,...'1 ,.,~ ~u.i~'disintegrated mto dust, WIn cons idur ine touchina t 'h .. holv Iw' nt , fl. :;, . .. .. . flct. Vr i lv ..' "~:.udes~~ . (. _'__~_.e_~_g_OtlC~~~g ___ e '_ J:L).r ~'. _a _~ , . .0 re =~e , ~ ~=e y! o n a ttttunestowards that corporeal, divine human bo dy 'O f which relies were H,ving proof"'The convennona l v iew o , i ' Eadv' Christian [and, Byza_;_ntme[ , tU tudes to the bodyJ ~ IJtends itobe ~hat the Chr is t i an monastic r ra d r n l i A ; n 1 saw a~ .sh as tb e m : - . ~ ' a . ' p h o ; , t.~ . _ . e .... _ .L,~_ .. "._ ...._". .... _.~~ ... _ . ._.. __I ;, ;! '~ ~ . .. . =_~ .. II! ~ ."~ ~_~ ~=l!:e,,," _ =".~fo r fa llen m an and . the ir ra tio na l 're jec tio n o f. G o d ;' a nd tha t the pa sslc n a te

.J[()~I,m~d~f iw i-hn(t!l"/~~ , A c l X d t ! ' m y oj Rd[igjtrl~~68, 1 ( 2 i C i O O , ) ; : : pp, 367.....so (esp. p, 3 1 7 7 ) . ,38 SY , ( t ' i , e o n . SryU te the omlg:e~:; , L a ~' i ' a;tu.:ieiJii~ d s ' S , ' S . l fm ' e ~ r J , S l y U f l; ; i t : .J~i"l~,rr~1rans, anded , P:,van d ,M 'Yen (Bn ' lsse~s~, 196. :2and '~ .970)"p." : 23{ i S tep hen , o ~ N o v g .o ,r od " [ te~t [~U'u , ! tra ' f i~ . hl:M~je5b- , ; ; 'RI.t5'SI~tj:n:rtuldlerfj~p . . 37 ; qu ; (}~edand dlscussed in ' B . , Pi?J1,b:Jlev~.i l am:s mlti pmUlr-1:; , ''fi'le'M'~ ' t J ' w " " of G [ : r t t ' b J B Y ~ ' ~ n t h ,( : 1 I J ( r~n:n S t " a t , . e l,f ! ) ! ) 6 } . . p.p. 1 3 3 - 4 " , . G. V ilw : n~ ,By,z~.IDline p n , g r im ! .+ . a r t 'in L ,Sa,frall ( e d . _ : ) , . H~~I1' Itm e a r ' i ' h ~ 'ar!' , a ~ i ' d . t l w c lmrch . in , B : ! fZ j u d . j :: ~ m l fPeIl i I ' l syh 'an~, i i I : , S ta te " 199B~), .'Pp. 229-ti6l includes [ n a n , > , ' axt,l~mp~C1'S'f dJC mir~"cu LQUS; t~ct~lity of pUsl1imll ,g~ il~rt,39 F r~ jJ~ Meiml1']l 0 '/ ~ l ~ e e . C ' S . .esp, p , l1.8. Althoii. : lgh F:raJ: ' !J~k~:s. r .i U : 1 8 ! J r y [C,Oti,OOrn : is w U h'''I"Q " ~ t - ' c" '~ h.... ' '' '' '' m " '" im p . . . . . .rt.,.,...t.~I;.,""U~;,;IO1 " ' : ."wi: touch ' I~."n.",lu,dll~",,;&;!'h ~I.'''~""",wifh ""!'u'~* : " i o . . . -J,~ O l.~ , iJo .l,l" ," . , . ,U.a! ,""'-!' ., , ,.; ; "' ,' V ......,ll Ui~""". > l !i J o . I,ll"" vI ,V, ' ! < . . . j . ,,_, .. 01;1,~,oJiIL~ ~ ' 1 0 : . ' '~I,U!U,I~, _ ' i l l I ''"'~''o~iii, ;'lI.lU:n"T,I; '1"" " " ' ! I i 'M ' ."IoI,~,'!W~.jIllI:""_Z "'40 :P a p h f U , .i lil1 i . 1 S t i ' V i : [ t . r . ~ OiiutopI1ri~~,[ 0 0 " '~.A,:W. iBudge :t C ( l p I ' ; : c h : w . ' , r , s ( lo :n d on~ , '~ 9 1 4= ,15 } [ "Yot, 4 1 ' 1 dl. ,2 ; t ra :n~ .T, V W V ' i ( ll il ! , , P a p h " " ~ J ~ U ! l S "Hi$t~'fie~;o f [ t h e r l, p , u ;n h ( )/ Upl~(!r'E g y : p ~ 'and t h e ' . I . . . ~ / i ! '~fOi.iJWphti~i~(Kwamazoo, ' 1 9 9 : 3 ) 1 ' pp . 1:45--6.



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body needed disdprnini :ng t h fQUJ ;Vl diet~,meditafion and constraint ," I twas the,Christian's duty, to master ~he threat of the' body: But, U touch is used as a wayof understaadlng attitudes to tt.ruephysical in iByzarnt tium, then, as KalllstosWa.re has sho wn, this vi.e'\\~'needs nu ancm g o :r~perhaps ...even revers ing , illHesuggests tha t, in Greek Chri .sH:a~ ,~ i ty; ,what is ,apparent 'is,not a . rejection o: r ~'hebody 'but a . tension o r an ambiv a lence; :in theory' the body I s fu :nda :me .n~3 .11 .J lgood, though in p:r.~;d:~e, lt :m,ay be 'more problema He . Ascetl c practices arealmost always deftned as :m'o: r .~i f l: (;a t: io:n;S.of the flesh, punishing the' body tomake ~th(dYi depriving it , of sensation ()T' cUe ' r ing, it sensa tions of the 'm oreunpleasan t kind, ,t!'s:lj(!ci,allv w here to uch is c on cern ed . H ow ev er , texts, about. ,~~a s c . . .t i . . .ism a " , 1 ; " ; " W ' : ': ' :' a ''1"0 p nlnts o u t ac tua llv pres en t a more balenced "'j'~:~W t h a ni . :' ! ' , "h .1 ., " f " ' , ~ .,1,~ L~,~,~ S C,. I C,!,!!;".~Y![~H:t "", se,. " " " , '~~C,' ~ QQ !"" 'I;;;.U i~ ~ ,..;,~ ,~ ,~,IH!I,t l l '~s~ugges t ing that asceti , [dsm mlght ' b e ' seen 8 " S a stru gg le fo r the' bodly r , a . t h e ' rth an aga i ns[ itMn'ny asc etic ~ exts giv e the ' body an lmp o rta nt 5t!nSoF 'y ' role,John 'Klim,akos,-, wr i t ing i: n the ' seven th cenru t} ';; ,said, of his body' : '~he~ S 'myhel ~ ~ r ' and m y . . [en .eml~~m"lit ass is tan l' and rnv IO' l~nonent" a I ) ro tec tur and . a ,~-"!r- . J. ,J ,~,r~" ,rtraitor'. jHow can I hate 11:m l 'when ,m y nature disposes me to love hlm.'? ;,;,.How can I " esca. ,pe from ~~~n.~hen he is g'lliJng to dse 'wi th m e , ? ' ~ 1 ! [This is a moreambivalent att~tl'lde to pl lysi 'calHty than 'One n~a,~] i ( u : : a ' f : e s the 'body' , ,1$ enemy ,

'\'\~ a r-e' has. shown how hu'man phys] ,caUty W'(lS understood 'by ' earlyChristians in various 'W d,]l5, which he explains as bids to resolve ~he tension'between the Hebraic-biblical t radj tion of the holisti Cund erstand ing of hUOUUl'person and the P~auol l i c -H~ 'eUeni5tk t r ad itjo n o f' :soulfb{]dv d ualism :'~Into thisI. ~mix eame '(he Fall of Man, and. the question of the dlstinctlon between tbe pre-and post-Fall body; the idea of the W'o[rd becoming flesh and the role p]ay,edb.-.~,!~.~ nhvsical b~ : O : dv of I C ~..."j c t ~em body ..~ng~ ;P;:~ ~1 ' ! I ! : r " ; l l~ ' 1 ~ O ,m ~ an d ~,1'1~'belie f, " In they 1~.nEir~ ,y;:,~,'LU. , . ,J 'UI . ~ t I !iU.lI~;:!.I' ~ . , [ .U1,J':' ~. ',.~' iiJln~.v lIo '~ ll~ , ~ '" u, ~J,.,_;;~,!Ii,. .~ i ".resurrection of ~he body at fh.eSecond Coming - something inherently sinfulcould not' rise agalu. In.this eontext, the! body~,physicality and ' l3cUHty becameposirives: the created body': wa 5 a , temple be cause it w as noten t i aUv h o ~ y and! " ! J . , r [r r.was created 'b y G '~ Jd .,As Vi:a:re says, it is worth n.o ting ho w' o ften. a sc etic s a re' .' -' ~ ' r "" il' ~ d 'ed- bv " t h ~ ' ' ' t ' i i j " i o . :" t "" 0, . " f the r r l i ' j F " h ' ~ ' ,4,. T h . : (11, a ~ sc etic O no u phri ....; :0 ; (: .... , ~ , OO ' ::) ~sufferede", IQ,' _~ ~ 'J ~.,~~ ! g ; : ; . l i _ " IL 'Ii,;: U'!;,;:;;I\, , " "~ ~ .;n.,~. ,!;.,.~ , . I I . :! .. ~ ;,il!:U I I " O I ~ ' . ,-,.'if .. = s , ~ .Ii.!h;,!1!,"".~all sorts '(]i,f' bodily m.o:rt.Hica(ions,~,u:t was rewarded by wonderful food fromGod; ' Anth,(y.n.y~sphys ica l austerities, did 'no~reduce hi'm eo w~:the ' : red skin and ,b " ' ) 1 ~ but: " ~ : I i o ~ ' d - ] ~ " , . . to ~ .~ .' ~ ]-eal t l ,["JI' ~"'. '~Is t , . ,t < "S " '-~ ' ~ ' r - " s e t ] ; ' , t , ~ene' .:{i,J. reSI~,orle~ , ll" m , .0- a wo re , lea, . , 1 . y a rri,~,iIJ na; [~ ;ua. i IJ,C'a ~~e .~Y mjE'c..rll~,ne ," ~ y , _ l . e...d es pit e ~s ~ in 'k jn g 1i 'ke a dog' I pa ssed aw ay In an odour o f ho ltness ..t6



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" ' S ' I ] !EINCtS, 'BELIEVING 'BUT F:Elf] " [NG" ' S 'n..n~TRUTHi!' 1 3i _ " _ , _ , , . . . !,..,' I ,_;r _ I 1 1_"1 I .J . __

In a n , of ~:bi ,St lt i critical tn be, awa re of h(HV the 'Byzant ines themsel vesJ rn ted touch and the senses. As Is well-known, the "Byz( t rr l inesbel ieved that:sight was a tactile medhtm and, that seeing "vas a taedle experience." Raysf 'J .A b d 1 bi tbei dd b .,[om, tle' eye.s carne'out ann em bra ce -_ ,ne o : j e c t : e~ng; -rega r ..eo, nnngmgIt back t-() ~hemind! lmprindng its form on the :m,e~m(n:y . In th is context, theW:~ '~ I ' r ' ' '~ 'L : ' l I : f t 1 1 " ' J , nlruh-cennsrv Pa t r t a rch Photios ~n.~'I~il!'.homily on t ' 1 l , f l i im " '! ! i ( . "" '\ l ! :! i l . , t o '....Y!,~u~ (j._, ~=..~ _,~h,L,_, I I ,. " II ;; ;, _ . . I~ I~ !!!, ./ _ ' ~II~,,~, (!I!,I~ "iI!!I!('~,,'Y~ ....I~ . ,Jil~,,;;t., ,b"" '", ", .. ,' ....' , . ,1;- '01""" v,1.the V:i rgln in th e ~Ipseo f ,H3gla Sophia In Constantinople, a re frequently ci.ted;,'I]~ra'vlngsomehow t h rough t he o u ,~ : po u r il1 ,g and eff luence of ' the op,'tkal raystouched and encompassed iltheobjeci:t [sight] ' f :OO sen ds the , essence ()f the thing- - ~ . . .. - 'to th - " . . . . a .. d ' H '" - t ] _ . . ~ . . ' . -,.,J -ee -" ," " ~ - " t~ - - - ~ _ ' p o e d - ' c " " H ' ' - S ' it ~-"",~.ali -.- d " " c ~i i : ! i i : l i ' e ' n ' , 1 " N ; 'l l' , , - ,, " , ' e ' 'm ' l'll!t '1l(" : , a "s ','la, m ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ri",",'."n " . ' : ! I i S ]" I j J " ' I l ' , i s . .i" , . ': '1;" ]" ' l i1-1iU & i l'~;l,,!! ..~,. ~ "',,"' .' ",'.' ".'. ,_, I~,,,.,I~ ..', ' u ,I", ,~.~' " . . ,..... "I, h_, .. ~ !o ]., . ." , ,.II;!!._' "O;!!""'-,I~'" _,~" ~ ~i!;;!! , c.,:, '~ ,,)~~iI;..~_c",,"~ .Then i , t ' : has ~ff( ) r t l "~s( t~v ,ransmined the f. rirms to tlhe memory ..~g_"Ii;;~ ~ ~ _ " ~ _ . 0 1 1 c , ; ! _ ~ _ ~ , ~ ~ . . _ ~ ~ . . . ~ : : : 1 i ~ _ ~ ~ _ . . _ _ " . . . . _ _ _ J = ~ . . _ . . _ . . . . ~ _ ,:

PI,1.'OUQS:"statement sugges t s that for t he. 'B yzanH nes , s ' : l , g h t and touch workedv'ry similarly, that ~h~ywere in fact cenvergent or even conjoined senses, at ' ' ! I , ' I , ~ i ' I , ; i l ' ; _ ; : ; ' J ~~ ' I ' I i , ' 1 1 Y ' ),~" " i . ' the workines cf ~;'I'Q:~I~derived from the ' C ~ ' I 'i ! I' iC ' C ' ~ " - - : ' ~ ]phi l o sophe r~" ~~,JU1- i.~'- ' "~I I. l-:_ U ~J IIJ.~ I~ ,',,", ,~oILlll'O~ 1'" ~'IO~II~!J. Il~, 101,., ' \ o m . Ill" '1jJ[.J, _ ,., . JJU~~~"'_UI I ". .u , !\;!li;1"1i.' r.' l.1 "A:risto~']e,,49InWestern thought, Aristotle is seen, as p ] ,ac i .ng ,s~gh t and touch asth e top and bo l~u.rll lends of the scale o f senses. H ow ev er, 'his v iew o :f lr)'!":u:'hsmore c C l m p : m , c a l e d than this , h n p ~ ~ : i , l e S c ,for- Aristotle, ~ , o u C i h . may not llila v, e' been1 ~ ' ~ 1 "D, ' 0 -1 'est nob"'~Ij~lt:!!i-"]I""J;Ij, fw!I!I'l-, I ~ ~ltU:;l~ ~j;!l~''''' oj:.j}h~v"~ been t-hj~, p~~r]m- '- '~ 'nJ.Ej""n.S'~. t 'ht: lw , , . .. . . I .,~ ~ ~ I _ _ , ..~~ ~t..l ~~~ ~I~ [ I ~ ~.i~h,Jl~~ ~~,_.!.~ U I~!;;~ t:I O iJ H . ' Iw . \m-!\ri.:l U . _ U"- ." = =~..":l J !l;J.!lwi.:l!l~"", ~ ~ ...mo st n ec es sa ry sense, wUhQU t 'wbic'h n o < 0 lhc 'f ,~en:se wa 5 p05 :s ib~e . , I~ j lU'nli;k~ t.he(~~hersenses, itdoes riOt' belong to a , s:i.ngllE!orgtl~:~ndeed,;does.ihave an or.,gan::are skin and. flesh the orga.ns of to uch o r the media ,o f touch? Is the heart t :heorgan ? , S ' ~ , Ra~~be. r . ,ouch is a sense of commu nication, bringing d:istan~'objectsinto proxim i t y . , 1 [ 1 the D i e , A ~ c d ~ w 1 . I 'it is clear tha t Ul,e[ 'e is a d-~s~inctiQnmadebetween valid sensory pleasures and bestia ~or carnal appe t i tes, ,A s Aristotlenotes, humans are the- only sentient beings able to make this distinctionfor their sense of touch is far more developed than that of anything in U le. ] ki ,,,.I ;52 T h 11"k ~ L. b ] b J ~'k . 'I " J bnima kingdom, ..- -QUe" I : , ; ,~es~g!IJ::~:I:,;aa ue earn a"; . .ut ,~.;.S1J ; I t , It can a so Cprofound. It can veir.i~~It can communicate pre~s.enceand empathy, it bringstogether bod:~,world and flesh. Su san S te :wa -r thas suggested, tha t fo r Arish:>Uctt ouch wa s the sense needed fo r b ein e: ~he other- fou r - senses 'we re necessa rvC l . " " ~

,~,7 i R . s " , Ne'~~(;t i i ' j ) , j~l('ay and t o ~ee:e k , _ p ' h r , i ; i : J s and vH~'i(u,n" 'Hy,2dJnt~. i i1m ']A :R.s.Nel~n( ~ d L ) ; Vi~Uf lJ : ' i t ! lb e f i 1 : N ! m ; u - ~ 'beymu l the ' l t e n \ i 1 i s s , f u 1 : c e (C~l:mwidgli! ;; 2f ll t llJ)", pp. ] _ ' ~ "J~" ,

4 B lfhot ins1 Htwdly 17..5. 'J~xlt in: . P h o t ~ i j ~ " ,H' r .mdU : f s~ed, ]1 , L~OUI-d.tI. (TIu~SStdo[d .k i j1 9 5 9 ) . - .This lit"~U1~]~t]Onc om es fro ~:1!JC . M'~!lgo'll l~e H ; r ,m ,~ m e ; s li f P l 'w H ~ ~ ' . P{dri~t i ! 'd1:f)!C~~l~:tm t~~ng)p,{(~,~T r a l l ; 5 l l l1 H t '' '' ' ( m i l! ' IC(mmleJI itltJ (Harv,Ll r'id" 19.5S], P : 2 9 4 . " ,,49 iR . Sor:ab i i~~A:r is l \o t l (~n . d e : m l i i [eating the H : V ' C ' senses ' : i ~ l J " B~_tn($,~ t : . S c _ km : f : i . e ' : ~ da : n d 'itSt): r~bl~(ed$)t . A r t i d , ' e ; i.1,1A r h ; t o l l e . . f \ ~ y d ~Q k ~g yand E~h~I~~~~lfRtd{~ii1I'~,'991)c!'e l, 4t i Pp . 1 . . 3 4 6,5;TJ1I(.Iohansen, Ar i s t ~Ue ' o,.l It,h~~ef~s(~rgfm~


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for well-being, $] InAristotelian terms therefore, touch. '~night be, understood",iI1..,,, most nn found " ' : f i l "L. " " : ! i o : " " A .. ' ; : " , t o ' : ji ;, ,] , " J " " , , ' " , ' , sto s z th , 1 0 , ' " ibha s ~ue.mo s p.rO,w,QUll 0'" me senses , .l"\lIl:lS,,;~ ,@ a so app~'ars, ',','say " ill sensi e

t", d O J to ch th tit" t t 'b tw t 'h ~ 'bl.... ::.:__. 1 1-" .- I : " . . 1" ',, . "~-:I" ' 1 ' : o 'r :;' . "_ ' ,"1-- " _ ",".,,~ .. , . ':"" 1: , . .. ..::t! 'if. '-, .... ',. ~i~ : - - , ' I, .,~: "~l-"~ , - '-,"- /11- ..... , - I :~Ipercsp tonc @pen .so n , o uc ~ 'Hli[. IS ' I) sa.~ contact e rom e ~ . rc .@p I @=~' '- ' ,, ' b j " ' " , , ' t id ': , , " ti , .'.i-r-' "~I.,'., ,i,'L, ",' "" \ . "C,,',',,'" I'" id ",' ',", " f : ' 'b " " , . , , ' ,0 ' ..ec r, M1jJ,... ~ rc ep on .h~en,;ULC' p(mOO:lvmg organ nee s a means 0,"emg m,i.,' .e'L , ' i , t " h ' ' t ' l ! - . ' . b '" ' c t " ' , ' p c " , . . _ : ' ,ht h e '1' .' ':" " , d ,":. ellir " this r ed ' i ' , ' , " ' , , , ' ; , , , " , ,"ouell W~ . .L le o_ '1e.'I I. , "or Sl,g ,. J' ..e'ann:g an.. sme,1 . ,mgf .'_.lS _m,e ,~um, ,IS a ir o.rW....t f i : r ~S, ig .h~ '~e,'!'I 'rinO'and '~mm'~;]! )U 'w~r .k " 'hr~' :" ' lg"h Y" ' " ch ( '~ I~ .ndeed, d.nn.~, ta s 4 - . 0 ) . "~ ~ ,,. \ .. .~ ." , ~ ~ '!l-.J' - ' ~~~~,o~___.~~~w!l; ; t ! : t p.~~ __ ~ _ ~ =vU :.- ~""" wV .U~ w ~~I ~ __~....;: _ I _ w ' V ~ i : I ' I ~ ",cll;;:,: wFo r A ris to tle , it' seems the case ' that we relate (,0 ~'h,eworkl through a.silngl@can~,;p, '0 , ' 1 I ! ' ( J " , a n t h e b o d \1' in which , ' ! ! I I 1 ~ ' h e s e n s e C' , ' ! J I ' ' I \ " iO U ' I " i ' I ] ' t' 1:i I d . ' Fo ' l ] : o - l u ' r i ' l I i " ' I l g ' ' I ' ! '~~ ' t .or~]ee" " , r : _0'II.r ,~, ~III!J \._l.~..-.' . . - ' ,J ~ ~ - , , -e w [ _ _ 1 ~- . _ l ! . _ . . - , ~ \ . . Ii} r;! ~ , iI lllI. r. - . _ I~ ".... . .~', . ,_., .... '.' .I._III~ " I~IL~_IIJI ~I . ~ W , 'J,;~, I. laht be ,', i 'I: r e d that ' t l 'h - " , i ,- ~ ] C , . ' ; . . . . . : . ' . ' ~ ' ; " i , . , : , t " ' b , 'r: re r 'f ' to ' , ' f r u . mJ~" , ..e argue. .tnar ilJ:~elngw,e sense organ IS ne O=g~L_o r ro uc i ,'J"~'.'B '' - : - , ,e",-- ' n ' ' : ' , , ' , ' ; , " e,,-" i I i ," , h a v s . . ' ~ , - , . . . , . . . " . . . . : 1 ' t h e s e C o " " "e', T 'h' '.' '; iI i, 'ir-o_" . .6,,;, C 5 , ' ,.A," .ne _:yzoo nes, appeal: ' ~ o, ,a ve ~i.~La~'~ t. ' iSeVIews,. ,~~e ~ ,en l l ' ~~~Cen l~ ,Uy, O~lw: t l~ ~ '- '_.lexicon, a com pUa 'Uon 1 ( J : f entries ranging from ety,m,olllg,ies and , gramnlaHcaI" form s , to aerol .n t s o f p eo ple and places, discusses toueh on 's,everai ,occas]ons.:5-t '. I:J ~=~..~ "".~ 1 T J . J I i % ! ~ . - _ . ~ l I rJ ~ -~-~ w - . - ~ - - r I : - _ ~ - w _ _ w _ " _ ~ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ w ~ - - The entry' under ,a'i~~,h!esfsj 'S''Cust!s,orrows considerably from, th e sixth- c-enturyp hU o so ph e':r J' jo hn Philoponos and . from Aristotle. ~$Itdescribes sight as clearerthan :ht? ,a,r ing.hearing as clearer than smell ing, and smelltng as clearer thanit h t h t '" ~ B ' i I O . . ' I I : - . lt ts. ] Ii; '1~ ]' " ll b I I" ~el . "EI[ ';OUC,.I or .a ste. .U~;dJ IUCw~" " ,sugge.s ; s, ~ s nor re a , i l i Y ' a sense ar au, ..UII.:'15,': ,, ' '," -- , ;I" i" . ', II' '",] ~,iji.' - .'; ,jj;, '~1 ,d' : 'e~;'"' '.'".e the , - 't o ' ' " . ' c, 'ties of "e,.' I , t; h ~ "" ' , , a n d "-'\r~ -',":t''I..''''I;'::'''' ther e.s en~ , I n re, , a dOn . ,,0 .. ,. ,un lng , . , ,~ p , '. .per. les, 0 an.y. . ,.lng, an _e _ery . J"!lng;,.'. '.e~ . ' , .other. ' senses a n s'hare q ua l ]U es, of t 'actili!ty~

T ; o : U , , , , , ' L r I mat te re d ,~ jn ' I B : ; , y , : , " J ' : ' 3 i n ' t I ' u , un. "D ...., 1 I " I i . g . , . eresen ~ 1 ; ' 1 I f i I ; re l ' ' l ; . ' 1 1 ' 1 0 . . . . . ~ ' O : ' d e 'iC ': n"' I " n . : g ' . : the11~._ .......I~ 111l11IU!L!I i~ .. . _ ,ii~lll, .. _,IL.!Ii_;& .1. I] P. U1i:11_'lIIi,. rll,llI.ma. ,.,1,. .~'I ~J" "IL~I~_!I~~ III.-... I ,L . .. 1.~iII' ... '.1.,"", , . . - , : ' . - - ' f ' , . ' , " n ' ' . " . , d ' . - , h.'.. . - ' h - . - - ] '1 ' . . . b " . ~ . - 'I i'. - ' h h . d. , ', " , " . ' . " ', , " , " ', ', , . ', ', ' ' '' 'v ' ' '" " , , " '" "I ,1", """" ',, ," ',",", '"propemes o any~ 'I lUg an . e . _ ,e,ryt"lng. touch was an-em ,rac~ngi"ouC:_ , _ , i a '~ - - - '_. . .m~, ' lnlr i ;g : iinH,yz8_nUuf ' l l . Wha t the By',~;;el'n,fin,e~:luched and bow they touchedit we re e'v,e'fyday sec ia l ,conven.t ions; the , ' tactile ' 'body wa s i tself an everydayo b i e c t m d e : ,,~:L 'B " " , " " ,~ ' . " , ' , G ' , , " d '" " , , ' , ' , ' - ' "V;' " 'd: ' ,JjL,. " 'L . ~ . . , . . '~.h.r 1 ' - ' t h i so ,'.ec u ane, ror me '.y.zan unes, ....0 '. was an e_ e.ry cay ! I ; , a n g l , i . H , e rea ]1~r: .11. !f " :usc1,:n1):lex~',sing ' the senses to dea~ , 'w i th '~he . incompreheflsibiHty oJ G od "vasperfectly se ns ib le , M t:isWC'who struggle, wiOl, i j1e, pa radox ' w : r u t h i n Byzant ine ort,tha:f Q , f 'fhe use of the materi,a:~and, sensu at to a c ' h i l e v l e th e s.p lr i t u a t . it p :~ ad :n J g o JI : h 1,' .' d db c i ' "h ' f '['" 'f ' h "].. :..... ':'\~II'. " _ ..,. I~:." ..I- I ,-, .". ~.- .. " -I -)1-"-1 '_1 1( 1 ~-II: 1 ~ I~'\ :"" 1- .. , .... :-, . ... ';: .. : . > . , : 1':1" ., .. :_ .... :.-: _,e lV,IOg or .. , e a , 0 ..y a t t e c-entre 0 re,]g,Lou5 ex,pe:nence,r it use 0 .t, e t.aciL , e, ' t " , " " , ; , " 'h e , c I d , ib .. .. ' d ' , ' . , . ' , " ' - , ' l ' : ' l : ! i i - ',,Hi.- ',;' ~ " t J " ' " e . '. . . .~ . . r 'n-.:,-- n d " t h ' '. . . ." " ' d ' : " ~ t b , ' e :r - , , ' h - :th~':0 app,re _em , U,I,e '.1V,~.rU:;'!!W lL5~ a ! . l ~ e : m , . p _ n g ,:0 u,a , , -see,, ,_" _ e , ~.y~"uou. ,g~ .~J;!use of the ,OOIl .SeS . Edit 'h . W y.schog : [- od~s 5tat@m~nt thil:t ' " 'Touch. :is no t a , ,~nse at:aU ; it is In , fa c t a m e~ apho r fo r H u~ im " p b : n .g @ m ! " n lt ' o . f t h .e . ; ;Q:r ld , a ' s a 'w ho l~ u : p o : nsuhi 'ecHvi~t . , . , . ,o ~ouch is ~ oICo;filp,or~ne:se:~f'not]n c)pr-os,ition ~othe ,~v,enbut,

l ~1 II llC 0'-in prQximi.ty ,vl.th : i t ' ,5a : is o n ~ 1 tha.t ,any ' By.zan~in@' mi.ght :bav~ mGogn i2 i@d~

SJ Jbi,d,,~,HI" xiii , 4 ,34b"Hmt.~,25-6: , l a l , ] J J atl l i tnai l ,ca'ltl,'U)~~xist : wi Uu:mJ a seTlse of tt~ulm~.A ' ISQ I see j,bici... . u r n " : : d , t , 435:b. . ]ltlil.S 1 9~ 2 6\' S . SterWilii '1l 't, ''l~ememooring t.he:sentSes,~in H( ' ! "~~es(ed.')'1E'mpire q f , U ~ ' 1 !S'IIs.es~,pp. 59,-6'9 (es,p.. p ., 16 1 ) 1 ,

~'JI e,- - ~ , J ( J : t ' " ' . '~ j')'" ~ . . . i I 1 A A.Jlt., ([' ,'; ''',~ . - - 1,0'10 " ' J i 9 ) f '; ','" - I J'i; ''1l]i7 ' JIl ' 2 . - ; ! ; ] ' : J ! A . ' 1 1 5 6 1,.N.' ~"\~IL,U;t~ttl. e!.ll;, ,n" nud!I,AU,pl.,Ig.;;r .....?-"""', .,,' ~Ofe , x a m , p ; t ! J ft ,","i." {-l, ,_/,";.Y,'; , if '! j,"r . ~ , ,;,,55 Ibid,;, A 3 2 ' 6 , . , Fo r ! ; 1 J t t~J1s1~dio~ ~..ndlcotttmm'tary;, Suda OJ1:Lii;~~i'hijp~lJw"V\V:"s1;oa ,org.The headw~r:d ' i~ ~al~th~ sei1,; " .t~~nslaled as, ~'5~n~$".,56 E. 'Wy:sdjJ()~rod" "Ch:]j!1lig:efGn: ! ~'u!'ad'llg; o:n th.e pri~,~('y o~ - Q u c h e < 'if! . P . ' LaTu ,~ ,n( e d . . } j

rhic;s: p D t ~ : r ' : t : ' j J , ~ : r m l m u r JuVimt5 ' (Paris" " l l i , ' 9& l l l i iPp. i 1 . , 7 9 = 2 0 3 ; q;uoted, in , :Pai~rS(ln,1, S ' ~ : r , i ~ f 5 f i j f t a , i t d t ' j ', - " 1 1 1 4 " 7P " , . i ! ! ' ' ' : '

Material cu drept de autar


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1magl na cu d'repl de autor

lrnaqine GU drepl de autor

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Imagine GU drepl d autor

lrnaqlno GU drcpl de autor

M a Ie rJ a J c u drep do aut o


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M '8. ', -. . ':J. '- ) ", " I. ,, if -::iii[-),I"EM,OR ~ES , or ,~(J I1~.D IN GS" , 1 9 "L

... :k~ ct f lu .b dl d ' b ' te. .- ' 1 7 " - ' 1 - - ' 1 - ' - A ' t t e - E " ~ 'n " ' ~ ' i \ I" ~ g - 'g v e d' iiscatrded anyU I~ ]e ~ 0_, a [ea_e I,;~ea .f:a'mono SC10. , a . r s " ' "I, u r L : . J ; 'R,~,_ Y:' :~ ' I _ . ~ " ' : : . : .. . .' : : _ _l : _ _ ; _: , ~ _' ~ _ = _ ,literal interpretation of la te a n tiq ue d ep ,lc tia n s of E u \ c h ~ , t l. 1 c t u : r . 'e : / ~n , ,the 1940sRichard Krauthelmer addressed _,and. ~arge~.yo~]ved-the mt3!jor :prob~ems of'.. hi ,1j i .,1' ' ' ' ' 'I . . - . ,- , . .... t ,"':'"-"..''-,''':;-," " I ' t th.. " ., .'[],]-b 1 1 ' - ' ' '1 " , , ' : jo;iI, ." " ., , ", " ] ' " " I - . . " , ~aJOC .1,i !LeCI~:~,a, represen.. a , u Q , n " , pOlnung, 01:1_ '. , e ' p a r , a " ,@ ', . ,e ,~w>o~n IIl~, . e Inacru,r ,a,cyinherent to an architectural copy or representation Jn painting or sculptureto 1" fC .counterpart in m e dieva l ] ';'t 'a r'~ I'ry '. " ':d 'B~f'! I ' l '~P~'l '~l"" ' , [ !> 3 : 'I n t.'~IU"t:!u;rep':rpii:'!~ta:tionsI lL i :J I _ \.1, ..:..Iii,,l-~ ,.' ~_~, ~ , ~,I, , , "~ ,,\,;;;;.,'!i ~ ,~. ~l ~ _ _l~ ~'iw!~ ,.Ii, ~l !~_., I~+. ~ ~ ~~ L~!!.,iWP'ir. ~~ ," ~ ~~ _~ ~ __ _ _~ J.the, actual buildIng: seems broken int ,o pieces , some 0 : Us e;~em,n tS I ca refullyChOSE'Il 'be, fo te 'beri tr~g r eg rouped in t h~ ,fin a l deplc t lon . The . j Q O P J l " ' resulting f : rom,th is p ro c ess is quite di.ffer'nt (rom the' o:rlg~nata s :i ~does not reprod uc e a ll fhe' : ] 1 , ', . . . . a - : - , , : I! - ,. ": . '. . ' f " 'h - : ' " ] , 114, " , : 11 ; ( . . , ' " ' " : ' t I ,,,.;'-,, 1 ' " ] ' c tionshit '-" .', ']:-,":'~.,,-+ -~ ,, , , - .. ,"~ :. ,_.I,:'"eiemenes I), I[~.~~~ . a , I H , e r ~"I I~e,~. rrructurai re a .nons ..,]ps or reraUe ..Jmensrons,H',','.',,'', I ' - ' h '" ' ~ , . ' . ' . ' . , , " . . . ' , . " f t 'L .. '- . '. , '. , . .. .." " , t , , '11k,] -. c, z e d ' ~ ' . - , ~ ~ ; ' h ' . ' ,'6" ' " 'l i d : , , - ' t~'~F i= _ow "e" verl' ~ e Ina cc urac y 0 .m e copy H icoumerna artee , IU Y ene r~,rr(~,~ 10'Hnf the '. . . . , , t ' ~ ' : , 4 : ; ' ',,'ifi"~::II~~ = , f ' t . ' l ' , - ' , ~ ' " ," i ],- i l, :'",: ., '" : ; ' h - " ~ ' ~ " ~ . - iic'~ - , . --


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' ' ' 1 0 ' ".i1:' J

dud la J e a n tiqu .e dep ic tio n s o f bu ild ing s a re ~syntheUC' :r-epre.sentat ions' i' ::~s omeare more schematic an d others more eJaborah~',representing the orlginal byonmbirting internal and external e~,ements:~na. sort o f ~fhl~nl,1iid peespective'( p e : r s p e c t i v e a p J : a n i e ) . , '~oThis l eads Du.va'~,to de'v.e:~op Q , ser ies of' schemes thatallowr him to do the 0 "pposite 'pro'i""!i.CC and re....nstru c~"ha , ; i o ' r i g , ' I ' l r i I ~ , i I i buildine'!;rI I~I j_ v. ... I'~ ~_ ~ .. ~. ,=!t :' 'I.V.~=~I., . _"!j - ~~110. \1~ ~~ l ~ . Job' . ~V~I!-t ......L!.= ~ . II j. l~_ ~~, .:-r ~._..,. }!~-~J, -,' ~~~" ._~~,I'CJ(o:!t 'bui ldings) , f ' rom, the depict~!on. 'Uin t he , :m , ajo r ity o f cases , F i L e m t h e r a $ t a nd~ng ;~"o r ig ina ]building' no r su ffic ien t a rc h a eo lo g ic a l ev idenc e ex ists to ,~'va~u.ateDuv a l ' s render ing ' o f ~ h e b uild in g and , in tum " 'his r e cons t ruenon . H is theory 'i~based ";]1 tho ' convtction t ha h..te antlq - -:"i, ' ; ' ir~-hit~fi;o;rl '~'Jr,a,[F O P - ,rri"i;c'lnt~:[~:0'~I~~re' " . . ~S_~ v~~ ~ ~v ~,_~V __ ~ = ' . . '1;: ~~ __ ~. u~ ~~ "',~~.'I!;'I; .I~,I!.i!i~ ~,..; :,, ' ~~e~~_~__I!.};Ii,I~SI p_iI;

, .purely ' con \ - I "e:nHonaL~1 :H:o~v,e,re:r; .n the case 'O f ehu rc h m o de ls in ~h@ : h ands of't he ir pab 'ons ;.r he' admits both a , t-eaHs~i!C'nd a , s y m . b o r n . i c valueJ, Insofar as th emodel , g , ~n@raUy recalls the building withou t being: an accurate and c -omp : rn~~ iedepiction, 'i~lIn 'm y opinion, fhese inaccurate models do contain ve':ryreaJj,stkelements and, their symbollc character g'oo-sfar beyond the simple :iS5U~' ofreeal ] 1 ' 1 ;" ioc t ~'L"'" ~ " ' : r ) g : l n ' : i ' 1 1 , _,~~"'4i~I __ ~'Ig l~lJ_l~f~ lUI, '~._ e- I ,.1"'I_JJr.As has a l ready been pointed out, it 'would 'be d ]'fflcult to iden tlfy the 'nri"g~nalehureh from the models discussed h~;r .~ , d;t~Plb,~he repreduc tion of

so m e d istm c tt VI~ fea tures of fhe o r ~g In a J ]s . In : Po :r ~~ ~:he so r t o f c.renem.a.~ionsuppnrt lng t 'h~ 'up p er rO

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