IK2555 Mobile and Wireless Network Architecturesdl.icdst.org/pdfs/files/b3a09b3f09b7bc01d48ad1dd64d20d3b.pdfKTH Information and Communication Technology IK2555 Mobile and Wireless

KTH In fo rmat i on and

Commun ica t ion Techno logy

IK2555 Mobile and Wireless Network ArchitecturesPeriod 3, 2010

Maguire Cover.fm Total pages: [email protected] 2010.01.21

© 1998-2010 G.Q.Maguire Jr. .All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the author.

Last modified: 2010.01.21:13:10

Lecture notes of G. Q. Maguire Jr.

http://web.it.kth.se/~maguire/

For use in conjunction with the text: Yi-Bing Lin and Ai-Chun Pang, Wireless and Mobile All-IP Networks, John Wiley & Sons; 2005, ISBN: 0-471-74922-2.

2 of 32Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

........................ 1.............................. 2.............................. 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

.............................. 4

.............................. 5

.............................. 6

.............................. 7

.............................. 8

.............................. 9

............................ 12

............................ 13

............................ 15

............................ 16

............................ 17

............................ 18

............................ 19

[email protected] 2010.01.21

1. Introduction ...............................................Welcome to the course! ..............................................Staff Associated with the Course................................Instructor (Kursansvarig) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Learning Outcomes.....................................................Prerequisites................................................................Contents ......................................................................Topics .........................................................................Examination requirements ..........................................Grades: A..F (ECTS grades).......................................Project .........................................................................Assignment Registration and Report ..........................Literature.....................................................................Ethics, Rights, and Responsibilities ...........................Lecture Plan ................................................................Context of the course ..................................................Context of the module ................................................


............................ 20

............................ 21

............................ 22

............................ 23

............................ 24

............................ 26

............................ 27

............................ 28

............................ 29

............................ 30

............................ 31

............................ 32

............................ 33 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33

............................ 34t to us?................ 35?.......................... 36


Personal Communication Systems (PCS)...................High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, and Cordless .........Cellular Telephony ..................................................... Low Tier Cellular and Cordless Telephony...............Mobile Data ................................................................Paging .........................................................................Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)...............................Satellite .......................................................................Wideband systems ......................................................Local Metropolitan Area Networks (LMDS) .............Point-to-Point Optical links ........................................Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)..................Short range radio.........................................................Ultrawideband - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From PANs to RANs and beyond ..............................Are interplanetary and intergalactic networks relevanHow can we deal with all of these different networks


............................ 37

............................ 38

............................ 39

............................ 40

............................ 41

............................ 42

............................ 43 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43

to data communications 44

............................ 45rk architecture .... 46............................ 47............................ 48............................ 49............................ 50


Internet Architecture...................................................More complete Architecture .......................................Internetworking...........................................................Basic concepts ............................................................How does this avoid the “B-ISDN debacle”?.............Examples of internetworking......................................Trend: Increasing Data Rates......................................GSM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -GPRS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Wireless LAN standard from IEEE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Trends: Shifting from traditional telecommunicationsGenerations of technology versus generative technology................................................Basic Personal Communication System (PCS) netwoExample of a PCS Architecture..................................PCS network architecture supporting Mobility ..........Mobility Management ................................................Mobility Management Protocols ................................


............................ 51

............................ 52

............................ 53

............................ 54

............................ 55

............................ 56

............................ 57

............................ 58

............................ 59

............................ 61

............................ 62w AP? ................ 63............................ 64............................ 65........................... 66

............................ 67

............................ 68


Macro- vs. Micro-mobility .........................................Getting Service ...........................................................Locating the user.........................................................Handoff Management: Detection & Assignment .......Handoff/Handover/Automatic Link Transfer .............Handoff Criteria..........................................................Handoff Goals.............................................................When to make the decision? .......................................Reality is more complex .............................................Who makes the handoff decision?..............................Inter-BS Handoff (aka inter-cell handoff) ..................What happens if there are insufficient resources at neInter-system Handoff (aka inter-MSC handoff) .........What happens if the mobile moves gain? ..................Fast Mobile IPv4 handoff via Simultaneous BindingsFast handover timeline................................................Roaming......................................................................


............................ 69

............................ 70

............................ 71

............................ 72

............................ 73

............................ 74

............................ 75

............................ 76

............................ 77

............................ 78

............................ 80

............................ 81

............................ 82

............................ 83

............................ 85

............................ 86

............................ 87


User roaming .............................................................Roaming Management................................................Roaming example .......................................................Of course it couldn’t be this simple!...........................Call delivery ...............................................................CT2 .............................................................................Back to: Who makes the handoff decision? ...............Network controlled handoff (NCHO).........................Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)..............................Mobile controlled handoff (MCHO) ..........................Handover Failures.......................................................Channel Assignment...................................................Channel Assignment Process......................................Handoff Management: Radio Link Transfer ..............Handoff frequency ......................................................Soft handoff in multiple forms ...................................Paging .........................................................................


............................ 88

............................ 89

............................ 90

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

............................ 97

............................ 98

............................ 99

.......................... 100

.......................... 101

.......................... 102

.......................... 103 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 104


Pager ...........................................................................Paging Architecture ....................................................Paging Service area.....................................................Introduction of paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alphanumeric paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile telephone systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile but not necessarily wireless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local mobility via wireless (or redirects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two-way paging and messaging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paging Interworking ...................................................Paging - link level.......................................................Motorola’s FLEX™ protocol .....................................Sleeping for power savings.........................................Mobile Telephone Systems Timeline (the first two generations: analog + digital) ...............4G/LTE starting to appear ..........................................References and Further Reading.................................Course book - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Further details concerning physical and link layer wireless communication - - - - - - - - - - -CDPD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 104 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108

..................... 111

.......................... 112

.......................... 113

.......................... 115

.......................... 116ryption, and Voice Privacy

.......................... 118

.......................... 119


LEO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fixed Broadband wireless - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - User profiles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Mobile IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fast handoff - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Micromobility: Cellular IP, HAWAII, Hierarchical Mobile IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Comparison of IP Mobility protocols - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -TeleMIP- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Intersystem Handoff- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Other references - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2. Network Signaling and CDPD.................Network Signaling ......................................................Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) ....Transaction 2 (T2) - additional details........................Automatic Code Gapping (ACG) ...............................TIA TSB-51: Authentication, Signaling Message Enc117MIN and ESN .............................................................Without-Sharing Scheme............................................


.......................... 120

.......................... 121

.......................... 122

.......................... 123) Algorithm .... 124

.......................... 125

.......................... 126

.......................... 127

.......................... 128

.......................... 129

.......................... 130

lling Connection): 131.......................... 132.......................... 133 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133


Without-Sharing Call Origination ..............................Sharing Scheme ..........................................................Sharing Call Origination.............................................When should you use Without-Sharing vs. Sharing ......................................Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption (CAVEPACS Network Signalling..........................................PACS Architecture ....................................................Access Manager (AM)................................................AIN/ISDN Switch.......................................................AIN Service Control Point (SCP)...............................PACS Intersystem Handoff ........................................3 alternative inter-RPCU handoff methods (Switch Loopback, Direct Connection, Three-way CaCDPD..........................................................................Motivation for CDPD .................................................Goals- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


.......................... 134

.......................... 135

.......................... 136

.......................... 137

.......................... 138

.......................... 139

.......................... 140

.......................... 141

.......................... 142

.......................... 143

.......................... 144

.......................... 145

.......................... 146 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 146 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 146 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 148 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 149 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150


CDPD network architecture........................................CDPD Entities ............................................................other entities ...............................................................Limits..........................................................................Handoffs .....................................................................Connectionless Network Services (CLNS) ................Roaming Management................................................Multicast .....................................................................CDPD usage ...............................................................CDPD phaseout ..........................................................Ricochet ......................................................................Ricochet System Architecture ....................................Further reading............................................................TIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -TSB-51 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Mobile*IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -CDPD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ricochet- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Automatic Code Gapping - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


ng, OAM .... 151.......................... 152.......................... 153.......................... 154.......................... 155.......................... 156.......................... 157.......................... 159.......................... 160.......................... 161.......................... 162.......................... 163 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 164 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 165

.......................... 166

.......................... 168

.......................... 169

.......................... 170


3. GSM, GPRS, SMS, International RoamiGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM)..GSM Requirements ....................................................GSM Architecture .....................................................Foundation ..................................................................GSM contributions .....................................................Distinctive features of GSM .......................................Mobile Station (MS) ...................................................Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)..............................SIM card .....................................................................Phone with and without SIM ......................................Mobile Equipment (ME) ............................................Power saving and interference reduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Classmark - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

User ID ≠ Device ID .................................................Mobile Terminal (MT) ...............................................Base Station System (BSS).........................................Base transceiver station (BTS) ...................................


.......................... 171

.......................... 172

.......................... 173

.......................... 174

.......................... 175

.......................... 176

.......................... 177

.......................... 179

.......................... 180

.......................... 182

.......................... 183

.......................... 184

.......................... 185

.......................... 187 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 187

.......................... 188

.......................... 189


Base station controller (BSC) .....................................Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) .................Databases ....................................................................Equipment Identity Register (EIR).............................Operation Sub-System (OSS) .....................................Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) ...............GSM Interfaces (just some of them!) ........................GSM Layers................................................................GSM Air interface ......................................................Abis interface...............................................................Abis protocols..............................................................A Interface ..................................................................A interface protocols...................................................GSM Audio.................................................................CODECs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MSC interfaces and protocols.....................................GSM Logical Channels ..............................................


.......................... 190

.......................... 191

.......................... 192

.......................... 193

.......................... 194

.......................... 195

.......................... 196

.......................... 197 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 197

.......................... 198

.......................... 199vailable tools ... 200.......................... 201.......................... 202.......................... 203.......................... 204.......................... 205


Traffic channel (TCH) ................................................Broadcast channels (BCH) .........................................Common control channels (CCCH) ...........................Dedicated control channels (DCCH)..........................GSM Timing...............................................................Incoming Call .............................................................Mobility Management (MM)......................................Security .......................................................................Cipher mode management- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Authentication ............................................................Authentication and Encryption ...................................Practical breaking of GSM encryption using readily aGSM data rates ...........................................................System engineering.....................................................GSM Network Optimization ......................................Optimal Cell Planning ................................................Features.......................................................................


.......................... 206

.......................... 207

.......................... 209

.......................... 210

.......................... 211

.......................... 212

.......................... 213

.......................... 214

.......................... 215

.......................... 216

.......................... 217

.......................... 218

.......................... 219

.......................... 220

.......................... 221

.......................... 222

.......................... 223


GSM Phase 2+ ............................................................High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) ............General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).......................GPRS nodes ................................................................GSM/GPRS Architecture and Interfaces ..................GPRS Coding Schemes ..............................................Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)...USSD continued .........................................................Short Message Service (SMS) ....................................SMS message types ....................................................Short Message Service Architecture ..........................SMSCs ........................................................................Three kinds of SMSs ..................................................Entering Short Messages ............................................SMS shorthand ...........................................................External Application Interface (EAI) .........................SMS performance .......................................................


.......................... 224

.......................... 225

.......................... 226

.......................... 227

.......................... 228

.......................... 229

.......................... 230

.......................... 231 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 231

.......................... 232

.......................... 233

.......................... 234 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 234 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 236 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 237 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 237 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 240 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 241

tion Based Services


Voice Messaging System (VMS) ...............................Voice Profile for Internet Mail (VPIM)......................Enhanced Message Service (EMS).............................Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) .....................SMS over GPRS .........................................................International Roaming ................................................Using IP backbone with GSM Roaming ....................Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)....GSM/EDGE Radio Access network (GERAN)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

EGRPS........................................................................Operation/Administration/Maintenance .....................Further reading............................................................GSM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -GPRS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -USSD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -SMS and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -International Roaming - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Operation/Administration/Maintenance- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4. Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid, Loca


.......................... 243 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 243

.......................... 244

.......................... 245

.......................... 246

.......................... 247

.......................... 248

.......................... 249

.......................... 250

.......................... 251

.......................... 252

.......................... 253

.......................... 254

.......................... 255

.......................... 256

.......................... 257


242Database lookups ........................................................Local Number Portability (LNP) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Three kinds of Local Number Portability...................Mobile Number Portability (MNP) ............................Non-geographic number portability (NGNP).............Call forwarding at donor end......................................Drop back forwarding.................................................Query on release (QoR) solutions...............................Look up type solutions ...............................................Two stage solutions ....................................................All call/all network solutions......................................Who knows the mappings?.........................................Nummerportabilitet i Sverige .....................................EU Document 398L0061............................................Nortel Networks’ Universal NP Master (UNMP) ......Lookup engines...........................................................


.......................... 258

.......................... 259

.......................... 260

.......................... 261

.......................... 262

.......................... 263

.......................... 264

.......................... 265

.......................... 266

.......................... 267

.......................... 268

.......................... 269

.......................... 270

.......................... 271

.......................... 272

.......................... 274

.......................... 275


Voice over IP (VoIP) ..................................................TIPHON......................................................................Ericsson’s GSM on the Net ........................................iGSM ..........................................................................Prepaid ........................................................................GSM Prepaid ..............................................................Difference between Mobile and Fixed Prepaid ..........Four alternatives for Mobile Prepaid..........................Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) ..........................Calling party pays vs. Called party pays ....................WIN Call termination when called party pays ...........Service Node...............................................................Hot Billing ..................................................................“one-call exposure” in depth .....................................Handset-Based ............................................................Combined Handset-based + Hot Billing.....................Roaming and Prepaid..................................................


.......................... 276

.......................... 277

.......................... 278

.......................... 279

.......................... 280

.......................... 281 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 281 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 282 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 283 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 283

..................... 286

.......................... 287

.......................... 288

.......................... 289

.......................... 290

.......................... 291

.......................... 292gy (SRSN) ...... 293


Revenue and new services ..........................................Location Based Services (LBS)..................................Means of determining location ...................................Geographic Location/Privacy (geopriv) .....................Context aware services ...............................................Further reading............................................................Number portability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -VoIP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Prepaid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Location Based Services - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5. WAP, Heterogeneous PCS, 3G................Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) .......................WAP Model ................................................................WAP (first round) Summary ......................................WAP 2.0 .....................................................................WAP 2.0 new & enhanced services ...........................Heterogeneous PCS ....................................................Similar Radio technologies + Same Network technolo


logy................. 294hnology ........... 295

.......................... 296

.......................... 297

.......................... 298

.......................... 299

.......................... 300

.......................... 301

.......................... 302

.......................... 303

.......................... 304

.......................... 305

.......................... 306

.......................... 307 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 307 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 307

.......................... 308

.......................... 309


Different Radio technologies + Same Network technoDifferent Radio technologies + Different Network tecTier Handoff ...............................................................Registration for SRSN & DRSN ................................Registration for DRDN...............................................Call delivery ...............................................................User identity (identities) and MSs ..............................Major forces driving heterogeneous PCS...................Internetworking scenarios...........................................Paradigm shifts ...........................................................Third Generation Mobile (3G)....................................3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)................3G(PP) Architecture ..................................................3.5G or super 3G.........................................................High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) .......3GPP2 reference model ..............................................


.......................... 314

.......................... 316MExE) ............. 317 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 317

Classmark 4.... 318 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 318 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 319

.......................... 320

.......................... 321

.......................... 322

.......................... 323

.......................... 324

.......................... 325

.......................... 326

.......................... 327

.......................... 328

.......................... 329


3GPP2 abbreviations ..................................................All-IP Architecture ....................................................Mobile Station Application Execution Environment (MExE Classmark- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Common Language Infrastructure for MExE devices:Service discovery and management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -CLI MExE Devices - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3G Physical Layer.......................................................Gateway Location Register (GLR).............................3G QoS .......................................................................UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)...............Wireless Operating System for Handsets ...................Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) ..............IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) ................................Future IMS services....................................................IMS architecture .........................................................Long-Term Evolution Radio Networks ......................Generations of technology versus


.......................... 330

.......................... 332

.......................... 333

.......................... 334

.......................... 335

.......................... 336

.......................... 337 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 337 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 337 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 338

..................... 346

.......................... 347

.......................... 348

.......................... 349

.......................... 350

.......................... 351

.......................... 352


generative technology................................................4th generation?............................................................IEEE 802.21................................................................4G in Asia ...................................................................Wireless Broadband Portable Internet (WiBro) .........eMobility Platform .....................................................Further reading............................................................WAP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Heterogeneous PCS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3G- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6. Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and Enterprise Networks ...................................Wireless Local Loop (WLL) ......................................Deployment issues ......................................................Wireless Local Loop Technologies ............................Enterprise Networks ...................................................Cordless PBXs............................................................Virtual enterprise networks.........................................


.......................... 353

.......................... 354

.......................... 355

.......................... 356

.......................... 357

.......................... 358

.................... 359.......................... 360.......................... 361.......................... 362.......................... 363.......................... 364.......................... 367.......................... 368.......................... 369.......................... 370


Remoting the office to where the user is ....................corDECT.....................................................................Personal Handyphone (PHS) ......................................PAS in China ..............................................................Unified Communications............................................References...................................................................

7. Wireless LAN (WLAN).............................Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)..................Two possible network configurations.........................Terms ..........................................................................IEEE 802.11 Basic Access Method............................Distribution Coordinating Function (DCF) ................IEEE 802.11 Frame Format........................................IEEE 802.11 Frame Control ......................................Startup, then Join a network .......................................Discovery Phase..........................................................


.......................... 371

.......................... 372

.......................... 373

.......................... 374

.......................... 375

.......................... 376

.......................... 377

.......................... 378

.......................... 379

.......................... 380 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 380

.......................... 381ce? ................... 382.......................... 383 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 383 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 383

.......................... 385

.......................... 386


Authentication ............................................................Wire Equivalent Privacy (WEP) .............................Handoff .......................................................................Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)............................Fast Handoff ...............................................................Point Coordination Function (PCF)............................Spacing .......................................................................Timing and Power Management.................................WLAN AP performance .............................................AAA............................................................................IEEE Extensible Authentication Protocol - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

IEEE 802.1x................................................................Does authentication have to occur before giving serviRoaming......................................................................Clearinghouse - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Interconnect Provider - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Proxies ........................................................................Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP) ...........


.......................... 387

.......................... 388

.......................... 389

.......................... 390

.......................... 391

.......................... 392

.......................... 393

.......................... 396 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 396 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 396 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 398 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 399 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 399

..................... 401

.......................... 402

.......................... 403

.......................... 404

.......................... 405

.......................... 406


HiperLAN2.................................................................802.11a and 802.11h...................................................IEEE 802.11k..............................................................IEEE 802.11p..............................................................Multihop .....................................................................QDMA (quad-division multiple access).....................Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs).............Further reading............................................................WISPs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -IEEE 802.11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -AAA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Non-binary alternative to IEEE 802.1x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8. Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets..............Bluetooth ....................................................................Bluetooth™.................................................................Bluetooth protocol stack .............................................Physical Layer ............................................................Transmit Power...........................................................


.......................... 407

.......................... 408

.......................... 409

.......................... 410

.......................... 411

.......................... 412

.......................... 413

.......................... 414

.......................... 415

.......................... 416

.......................... 417

.......................... 418

.......................... 419

.......................... 420

.......................... 421

.......................... 422P) .................... 423


Masters vs. Slaves.......................................................Frequency Hop Sequence ...........................................Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)...........................Network Topology .....................................................Scatternets...................................................................Voice + Data support ..................................................Baseband.....................................................................Baseband Packet formats............................................Baseband Packet formats............................................Synchronization Word Algorithm ..............................Security .......................................................................Link Control Protocol (LCP) ......................................Link Control states......................................................Link Manager..............................................................Host Controller Interface (HCI)..................................HCI Transport Layer...................................................Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CA


.......................... 424

.......................... 425

.......................... 426

.......................... 427

.......................... 428

.......................... 429

.......................... 430

.......................... 431

.......................... 432

.......................... 433

.......................... 434

.......................... 435

.......................... 436

.......................... 437

.......................... 438


L2CAP Signalling.......................................................L2CAP Command ......................................................Configuring a Connection ..........................................Disconnecting and Timeouts ......................................For A to talk to B........................................................Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) .............................RFCOMM Protocol ....................................................RFCOMM Frame Types.............................................Telephony Control Signaling (TCS) Protocol ............Bluetooth Profiles .......................................................Management ...............................................................Low Power Modes......................................................Bluetooth performance when faced with interferenceBluetooth Hacking ......................................................Further reading............................................................


..................... 440

.......................... 441rea Networks (WPAN)

.......................... 443 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 443

.................... 445.......................... 446.......................... 447.......................... 448.......................... 449.......................... 450ANs) ................ 451.......................... 452.......................... 453 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 453


9. Ultrawideband (UWB) .............................Ultrawideband.............................................................IEEE 802.15: Working Group for Wireless Personal A442Further reading............................................................UWB- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) ......Broadband Wireless Access .......................................IEEE 802.16................................................................WiMAX ......................................................................¿Data only? .................................................................IEEE 802.20 aka Mobile-Fi........................................IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAll IP networks ...........................................................Further reading............................................................BWA- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


.................... 456.......................... 457.......................... 458.......................... 459.......................... 460.......................... 461.......................... 462.......................... 463.......................... 464.......................... 465.......................... 466chnology........... 468.......................... 470.......................... 471) ....................... 472

.......................... 473

.......................... 474


11. Sensor Networks ......................................Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) .........................Sensor networks..........................................................Spectrum of Concerns.................................................Patterns of Communication ........................................Mediated Communication ..........................................Transformations..........................................................Routing .......................................................................Ad hoc routing ............................................................Patterns of Communication in time ............................Internetworking...........................................................DARPA/IPTO: BAA #99-16: Sensor Information Te Self-organizing sensor networks..............................Sensor nodes must be reconfigurable......................Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH Protocols to disseminate information ...............Coordination vs. Centralization ..................................


.......................... 475

.......................... 476

.......................... 477

.......................... 478

.......................... 479

.......................... 480

.......................... 481

.......................... 482

.......................... 483

.......................... 484

.......................... 485

.......................... 486

.......................... 487

.......................... 488

.......................... 489

.......................... 490


Sensor fusion en route (a form of in-net processing) ......................................Data Aggregation........................................................Directed diffusion .......................................................Tasks and Events ........................................................How did the sensor know it was an elephant?............Caching of data ...........................................................Design space for Diffusion .........................................Metrics for evaluating directed diffusion ...................Congestion ..................................................................Tiered architectures ....................................................Localization ................................................................Mapping where sensors are ........................................ Synchronization .........................................................Building upon localization and synchronization ........Securing what you send ..............................................Sensors........................................................................


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 490

.......................... 491

.......................... 492

.......................... 493

.......................... 494

.......................... 497

.......................... 498

.......................... 499

.......................... 501

.......................... 502

.......................... 503

.......................... 504

.......................... 505

.......................... 506rea Networks (WPAN)

.......................... 508


Commercial R&D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Millennial Net/............................................................Smart dust: 1 cubic mm system..................................Berkeley Motes...........................................................University of California, Berkeley - Motes ................Motes Routing ............................................................vSpace.........................................................................Commercial sensor nodes ...........................................Sensor nodes - low power VLSI design .....................Rex Min’s Myths ........................................................SmartBadge ................................................................Power ..........................................................................Dilemma .....................................................................Sensor Modeling Language (SensorML)....................IEEE 802.15: Working Group for Wireless Personal A507Ultrawideband.............................................................


.......................... 509orks................... 510.......................... 511.......................... 512

.................... 519.......................... 520.......................... 521.......................... 522.......................... 523.......................... 524.......................... 526.......................... 527.......................... 528.......................... 529.......................... 530.......................... 531


Active networks ..........................................................Methods used in for research in wireless sensor netwConferences and workshops .......................................References and Further Reading.................................

12. Misc. topics...............................................Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) ..............................Space Data Corporation..............................................Intelligent/Smart Spaces .............................................If WLANs are widely available.................................. Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) ........................... Near Field Communications ...................................Radio Frequency Identification ..................................Cognitive Radios ........................................................New mobile services...................................................Free .............................................................................Too cheap to meter .....................................................


.......................... 532

.......................... 533

.......................... 534

.......................... 536

.......................... 537

.......................... 538

.......................... 540

.......................... 541 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 541 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 541 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 542 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 543 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 543


Working for free .........................................................What Would Google Do? ...........................................Future work.................................................................New Players ................................................................Cooperative Wireless Access .....................................Resource pooling ........................................................What is in the near future?..........................................Further reading............................................................WLANs and multimedia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Near Field Communications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Cognitive Radios - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Cognitive Radios - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Misc. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

KTH In fo rmat i on and

Commun ica t ion Techno logy

IK2555 M Network Architectures10

Maguire Total pages: [email protected]

© 1998-2010 G.Q.Maguire Jr. .All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the author.

Last modified: 2010.01.21:14:19

roductions of G. Q. Maguire Jr.

h Yi-Bing Lin and Ai-Chun Pang, P Networks, John Wiley & Sons; -2.

obile and Wireless Period 3, 20

MWA-Lecture1.fm 2010.01.21

1. IntLecture note

For use in conjunction witWireless and Mobile All-I2005, ISBN: 0-471-74922

Introduction 2 of 110Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

rse!

tems - with a focus on their protocols which are used.

urse web page:

Maguire Welcome to the [email protected] 2010.01.21

Welcome to the couThe course should be fun.

We will dig deeper into Personal Communication Sysarchitectures, but we will also examine some of the

Information about the course is available from the cohttp://www.it.kth.se/courses/IK2555/

http://www.it.kth.se/courses/IK2555/


e Course

Maguire Staff Associated with the [email protected] 2010.01.21

Staff Associated with thInstructor (Kursansvarig)

prof. Gerald Q. Maguire Jr.


es

tworks at a sufficient level to le or wireless network.

d be able to compare and contrast

as user mobile, terminal obility can be supported.

d generation mobile networks.

this area.

rnals, magazines, and conferences in have good comprehension. In this journals, trade papers, etc. In , new products/services, and public

.

d journals in the area.

uate students) or beginning a thesis or

Maguire Learning [email protected] 2010.01.21

Learning OutcomFollowing this course a student should be able to:

• Understand the architecture of existing mobile and wireless nerecognize the common features of such networks in any mobi

• Based upon recognition of common features, the student shoulone network architecture with another.

• Describe differences between different types of mobility (suchmobility, session mobility) and understand how each type of m

• Understand the core network protocols and applications in thir

• Read the current literature at the level of conference papers in

♦ While you may not be able to understand all of the papers in jouthis area - you should be able to read 90% or more of them andarea it is especially important that develop a habit of reading theaddition, you should also be aware of standardization activitiespolicy in the area.

• Demonstrate knowledge of this area both orally and in writing

♦ By writing a paper suitable for submission to conferences an

This course should prepare you for starting an exjobb in this area (for undergraddissertation (for graduate students).


ations (in this case you

Maguire [email protected] 2010.01.21

Prerequisites• Internetwork (IK1550) or• Equivalent knowledge in Computer Communic

need permission of the instructor)


systems and their network ce probes, but the emphasis tes down to personal area

ect of ~50 hours effort.


ContentsThe focus of the course is on personal communicationarchitecture. This spans the range from piconets to spawill be primarily focus on the range from LEO satellinetworks.

The course consists of 10 hours of lectures and a proj


doff, mobility, paging

rkstooth and Ultrawideband


Topics• Personal Communication Systems (PCS): han• Network Signaling• CDPD• GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,

Operation/Administration/Maintenance• Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid• WAP• Heterogeneous PCS• Wireless Local Loop (WLL), Enterprise Netwo• Personal Area Networks (PANs), such as Blue

(UWB)• Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)• Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)• Sensor Networks


ments

Maguire Examination [email protected] 2010.01.21

Examination require• Written and Oral project reports


rades) or excellent paper and

tion. (Note that at least

per, i.e., it should be a; and you have to give a

hows that you and wireless networks lar aspects at the level of ust be able to present

d professional manner - at a typical international

Maguire Grades: A..F (ECTS grades)[email protected] 2010.01.21

Grades: A..F (ECTS g• To get an "A" you need to write an outstanding

give an outstanding or excellent oral presentaone of these needs to be excellent.)

• To get a "B" you need to write a very good paeither a very good review or present a new idevery good oral presentation.

• To get a "C" you need to write a paper which sunderstand the basic ideas underlying mobileand that you understand one (or more) particuan average masters student. In addition, you mthe results of your paper in a clear, concise, anand answer questions (as would be expected conference in this area.)


understand the basic s, however, your depth of rally answer indepth

plete references) or you llowing your oral

able to answer basic grade will be an "F".passing, but not at the ortunity for aper does not pass can ompletely new paper) - se oral presentation is

tunity to give their oral presentation, they must give an oral presentation


• To get a "D" you need to demonstrate that youideas underlying mobile and wireless networkknowledge is shallow and you are unable to oquestions on the topic of your paper.

• If your paper has some errors (including incomare unable to answer any indepth questions fopresentation the grade will be an "E".

• If your paper has serious errors or you are unquestions following your oral presentation the

• If your paper or oral presentation are close to passing level, then you will be offered the opp"komplettering", i.e., students whose written psubmit a revised version of their paper (or a cwhich will be evaluated; similarly students whounacceptable may be offered a second opporpresentation. If a student fails the second oralsubmit a new paper on a new topic in order to on this new topic.


grade, once you have a


• Note that there is no opportunity to raise yourgrade of “E” or higher.


to show that you have ge you to find a topic which derstand the material)

med by yourself). en and oral reports.ctor before starting.


ProjectGoals: to gain analytical or practical experience andmastered some knowledge in this area and to encourainterests you (since this will motivate you to really un

• Can be done in a group of 1 to 3 students (forEach student must contribute to the final writt

• Discuss your ideas about topics with the instru


and Reportt kth.se>

5,000 words) for each student; it pers which are longer than 12

as this is not a course in radio at things which have an impact effect.

ay be in the form of a collections nference or journal. (inthe case where the report is a p can be explain in the overall

; 2) who did what; if you have d describe the methods and tools ur analysis.

23:59 + oral ch 2010).

Maguire Assignment Registration and [email protected] 2010.01.21

Assignment Registration • Registration: Monday 8-Feb-10, to


ript file to ere is no guarantee that )

ance of the deadlines!

Maguire Assignment Registration and [email protected] 2010.01.21

• Send email with URL link for a PDF or PostSc• Late assignments will not be accepted (i.e., th

they will be graded before the end of the term

Note that it is permissible to start working well in adv


g Lin and Ai-Chun Pang, Sons; 2005, ISBN: etwork Architectures, by s, 2001, ISBN

n introduction was given in

cessary - see notes and web.

ure in conjunction with your your sources in your report

aterial you need the e properly cited.


LiteratureThe course will mainly be based on the book: Yi-BinWireless and Mobile All-IP Networks, John Wiley &0-471-74922-2 and the earlier Wireless and Mobile NYi-Bing Lin and Imrich Chlamtac, John Wiley & Son0-471-39492-0.

We will not focus on Mobile IP in the lectures (since athe internetworking course), see also: [13] and [14].

We will refer to other books, articles, and RFCs as ne

In addition, you will be searching & reading the literatprojects. Please make sure that you properly reference- keep in mind the KTH Ethics policies. Pay attention to copyrights - if you want to use such mcopyright owner’s permission and the source must b


nsibilitiesiarism, etc. - for details see

Guiding students away from 415-403-0

Maguire Ethics, Rights, and [email protected] 2010.01.21

Ethics, Rights, and RespoThere is a policy of zero tolerance for cheating, plaghttp://www.kth.se/dokument/student/student_rights.pdf

See also the KTH Ethics Policies at: http://www.kth.se/info/kth-handboken/I/7/1.html

See the book: Jude Carroll and Cal-Mikael Zetterling, plagiarism, KTH Learning Lab, 2009, ISBN 987-91-7http://www.kth.se/vil/learninglab/plagiat

http://www.kth.se/dokument/student/student_rights.pdfhttp://www.kth.se/info/kth-handboken/I/7/1.htmlhttp://www.kth.se/vil/learninglab/plagiat


y, paging

works

Maguire Lecture [email protected] 2010.01.21

Lecture Plan• 1: Introduction

• Course arrangement• Personal Communication Systems (PCS): handoff, mobilit

• 2: Network Signaling; CDPD • 3: GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,

Operation/Administration/Maintenance• 4: Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid• 5: WAP, Heterogeneous PCS, 3G• 6: Wireless Local Loop (WLL), Enterprise Net• 7: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)• 8: Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets• 9: Ultrawideband (UWB)• 10: Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)• 11: Sensor Networks• 12: Misc. topics


rsereasing their number of cation systems. Some of millions of new customers many places around the

usand of euros per potential

fourth generation (4G)

Maguire Context of the [email protected] 2010.01.21

Context of the couPersonal Communication Systems have been both incusers and increasing the variety of personal communithese system (such as GSM) have had growth rates ofeach month! This system was very successful in veryworld.

In many countries the 3G license fees were many thocustomer.

Europe is now in the process of introducing so-calledcellular systems.


uleeir number of users and

ditionally, increasingly gs.

ciety.org/10.1109/MM.2002.10015

iki/World_population

ict/newslog/Worldwide+Mobile+Cellu-4+Billion+Mark+Late+2008.aspx

/page.jsp?id=703807

production-statistics/

production-statistics/

Maguire Context of the [email protected] 2010.01.21

Context of the modCommunication systems have been both increasing thincreasing the variety of communication systems. Adcommunicating entities are not people, but rather thin

Number

Micro controllers 6 x 109 per year http://doi.ieeecomputerso

People 6.7 x 109 http://en.wikipedia.org/w

Mobile subscribers ~4 x 109 http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/lar+Subscribers+To+Reach+

PCs >1 x 109 http://www.gartner.com/it

Automobiles 53 x 106 produced in 2007 http://oica.net/category/

Commercial vehicles 20 x 106 produced in 2007 http://oica.net/category/

http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MM.2002.10015http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_populationhttp://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/Worldwide+Mobile+Cellular+Subscribers+To+Reach+4+Billion+Mark+Late+2008.aspx http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=703807http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/


stems (PCS)ice, data, and multimedia at

rage or it has to include hus far, attempts at

system have failed (for asons).

area coverage (especially g and on campus), and sage”). However, this

han further diverging.

the Public Switched tandards (and at the rate of are increasingly connected change at internet speeds.

Maguire Personal Communication Systems (PCS)[email protected] 2010.01.21

Personal Communication SyThe goals of PCS are to provide a mobile user with voany place, at any time, and in any format.

Thus the system has to either provide universal coveinterworking with other communication systems. Tproviding universal coverage by a globally standardvarious technical, historic, economic, and political re

The market has often been fragmented based on: widefor business users), enterprise (focused on in-buildinhomes (often equated with “personal” or “free-time umarket separation is increasingly converging rather t

Traditionally, various PCS systems were connected toTelephony System (PSTN) and driven by telephony schange of telephony standards). Today, these systemsto the internet and driven by the internet standards &


r, and Cordless three classes:

lar Cordless

m) small (10-20m)

/h) low (≤50km/h)

low

low (5-10mW)

high (32kbps)

low (≤10ms)

low (often flat rate)

DECT, PHS, PACS

Maguire High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, and [email protected] 2010.01.21

High Tier and Low Tier CellulaGenerally the PCS market has been divided into these

System High Tier Cellular Low Tier Cellu

Cell size large (0.25-38km) medium (10-100

User speed high (≤ 260 km/h) medium (≤100km

Handset complexity high low

Handset power consumption

high (100-800mW) low (5-20mW)

Speech coding rate low (8-13kbps) high (32kbps)

Delay or latency high (≤600ms) low (≤10 ms)

Costs high medium

Examples GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, cdmaOne, UMTS, …

CT2,


ny

)

Maguire Cellular [email protected] 2010.01.21

Cellular TelephoDifferent means of defining channels:

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)• D-AMPS, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)• IS-95 (developed by Qualcomm), cdma2000, W-CDMA, …


ss Telephony

el the base station⇒user separated with time division of downlink user data followed by

alls (incoming calls are hard as

s (generally: 12 voice slots for ncy channel and 12 frequency signal strength measurementsel to another time slot in another

nel allocation - it has been used

CS)ion duplex (FDD); it utilized t switched and packet switched

Maguire Low Tier Cellular and Cordless [email protected] 2010.01.21

Low Tier Cellular and Cordle• Cordless Telephony, second generation (CT2)

• 40 FDMA channels, within each 100kHz frequency chann(downlink) and user⇒base station (uplink) channels areduplexing (TDD) (in every 2ms long frame there is 64bits 64 bits of uplink user data).

• Does not support handoffs, primarily supports out-going cthere is no defined mobility database).

• Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony (DECT)• formerly: Digital European Cordless Telephony• utilizes a picocellular design using TDMA with 24 time slot

downlink and 12 voice slot for uplink, i.e., TDD) per frequechannels, automatic dynamic channel allocation based on

• a call can move from one time slot in one frequency channchannel - supporting seamless handoffs.

• Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)• another TDMA TDD system also supporting dynamic chan

in Japan for a public low tier cellular system.

• Personal Access Communications System (PA• a TDMA system supporting both TDD and frequency divis

mobile-controlled handoff (MCHO). It supports both circuiaccess protocols.


ased on the Swedish

Messaging PLUS, and Wireless

Sweden’s land and 99.5% cellular system, because the

erly operated by Telia, now (such as the one at Arlanda

DIS) {developed for verage} (now TerreStar,

a “4th Generation” all lP een satellite and

/ShowPic.asp?FileID=396 now merged with Sirius Satellite Radio

Maguire Mobile [email protected] 2010.01.21

Mobile Data• RAM Mobile Data (now Cingular Interactive, b

Mobitex system)• Backbone behind Xpress Mail with BlackBerry, Interactive

Internet PLUS, … • Coverage maps: http://www.mobitex.org/

• Mobitex had greater national coverage1 90% of of the population, than even the analog 450Mhz Swedish military used it.

• Both public Mobitex systems (such as that formby Multicom Security AB) and private systems Airport).

• Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARIBM’s customer engineers ⇒ offered indoor coformerly Motient2 -- note TerreStar is building network featureing “seamless integration betwterrestrial systems”[24])

1. see http://www.mobitex.telia.com/taeckning.htm or http://www.multicomsecurity.se/Script2. Motient (founded in 1988 as American Mobile Radio Corporation) spun off its XM Satellite Radio unit in 2001; the later has

http://www.mobitex.org/http://www.mobitex.telia.com/taeckning.htmhttp://www.multicomsecurity.se/Script/ShowPic.asp?FileID=396 http://www.terrestarcorp.com/index.html


d to provide data as an Mobile IP; See “CDPD”

Maguire Mobile [email protected] 2010.01.21

• Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) {developeoverlay on analog cellular systems; based on on page 132.}

Generally low rate systems 2.4 - 8 kbps


hey sleep most of the time.

the paging system can both

way paging languished in


PagingWithin local paging areas or via satellite.

The key to paging device’s high performance is that t

North America utilizes two way paging systems (i.e.,send and receive traffic).

Due to the lack of allocation for a return channel twoEurope.


io (SMR)

a handset built for them by nnels which Nextel bought

requencies were

verview.shtml

Maguire Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)[email protected] 2010.01.21

Specialized Mobile RadTaxis dispatching, fleet dispatching, …

The basis for Nextel (http://www.nextel.com/) - usingMotorola to operate over the wide variety of SMR cha(this is a case where the radio design came after the f“assembled”).

See also the Nextel® Walkie-Talkie service http://www.nextel.com/en/services/walkietalkie/o

http://www.nextel.comhttp://www.nextel.com/en/services/walkietalkie/overview.shtml


lem is that most of the ceans} with few possible for ~10 minutes or so -

MSS) {successor to rnment secure voice mss.html

nder) for Mid-earth orbit cover too large an area and these satellites from the ide coverage area (for

broadcast or spot coverage).


SatelliteEspecially Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEO)• numerous attempt to field systems - one prob

time the satellites are over regions {primarily ocustomers. Also each satellite is only in rangeso there are frequent handoffs.

• 500 - 2000 km orbit• US DoD Enhanced Mobile Satellite Service (E

Iridium, features secure phones and US govegateway} - http://www.disa.mil/main/prodsol/e

The footprint (i.e., coverage area of a satellite transpo(MEO) and Geostationary (GEO) satellite - generallydoes so with very long delays (due to the distance of earth). However, they are widely used for both their wexample, for paging) and for one way services (often

For more about LEO systems see [10].

http://www.disa.mil/main/prodsol/emss.html


sCDMA)nd indoors up to 2 Mbpsw.htm

A)

3rd generation services-DO up to 2 Mbits/sec.; 1XEV-DV

ed data + improved QoS

hinese 3G standards.html

tp://www.3gpp.org/ s technologies

2) http://www.3gpp2.org/

d mobile systemservice transparency, global roam-

Maguire Wideband [email protected] 2010.01.21

Wideband system• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-

• With data rates in rural areas 1.44kbps, in cities 384kps, a• http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overvie• Also known as (AKA) UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTR

• cdma2000• Also known as IS-2000; an evolution of cdmaOne/IS-95 to• CDMA2000 1X, an average of 144 kbps packet data; 1XEV

even higher peak rates - simultaneous voice and high spe

• TD-SCDMA - one of the several competing C• http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/index

See also:

• 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ht• based on evolved GSM core networks and the radio acces

• Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP• ITU’s "IMT-2000" initiative:

– high speed, broadband, and Internet Protocol (IP)-base– “featuring network-to-network interconnection, feature/s

ing and seamless services independent of location.”• includes cdma2000 enhancements

http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htmhttp://www.3gpp.org/http://www.3gpp2.org/http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/index.html


works (LMDS) band) links

th of bandwidth available area kilometers

nsed spectrum)

y Winstar (now part of IDT) to 43.5 GHz

components!

nd reless13.html

stems (i.e., “Broadband

Maguire Local Metropolitan Area Networks (LMDS)[email protected] 2010.01.21

Local Metropolitan Area NetPoint-to-point or Point-to-multipoint (generally wide

• some operators have more than 700MHz wor(in aggregate) in a given market (geographic)

• line-of-sight coverage over distances up to 3-5• data rates from 10s of Mbps to 1Gbps or more

• Ericsson’s MINI-LINK BAS up to 37 Mbit/s per sector http://www.ericsson.com/transmission/wba/

• Frequency bands between 24 to 31 GHz (lice• UK: 28 GHz band and 10 GHz band• Rest of Europe: 26 GHz band• US: 24 GHz used by Teligent and 39 GHz band licensed b

– at least one experimental license in the US in 41.5 GHz• Biggest problem is price of the necessary high frequency

For further info see: http://www.lmdswireless.com/ ahttp://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1223wi

See also fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) syWireless Access (BWA)” on page 445)

http://www.lmdswireless.com/http://www.ericsson.com/transmission/wba/http://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1223wireless13.html


l links

ve very high speeds , or 1.25Gbps; but some oint-to-point links

Maguire Point-to-Point Optical [email protected] 2010.01.21

Point-to-Point OpticaFree-Space Optics (FSO)

• using laser light sources it is possible to achie(typically OC-3 (155Mbps), OC-12 (622Mbps)systems operate at 2Gbps and 10GBps) for p

• uses Terahertz (THz) spectrum range• short ranges - typically below 2km

See also: http://www.freespaceoptics.org/

http://www.freespaceoptics.org/


rks (WLANs)

)

FDM)

on, Scientific, and Medical I) bands, or the HiperLAN

, now 100Mbps.

standards are available at

Maguire Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)[email protected] 2010.01.21

Wireless Local Area NetwoGenerally using on

Documents

IK2555 Mobile and Wireless Network Architecturesdl.icdst.org/pdfs/files/b3a09b3f09b7bc01d48ad1dd64d20d3b.pdfKTH Information and Communication Technology IK2555 Mobile and Wireless